Chapter 2 - 1ISSUES TO ADDRESS...What promotes bonding?What types of bonds are there?What properties are inferred from bonding?Chapter 2: Atomic Structure & Interatomic ondingChapter 2 - 2Atomic Structure !"reshman Chem#$atom %e&ectrons %'#11 ( 1)-*1 +g protons neutronsatomic number , - of protons in nuc&eus of atom, - of e&ectrons in neutra& species A .,/ atomic mass unit , amu ,1012 mass of 12C Atomic 1t , 1t of 2#)22 ( 1)2* mo&ecu&es or atoms 1 amu0atom , 1 g0mo&C12#)1131#))4 etc#5 1#26 ( 1)-26 +gChapter 2 - *Atomic StructureSome of the fo&&o1ing properties1$ Chemica&2$ 7&ectrica& *$ 8herma&9$ :ptica& are determined by e&ectronic structureChapter 2 - 97&ectronic Structure7&ectrons ha;e 1a;e&i+e and particu&ate properties#81o of the 1a;e&i+e characteristics are%e&ectrons are in orbita&s defined by a probabi&ity#%each orbita& at discrete energy &e;e& is determined by esignation n , principa& !energy &e;e&-she&&$ K? L? M? N? O!1? 2? *? etc#$l, subsidiary !orbita&s$ s? p? d? f !)? 1? 2? *?@? n -1$ml , magnetic 1? *? A? 6 !-l to Bl$ms , spin C? -C Chapter 2 - A7&ectron 7nergy States1s2s2pK-she&&n , 1L-she&&n , 2*s*pM-she&&n , **d9s9p9d7nergyN-she&&n , 9ha;e discrete energy statestend to occupy &o1est a;ai&ab&e energy state#7&ectrons###Adapted from "ig# 2#2? Callister & Rethwisch 9e.!"rom D# E# Fa&&s? 8# 3# Courtney? and G# Wu&ff? Introduction to Eateria&s Science and 7ngineering? p# 22# Copyright H 1'62 by Gohn Wi&ey & Sons? Ie1 Jor+# Feprinted by permission of Gohn Wi&ey & Sons? Inc#$Chapter 2 - 2Why?Ka&ence !outer$ she&& usua&&y not fi&&ed comp&ete&y#Eost e&ements:7&ectron configuration not stab&e#SLFK7J :" 7M7E7I8S7&ectron configuration!stab&e$### ### 1s22s22p2*s2*p2!stab&e$### 1s22s22p2*s2*p2*d1)9s29p2!stab&e$Atomic - 14###*27&ement1s11 3ydrogen1s22 3e&ium1s22s1* Mithium1s22s29 ery&&ium1s22s22p1A oron1s22s22p22 Carbon###1s22s22p2!stab&e$ 1) Ieon1s22s22p2*s111 Sodium1s22s22p2*s212 Eagnesium1s22s22p2*s2*p11* A&uminum###Argon###DryptonAdapted from 8ab&e 2#2? Callister & Rethwisch 9e.Chapter 2 - 67&ectron ConfigurationsKa&ence e&ectrons % those in unfi&&ed she&&s"i&&ed she&&s more stab&eKa&ence e&ectrons are most a;ai&ab&e for bonding and tend to contro& the chemica& properties %e(amp&e: C !atomic number , 2$1s2 2s2 2p2;a&ence e&ectronsChapter 2 - 47&ectronic Configurationse(:"e - atomic -, 22;a&ence e&ectrons1s2s2pK-she&&n , 1L-she&&n , 2*s*pM-she&&n , **d9s9p9d7nergyN-she&&n , 91s2 2s2 2p2 *s2 *p2*d 29s2Adapted from "ig# 2#2? Callister & Rethwisch 9e.!"rom D# E# Fa&&s? 8# 3# Courtney? and G# Wu&ff? Introduction to Eateria&s Science and 7ngineering? p# 22# Copyright H 1'62 by Gohn Wi&ey & Sons? Ie1 Jor+# Feprinted by permission of Gohn Wi&ey & Sons? Inc#$Chapter 2 - '8he Neriodic 8ab&eCo&umns:Simi&ar Ka&ence StructureAdapted from "ig# 2#4? Callister & Rethwisch 9e.7&ectropositi;e e&ements:Feadi&y gi;e up e&ectronsto become B ions#7&ectronegati;e e&ements:Feadi&y ac