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Pre Columbian Societies&
Transatlantic Encounters
Chapter 1: p. 4-24Essential Topics: 1. Early inhabitants of the Americas2. American Indian Empires in Mesoamerica, the Southwest, and the
Mississippi Valley3. American Indian Cultures of North America at the time of European
contact4. First European contacts with American Indians5. Spain’s Empire in North America
Big Ideas● By 1600 Europeans had created the world’s first truly global
economy.
● Meanwhile, the "age of discovery" resulted in the greatest human catastrophe the world has ever known: 90% of Amerindians killed by 1600; slavery of 10s of millions of Africans.
● Cultural differences between the European and Amerindians were so immense that conflict was tragically inevitable in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries.
Populating the Americas
● Land Bridge existed for around 25,000 years that connected Eurasia to North America (35,000 – 10,000 years ago)● For 25,000 years the Americas are populated● When the glaciers melt the Americas become isolated
Early On….
● Native Americans were mainly Nomads● Lived off the land by hunting, fishing, and
gathering● Consequences of the Lifestyle???
● Small population growth● No formal gov’t, writing system, or complex religion● Everyone is focused on survival needs
Early America’s Agricultural Revolution● Agricultural Revolution
● Native Americans learn to grow crops● Maize (corn), pumpkins, squash, beans
● Consequences of this Lifestyle???● Population boom due to
steady/increasing food supply● Specialization
● As a result formal gov’t, writing system, and religion begin to form
● Civilizations begin to form● By 1492 it is estimated that 54 million
people lived in the Americas● Powerful empires like the Maya,
Aztecs, and Inca developed
Maya● Located in Yucatan Peninsula● Outstanding engineers and
mathematicians● Ruled by City-States
● No central gov’t● Very fragmented society
● Due to fragmentation the Mayas were in constant warfare that eventually led to their collapse
Chichen-Itza - Pyramid
Chichen-Itza - Observatory
Chichen-Itza - Ball Court
Aztec
● Located in Central Mexico● Militaristic people
● Conquered surrounding tribes forcing them to pay tribute
● Ruled by an emperor● Human sacrifice commonly
practiced● “Game of Death”
● Created an empire containing 5 million people
The Aztecs WereFierce Warriors
Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes to the Sun God
Heart Sacrificeon an Aztec Temple Pyramid
Inca
● Located in Peru in the Andes Mountains
● Ruled by an emperor● Vast road system
● Extremely good engineers and mathematicians
● Amazing forms of agricultural
Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu
Incan Terrace Farming
Other Native American Civs
● Southwest American Indians
● Chaco Canyon Pueblo● Culture collapsed due to
drought
● Mississippian American Indians
● City of Cahokia had 25,000 people living in it
● Built a great mound in the middle of the city
Columbus Did Not “Discover” North America
● 1st Europeans to reach North America were the Vikings in 1000
● Lief Ericsson and 35 Vikings stayed a winter, and made several attempts to colonize
● All attempts failed● Unfortunately Vikings had an oral
history, and never documented their journey
“Pushes” to European “Discovery” of the Americas
Crusades Marco Polo
Strong desire for Asian goods
Portugal begins looking for a fast way to get to India, China, and the Spice Islands (Indonesia)
Vasco da Gama gets around Africa in 1498 and gets to
India
Spain seeks a route to Asia by going West
Major Effect of Crusades… Large scale exchange of ideas, technology and trade goods
● Ideas● Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, etc.● Islamic Science & Astronomy● Arabic Numerals
● Trade Goods● Crusaders bring back goods from
the Middle East which spurs demand for more products
● Cotton● Silk● Spices and Sugar● Carpets ● Tapestries● Technology
● Paper-production
European trade routes
Christopher Columbus Makes the World a Much Bigger Place
● Columbus becomes the 1st documented European to reach America in 1492
● Was an Italian born sailor sailing for the Spanish Monarchs
● Goes on to make 4 voyages to The New World from 1492-1502
Columbus’s Legacy ● Legacy
● “Discovers” North America in 1492● Columbus’s actions
● Enslaves thousands more in North America and forces them to mine for gold and silver…
● His voyages begin a rush of Europeans infected with greed
● Within 30 years● 2 Major Civilizations crumble
● Aztec Empire● Incan Empire
● Columbian Exchange● World is never the same…
explorers
Columbian Exchange: interactions between Europeans and Native Americans that permanently altered world’s ecosystem and culture
Spain’s New World Conquest and Empire● Spanish explored and conquered for glory, God, and gold● Conquered two mighty New World empires
● Aztecs conquered in 1519● Disease is the primary reason for the fall of the Aztec
● Inca conquered in 1521● Disease and the capture of the Incan Emperor are the primary reason for the fall of the Inca
● Spain’s empire was huge and long lasting● Spain got incredibly wealthy making them the richest and most powerful nation for a
period of time● In the New World lands that did not have great amounts of wealth the Spanish focused on
converting the natives to Christianity● The Spanish intermarried with the indigenous population and mixed cultures as well
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Explorers Conquistadores
Missionarie
s
Permanent Settlers
EuropeanColonialEmpire
The Colonial Class System
PeninsularesSpanish ancestory Creoles
Spanish and Black mixture.
MestizosSpanish and
Indian mixture
MulattosWhite
American and Black
mixture
Native Indians Black Slaves
Treaty of Tordesillas (divided Spanish and Portuguese land)
Ever Wonder Why Native Americans got Dominated???● Guesses???● Hint #1: North and South American are basically on a North/South axis, while Asia and Europe are on an
East/West axis● Hint #2: The only pack animal in the Americas (animal capable of pulling or carrying something) was the
freakin alpaca, while Africa, Asia, and Europe had the camel, horse, cow, yak, and donkey!!!
Shang and Zhou Civs
1766 B.C.- 250 B.C.
Egyptian Civ
2650 B.C.- 500 B.C.
Mesopotamia Civ
3000 B.C.- 1700 B.C.
Indus Civ
2500 B.C.- 2000 B.C.
● Answers!!!● Answer #1: Well the climate stays the same (for the most part) as one moves east to west… meaning
crops grown in India and China can be grown in Europe….● Hint #2: To really farm a lot of land you have to break up the soil with a plow…. The Americas did not
have that animal… as a result large scale farming never took hold like it did in Asia and Europe… which meant that the Americans remained hunter-gatherers and there was no specialization… also some of the most infectious diseases known to man are mutated viruses from pack animals like small pox and the flu…. The people of the Eastern Hemisphere grew resistant to those diseases… when the Europeans brought those diseases over to the Americas…. the Native Americans had no resistance to these diseases and as many as 95% of Native Americans died from disease…
Reasons for Domination of Eurasian People1) East/West direction of continent
2) Many suitable wild species of plants and animals
2) Ease of species spreading
3) Many domesticated plants and animals
4) Food Surpluses and Food Storage
5) Large and Dense Societies 5) Specialization of Workers
6) Technology
6a) Guns, Steel Swords, Ocean going ships
6) Development of religion, government,
& writing
3a) Work animals- cow and ox
3a) Development of mutated diseases
3a) Military supremacy-
horse & camel
7) Large and organized societies capable of exploration and conquest