Ch 13 Ch 13 Personal CarePersonal Care

SkinSkin

1.1. ProtectionProtection

2.2. Temperature RegulationTemperature Regulation

3.3. Information GatheringInformation Gathering

What are the three functions of your skin?

• Largest body organ

Your SkinYour Skin

How does you skin regulate body temperature?

1. Evaporation of sweat cools the skin.

2. Blood vessels expand to release internal body heat.

3. Blood vessels in skin narrow to keep warmth in your body.

How does your skin protect you?

• protects the body from injury, infection, and water loss

• protects organs and tissue

Your SkinYour Skin

How does your skin gather information?

• nerves in the skin

• detect hot, cold, soft, hard, etc

The outermost layer of your skin

Cells at this layer are dead

Constantly shed this layer

Keratin

a protein that makes the skin tough and waterproof

Melanin

dark pigment that gives skin some of its color

The EpidermisThe Epidermis

tough, elastic layer of skin below the epidermis

Pore

tiny opening on the surface of the skin

Follicle

structure that hair grows from

Sebaceous Gland

produce an oil to keep skin soft

produce sebum

acid to kill bacteria

The DermisThe Dermis

Layers of the SkinLayers of the Skin

Epidermis

Dermis

Fat

Sweat gland Hair follicle Nerve

Blood vessels

Sweat droplet

Pore Hair

Sebaceousgland

Caring for Your SkinCaring for Your Skin

1. avoid damage from the sun and tanning lamps

2. monitor moles

3. nutritious diet

4. drink plenty of water

How can you keep your skin healthy?

Preventing Skin CancerPreventing Skin CancerBasal Cell most common type of skin cancer (90%)

small dome shaped bump

rarely spreads

Squamous Cell usually affects older adults

red bump on nose, ears, face, arms

spreads faster than basal cell but not common

Melanoma least common form of skin cancer

most deadly form of cancer

usually form from moles

Preventing Skin CancerPreventing Skin Cancer

How to avoid skin cancer

1. Limit exposure to sun

2. Use sunscreen of SPF 15 or higher

3. Wear a hat with a brim

Diameter • The diameter is greater than ¼ inch, eraser head

Monitoring MolesMonitoring MolesThe ABCD rule

Asymmetry • One half of the a mole does not match the other half

Border • Edges are uneven, notched, or blurred

Color• The color is not consistent throughout the mole

Basal Cell

Squamous Cell

Melanoma

AcneHow does acne form?• excess oil and dead cells plug a hair follicle

• a condition in which an area of skin becomes red, swollen, hot, and itchy.

EczemaEczema

• can be treated with medication

• sometimes the skin blisters and oozes.

What is Eczema?

•Boils • Boils are swollen, painful infections of hair follicles caused by

bacteria.

Treating Skin InfectionsTreating Skin Infections

•Cold Sores • Cold sores are clusters of watery blisters caused by a virus.

•Warts • hardened growths on the skin that are also caused

by a virus

•Ringworm • fungus, which is highly contagious, produces red,

scaly, ring-shaped patches on the skin.

Treating Skin Infections

•Athlete’s Foot • fungus causing burning, itching, cracking, and peeling of

the skin on the feet and between the toes.

Treating Skin Infections

• Hair protects the scalp from sunlight and provides insulation from the cold.

Your HairYour Hair

• Hairs in the nostrils and ears and your eyelashes, prevent debris from entering the body.

What is the purpose of hair?

•Head lice • small insects that live on the scalp and lay their eggs on hair

• avoid sharing combs, brushes, or hats.

Hair ProblemsHair Problems

Hair Problems•Dandruff

• occurs when the epidermal cells of the scalp are shed at a faster than normal rate

• may be caused by fungal infections, overactive oil glands, stress, and heredity

• dead skin cells

Your NailsYour Nails

• protect the tips of your fingers and toes

What are your nails?

What is the purpose of your nails?

•Ingrown toenail • sides of a toenail grow into the skin

• can become infected

Nail ProblemsNail Problems

Teeth and GumsTeeth and Gums

What would your life be like without teeth?

• Difficulty eating, talking

TeethTeeth

• Adult has approximately 32 teethAdult has approximately 32 teeth• Made of living and non-living tissueMade of living and non-living tissue• Unable to repair themselvesUnable to repair themselves

Teeth StructureTeeth Structure• EnamelEnamel

• the hardest material in your body, covers a tooth’s crown

• CementumCementum• covers a tooth’s root and helps to

anchor the tooth to the jawbone• DentinDentin

– living material that makes up the majority of a tooth

• PulpPulp– soft tissue that fills the center of each

tooth

Teeth StructureTeeth Structure• GumsGums

• pink tissue that surrounds the base of your teeth and covers the bone around the teeth

• fit tightly around the neck of each tooth like a collar, holding it firmly in place

Teeth StructureTeeth Structure

Crown

Neck

Root

Blood vessels

Root canal

Cementum

Nerve

Gum

PulpDentin

Enamel

TeethTeeth

Cut food intobite-sized pieces.

Crush andgrind food.

Crush andgrind food.

Tear and slash food.

Incisors

Premolars

Molars

Canines

Structural Problems w/ TeethStructural Problems w/ TeethDuring what period of a person’s life do they experience the most problems with their teeth?

• during the growing years, changes in the jaw can lead to structural problems

Structural Problems w/ TeethStructural Problems w/ Teeth

• upper and lower teeth do not meet properly, improper bite

MalocclusionMalocclusion

What is the problem with malocclusion?• chewing difficulty or causes the teeth to wear down unevenly

Wisdom TeethWisdom TeethWhat are wisdom teeth?

• the third set of molars

When does a person’s wisdom teeth usually grow?• between the ages of 17 - 21

Why are wisdom teeth often removed?• not enough room, prevent from impaction

Tooth DecayTooth Decay• cavitycavity or tiny hole forms in or tiny hole forms in

enamelenamel

What happens if a cavity is not treated?• bacteria can decay the rest of layers of the tooth causing an infection

Root Canal TherapyRoot Canal Therapy

• infected pulp is removed and replaced with a rubbery material

Gum DiseaseGum DiseasePlaquePlaque• white sticky film on teeth

TartarTartar

• hardened plaque

PeriodontitisPeriodontitis

• severe tartar infection in the gums

• can cause teeth to fall out and infect jaw bone

GingivitisGingivitis• build up of tartar that irritates the gum

Gum Disease - NormalGum Disease - Normal

Gum Disease - GingivitisGum Disease - Gingivitis

Gum Disease - PeriodontitisGum Disease - Periodontitis

Gum Disease - Adv. PeriodontitisGum Disease - Adv. Periodontitis

Caring for Your TeethCaring for Your Teeth

• Brush at least twice a day, preferably after every meal.

• helps prevents halitosishalitosis

• chronic bad breath

• Use a toothbrush with soft bristles

• Brush all surfaces of your teeth; outer, inner & top

• Brush away from your gums

• Brush your tongue

Caring for Your TeethCaring for Your TeethFlossingFlossing

• Dental floss removes food and plaque from areas that a toothbrush cannot reach.

• You should floss your

teeth once a day.

Caring for Your TeethCaring for Your Teeth

• Having regular dental checkups, about twice a year, can identify problems before they become painful or hard to treat.

Dental CheckupsDental Checkups

• Because of checkups and other preventive care, young people today generally have fewer cavities than their parents did at the same age.

• Some people also visit their dentist to discuss teeth whitening.

How often should you have a dental checkup?

Dental ProfessionsDental Professions

OrthodontistOrthodontist• doctor who corrects the position of the jaw and teeth

PeriodontistPeriodontist

Dental HygienistDental Hygienist• specializes in preventive oral health

• doctor who treats diseases and problems with the structural support of teeth

EndodontistEndodontist

• doctor who treats diseases and problems with the tooth pulp and root

Complex organs that respond to light by sending impulses.

Your Eyes

Your brain then interprets the impulses as images.

EyesEyes

• Bones around face protect them from injury

• Eyelashes and eyelids screen out dirt and bright light

• Tears keep eyes moist and clean

How are your eyes protected?

Parts of EyeParts of Eye• Cornea

– clear covering over the eye

• Pupil– opening in the center of eye

• Iris– color of eye and controls amount of light

entering eye

• Lens– bends the light rays so the come to a point

in your eye

Parts of EyeParts of Eye• Retina

– Layer of cells that line the back of the eyeRods

– distinguish black and whiteCones

– distinguish colors

• Sclera– white outer part of eye

• Optic Nerve – takes nerve impulses to the brain

Parts of Parts of EyeEye

Sclera

Iris

Pupil

Cornea

Lens

Muscle

Retina

Macula

Optic Nerve

Vitreous

How do you see?How do you see?• light strikes the rods and cones, nerve impulses travel through the optic nerves to the brain

• the brain turns the flipped image right-side up.

NearsightednessNearsightedness• Person see closer objects clearer, but Person see closer objects clearer, but

distant objects are blurrydistant objects are blurry• Images focuses in front of retinaImages focuses in front of retina

FarsightednessFarsightedness• Person sees distant objects clearly, but Person sees distant objects clearly, but

close objects are blurryclose objects are blurry• Image focuses beyond retinaImage focuses beyond retina

AstigmatismAstigmatism• Blurred vision at all distancesBlurred vision at all distances• Irregular shaped cornea or lensIrregular shaped cornea or lens

Color BlindnessColor Blindness

• Hereditary diseaseHereditary disease• Unable to Unable to

distinguish certain distinguish certain colorscolors

• Usually red and Usually red and green look browngreen look brown

PinkeyePinkeye

• Inflammation of inner lining of eyelidsInflammation of inner lining of eyelids• Caused by bacteria, virus, or allergyCaused by bacteria, virus, or allergy

GlaucomaGlaucoma• Increased pressure of the fluids in the eyeIncreased pressure of the fluids in the eye• Damages retina and causes blindness Damages retina and causes blindness

graduallygradually

CataractCataract• Lens becomes cloudy and blocks Lens becomes cloudy and blocks

light entering eyelight entering eye• Usually occurs in the elderlyUsually occurs in the elderly

Aging or an injury to the eye can cause the retina to separate from the lining of the eye.

Detached Retina

This condition occurs when cells in the center of the retina break down.

Macular Degeneration

Sties and Conjunctivitis

What are sties? painful swelling that occurs when an oil gland at the base of an eyelash becomes infected

What is conjunctivitis? an inflammation of the outside layer of the eye.

Eye Care Tips

1. Blink often when using a computer

2. Do not rub your eyes

3. Eat foods rich Vitamin A (Carrots, Red Peppers, Cantaloupe

4. Wear sunglasses outdoors to protect from UV-rays

EarsEarsWhat are the functions of the ear?

1. Convert sound into nerve impulses for the brain to interpret.

2. Detect position and movement of the head

3. Help you stand upright, walk smoothly, and adjust body position.

Parts of EarParts of EarOuter Ear

Channels sound waves into the ear canal

narrow cavity leading to middle ear

Sound waves strike the eardrum causing it to vibrate

thin membrane at end of ear canal

Parts of EarParts of EarMiddle Ear Vibrations from the eardrum pass to the Hammer, Anvil, & Stirrup

Three small bones (smallest in body)

Parts of EarParts of EarInner Ear Vibrations from the stirrup pass to the oval window

clear membrane attached to the stirrup

oval window passes the vibrations to the fluid of the cochlea

spiral tube filled with fluid and hair

fluid in cochlea move the hairs, which stimulate cells to make nerve impulses

nerve impulses are gathered in the auditory nerve and travel to the brain

brain interprets the impulse as sound

Hammer

Eardrum

Auditory Canal

Stirrup

Eustachian Tube

Cochlea

Auditory Nerve

Semicircular CanalsAnvil

The semicircular canals send information to your brain about the movements of your head.

The Inner Ear and Balance

When your head moves, the fluid inside the semicircular canals causes “hairs” in the canals to move.

How do the semicircular canals do this?

The movement stimulates nerve cells, which send impulses to your brain.

What is the structure in the ear that keeps you balanced?

Other Ear StructuresOther Ear StructuresEustachian Tubes Tubes that connect the middle ear to

the throat for pressure equalization

Bacterial infections of the middle ear can sometimes result in some hearing loss.

Treating Ear Infections

A middle-ear infection may cause the eardrum to break, or rupture.

Scar tissue makes the eardrum less flexible and less able to transmit sound.

Tubes may be inserted in the eardrum to allow fluid to drain from the middle ear.

Cauliflower EarCauliflower EarWhat is cauliflower ear?

Deformity of outer ear caused by repeated hits to the ear

Treating Hearing Problems

Audiologist

• professionals who are trained to evaluate hearing and treat hearing loss

Caring for Ears

• Clean outer ear but not inner• Limit exposure to loud noises