Ch. 27

New Imperialism Imperial powers used economic and

technological means to reorganize dependent regions, bring them into world economy.

Africa- done by conquest and colonial administration

Latin America- done by indirect means

MotivesPolitical-

desire to gain national prestigeAcquisition of new colonial possessions/

colonial agents often sent troops first and informed home govts. later.

Cultural-Exporting Western “Civilization” through

Christian missionary activity.Imperialism gained popularity, racism, young

men- opportunities for adventure and glory

MotivesEconomic-

Industrialization of Europe and North America- stimulated a demand for minerals, industrial crops, and stimulants (sugar, coffee, tea, and tobacco)

Entrepreneurs/investors looked to profit- mines, plantations, railroads in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Minimized risk by seeking diplomatic and military support from their gov’t.

Tools of Imperialists Industrial revolution made “imperialism”

possibleSteamships and the Suez Canal gave

Europeans greater mobility and better communication.

Quinine-prevent malariaInvention of breechloader, smokeless

gunpowder, machine gun widened firearms gap

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Colonial Agents & AdministrationColonists applied modern scientific and

industrial methods to their colonies that started to transform African and Asian societies.

Some colonies retained traditional gov’t. some were administered directly.

Cooperation of indigenous eliteTraditional rulersYouth trained for “modern” jobs

Women arrive, more racial segregation.

Scramble for Africa!

EgyptEgyptian khedives- expensive modernization

projects Financed with high-interest loans form European

creditors1882- British sent army into Egypt, established a

system of indirect rule to protect loan investmentsBritish worked to modernize Egypt

Dam across the Nile- help agriculture/cottonBenefited only small eliteAccompanied by Western ways conflicted with Islam

Western and Equatorial AfricaWest Africa- French built railroad from upper

Senegal River- upper NigerOpen interior to French merchants.

France claimed northern bankBelgium- claimed area south of Congo River

Western and Equatorial AfricaBerlin Conference on Africa- 1885 & 1886

Lay out framework for how Africa would be divided up

Occupation of Africa took many years, met with much resistance

West Africa, new colonial power developed existing trade networks.

Equatorial AfricaLittle inhabitants or tradeConcessions to private companies that forced

Africans to produce cash crops and carry them to nearest river or railroad.

Southern AfricaGood pastures, farmlands, and mineral

wealth Discovery of diamonds in 1868Led to the defeat of the Xhosa and the Zulu

1910- European settler created the Union of South AfricaAfrikaaners emerged as ruling element in a

gov’t that assigned Africans to reservations, established a system of racial segregation.

1914 African Imperialism

Political and Social ConsequencesMixed feelings about European invasion by

nativesSome fought (Zulu, Ndebele)Ethiopia successfully defended itself against

the British-1896Most tried to live as before, difficult due to

colonial policiesImposition of taxes on Africans forced them

into low-paying jobs.Women’s property rights undermined

Given to the head of house (a.k.a. the man)

Cultural ResponsesMissionaries taught practical skills (crafts

and domestic skills) and western ideasMission educated Africans started to critique

colonialismColonialism contributed to diffusion of Islam

by Building citiesIncreasing tradeAllowing Muslims to settle in new areas