Upload
phamxuyen
View
220
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Sir Walter Raleigh:
English (Tobacco)
Francisco
Pizarro:
Spanish
(Conqueror of
Inca)
CH 13: Political Transformations: Empires & Encounters
American Colonial Empires
Created, 1664, Holland. Map reflects the knowledge
developed by explorers in the 1500's & early 1600's.
Map included many interesting drawings around the edge.
Mythical figures are shown, as well as natives of the New
World. A number of angelic beings are portrayed at the top, a
well as wise old navigators & sailors.
Why didn’t China or India develop colonies & explore?
need: Chinese & Indians had rich markets in the Indian Ocean
that there wasn’t much incentive to go beyond
marginality: Europeans were aware of their marginal position in
Eurasian commerce & wanted to change it
What advantages did Europe have?
geography: European Atlantic states were well positioned for
involvement in the Americas & wealth & status: colonies were an
opportunity for impoverished nobles & commoners
rivalry: interstate rivalry drove rulers to compete
merchants: growing merchant class wanted direct access to
Asian wealth
religion: crusading zeal & persecuted minorities looking for more
freedom
An Early Modern World? Period covered by Chapters 13–15 is usually labeled “the early modern era.”
Signs of Modernity:
★ Globalization
★ Modern societies
★ Rising European presence in world affairs
Globalization: European exploration, conquest, & settlement
in the Americas 1. Atlantic slave trade linked Africa to Western Hemisphere
2. New World silver let Europeans buy their way into Asian markets
3. Columbian exchange created new networks of interaction
4. Christianity became a truly world religion
5. Russian, Chinese, & Ottoman expansion an emerging global web
An Early Modern World? Period covered by Chapters 13–15 is usually labeled “the early modern era.”
Signs of modernity:
Globalization, modern societies, & rising European
presence in world affairs
Signs of modernity appeared in several regions
1. Modern population growth, thanks to foods from the
Americas
2. More highly commercialized economies developed
(parts of Eurasia & Americas, centered in large cities)
3. Emergence of stronger & more cohesive states in
various places promoted trade, manufacturing, & a
common culture
Map 13.1:
European Colonial
Empires in the Americas Wars & rivalries led to an
expansion of Spanish &
English claims, at the
expense of the French.
European rulers were driven
by enduring rivalries of
competing states.
Growing & relatively
independent merchant class
in a rapidly commercializing
Europe sought direct access
to Asian wealth in order to
avoid the reliance on Muslim
intermediaries that they found
so distasteful.
For Spain
For Portugal
1494 Treaty of Tordesillas: Line of demarcation was about 1/2 way between
Cape Verde Islands (already Portuguese) & islands entered by Christopher Columbus
on his 1st voyage (claimed for Spain), named in the treaty as Cipangu & Antilia (Cuba
& Hispaniola).
European colonial rule in the
Americas varied
★ cultures & policies of the
colonizing power
★ character of the Native
American cultures
★ economy established in a
particular region
English were late to the
game of exploration Ironically, many felt the lands they
had left to take (NY, New England,
PA, & Virginia) were left-over &
worthless in comparison to the
treasures of Central & SA (gold).
English & Spanish Colonies
English & Spanish Colonies
Lands of the Aztecs & the Incas: Spanish empire ruled over the most
densely settled indigenous populations in
the Americas & developed an economic
system based on commercial agriculture
& mining.
Colonial rule replicated something of the
Spanish class hierarchy while also
accommodating the racially & culturally
different Native Americans & Africans.
Native peoples, rather than African slaves
or European workers, provided labor,
despite their much-diminished numbers.
Almost everywhere it was forced labor,
often directly required by colonial
authorities.
Encomienda (en-koh-mee-en-duh)
Some Native Americans decided to aid the
Spanish in their initial invasion of the New World,
mostly due to old tribal rivalries.
Encomienda: system employed mainly
by Spanish during colonization of
Americas to regulate Native American
labor, mostly farming & mining.
Spanish crown granted Spaniards
specified # of natives for whom they
were to take responsibility.
Theory: Receiver of the grant was to
protect natives from warring tribes & to
instruct them in Spanish language and
in Catholic faith. In return they could
extract tribute from the natives in the
form of labor, gold, or other products.
Encomienda (en-koh-mee-en-duh)
In practice, the difference between
encomienda & slavery could be
minimal. Natives were forced to do hard labor &
subjected to extreme punishment & death
if they resisted.
In the former Inca Empire, for example, the
system continued the Incaic (and even pre-
Incaic) Mita traditions of extracting tribute
under the form of labor.
Compare English & Spanish Colonies.
Brazil & Caribbean: No earlier civilization
existed & production of sugar for export
defined economy.
Spanish colonists rarely included women & families. Large #
of Africans were imported as slave labor.
Considerable amount of racial mixing took place. Mixed-race
population: Much of the urban skilled workforce &
supervisors in sugar industry, as well as some prominent
members of community.
More slaves were voluntarily set free by their
owners in Brazil than in N. America.
Compare English & Spanish Colonies.
Sugar Cane Plantations: Hell on Earth in Caribbean.
The worst place to work as a slave in the Americas.
What is a one major reason for higher literacy rates in British
North American colonies than in Spanish/Portuguese colonies?
Protestantism: Encouraged reading of the Bible, was
dominant form of Christianity in British colonies.
Women & families accompanied men & cultural expectation
was reading & interpretation of the Bible.
3rd distinctive type of colonial society: Northern British colonies of New England, New
York, & Pennsylvania.
Upon the arrival of British settlers, these
regions were not heavily settled with
Native Americans, in part because of
the ravages of European borne
epidemic diseases.
Compare English & Spanish Colonies.
Compare English & Spanish Colonies.
British North America:
★ Raising of different crops, including
tobacco, cotton, rice, & indigo, than in
Spanish colonies.
★ Less racial mixing
★ Self reproducing slave workforce
“Race" in N. America: Any amount of
African or “black” ancestry would make
someone African or “black”
This idea was sadly, long=lasting.
Compare English & Spanish Colonies Why So Literate?
Availability of land, climate, & geography of N.
America & the “outsider” status of many British
settlers, led to:
Economic & social system of small
independent farmers w/o sharp class
hierarchy, large rural estates, or dependent
laborers.
Weak British rule, largely literate population,
developed traditions of local self-government,
elected colonial assemblies, & vigorously
contested the prerogatives of royal governors
sent to administer their affairs.