Ch.10 Imperialism

Acquiring New Lands

ImperialismThe policy in which stronger nations take over weaker onesEconomic: new markets, natural resourcesPolitical: gain colonies, power, statusMilitary: compete in arms race,powerBelief in racial/ cultural superiority of people of European descent (Anglo/Saxon)

United States Foreign Policy

• American businessmen with the help of American politicians tried to gain access (entrance) to foreign markets in several ways.

• During the presidency of William McKinley, Secretary of State John Hay proposed the Open Door Policy. This policy wanted to give all nations equal trading rights in China. Its goal was to open to American businessmen the Chinese market from which they had previously been excluded. It also urged all foreigners in China to obey Chinese law and observe practices of fair competition.

There is, of course, little or no independence left Cuba under the Platt Amendment.”

General Leonard Wood

Orville Platt

Puerto Rico Controls:

• Puerto Rican institutions control internal affairs unless U.S. law is involved, as in matters of public health and pollution.

• The major differences between Puerto Rico and the 50 states are its local taxation system and exemption from Internal Revenue Code, its lack of voting representation in either house of the U.S. Congress, the ineligibility of Puerto Ricans to vote in presidential elections, and its lack of assignation of some revenues reserved for the states.

Puerto Rico:

• Puerto Rico became a US Territory following the Spanish-American War in 1898 and its residents became US citizens in 1917.

• It has been a US Commonwealth since 1952. • Commonwealths have their own constitutions and

greater autonomy than "territories." Puerto Rico's constitution and government structure is similar to those of the 50 US states, and it participates in many US Federal government programs.

American Imperialism

• The new territory promised markets, military bases, and influence overseas.

• As a result of victory over Spain in the Spanish-America War, the United States emerged as a world power.

• The war reinforced the tenets of the Monroe Doctrine, established in 1823, which declared that US regards Caribbean region as its sphere of influence and the US could use force to protect it.

The Philippines

Cuba and Puerto Rico

Treaty of Paris• As a result of the Treaty of

Paris, Spain gave up its sovereignty over Cuba (granted its independence) and gave the US ownership of the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, and Guam.

• Business interests in the US also demanded the acquisition of the entire Philippine archipelago in the hope that Manila would become a trading post.

• McKinley forced the Spanish to “sell” the Philippines to the United States for $20,000,000.

Cuba and the United States

• The Treaty of Paris granted full independence to Cuba.

• The U.S. signed an agreement with Cuba known as the Platt Amendment 1903.

• Key Features of “Platt” included the right of the U.S. to maintain naval stations on the island and the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.

• Cuba has become an “protectorate” of the U.S.

Today the US has a prison in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba

Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines

• American forces, quickly overcame the Spaniards in Cuba.

• They then turned against Spain's last island in the Caribbean, Puerto Rico.

• Meanwhile, on May 1, 1898, the American captain George Dewey, with his Asiatic squadron, destroyed a small Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila in the Philippines.

“A splendid little war.”

• Although Spain wanted to avoid war, it refused to withdraw from Cuba and recognize the island’s independence.

• By mid-April, Congress authorized McKinley to use the armed forces to expel the Spanish from Cuba.

• For Americans it was, as Secretary of State John Hay put it in a letter to Theodore Roosevelt, “a splendid little war.”

Cuban’s Rebel Against Spanish Rule

• Cuban rebels started a violent revolution against Spanish rule in 1895.

• These rebels were acting out, in part because of a depression caused by a decline in U.S. sugar purchases from Cuba.

• Rebel violence led to more repressive actions by the Spanish.

U.S. Imperialism

• Militarily speaking, the Spanish-American War of 1898 was brief and not very bloody, but its political consequences were enormous.

• It led to United States imperialism and greater participation in world politics.

Monroe Doctrine of 1823

• The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 defined United States foreign policy in the Americas for the rest of the 19th century and beyond.

• It declared that the United States had an interest in the Western Hemisphere and that European powers must not interfere in the affairs of developing nations there.

• The United States was a young nation in 1823 and did not really have the power to back up the Monroe Doctrine. However, the policy was used to justify the sending of U.S. troops into Mexico in 1866 (to intimidate the French) and the purchase of Alaska in 1867.

Aloha HawaiiWhile both the Open Door Policy and Dollar Diplomacy were American attempts to engage in economic imperialism, the United States also embarked upon a limited policy of political imperialism. In the early 1890s the United States marines helped American sugar planters depose (overthrow) the Hawaiian monarch Queen Liliuokalani. In 1898 Congress agreed to annex Hawaii or add it to United States territory.

Queen Lilioukalani (1891-93). American planters, who had established sugar plantations in Hawaii beginning around 1820, became increasingly influential in the economy and government of Hawaii; Queen Lilioukalani's desire for a new constitution, restoring her royal powers, caused a revolt by the planters, and she was deposed in 1893. In 1894 a republic was established, headed by lawyer and missionary son Sanford B. Dole, and annexation by the U.S. followed in 1898.

United States Foreign Policy• President William Howard Taft expanded upon the Open Door

Policy by advocating (calling for) Dollar Diplomacy. Through Dollar Diplomacy President Taft aimed to encourage American investment in Latin America (South and Central America).

• Not only did Taft urge American banks and businesses to invest in Latin America, but also promised that the United States military would intervene (step in), if local unrest threatened their investments.

• Partially as a result of these two policies, growth in international trade occurred from the late 1800s to World War I. This period was the first era of a true “global economy.”

Roosevelt Corollary

• In 1904, Roosevelt issued a statement that came to be known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Corollary means “what naturally follows from”.

• South and Central American Countries were poor and often borrowed money from European countries then were unable to repay the loans.

• To prevent European countries from attacking these countries in the Western Hemisphere and thereby violating the Monroe doctrine, Roosevelt announced that “chronic wrongdoing” by any Latin American nation entitled the United States to intervene in its affairs.

• This changed the Monroe doctrine by allowing one Western Hemisphere nation the intervene in the affairs of another.

Spanish-American WarNext, the Spanish-American War was the 1898 war between Spain and the United States, which the United States won. As a result of the Spanish-American War, the United States annexed both the Philippines and Puerto Rico and declared its right to intervene (become militarily involved) in Cuban affairs.

Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders on San Juan Hill in Cuba, 1898. When war was declared, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Roosevelt resigned his post and recruited a volunteer cavalry regiment that nicknamed itself the "Rough Riders." After the invasion of Cuba in June, Roosevelt's unit marched overland to Santiago and, on July 1, mounted a heroic charge that allowed the Americans to capture the ridges above the city and force the Spanish fleet to evacuate and surrender the city. The Rough Riders suffered heavy casualties, but Roosevelt became a national hero.

U.S. Takes Hawaii

Ch.10 Imperialism

Hawaii’s Economy

75% of wealth from sugar plantations

Plantations owned by Americans

Labor imported from Japan/ China

Hawaii’s Economy

1875 no duty on Hawaiian sugar

1887 king forced to grant voting rights to only wealthy landowners

1887 U.S. gained rights to Pearl Harbor

Hawaii’s Economy

1890 McKinley Tariff eliminated the duty-free status of Hawaiian sugarHawaiian sugar had to compete with other sugar growers, especially CubaAnnexation of Hawaii would mean Hawaiian sugar would become duty-free

Deposing the Queen

Queen Lil wanted to:

end property qualifications for voting

Restore power to native Hawaiians

Queen Lili’uokalani

“The cause of Hawaiian independence is larger and dearer than the life of any man connected with it. Love of country is deep seated in the breast of every Hawaiian, whatever his station.”

Deposing the Queen

The Americans sugar growers :

Organized a revolt against the Queen 1893

Queen Lil was arrested

Sanford Dole became the temporary president of Hawaii

Sanford Dole

                                                       

Grover Cleveland

William McKinley

“The New Temptation on the Mount: “ Behold all this I will give thee, if thou wilt fall down and worship me.” A “World- Wide Empire” including Hawaii and the Philippines, is offered on the horizon.

Republic of HawaiiPres. Cleveland wanted the queen restored to power.

Dole refused to give up power.

Cleveland recognized the Republic of Hawaii, but refused to annex Hawaii.

1897 Pres. McKinley made Hawaii an American territory.

Boxer Rebellion• European nations dominated

China’s cities• Resentment arose in the form

of secret societies determined to rid China of these “foreign devils”

• The Boxer’s were a secret group that rioted in 1900, killing and vandalizing all things foreign

• Foreign Troops were called in to put down this “Boxer Rebellion”

•

Felipinos Rebel

• Filipinos reacted with rage to the American annexation

• Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo vowed to fight for freedom and in 1899 he led a rebellion

• The 3-year war claimed 20,000 Filipino rebels, 4,000 American lives and $400,000,000 (20x the price the U.S. paid for the land) U.S. troops fire on rebels

•

Emilio Aguinaldo