Ch 8 Cell Reproduction

8/17/2019 Ch 8 Cell Reproduction

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CELL REPRODUCTION:

MITOSIS & MEIOSIS


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OVERVIEW

• DNA replication

• Overview o cell !ivi"ion

• Mito"i"

• Meio"i"


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DNA REPLICATIONOcc#r" !#rin$ interp%a"e o cellccle

' DNA (olec#le #ntwi"te!

Eac% parent "tran! "erve" a"te(plate or new "tran!

) * new DNA (olec#le"+

eac% , ol! & , new

) "e(i-con"ervative replication


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En.(e" /rea0 1 /on!" /etween *"tran!"

) #nwin!" & e2po"e" n#cleoti!e /a"e"

3ree n#cleoti!e" pair wit% e2po"e!/a"e"

Eac% parent "tran! %a" new one(a!e on it

) twi"t to$et%er to or( !o#/le %eli2


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DNA REPLICATION IN A

LITTLE MORE DETAIL 4S#$ar-p%o"p%ate /ac0/one" o * DNA "tran!" r#n

in oppo"ite !irection"

56 en!) P%o"p%ate $ro#p on "#$ar6" C

76 en!

) 8O1 $ro#p on "#$ar6" C


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) ' !a#$%ter "tran!"nt%e"i.e! contin#o#"l

) Ot%er !a#$%ter "tran!"nt%e"i.e! !i"9ointe!l

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to 3’ends only

Daughter strand grows in 5’ to 3’ direction


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REPLICATION EN;MES:

1ELICASESCatal.e /rea0in$ o 1 /on!" "o !o#/le %eli2 can

#nwin!

Wor0 wit% "(all protein" to prevent rewin!in$ oparent "tran!"


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REPLICATION EN;MES:DNA POL;MERASES

Catal.e a!!ition o ree n#cleoti!e" to e2po"e! /a"e"on eac% "tran!

Al"o %ave proorea!in$ a/ilitie"


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REPLICATION EN;MES:

DNA LI


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TRANSCRIPTION VS= DNAREPLICATION

Tran"cription

Onl part o DNA

"tran! #nwo#n!

RNA pol(era"e a!!" n#cleoti!e"

to $rowin$ "tran!

Re"#lt" in ' ree

(RNA "tran!

DNA replication

W%ole DNA (olec#le #nwo#n!

DNA pol(era"e a!!" n#cleoti!e" to

$rowin$ "tran!

Re"#lt" in * !o#/le-%eli2 DNA

(olec#le"


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Mi"ta0e" occ#r t%at can /e let%al i not ca#$%te=$= wron$ /a"e-pairin$

DNA proorea!in$ (ec%ani"(" >2 (o"treplication error" & /rea0" in "tran!"

?proorea! & correct (i"(atc%e"@

Repair en.(e" repair "o(e c%an$e" /

"nippin$ o#t !a(a$e! "ite" or (i"(atc%e"

I (i"(atc% can6t /e >2e!+ replication i" "toppe!


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CELL DIVISION: AN

OVERVIEWParent" repro!#ce to pro!#ce new $eneration o cell"

or (#lticell#lar or$ani"(

O"prin$ in%erit" all inor(ation & (eta/olic(ac%iner ro( parent


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PROBAR;OTIC CELL

DIVISIONPro0arotic cell" repro!#ce a"e2#all

) /inar >""ion


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EUBAR;OTIC CELL

DIVISIONDNA in e#0arotic cell" i" in n#cle#"

E#0arotic cell" can6t !ivi!e / >""ion

M#"t cop & pac0a$e DNA into ' n#cle#" /eore

ctopla"( can "plit


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TWO T;PES O3 CELL DIVISION

Mito"i":

• Pro!#ce" * $eneticall i!entical cell"

• 1appen" t%ro#$%o#t /o!

Meio"i":

• Pro!#ce" $eneticall !ierent cell"

• Cell" onl %ave , o $enetic ino

• 1appen" onl in $ona!"


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MITOSISOne part o t%e cell ccle


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T1E CELL C;CLE

T%e perio! ro( one cell !ivi"ion to ne2t


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INTERP1ASE: T1E LON


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Interphase


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S: S;NT1ESIS P1ASEDNA !#plicate!


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C%ro(o"o(e & cop ) "i"ter c%ro(ati!"

Koine! at centro(ere


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Cell" "ta in


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Sa(e ccle len$t% or "a(e tpe o cell"

Dierent ccle len$t%" or !ierent tpe" o cell"

e=$= cell" in re! /one (arrow !ivi!e ever "econ!

e=$= nerve cell" "ta in


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Ater


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C1ROMOSOME NUMER

1#(an" %ave c%ro(o"o(e"

) !iploi! ?*n@

* o eac% tpe oc%ro(o"o(e

) one "et ro( (ot%er+one ro( at%er


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D#rin$ (ito"i":

Eac% *n parent cell pro!#ce" two *n !a#$%ter cell"

Eac% !a#$%ter cell %a" eac% pair o c%ro(o"o(e"

) *7 pair"


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D#rin$ (ito"i"+ * "i"ter c%ro(ati!" ?!#plicate!c%ro(o"o(e"@ "eparate

Eac% /eco(e" in!epen!ent c%ro(o"o(e t%at en!" #p in '

o !a#$%ter cell"


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T1E MITOTIC SPINDLEPre"ent in ever cell

Ma!e o (icrot#/#le"

) c%an$e len$t% / a!!ition or

re(oval o t#/#lin "#/#nit"

Ori$inate" ro( pair o centriole"


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Earl in cell !ivi"ion+ !#plicate!c%ro(o"o(e i" con!en"e! )

coil" #p

DNA win!" twice aro#n! %i"tone"

) n#cleo"o(e

Beep" c%ro(o"o(e" or$ani.e!!#rin$ n#clear !ivi"ion


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LATE INTERP1ASE

PRE-PROP1ASE

O#t"i!e o n#cle#"+ * centriole" !#plicate"elve"


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EARL; PROP1ASEIn"i!e n#cle#":

C%ro(o"o(e" /e$in to con!en"e

O#t"i!e n#cle#":

Spin!le /e$in" to or(

N#clear envelope /e$in" to all apart


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LATE PROP1ASEN#clear envelope co(pletel all" apart

Spin!le >/re" ro( eac% pole attac% to"i"ter c%ro(ati!" o eac% c%ro(o"o(e


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METAP1ASE

C%ro(o"o(e" line #p %alwa /etween

"pin!le pole"


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ANAP1ASESi"ter c%ro(ati!" o eac% c%ro(o"o(e"eparate & (ove to oppo"ite pole"

?(otor protein" attac%e! to 0inetoc%ore"!ra$ c%ro(ati!" alon$ (icrot#/#le"@

Spin!le pole" p#"%e! apart / $rowin$(icrot#/#le"


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TELOP1ASE' o eac% tpe oc%ro(o"o(e reac%e" eac%

"pin!le pole

) * i!entical $ro#p" oc%ro(o"o(e" at eac% cell pole

C%ro(o"o(e" !econ!en"e

N#clear envelope or(" aro#n!eac% cl#"ter o c%ro(o"o(e") two n#clei+ eac% wit% *n J o

c%ro(o"o(e"


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C;TOBINESISCtopla"( o cell !ivi!e"

Re"#lt" in * !a#$%ter cell"+ eac% wit% "a(en#(/er o c%ro(o"o(e" a" parent cell


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C;TOBINESIS IN ANIMAL

CELLSContractile rin$ (ec%ani"(

1alwa /etween cell6"pole"+ pla"(a (e(/rane

con"trict" ) cleava$e#rrow

?ATP ener$ ca#"e"contraction o actin>la(ent"@


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C;TOBINESIS IN PLANT

CELLSCell plate or(ation


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SUMMAR; O3 MITOSIS

N#clear & cell#lar !ivi"ion t%at(aintain" c%ro(o"o(e J

U"e! or $rowt%+ repair+ a"e2#alrepro!#ction


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Cell !ivi"ion & DNA replication re$#late! "o t%at:

DNA onl replicate! once /eore cell !ivi"ion

Cell" t%at never !ivi!e !o not replicate DNA

Cell" !on6t tr to replicate DNA i lac0 t%e ener$ & raw

(aterial" to co(plete proce""


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CELLULAR CONTROLS

OVER MITOSISAnc%ora$e !epen!enceAni(al cell" (#"t /e in contact wit% a

"oli! "#race to !ivi!e

Den"it-!epen!ent in%i/ition

Crow!e! cell" "top !ivi!in$


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CELL C;CLE

C1ECBPOINTSCell cycle has checkpoints:

– Structure of chromosomal DNA monitored

– Completion of phases monitored

– Determines if good time for cell division

Rely on internal & eternal cues


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CANCER & CELL DIVISION

If immune system doesn!t recogni"e &destroy a cancerous cell# it may divide

multiple times & form a tumor

$enign

Cells remain locali"ed

%alignantSpreads to other parts of ody & disrupts

function


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W1; DON6T CANCER CELLS 3OLLOW T1E RULES

Don6t e2%i/it !en"it-!epen!ence

1ave !eective control ""te("

I$nore over-ri!e c%ec0point"

So(e "nt%e"i.e own $rowt% actor" "o contin#e !ivi!in$

Divi!e in!e>nitel


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T;PES O3 CANCERSCarcino(a"

Internal & e2ternal coverin$" o /o! e=$= "0in

Sarco(a"

S#pportive ti""#e" e=$= /one & (#"cle

Le#0e(ia" & L(p%o(a"

loo!-or(in$ ti""#e" e=$= /one (arrow+ "pleen+ l(p%

no!e"


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WA;S TO TREAT

CANCERI not "evere:

S#r$ical re(oval o t#(or

Ra!iation t%erap

?!a(a$e" DNA o cancer cell" to $reater !e$ree t%annor(al cell"@


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I "evere:

C%e(ot%erap

U"e" !r#$" to !i"r#pt cell !ivi"ion

e=$= Paclita2el ree.e" t%e (itotic "pin!le at

(etap%a"e

e=$= Vin/la"tin prevent" "pin!le or(ation

Al"o aect" rapi!l-!ivi!in$ nor(al cell" e=$=inte"tinal linin$+ i((#ne cell"+ %air ollicle cell"


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Donor cell & e$$ cell place! ne2t to eac%ot%er in c#lt#re !i"% & electricall

"ti(#late!

Cell" #"e & enter (ito"i"


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MITOSIS VS= MEIOSISMito"i":

• Occ#r" in "o(atic cell"

• Re"#lt" in * $eneticall i!entical cell"

•


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ASEQUAL VS= SEQUAL

REPRODUCTIONA"e2#al repro!#ction:In!ivi!#al (a0e" (#ltiple o"prin$ wit%

i!entical DNA

Se2#al repro!#ction:

Allow" or variet in %erita/le trait"

A!aptive in c%an$in$ environ(ent"

Meio"i" or(ation o $a(ete" ertili.ation


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T1E EUBAR;OTIC

C1ROMOSOMEDo#/le-"tran!e! DNA & a""ociate!protein"

C%ro(o"o(e" !#plicate! !#rin$interp%a"e'nduplicated Duplicated

Centromere

Sister chromatids


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C1ROMOSOME NUMERAl(o"t ever cell in /o! %a" * co(plete "et" o

c%ro(o"o(e"

One "et ro( (ot%er+ one ro( at%er

* "et" ) !iploi! ?*n@

Eac% cell %a" * ver"ion" o eac% $ene


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1o(olo$o#" c%ro(o"o(e"

Pair o c%ro(o"o(e" t%at carr $ene" or "a(e %erita/letrait"

E2cept "e2 c%ro(o"o(e" ?Q or ;@


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ALLELEOne o t%e variant or(" o a $ene at apartic#lar ?loc#"@ location on a c%ro(o"o(e

Dierent allele" pro!#ce variation in in%erite!c%aracteri"tic" ?e=$= %air & ee colo#r+ etc=@

a"i" or evol#tion: en!le"" co(/ination" oallele" lea! to variation" in trait"


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SO W1AT IS MEIOSIS

N#clear !ivi"ion t%at %alve"c%ro(o"o(e J

Occ#r" onl in "e2 ?repro!#ctive@ cell"

'"t "tep in or(ation o $a(ete" ? or@


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1#(an" are !iploi! ?*n@ wit% c%ro(o"o(e"?*7 *7 %o(olo$o#" c%ro(o"o(e"@

Meio"i" %alve" c%ro(o"o(e n#(/er "o !a#$%ter cell"?$a(ete"@ are %aploi! ?n@ wit% *7 c%ro(o"o(e"


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D#rin$ (eio"i"+ one cell $oe" t%ro#$% * !ivi"ion" toen! wit% or(ation o cell"+ all wit% %aploi! ?n@

n#clei


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INTERP1ASE

Sa(e a" in (ito"i":

Cell $row" & !#plicate" ctopla"(icco(ponent"

DNA i" replicate!


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PROP1ASE IC%ro(o"o(e" con!en"e

Cro""in$-over occ#r" /etween

%o(olo$o#" c%ro(o"o(e"

Centriole" (ove to oppo"ite "i!e" on#clear envelope

N#clear envelope /e$in" to all apart


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CROSSIN< OVERW%en c%ro(o"o(e" con!en"e !#rin$ prop%a"e+

%o(olo$o#" c%ro(o"o(e" "tic0 ver clo"el to$et%er& or( a tetra!


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Maternal & paternal c%ro(o"o(e" "wap$ene"

) e2c%an$e "e$(ent" o $enetic ino

1o(olo$o#" c%ro(o"o(e" /eco(e (i2t#reo (aternal & paternal ino

chiasma


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METAP1ASE I

1o(olo$#e" o c%ro(o"o(e" tet%ere!/ (icrot#/#le" at oppo"ite "pin!le pole"

C%ro(o"o(e" line #p alon$ e#ator ocell


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ANAP1ASE I

C%ro(o"o(e" p#lle! apart & (ove towar!"re"pective pole"

Pole" (ove #rt%er apart


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TELOP1ASE I

Ctopla"( !ivi!e"

Re"#lt" in * %aploi! cell"

?onl %ave ' o eac% pair o %o(olo$o#"c%ro(o"o(e"@

C%ro(o"o(e" "till !#plicate!


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PROP1ASE II

New (itotic "pin!le or(" in eac%cell

C%ro(ati!" o eac% c%ro(o"o(e/eco(e tet%ere! to oppo"ite pole"


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METAP1ASE II

C%ro(o"o(e" line #p alon$ e#ator o cell


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ANAP1ASE II

C%ro(ati!" "eparate & (ove towar!" oppo"itepole"

Spin!le pole" p#"%e! apart


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TELOP1ASE II

N#clear envelope or(" aro#n! eac% c%ro(o"o(ecl#"ter


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C;TOBINESISCtopla"( !ivi!e"

Re"#lt" in %aploi! ?n@ !a#$%ter cell"

C%ro(o"o(e" are #n!#plicate!

MEIOSIST1IN


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MEIOSIST1IN


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MEIOSIS & TRAIT

VARIATIONCan occ#r via:

• Cro""in$ over

• Ran!o( ali$n(ent o

c%ro(o"o(e" at (etap%a"e I


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A= CROSSIN< OVERE2c%an$e" o allele-containin$ "e$(ent" occ#r"/etween non-"i"ter c%ro(ati!" ?i=e= /etween(aternal & paternal c%ro(o"o(e"@


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= METAP1ASE I

ALI


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W%ic% %al o %o(olo$o#" c%ro(o"o(epair en!" #p at w%ic% pole i" totall

ran!o(

**7 ?+7+G@ po""i/le co(/o" o


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3ROM


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MALE


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3EMALE


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W%en ' oocte !ivi!e" ater (eio"i" I+one !a#$%ter cell ?* oocte@ $et" (o"t

o ctopla"(

Ot%er cell ?'"t polar /o!@ i" ver "(all


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Ater (eio"i" II+ one o * oocte6"!a#$%ter cell" i" *n! polar /o! ?al"o ver

"(all@

Ot%er $et" (o"t o ctopla"( an! !evelop"

into ov#( ?e$$@

'"t polar /o!6" !a#$%ter cell" are /ot%

polar /o!ie"


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Polar /o!ie" event#all !e$enerate

Sole #nction: to en"#re ov#( i" %aploi!

Ov#( $et" (o"t o ctopla"( & (eta/olic (ac%iner

I" a/le to "#pport earl cell !ivi"ion" o new in!ivi!#alater ertili.ation

3ERTILIATION: W1EN *


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3ERTILIATION: W1EN *


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SUMMAR; O3 MEIOSIS

N#clear !ivi"ion t%at %alve" c%ro(o"o(e n#(/er

Re"#lt" in n (ale & e(ale $a(ete" t%at can #"e!#rin$ ertili.ation to pro!#ce *n o"prin$


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C1ROMOSOMAL

ANORMALITIESA/nor(al c%ro(o"o(e structure:

rea0a$e o c%ro(o"o(e lea!" torearran$e(ent" t%at aect $ene" on t%at

c%ro(o"o(e

A/nor(al c%ro(o"o(e number:

C%ance event" occ#r /eore or ater cell!ivi"ion t%at re"#lt in wron$ c%ro(o"o(e J


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C1AN


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?A@ INVERSIONS

ro0en ra$(ent reattac%e" to ori$inal c%ro(o"o(e /#t in rever"e !irection


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?@ DELETIONS3ra$(ent o c%ro(o"o(e i" lo"t

Ca#"e "evere p%"ical & (entalpro/le("

e=$= cri !# c%at


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?C@ DUPLICATIONS3ra$(ent ro( one c%ro(o"o(e 9oin" to a "i"ter

c%ro(ati! or %o(olo$o#" c%ro(o"o(e

Can %ave "evere eect"


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I c%ro(o"o(al c%an$e" occ#r in "per( or e$$ cell":) (a ca#"e con$enital !i"or!er"

I c%ro(o"o(al c%an$e" occ#r in "o(atic cell":

) can lea! to !evelop(ent o cancer

?w%ic% i" w% cancer i" $enerall not %erita/le@

1ERITALE C1AN


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C1ROMOSOME J

C%ance event" occ#r /eore or ater cell !ivi"ion t%atre"#lt in wron$ c%ro(o"o(e J

Con"e#ence" can /e (inor or let%al

Mo"t c%an$e" in c%ro(o"o(e n#(/er occ#r /eca#"e o


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Mo"t c%an$e" in c%ro(o"o(e n#(/er occ#r /eca#"e onon-!i"9#nction

) ' pair o c%ro(o"o(e" !o not "eparate !#rin$(ito"i" or (eio"i"

Ane#ploi!:


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p

Nor(al J ± ' c%ro(o"o(e

e=$= tri"o( *' ?Down Sn!ro(e@

Polploi!:

7n+ n+ etc=

Nor(al in (an plant" & ani(al"


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J o "e2 c%ro(o"o(e" can al"o /e a/nor(al

E=$= QO+ QQQ+ QQ;+ Q;;

Will ret#rn to t%i" w%en coverin$ in%eritance

Documents

Ch 8 Cell Reproduction