Ch. 13: Diversity, Ch. 13: Diversity, Conflict, and UnionConflict, and Union

The ancient Greek and Roman civilizations and

the Renaissance all began in Mediterranean Europe

Ch. 13:1 - Ancient History

The mild climate and physical features of southern Europe were partly responsible for the emergence of the Greek and Roman Empire in the

mid-700s B.C.

Greece the Birthplace of Democracy

In about 2000 B.C., the Greeks in the city-state of Athens tried an experiment in rule by the people instead if by a king.

Although democracy did not survive the upheaval of many wars, however, the Athenian system helped to inspire the United States patterns of government.

The Roman Empire

Rome established a republic where they elected representatives to rule in their name.

The Roman empire grew to include most of western Europe, Great Britain, North Africa,and Palestine.

The Dark Ages

The Roman Empire in Europe went in to decline in the 300s AD and was overrun by Germanic tribes in 474. This invasion plunged Europe into the Dark Ages.

Christianity

Despite the fall of the Roman empire in the west, Christianity was spread out of Rome and across much of Europe.

The Eastern Empire

The Roman Empire continued to thrive in the east from the new capital of Constantinople. Over time, Christianity in the eastern empire began to differ greatly from Christianity in the West. In the western (Latin) Church, many pagan rituals were added to the practice of Christianity. The Eastern Church did not agree with this “alteration” of the faith.

Great Schism

In 1054 AD, a permanent split occurred within the Christian faith. Orthodox Christianity became a separate faith than the traditional Christian religion in the West.

Italian City-States

Beginning in 1096, a series of military campaigns were organized to reclaim the Holy Lands for Christianity.

The Muslims had conquered the city of Jerusalem a couple centuries earlier.

As a result of these Crusades, Italian merchants earned great profits as they entertained the crusaders on their journey to Palestine.

Italian City-States

The Italian cities of Florence and Venice became rich from banking and trade.

This wealth helped lead these areas develop into prosperous city-states.

The Renaissance

As a result of contact with the Muslims, western Europe began to emerge out of the Dark Ages.

A renewed interest and the arts led Europe into a period of rapid growth called the “Renaissance” . The word renaissance means “re-birth”.

The Black Death

Contact with others had detrimental consequences. In the early 1300s, a plague spread throughout Europe killing off nearly one-third of the population.

Spain’s Empire

In the 700s A.D., Muslims had conquered Spain and Portugal. For nearly 7 centuries, Spanish live under their influence.

In the late 1400s, an initiative to return Spain to her Christian roots was undertaken. This is the period called the “reconquista”.

Jews and Muslims were given the choice to convert to Christianity, leave Spain or die.

Spain Seeks New Trade Routes

During the era of the reconquista, Spain was looking for a trade route to India that would bypass the Muslims and Italians in the Mediterranean. In this pursuit, an Italian sailor, Christopher Columbus was hired.

In his attempt to find a direct route to India, he stumbled upon the “New World”.

Review Greeks

– Democracy

Romans– Republic

Western Roman Empire Falls– Dark Ages

Eastern Empire – Great Schism Crusades Renaissance Plague Spanish Reconquista – Spain seeks alternate trade

routes

Ch. 13-2: Western Europe

The history of western Europe is connected to the Roman Empire.

After the Roman Empire fell, small armies led by warrior kings had control over small territories.

In the late 700s, a Germanic king, Charlemagne, was able to unite nearly all of Europe under his control. His legitimacy a supreme ruler was conveyed to him on a Christmas day as the Pope in Rome crowned him the emperor of the new Roman Empire.

Feudalism and the Middle Ages

After the death of Charlemagne, the unity among the people of Europe dissolved and small competing kingdoms reemerged.

This period of time is known of the Middle ages.

Reformation

In the early 1500s, corruption within the Church led to a splintering of Christianity.

Martin Luther, a priest, wrote a lengthy letter of protest against some of the Church’s questionable fund raising activities. This letter, the “95 Theses” was circulated throughout Europe sparking a move for reform. This is the historical period where Protestant Christianity developed.

The Rise of Nationalism

Feudalism gave way to a new spirit of nationalism.

Nationalism is the belief that people should be loyal to their nation, the people with whom they share the land, their culture and history.

Nationalism Leads to War

100 Years War between France and Great Britain. (1300-1400s))

7 Years war (mid 1700s) War of Austrian Succession (mid 1700s) French Revolution(1789-1814) Unification of Germany under Bismarck (1870s) WWI (1914-1919) WWII (1938-1945) Balkan Wars(1913 –1914) Crisis in the Balkans (1999)

World War IIWorld War II

1939-1945

Nazi soldiers parading through Warsaw after the invasion of Poland.September 1939 

Invasion of Jewish refugees in Poland

Germany invades EuropeA poster of a headline in The Star newspaper announces the German invasion of Norway, April 1940. London, England

Invasion of Norway

German Invasions

The Fall of France-1940May 10, 1940

German troops parade down Champs-Elysees after the fall of Paris. January 1, 1940.

Battle of Britain July 10-October 31, 1940

RAF

Battle of Britain Map

RAF and Luftwaffe Airbases

Luftwaffe Pilot

RAF

Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941

USS Arizona Memorial

Tears of the Arizona

Germany invades Soviet Union 1941

Germany breaks Non-Aggression Pact

Stalingrad (July 17, 1942-February 2, 1943)

Germany Advances

759,560 Soviet personnel were awarded this medal for the defence of Stalingrad from 22 December, 1942.

Red Army soldier waves flag after victory

Mother Motherland on Volga

The aftermath

D-Day June 6, 1944

Allied invasion of Western Europe

Targeted the beaches of Normandy in France

Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower gives the order of the Day. 'Full victory-nothing else' to paratroopers in England, just before they board their airplanes to participate in the first assault in the invasion of the continent of Europe." Eisenhower is meeting with US Co. E, 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment (Strike), photo taken at Greenham Common Airfield in England about 8:30 p.m. on June 5, 1944.

U.S. Soldiers march through a southern English coastal town, en route to board landing ships for the invasion of France, circa late May or early June 1944.

Crossing the English Channel to German occupied France

A convoy of Landing Craft Infantry sails across the English Channel toward the Normandy Invasion beaches on "D-Day", 6 June 1944. Each of these landing craft is towing a barrage balloon for protection against low-flying German aircraft.

Landing supplies at Normandy

The Battle of the Bulge (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945)

American soldiers taking up defensive positions in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge.

Aftermath Bloodiest

battle of the War for the US

Largest battle in US military history

Malmedy Massacre-Germans execute American POWs

The Philippines Fall-War in the Pacific

Japan continues multiple offensives after Pearl Harbor

Bataan Death March-April 1942

Prisoners on burial detail at Camp O'Donnell.

US and Filipino forces surrender to Japan, 75,000 prisoners are marched to prison camps

Prisoners on the march from Bataan to the prison camp, May 1942.

Battle of the Coral Sea-May 1942

Large naval battle

First primary use of aircraft carriers

Airplanes fired on enemy ships

Yorktown conducts aircraft operations in the South Pacific area sometime before the battle. A fleet oiler is in the near background.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Pacific_War_Japanese_Advances.jpg

The Battle of Midway-June 1942

Crucial naval battle

Helps Allies turn the tide on the Pacific front

Midway Atoll, several months before the battle. Eastern Island (with the airfield) is in the foreground, and the larger Sand Island is in the background to the west.

Battle of Guadalcanal (August 1942-February 1943)

Land, sea, and air battle in the South Pacific

Allies conquer Japanese territory

U.S. Marines come ashore on Guadalcanal on August 7, 1942.

The airfield at Lunga Point on Guadalcanal under construction by Japanese and Korean workers in July 1942.

November 1942-United States Marines, likely from the 2nd Marine Division, rest in the field during the Guadalcanal campaign.

Battle of Leyte Gulf-October 1944

Greatest naval battle in world history

More than 280 warships

Fought to

control the Philippines

The light aircraft carrier Princeton on fire, east of Luzon, 24 October 1944.

Kamikazes

USS St. Lo explodes after kamikaze strike

First battle in which Japanese aircraft carried out organized kamikaze attacks.

Battle of Iwo Jima (February-March 1945)

Americans storm Japanese island of Iwo Jima

Costly battle, Americans met with fierce resistance from the outnumbered Japanese

US Marines land on Iwo Jima

Americans storm the volcanic island

U.S. flag over Mount Suribachi

Battle of Okinawa (April-June 1945)

One major island closer to Japanese mainland

Costliest Pacific battle for Americans, 50,000 casualties

USS Bunker Hill hit by kamikazes piloted by Ensign Kiyoshi Ogawa and another man on May 11, 1945. 372 personnel were killed from a crew of 2,600.

Faces of the Kamikaze Pilots

Ensign Kiyoshi Ogawa posing before he killed himself in a kamikaze attack on the USS Bunker Hill (see above) on May 11, 1945.

May 26, 1945. Corporal Yukio Araki, holding a puppy, with four other pilots of the 72nd Shinbu Squadron at Bansei, Kagoshima. Araki,17, died the following day in a suicide attack on ships near Okinawa.

Kamikaze attack on the USS Missouri. About to be hit, while operating off Okinawa on 11 April 1945. The plane hit the ship's side below the main deck, causing minor damage and no casualties on board the battleship. A 40 mm quad gun mount's crew is in action in the lower foreground.

Hiroshima 広島市 -August 6, 1945

First use of nuclear warfare

80,000 dead Thousands more

would die from the effects of the radiation

Enola Gay

Dropped a single atomic bomb on Hiroshima

Aug. 6, 1945

The atomic cloud of “Little Boy” over Hiroshima

The Aftermath

Nagasaki 長崎市 – August 9, 1945

Three days after Hiroshima the second atomic bomb, Fat Man, is dropped

40,000 dead Many more due

to radiation

Aug. 9, 1945

Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 60,000 feet into the air

The energy released by the bomb was powerful enough to burn through clothing. The dark portions of the garments this victim wore at the time of the blast were emblazoned on to the flesh as scars, while skin underneath the lighter parts (which absorb less energy) was not damaged as badly.

Before and After

VJ-Day August 15, 1945 (Aug. 14 in North America)

Emperor Hirohito reading out the Imperial Rescript on the Termination of the War.

Surrender Ceremony

Representatives of Japan stand aboard the USS Missouri prior to signing of the Instrument of Surrender.

Gen. Douglas MacArthur signs the Instrument of Surrender on behalf of the Allied Powers

Official Surrender September 2, 1945

Japanese foreign affairs minister Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on board USS Missouri as General Richard K. Sutherland watches.

Estimated World War II DeathsCountry Military

DeathsCivilian Deaths Total Deaths

Axis

Germany 3,250,000 2,350,000 5,600,000

Italy 226,900 60,000 286,900

Japan 1,740,000 393,400 2,133,400

Allies

France 122,000 470,000 592,000

Great Britain 305,800 60,600 366,400

United States 405,400 --------- 405,400

Soviet Union 11,000,000 6,700,000 17,700,000

China 1,400,000 8,000,000 9,400,000

SOURCE: World War II: A Statistical Survey

Casualties of War Holocaust- 6 million Jews were

exterminated at the hands of the Nazis

Communism-Berlin Wall

After WWII, Berlin, Germany was split into 4 quarters. One of those quarters was communist, the other three were capitalistic.

In order to keep people from leaving the soviet quarter a wall was built to keep the people in. This wall came down in 1989 as communism itself in Europe gasped its last breath.