Ch. 5 SKELETAL

SYSTEM

Use the terminology associated with the skeletal system and …

Learn about the following:

Bone structure and types

Bone tissue & function

Bone development and growth

Understand the aging and pathology of the skeletal system

CSI CASE STUDY There is a volunteer neighborhood cleanup day going on in your community. A young boy who is helping out by dragging a heavy bag of litter all of a sudden lets out a loud cry of pain. You are thinking that maybe the boy pulled a muscle. To your surprise, you notice that his hand is dangling as if he broke his forearm. You rush the child to his parents, and he is hurried off to the hospital. Later that day, you see the boy’s father, and he tells you how the boy is doing. He expresses that his son should really be more careful about his activities. His son has broken both his legs twice, as well as that same arm, on the padded school playground. He then explains that it takes a long time for the boy’s bones to heal. The father mentions that two years ago the boy lost his hearing in one ear after getting too close to an exploding fire cracker. The father ends the story saying, “Otherwise, he is your typical kid. He hardly has a sick day off from school, and he is growing like a weed.”

Overview

Humans have an _____________ (internal)

The skeletal system is composed of over _____ bones, ______________ _________________, __________and tendons

Functions in __________, protection, __________ & hemopoeisis.

FUNCTIONS

_________ for all soft tissues

lungs, heart, reproductive organs

muscles ________on bones

_______ for bone _______ & maintenance

Hemopoiesis – process of making _____ in bone marrow

yellow bone marrow - adipose tissue

Bone Types

categorized by their _______Flat, Irregular, Short, or Long_________ bones

_______Bones

scapula

____________ bones

Each bone has characteristic surface features that result from its _______________ to ligaments and tendons.

Surface Features of Bone

____________ large bulge where muscles attach

___________ large ridge where muscles attach

______________ opening where bone, blood vessels or nerves pass

________________ large, ridged bump where ligaments and tendons attach Vertebral foramen

The Human Skeletal System

• 2 divisions1) ____________ spine, rib cage, hyoid bone, skull

2) ________________ upper and lower appendages/____________, and bones that girdle themto axial skeleton (pectoral and pelvic girdles.

_______________ – 8 total bones(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

_________________(turkish saddle):

houses the pituitary glandwithin ____________ bone

______________bone (1)

(1)

mandible (1) ___________________ (passages for nerves and vessels

nasal bones (2)

maxilla (2)

Face Bones: 14 total bones

________________________(2)

________________________(2)

_________________ (1)

(2)

_________________ (2)

__________________: hole for spinal cord

Ear bones: _ total(in temporal bone)

____________________: • ___________or cavities inside some of the cranial bones (4 pairs); air conditioners??make skull lighter?? crumple zones??resonance chamber??

(frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid sinuses)

___________________: soft spots on baby’s skull allow ______________ of skull during birth fuse & form __________ (joints) before baby is 1- 2yrs old

___________________________– 26 total

bones

____ separate in a child

_____ separate in a child

(1)

(1)

concave curve

concave curve

convex curve

convex curve

allows head to _________

cartilage that acts as a _______________

spinal cord

_________________

__________________: hole spinal cord sits

Vertebral Column Function

can rotate and move forward, backward, and sideways

encloses and protects ________________

serves as _________________ for ribs and muscles of back (thoracic vertebrae)

adult curves provide strength & ____________to _____________weight of body so we can stand and walk on 2 ft

Curvature of SpineAdult’s spine: cervical + lumbar (concave) thoracic + sacrum (convex)

Newborn’s spine: ___________ convex curve Head up = concave cervical Stand up = concave lumbar

Vertebral Column Animation: http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP12104

Spine-fusion Surgery Video: http://www.spine-health.com/video/spine-fusion-surgery-video

Microdisectomy Lumbar Microdecompression Spine Surgery Video:http://www.spine-health.com/video/microdiscectomy-lumbar-microdecompression-spine-surgery-video

_________ - 24 total bones (12 pairs)

attach ___________ to sternum

(14)

(6)

(4)

attach to sternumby __________ ____________ of 7th rib

• doesn’t _______until 40yrs of age• attachment for stomach muscles____________________to sternum

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13404

(2)(2)

_________________: arm socket;not very protected

where clavicle and scapula meet

________________________: shoulder region

______________________: where sternum and clavicle meet; fractures are common

Shoulder Dislocation Animation:http://www.shoulderpainsolutions.com/commonproblems/animation-popup.asp?proc=sinstable

(2)

___________ side

(2)

(2)

________

________

_________

(28)

(10)

(16)

Arm and Hand Bones:

____ side; allows hand

to rotate

__________________________: end of ulna; funny bone

head of radius

HUMERUS

ULNA

RADIUS

_________________________: hip region

________bones (2)

_____________: hip socket; well protectedpelvic inlet

(pubic bone)

Head of femur

(2)

(2)

(2; larger ___________ shin bone)(2; smaller _________shin bone)

(14; ankle bones)

(10)

(28)

_____________________: heel bone (2); largest tarsal bone

Inner ankleboneOuter anklebone

MALE versus FEMALE SKELETONSFemale Male

Skeleton

Inlet /

Outlet

Pubic Angle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1Qm7d4cCt8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duPxBXN4qMg

Concept Check #1 1. Describe the functions of the skeletal system.

2. What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? Which body parts can be found in each of these divisions?

3. What are the purposes of bone-surface features?

Concept Check #2 4. Describe 5 regions of the vertebral column and

the column’s importance.

5. How do the bones of the rib cage differ.

6. Describe the differences between male and female skeletons.

INTERNAL

& EXTERNAL

FEATURES

of BONES

Anatomy of Bone

Primarily comprised of _________ and ________ bone.

____________ cavity in the center of some bones; contains bone marrow.

(end)

(shaft)

(end)

___________; calcified or cartilage

contains spaces for ____bone marrow

contains fatty, yellow bonemarrow (__________for bone cells)

strong ___________covering diaphysis

acts as a _______ between bones;sometimes called hyaline cartilage

Red bone marrow produces red blood cells

Compact bone rigid outer shell of bone

Anatomy of a Long Bonehttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/0072919329/63068/07_02a.swf::Anatomy%20of%20Bones%20(a)

- Quiz

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Haversian System or ______: structural unit of compact bone

__________ Canal: where B.V.pass

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qTiw8lyYbs&feature=related

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/0072919329/63068/07_02b.swf::Anatomy%20of%20Bones%20(b)

- Quiz

Osteon (Haversian System):

honeycomb network of spongy bone

Within 1 Osteon or Haversian System

small ____________that connect _____________

___________that store osteocytes (bone cells)

calcified _______ that surround Haversian canal

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylmanEGjRuY&feature=related

________________ (ARTICULATIONS)

-__________ bones (helping with support, protection, movement)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLxYDoN634c - Crash Course on Joints

3 Types of Joints

1. _______________ joints: no movement; held together by connective tissue

Ex. _________________________

btwn parietals

btwn temporal & sphenoid

btwn occipital & parietals

btwn frontal & parietals

2. _____________________ joints: slight movement; held together by cartilage

ex. __________________(in females only;

fused in males) and _______________________joints

3. ______________ joints: free movement; held together by a synovial capsule

a. ____________________: widest range of motion; found in the hip & shoulder

acetabulum

Glenoid cavityHIP

SHOULDER

b. ______: movement in 2 directions; flex and extend; found in the elbows, knees, & fingers

Flexion: bending a joint Extension: straightening(___________ angle) a joint (_________ angle)

c. ___________: 1 bone rotates around another bone; found in _______________& the __________/ulna

C1 Atlas

C2 Axis

d. ____________: only 1 pair exists; thumb

flexes, extends, abducts (away frommidline), adducts (towards midline), andcircumducts (circling distal end around proximal end)

e. __________ joint: least movable diarthrotic joint; found in shoulders, wrists & ankle, vertebrae

Anatomy of a___________________Joint

connective tissue; fits over ends of 2 bones and becomes periosteum

strong cords of

connective tissue that

connect bone to bone

secretes synovial

fluidto reduce friction

LigamentsJointcapsule

ACL Reconstruction Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q96M0jRqn7k

Concept Check 3:7. What are the two main parts of a long bone and where are they located?

8. Label a drawing of a structural unit of bone anddescribe what each of the following structures do w/inthe system: haversian canal, osteocytes, canaliculi,lacuna, lamella

Concept Check 4:9. Why do you think bone needs such a complexsetup?

10.Why are joints important and how do the 3 maintypes of joins differ?

11. What are ligaments? B) What is the synovialmembrane? C) Where can they be found?

Bone Development &

Healing

Bones are _______________ that can remodel themselves.

develop at different rates and times as a person progresses through the developmental stages of growth.

One way bones form in the embryo:

1. _____________________________________ (in long bones)

2. Intramembranous ossification http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/bone-growth-development-factors-endochondral-ossification.html

Endochondral Ossification

before birth: _____ bones; only cartilage modelsafter birth: __________ matrix starts to replace cartilage models with the help of…

1. Osteo______ cells that BUILD bone 2. osteo______ cells that break down (KILL) bone & cartilage

bone formation that begins within (endo) cartilage (chondral)

Bone Remodeling

(when there is _____ Ca in the body)

(when there is _____ Ca in the body)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vPZtK4REmA

Steps of Endochondral Ossification

1. ________________ ossification osteoclasts carve out a hole in center of diaphysis of cartilage model

a. _________. grow into bone & provide nutrients for growth & maintenance

2. ______________ enter & secrete bone tissue to ______________________a. compact bone then spongy boneb. bone elongation takes place at the ______________________

Importance of Epiphyseal Plate:

presence of cartilage plate:bone is still growing

absence of cartilage plate (calcified line): growth has ceased;bone is mature

3. _____________ ossification occurs later in development of fetus

osteoclasts enter __________ blood vessels osteoblasts convert cartilage to bone

http://faculty.massasoit.mass.edu/whanna/201/201_content/topicdir/skeletal/skeletal_media/skeletal_VD/page122/page122.html

Importance of Endochondral Ossification

stress on bone ____ the rate bone is deposited

reason athletes have __________ and stronger bones than less active people.

allows bone to ____________ to stress/injury by changing size, shape and density

Cartilage Bone

• ________ gel matirx

• more _________then cells

• ____________cytes (living cartilage cells)

• ____ blood vessels; nutrients diffuse slowly into cells slow to repair itself

•____calcified matrix

• more ________than space

• ________cytes (living bone cells)

• has blood vessels; nutrients diffuse quickly into cells __________________itself

Bone Damage bone growth needed for bone repair

bone __________ most common type of bone damage; bone crack or splinter from physical injury

Compound Fracturesi.e. stress fractures

1. ______________ phase: within hrs or a few days

a. white blood cells (_____) and new blood vessels enter injured area to _________________________ ________________________________________

Bone Healing

2. ____________________ phase (weeks to months):a. WBC secrete _______________ into damaged areab. osteoblasts secrete new bone tissue

3. ________________________________ phase:a. osteoblasts & osteoclasts _____________bone

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVougiCEgH8 NUTRITION IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT!!

12. How does a babies endoskeleton differ from an adults? And how do these remodeling take place?

13.How do bone and cartilage differ?

Concept Check 5

14. What is a compound fracture and what are the stages my bone would go through as it healed?

Concept Check 6

PATHOLOGY of the

SKELETALSYSTEM

Wellness and Illness over the Life Span

• Most common bone and joint pathologies are related to __________ stress and strain.

• Other organ-system diseases cause _______________of bones and joints.

• During a person’s lifetime, bone is constantly degraded and replaced.

1. ________ splint – develops medial side of tibia; causedby overuse / high-impact of ankle joint2. _________________ – deterioration of articular cartilage; pain & loss of movement

Osteoarthritis Animation:http://www.mataburro.com/scot/flash/arthritis/osteo.swf

http://www.edheads.org/activities/hip/swf/index.htm http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4544601474400368520#

Rheumatoid Arthritis Animation:http://www.mataburro.com/scot/flash/

arthritis/rheum.swf

3. _______________ arthritis – immune systemattacks connective tissue ofa joint

4. ____ – metabolic disorder;causes body to produce oxalic acid (waste product); forms crystals cause inflammation injoints

5. _______________ - excessive loss of calcified matrix causes bone degeneration

a. weak bones lead to an increase in fractures & spine curvature

c. treatments: _____ therapy and dietary supplements (__________________)

b. most frequent in elderly, _________ ________; white and black males are susceptible; very rare in black women

Osteoporosis

__________ of the Skeletal System• _____________ of articular surfaces (joints); not repairable naturally (most common)

• bacterial ______________over time joint decay

• osteo____ outpace osteo______ as you age

• decline in sex hormones which are needed for bone _________________________

• poor _________________ or individual ______________ factors

CSI – Conclusion• while dragging a bag of litter a young boy breaks his forearm and is hurried off to the hospital • you find out from the father that the son has already broken both his legs twice, as well as that same arm, on the padded school playground. • apparently the boy’s bones take a long time to heal and he is deaf in one ear from standing too close to an exploding fire cracker Answer the following:1.What congenital condition is causing this boy’s bones to break at such an early age?2.What causes this condition?3.Why do 50% of the people with this condition develop hearing loss? 4.What can be done to protect this boy from this condition?