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Ch. 24: World War II: Part 11932 - 1941
Totalitarian Gov’t. Joseph Stalin Soviet Union
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Benito Mussolini
Fascist Regime Italy
Prelude to WWII Asia Hideki Tojo Francisco Franco
Rehearsal for WWII Adolf Hitler (leave some space)
Mein Kampf US Clings to Isolationism Neutrality Act, 1935 Invasion of Rhineland, 1936 Invasion of China, 1937 Hitler invades Austria
Joseph Goebbels The Sudetenland The Munich Pact, 1938
Appeasement Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
Ideological Differences Sept. 1939 Blitzkrieg Maginot Line France Invaded Dunkirk Vichy France
Henri Petain Charles de Gaulle Cash & Carry Winston Churchill Battle of Britain Axis Powers Election of 1940
Ch. 24: World War II: Part 11932 - 1941
Holocaust Nuremberg Laws, 1935 Kristallnach, 11/9/38 Final Solution Death Camps Lend-Lease Plan Convoy System Germany invades Soviet Union
Scorched Earth Policy Atlantic Charter Japan’s Ambition
Economic Boycott Pearl Harbor, 12/7/41
Treaty of Versailles Fails
Germany upset with War Guilt Clause, Loss of Land & Reparations
Russia angry because of loss of land
Did not make provisions for the rebuilding of Europe
New gov’ts. expected to pay huge wartime debt ASAP causing many new democracies to collapse Dictators seize power
Totalitarian Governments Emerge
In Europe
State more important that individual
The government has total control
Benito Mussolini
Leader of Italy “Il Duce” – “The Chief” Came to power in 1922
& created a Fascist Regime: Strong, central gov’t. headed by dictator Rooted in extreme
nationalism
Adolf Hitler Leader of Germany Nazism: Extreme fascism
based on racism WWI veteran & lead coup
against Weimer Republic & was thrown in jail
Anti-Communist Mein Kampf (My Struggle):
Outlines his Nazi Plan Wanted all German people to
be united into one great German Empire
Blonde Hair/Blue Eyes Master Race & inferior races:
Jews, Slavs Superior speeches
More Hitler Info.
Blamed Germany’s defeat on the Jews & wanted to undo the Treaty of Versailles
Promised to get Germany out of the Depression
Legally elected to power Backed out of League of
Nations, which did nothing
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin took control of the Soviet Union in 1924 after the death of Lenin
Collectivization = new agricultural system Began to industrialize country & shape the
communist nation “Man of Steel”
The Soviet Union
Totalitarian Gov’t.: Gov’t has complete control over citizens Individuals have no rights
Stalin suppressed all opposition (Purge Trials – 8 mil.) The US formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933 Begin to set up trade agreement Reciprocal Trade Agreement: Lowered tariffs with
countries who also lowered tariffs. 21 countries involved & foreign trade increased by 1939
Increase power
Francisco Franco
Leader of Spain Led Spanish Civil War
1936-1939 Against Loyalist Fascist: Aid from Italy
& Germany ”
Japan
Emperor: Hirohito
Prime Minister: Hideki Tojo
Ordered invasion of Manchuria Why?
He built up the Japanese Navy
League of Nations did nothing
England 2 Prime Ministers
during WWII:
1st: Neville Chamberlain (weak)
2nd: Winston Churchill (strong)
USA
2 Presidents during WWII
1st: FDR (Dies in 1945)
2nd: Harry Truman
Violations of the Treaty of Versailles
The Soviet Union after WWII
Industrialization brought the Soviet Union out the Great Depression, but caused severe famine
Stalin silenced any critics – Purge Trials of 1933
Italy
Mussolini promised employment
1935: Itali invaded Ethiopia Why?
This invasion called the “Prelude to WWII”
The League of Nations did nothing to stop this
Spain After WWI
Franco became dictator of Spain during the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Civil War is often called the “Rehearsal for WWII
Spain didn’t want to take over new lands
Japan After WWI
Little economic growth – struggling to get out of the depression
US begins to pull out of Asian affairs Japan happy because
no one to stop them from invading neighboring countries
1931: Japan invaded Manchuria for the area’s natural resources
1937: Invaded China & later S.E. Asia
Invasion of China
Japan invaded China in 1937 FDR did not consider this a war, no declaration, &
continued to sell to both sides (isolated???) Japan bought many supplies from the US
The Rape of Nanking
6 weeks300,000 murdered
20,000 raped, tortured & murdered
Germany after WWI
Adolf Hitler becomes Prime Minister of Germany – had promised he would take Germany out of the Depression He did this by building up the military
(violation of the Treaty of Versailles)
Rome Berlin Axis Pact
Alliance between Germany & Italy
League did nothing to stop this
Invasion of the Rhineland 1936
Germany invaded the Rhineland Western part of Germany
Violates Treaty of Versailles Military was supposed to
steer clear of this area Britain & France couldn’t
agree on what to do, so they did nothing to stop Hitler
Germany began to create Siegfried Line; defensive set of fortifications
Hitler Invades Austria
Hitler claimed Germany need more living space so….
Hitler invited Austrian Prime Minister Schuschnigg over for a “friendly” chat
Hitler forced him to sign agreement stating the two countries were unified
Schuschnigg had 2nd thoughts
Hitler invaded & the world did nothing
Austria vanished in 2 days
Joseph Goebbels: Minister of German Propaganda
No matter how No matter how big the lie, big the lie, if it is if it is repeated often repeated often enough, people enough, people will believe will believe it.it.
The Sudetenland
Culturally rich German area included in Czechoslovakia after WWI
Hitler accused the Czechs. of abusing German population (lies…)
France & Britain agree to protect Czechoslovakia
Sept. 1939
Germany invaded Poland
Official beginning of WWII
The Munich Pact 1938
Germany, Britain & France Signed Sudetenland over to GermanyEuropean countries agreed to avoid war, no one asked Czech. Hitler promised this was his last territorial conquest (more lies…) Invaded Czechoslovakia in March 1939This pact was an example of Appeasement: Giving up principles to pacify aggressor
Non-Aggression Pact: 1939 After Czech. Hitler eyed Poland
Germany people being mistreated Still angry abt. Polish Corridor
Soviet Union declares Neutrality 1939 Non-Aggression Pact:
Germany & Soviet Union wouldn’t fight each other & agreed to split Poland (avoiding 2 front war)
Shocked many because the two had ideological differences Stalin hated Fascists & Hitler
hated Communists Britain & France warned of
invasion if Poland attacked
Blitzkrieg
German warfare
“Lightening warfare”
Quick Strikes
France Invaded Fearing invasion, France
constructed a series of fortifications along the French-German border called the Maginot Line
Germany march through Belgium (again) when invading France
By early 1940, Germany had taken most of N. Europe & France Allied troops were pinned down
Making matters worse… Italy invades France from the South
Dunkirk
Allied troops retreating or would be taken over by Germany Went to the port of Dunkirk & sailed across the English
Channel on anything that would float; over 300,000 men Abandoned heavy artillery Used anything that would float to get across
Puppet Government Germany established a
puppet Gov’t. in France called Vichy France
Henri Petain headed Vichy France
Charles de Gaulle was the leader of the Free French Underground movement
against Germany in France Fled to Britain for safety
reasons
US gets more involved after invasion of France
America Moves Away from Neutrality
FDR builds up military Cash & Carry: OK for US to sell supplies to Europe provided they pay with cash & carry away on own ships Avoided debts & protected our ships Helped boost economy
Winston Churchill England
Prime Minister of England during WWII
Britain was only democracy left in Europe
Hitler didn’t want to attack England, thought they could make peace agreement
Churchill
We shall defend our land, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we
shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields & in the streets. We shall fight in the hills.
We shall never surrender
Battle of Britain: 1940
Germany carried out bombing raids over London every night for 2 months to break their spirit Aug. – Sept. 1940
The Battle of Britain 1940: British fought back with the aid of new invention: radar
The RAF constantly in air fighting the Luftwaffe
German losses so high Hitler forced to postpone invasion
England will never be invaded
The Battle of Britain was effectively over by Sept. 15, 1940. The Luftwaffe lost 1,800 aircraft & 2,660 crew. The RAF lost 1,020 aircraft & 537 crew. The RAF controlled the skies!
AXIS POWERS
Bad GuysGermany, Italy & JapanSoviet Union backed out
Election of 1940
In the midst of all European problems, the US has a very important election
FDR didn’t want to serve another term, but Dems. Convinced him to run.
Rep . Candidate, Wendell Winkie ran against him
He called FDR a dictator War of Words:
“Better a 3rd termer than a 3rd rater”
Don’t change horses midstream FDR wins & becomes 1st & only
Pres. to serve 3 terms
The Persecution Begins
Holocaust: Systematic removal of non-Aryans (11 mil.; ½ Jews)
Jews were center of Nazi target b/c blamed for Germany’s problems after WWI
Nuremberg Laws 1935
Jews removed from jobs, businesses boycotted
1935: passage of the Nuremberg Laws: Took away Jewish political
rights Segregation (ghettos) Curfews Permits to travel ID patches
Hitler encourage Jews to leave, many did, but couldn’t take possessions with them
Some stayed thinking it would blow over
Kristallnacht “Crystal Light” Nov. 9th, 1938
“The Night of Broken Glass” Stormtroopers (Nazi special
police) attacked Jewish homes, businesses etc. breaking store windows, setting fires etc.
• Many Jews were arrested & sent to concentration camps• Thousands were murdered• Hitler blamed the Jews for damage & fined them 1 billion marks
Jewish Refugees
France wouldn’t take anymore Great Britain worried abt. Anti-Semitism The US allowed limited numbers into US, so many
had no where to go Famous refugees: Albert Einstein (E=MC2) &
Thomas Mann (Physics) Germany inadvertently removed some who could
have helped them win the war Many Americans feared this would lead to
increased competition for scare jobs & prolong the Great Depression
The Final Solution
After the invasion of Poland, Germany rounded up the Jews & forced them to live in ghettos to control them
By 1939, the Nazi’s began the Final Solution: Extermination of the Jewish race from Europe
Warsaw was the largest ghetto with ½ million Jews
April 1943: Warsaw Uprising – Jews fought against deportation & camps…..held out for 1 month
Concentration/Death Camps
Jews moved to camps as forced labor for German war effort Put with other prisoners: Communists, Gypsies, Socialists etc. The SS (Schuttzstaffel) sent out special squad to kill any Jew they
came across By 1941, an estimated 1,400,000 Jews had been killed Came up with new ways to kill & dispose of bodies more efficiently
Asphyxiation (exhaust) Zyklon B (gas)
Heinrich Himmler
Member of Schutzstaffel Squad
Build the SS into a giant organization
Provided staff for police, camp guards & military units serving the German Army
Himmler head of the Death Camps
BAD, BAD MAN
Death Camps
Special built camps for the sole purpose of murdering its occupants (Jews, etc.)
Built in E. Europe, especially Poland. Why?
Some of the most infamous Sobibor, Auschwitz,
Treblinka & Chlemo
European Concentration Camps
Inside the Death Camps•Upon arrival greeted with music, not knowing of Death Camp.
•Divided once off train
•Taken to have clothes removed & “cleaned”
•Heads shaved (Dignity)
•Told to take shower…gassed instead
•Bodies then checked for valuables (wedding rings, gold fillings, watches, etc)
•Possessions used by Germans (glasses, shoes & hair)
•Took everything from Jews before killing them
•Bodies then burned in crematoriums, even ashes used
Some were kept alive & used for experiments
Most prisoners at
Auschwitz survived only
a few weeks or months.
Those who were too ill
or weak were
condemned to death in
the gas chambers.
A Day in the Life
Work Days (everyday) began at 4:30AM
“Kapos” (Jewish) in charge of barracks Overcrowded, disease, lice, fleas…
Given something to eat Role call Work, Work, Work, Work Return for role call, you better be
there! SS would take long time taking role,
esp. if it was raining, snowing etc. Few lived longer than 6 months
because of torture, beatings, hard labor, starvation, disease, experiments etc.
Lend-Lease Plan
US will lend the Allies supplies & get them back later (tanks, food etc)
Supporters: “Send Guns, Not Sons”
Opponents: “Compare it to chewing gum, you won’t get it back”
FDR defended this action by calling the US the arsenal of democracy
Most Americans support war b/c England is fighting Hitler now
Hitler saw this as a declaration of war & began to sink US merchant ships
As a result of U-Boat attacks against US merchant ships, the Convoy System is
implemented & merchants ships are armed
Germany Invades the Soviet Union
Hitler breaks Non-Aggression Pact
June 1941: Hitler invaded the USSR thinking it would be a quick & easy victory
Soviets practiced Scorched Earth Policy: Burn & destroy everything as you retreat Why?
Hitler made some critical errors: Attacked close to winter Split his army Heads for Stalingrad
Churchill
If Hitler invaded hell, we would be prepared to work
with the Devil himself!
The Atlantic Charter
Secret meeting between FDR & Churchill off coast of Newfoundland
Created peace plan for after war & set foundation for the United Nations
Supported by 26 nations included China & the USSR
The US Still Had Not Declared War!
Even after several US ships had been sunk by German U-Boats (the Wolfpack)
(Pink Star, Kearny, Reuben)
Japan’s Ambition
Wanted territorial expansion - ImperialismPushed further into SE Asia (Vietnam area)
US responded with economic boycottno oil & other items to Japan
Angers JapanUS knew Japan was going to attack, but didn’t know when or whereNo one thought Japan could do it
Pearl Harbor, HawaiiDec. 7th, 1941
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, home of the Pacific Fleet After attack, many feared of land invasion
A date which will live in infamy….