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8/4/2019 CFC - Afghanistan Annual Report 2010
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< Af ghanist an in 2010 : The Y ear in Review > Civ il- Milit ary Fusion Cent reT HE C I V I L - MI L I TA RY FUSI ON CENTRE
Afghanistan Team 2010 Annual Repor
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< Af ghanistan in 2010 : The Year in Review > Civil- Milit ary Fusion Cent re
ii Foreword
iii Acronyms & Abbreviations
1 Introduction >> Erin Foster
3 From London to Lisbon: Conference Wrap-Up >> Anne-Catherine Claude
7 Chapter 1. Governance & Participation >> Anne-Catherine Claude
18 Chapter 2. Economic Development & Infrastructure >> Steve Zyck
29 Chapter 3. Humanitarian Affairs >> Erin Foster
38 Chapter 4. Security >> Kathleen Hughes
47 Chapter 5. Rule of Law >> Anne-Catherine Claude
57 Chapter 6. Socio-Cultural Development >> Erin Foster
66 Contact the Afghanistan Team
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover page photos:ISAF Media and UNAMA
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< Af ghanist an in 2010 : The Y ear in Review > Civ il- Milit ary Fusion Cent re
s the Director of the Civil Military Fusion Centre, it is my pleasure to provide this
Afghanistan Team 2010 Annual Report to CimicWeb Account Holders for their
review and study as well as for their commentary. The document presents a wide range of
information on the civil and military developments which in Afghanistan throughout the past
year, including coverage of comprehensive approach issues and matters pertaining to
Governance & Participation, Economic Development & Infrastructure, Humanitarian Affairs,
Security, Rule of Law and Socio-Cultural Development. Adequately addressing these broad
topics in a report such as this is a complex task. However, I am sure that you will find that this
report is a concise and accurate reflection of the key events occurring in Afghanistan from
January to December 2010, the year during which the international community commenced its
discussions regarding a potential withdrawal or downsizing in the country in 2011.
I owe the CFC Afghanistan Team my full gratitude for their efforts not only in creating thisreport but also for their dedication in advancing improvements in civil-military interaction.
NATO, the United Nations, the European Union, international organisations, non-governmental
organisations, academic centres and many other institutions deal with crisis management
within the paradigm of the comprehensive approach. However, one thing is certain. While
differing opinions concerning and approaches to information sharing, civil-military cooperation
and civil-military coordination may abound, the CFC will remain steadfast in its resolve to
bridge the different communities, despite the distances between them. Whether you share this
commitment or have another point of view, we welcome your comments.
With regards,
Joergen Jessen
Joergen Jessen
CFC Director
A
FOREWORD
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he following report gives the reader a brief overview of some of the most significant events that took place
in Afghanistan in 2010 and closely follows theCFC Weekly Afghanistan Reviewsproduced over the course
of the past year. The report is organised into seven major sections including: international conferences;
governance; economic development & infrastructure; humanitarian affairs; security; rule of law and socio-cultural
development.
The first section of the report investigates three major international conferences held in London, Kabul and
Lisbon, which included key stakeholders from and working in Afghanistan. The year started with the London
Conferencein January 2010 that sought to align international military and reconstruction efforts with Afghan-
led strategies for development and reconciliation. Meanwhile, key Afghan and international community leaders
attending the Kabul Conference in July 2010 emphasised the importance of strengthening the role of the
Afghan government in overseeing international assistance efforts and sought 50% of development funding to
be directed through Afghan government budgets. Participants also agreed to the handover of security to Afghan
forces in 2011 with the deadline for the withdrawal of international troops set for 2014. The year ended with the
Lisbon Conferencein November 2010 at which the transition of security from international to Afghan forces by
2014 was further discussed by NATO Heads of State and Government.
In some of the most heavily reported news of the year, Chapter 1 captures coverage of the Afghan
parliamentary elections, changes to electoral law and processes, fraud cases and challenges faced by female
candidates. The elections were originally scheduled for May 2010 but postponed until 18 September 2010 due to
security concerns that officials feared would prevent citizens from reaching the polls. Prior to the start of the
elections, President Karzai approved revisions to electoral law that changed the number and required
qualifications of candidates in response to complaints about the reported failings of the 2009 presidential
election. However, the changes were met with opposition from Afghan lawmakers, a fact which foreshadowed
post-election allegations of fraud. The sheer size of and difficulty in investigating election fraud cases delayed
the announcement of winning candidates until 24 November 2010. Arguments pertaining to the validity of
results continued until the end of 2010 by members of the Independent Election Commission (IEC), Electoral
Complaints Commission (ECC) and the Attorney Generals Office (AGO). Finally, the chapter discusses the
pressures being placed upon the Afghan government to address corruption in the country. Corruption is a
common concern for the international community who want to make the flow of money in Afghanistan more
transparent as well as local Afghans. President Karzai expanded the authority of the High Office of Oversight
and Anti-Corruption (HOOAC) in March 2010 in an effort to reduce institutional graft and allow for the
investigation of senior officials, though corruption within the political spectrum remains an ongoing challenge.
Chapter 2 highlights progress made regarding regional economic partnerships and future investment projects
while noting ongoing challenges related to harnessing natural resources and energy for economic development.
Some examples explored are the Afghanistan-Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement (APTTA), proposed railway
T
INTRODUCTION
https://www.cimicweb.org/Pages/CFCAfghanistanReports.aspxhttps://www.cimicweb.org/Pages/CFCAfghanistanReports.aspxhttps://www.cimicweb.org/Pages/CFCAfghanistanReports.aspxhttp://afghanistan.hmg.gov.uk/en/conference/london-conference/http://afghanistan.hmg.gov.uk/en/conference/london-conference/http://afghanistan.hmg.gov.uk/en/conference/london-conference/http://www.mfa.gov.af/kabul-conference.asphttp://www.mfa.gov.af/kabul-conference.asphttp://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/events_66529.htmhttp://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/events_66529.htmhttp://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/events_66529.htmhttp://www.mfa.gov.af/kabul-conference.asphttp://afghanistan.hmg.gov.uk/en/conference/london-conference/http://afghanistan.hmg.gov.uk/en/conference/london-conference/https://www.cimicweb.org/Pages/CFCAfghanistanReports.aspx8/4/2019 CFC - Afghanistan Annual Report 2010
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construction projects and the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) Natural Gas Pipeline project. The
chapter continues by presenting the highly visible Kabul Bank Crisis that resulted from a loss of confidence in
the Afghan banking system and further fuelled concerns about corruption in the financial sector and by
government authorities. Meanwhile, counter-narcotics activities proved successful in 2010 with UNODC reporting
20 of 34 provinces to be poppy free and opium production cut in half. Finally, efforts to Afghanise economic
activity, such as the Afghan First policy introduced by NATO in April 2010, and key economic events are
presented alongside a review of the impact of economic development and infrastructure projects.
The humanitarian assistance community responded to a series of events in Afghanistan in 2010, discussed in
Chapter 3, which include: the movement of people - refugee returnees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) -
natural disasters, security threats and planning measures. Afghan refugees returned to Afghanistan in record
numbers (104,000) between March and October 2010 according to the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR). A significant number of those who returned (95,000) cited destruction caused by extensive
flooding to refugee camps in Pakistan and a perceived improvement in living conditions in Afghanistan as
motivation for their return. The displacement of Afghans within the country continued in 2010 and in one
instance nearly 4,000 families were reportedly displaced as a result of military operations. A series of natural
disasters, including extensive flooding, heavy snowfall and earthquakes, are also profiled in this chapter. One of
the most visible humanitarian assistance news events involved the death of ten International Assistance Mission
(IAM) workers in August 2010. This episode sparked debate about humanitarian security and how to access
communities with humanitarian aid in light of ever-growing criminal groups operating outside government-
controlled areas.
A surge of US and NATO troops in 2010 resulted in the amplification of counter-insurgency efforts in
Afghanistan. In Chapter 4, key events that took place in the security sector are presented and include major
security incidents, development of the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), major military operations and
Private Security Companies (PSCs). There was a reported 300% increase in kinetic events in 2010 with both
planned and seasonal episodes. Targeted attacks by the Taliban against Afghan police and civilians associated
with the police force were a concerning trend for the ANSF in 2010. Civilian casualties rose concurrently with
the rise in kinetic activity. Both the Afghan National Army and the Afghan National Police reported an increase
in recruits while discussions continued about the 2014 timeframe for international force withdrawal. This chapter
concludes with discussions of two major military operations (Moshtarak and Hamkari) both targeting major
Taliban held areas, and also addresses the proposal to ban private security companies in Afghanistan.
Found in Chapter 5 is a presentation of key reconciliation and reintegration efforts, counter-narcotics
campaigns and reported challenges for the Afghan National Police. 2010 was a particularly significant year for
Afghan-led reconciliation and reintegration efforts. President Hamid Karzai announced the start of a process to
reintegrate Taliban into society at the London Conference, while talks between the Afghan government and
Taliban commanders allegedly took place. Counter-narcotic efforts were marked by increased raids on poppy
crops, though some argue more is needed to address the concerns of farmers in traditional poppy areas. The
chapter continues by profiling initiatives to build the capacity of the national police and underlines success in the
growth of the police force to 120,000, including women. Nevertheless, concerns persist regarding reported
illiteracy, drug use, corruption and desertion rates within their ranks.
The final section of the report, Chapter 6, highlights some of the key challenges and successes observed in 2010
related to efforts to improve the lives of the Afghan people and sustain socio-cultural development. Civilian
casualties as a result of conflict was a recurrent theme in the media in 2010, with anti-government elements
cited as causing 76% of all incidents according to the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan
(UNAMA). Positive developments were observed in the health sector with the Ministry of Public Health (MoPH)
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undertaking numerous vaccination campaigns to inoculate more than 7.8 million children against polio, as well as
responding to various disease outbreaks. The global summit on the Millennium Development Goals was held in
September 2010, with the MoPH emphasising the importance of the reduction of child and maternal mortality.
Education and child protection efforts saw both improvement and decline in 2010 with some schools reopening
while others were closed due to increased violence and several gas attacks on girls schools. Attempts to restrict
the recruitment of children into Afghan security forces and to improve under-age child labour practices were
bolstered by the development of a national committee on child rights in July 2010.The chapter also discusses
the many obstacles faced by women in realising their rights throughout Afghanistan, with the example given of
an abused and tortured woman, Aisha, who captured international media attention last year. The chapter
concludes by noting positive developments in efforts to protect the environment, several archaeological
discoveries and the rise of the Afghan national cricket team.
In summary, the year could be characterised as a push to further Afghanise the
security and development sectors of Afghanistan in the face of ongoing security
threats while strides were taken to boost reconciliation and reintegration efforts as
well as measures to protect and assist the Afghan people.
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About the NATO Civil-Military Fusion Centre
Recognising the challenges of contemporary crisis contexts,
NATO Supreme Allied Command Transformation Headquarters
dedicated the manpower and resources to establish the "Civil-
Military Fusion Centre" (CFC), which began operating in
January 2008.
Founded as a functioning prototype and a tool to "facilitate
information sharing between civilian and military actors during
natural and man-made crisis situations, in order to enhance
their sense of shared situational awareness", the Centre has now
successfully entered its third year and continues to serve as a
unique and world class organisation promoting greater
interaction between civilian and military actors by providing a
venue to communicate and collaborate in order to create a
shared holistic view of the civil-military engagement space.
The CFCs Afghanistan Team
The Afghanistan Team has been operating since the beginning
of the CFC. Staffed by personnel with extensive field
experience in the realms of humanitarian affairs and
international development with major international
organisations, including the United Nations and NGOs. The
Afghanistan Team is committed to ensuring that up-to-date
information concerning the crisis in Afghanistan is accessible
and comprehensible to both civilian and military actors.