CERTIFICATION - Welcome to The Open University of ...repository.out.ac.tz/659/1/DISSERTATION-FRIDA_URIO_10-10... · Web viewSWOT Analysis The table below outlines the Strengths, Weaknesses,

ESTABLISHMENT OF A CASSAVA SEED MULTIPLICATION PROJECT

FOR A SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF CASSAVA

FARMERS IN MADANGA VILLAGE PANGANI DISTRICT

FRIDA CORNELIO URIO

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT FOR THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREEE OF MASTER IN COMMUNITY

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF

TANZANIA

2014

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CERTIFICATION

I the undersigned specify that I have read and hereby recommend for the acceptance

by the Open University of Tanzania (OUT) a dissertation entitled Cassava Seed

Multiplication for a sustainable income for farmers in Madanga Village in partial

fulfillment for the requirements of the Masters in Community Economic

Development degree of the Open University of Tanzania.

_________________________________

Dr Deus Ngaruko

(Supervisor)

_________________________________

Date

3

COPYRIGHT

All rights are reserved. No part of this dissertation may be reproduced and stored in

any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means of electronic,

mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior written permission of the

author or from The Open University of Tanzania in that behalf.

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DECLARATION

I, Frida Cornelio Urio, do hereby declare that this dissertation is my own work, and

that has not been submitted for the same or similar award to any other University or

higher institution.

...........................................................

Signature

............................................................

Date

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DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to my late parents Rev. Sangito Urio and Mwalimu Maswai

Afuraeli for igniting the light of education in me. I wish you could be with me ,see

what I am now and share the success with me. May your souls rest in eternal peace.

Amen

I also dedicate this work to my family by encouraging them that it is possible to

attain degrees no matter the age without forgetting my father in law Mzee Meshack

Alfayo for his continuous encouragement.

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ABSTRACT

This dissertation is an outcome of the research study conducted in Madanga village

and the project being implemented in the same village with farmers. It covers the

period between September 2013 up to June 2014.The participatory community

assessment conducted in the village using participatory methods and tools like Focus

Group Discussions (FGD) , semi-structured Interviews and Field visit survey came

out with seven major community needs which needed to be urgently addressed.

Among the needs identified, Increase in Income ranked as need number one , After

further assessment of the causes of the need, multiplication of resistant cassava seeds

was identified as a project that will enable them increase their income through sale of

multiplied seeds and at the same time increase their production hence improved

livelihoods. The study concludes that the communities can use their farm based

activities as sustainable sources of income provided that they agree to plan and

implement them is a means that poverty is eradicated. Therefore the study

recommends that deliberate efforts should be taken to involve all stakeholders in

implementation of community economic development projects to ensure

sustainability and reduced poverty that is threatening the nation.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost I would like to thank my Almighty God for blessing me with the

courage of pursuing this course and an abundant health during the whole period,

praise and worship belongs to him alone as without him I could not be where I am

now. The outcome of this dissertation is owed to several people and institutional

support. In the first place I express my heartfelt gratitude to the initiators of the

Community Economic Development Program of The Open University Tanzania

which incorporates the project as a vital part of the Masters of Community Economic

Development. Also I would like to thank and in fact it is a particular debt of gratitude

to my Dissertation Supervisor Dr. Deus D. Ngaruko whose supervision, guidance,

encouragement and facilitation made this project report to come the way it looks.

I particularly owe special thanks to the Pangani District Council which allowed me to

engage into the project especially the DALDO Mr Archie Mntambo for his tireless

efforts of assisting me when I found myself loosing direction of the project. Special

thanks should also go to my husband Dr Adam and my children Grace,Robert, Kitoi,

Tuma, Neema, Grace, Nancy, Frank ,Eliza and Mercy who supported me much

during the whole period of the research and project implementation through prayers

and encouragement. The entire enumeration team who assisted me in collection of

data in the field during the Community Needs Assessment including Mr Rajabu

Kiroka, Mr Ramadhan Makutika and Ms Erica Mweta, I also acknowledge the

Madanga Village leadership and farmers community of Madanga village who

supported me much during the project implementation. This report could not

materialize without their support. I am indebted in not mentioning Naomi Fredrick,

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Inviolate Mrema, Simon Loishiye, Jackline Mahonge who are my MCED 2013

colleagues . It is not easy to include all the names of the people who participated in

one way or the other towards the materialization of this project. But I wish to

acknowledge them all. Many people have been involved in one way or another in this

project, however any shortcomings in this report solely rests on the hands of the

researcher.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATION.....................................................................................................ii

COPYRIGHT............................................................................................................iii

DECLARATION.......................................................................................................iv

DEDICATION............................................................................................................v

ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................................vii

LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS................................................xv

CHAPTER ONE.........................................................................................................1

1.0 COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT.......................................................1

1.1 Background Information....................................................................................1

1.2 Madanga Village Community Profile................................................................2

1.2.1 Village Location and Demography...................................................................2

1.2.2 Socio Economic Activities................................................................................2

1.2.3 Social Services..................................................................................................3

1.3 Community Needs Assessment.........................................................................4

1.3.1 Objectives of Community Needs Assessment..................................................5

1.3.1.1 Overall Objective..............................................................................................5

1.3.1.2 Specific objectives............................................................................................5

1.3.2 Community Needs Assessment Questions........................................................5

1.3.3 Community Needs Assessment Methodology..................................................6

1.4 Community Needs Assessment Findings........................................................10

1.4.1 Findings from Quantitative Data Analysis.....................................................11

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1.4.2 Economic Activities Undertaken By the Community (Objective 1)..............13

1.4.3 Findings on the Examination of Challenges Facing the Community

Economic Activities (Objective 2)..................................................................17

1.4.4 Findings on Identification of Possible Interventions which Can Impact

the Economic Wellbeing of the Community...................................................17

1.4.4.1 Expected Changes in the Coming 5 Years......................................................17

1.4.5 Findings from Qualitative Data Analysis.......................................................21

1.5 Community Needs Prioritization / Leveling of Needs....................................22

1.6 Chapter Conclusion.........................................................................................25

CHAPTER TWO......................................................................................................26

2.0 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION..................................................................26

2.1 Background to Research Problem...................................................................26

2.2 Problem Statement...........................................................................................27

2.3 Project Description..........................................................................................29

2.3.1 Target Community...........................................................................................29

2.3.2 Stakeholders.....................................................................................................30

2.3.3 Project Goals in Community Economic Development Terms........................31

2.3.4 Project Objectives............................................................................................31

2.4 Host Organisation Profile................................................................................32

2.4.1 Vision...............................................................................................................32

2.4.2 Mission............................................................................................................33

2.4.3 Proposed activities...........................................................................................33

2.4.4 SWOT analysis...............................................................................................33

2.4.5 Role of the Community Economic Development Student in the Project........34

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2.4.6 Role of the cassava farmers.............................................................................34

CHAPTER THREE..................................................................................................35

3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................35

3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................35

3.2 Theoretical Literature......................................................................................35

3.2.1 Definition of Key Terms And Concepts..........................................................36

3.3 Empirical Literature.........................................................................................39

3.4 Policy Reviews................................................................................................43

3.5 Literature Review Summary............................................................................47

CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................49

4.0 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION...............................................................49

4.1 Introduction......................................................................................................49

4.2 Project Outputs................................................................................................51

4.3 Project Planning...............................................................................................53

4.4 Actual Project Implementation........................................................................63

CHAPTER FIVE......................................................................................................71

5.0 PROJECT PARTICIPATORY MONITORING, EVALUATION AND

SUSTAINABILITY.......................................................................................71

5.1 Introduction......................................................................................................71

5.2 Participatory Monitoring.................................................................................72

5.2.1 Monitoring Information System......................................................................73

5.2.2 Participatory Monitoring Methods Used to Engage Community in the

Monitoring of the Project.................................................................................75

5.2.3 Participatory Monitoring Plan.........................................................................75

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5.3 Participatory Evaluation..................................................................................78

5.3.1 Performance Indicators....................................................................................78

5.3.2 Participatory Evaluation Methods...................................................................82

5.3.3 Project Evaluation Summary...........................................................................82

5.4 Project Sustainability.......................................................................................84

5.4.1 Institutional Sustainability...............................................................................84

5.4.2 Financial Sustainability...................................................................................85

5.4.3 Political Sustainability.....................................................................................87

CHAPTER SIX.........................................................................................................88

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...........................................88

5.1 Introduction......................................................................................................88

5.2 Conclusions......................................................................................................88

5.3 Recommendations............................................................................................92

REFERENCES.........................................................................................................95

APPENDICES.........................................................................................................101

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Sex of Respondents..............................................................................11

Table 1.2: Age of Respondents ..............................................................................11

Table 1. 3: Marital Status of Respondents ..............................................................12

Table 1.4: Education Level of Respondents .........................................................13

Table 1. 5: Major Sources of Livelihoods .............................................................13

Table 1.6: Most Dependable Livelihood Activity .................................................14

Table 1.7: Most Grown Food Crops.......................................................................14

Table 1.8: Most Dependable Cash Crop ................................................................15

Table 1.9: Common Practiced Cropping System ...................................................16

Table 1. 10: Average Monthly Income .....................................................................16

Table 1.11: Major Challenges Facing The Community ..........................................17

Table 1.14 Expected Changes in Farming to Occur During the Coming 5 Years 18

Table 1. 15 Desired Changes or Improvements .......................................................19

Table 1. 16 Current Changes Happening in the Research Area where they are Involved ................................................................................................20

Table 1.17 Neighbours Efforts Worth Replicating for Improving Farming..............21

Table 1.18 Prioritisation and Levelling of Needs....................................................24

Table 2.1: Roles and Responsibilities of Project Stakeholders..............................30

Table 2.2: SWOT Analysis Table...........................................................................33

Table 4.1: Project Objective and Outputs...............................................................52

Table 4.2: Project Implementation Plan.................................................................54

Table 4.3: Cassava Seeds Multiplication Project Logical Framework...................56

Table 4.4: Project Inputs........................................................................................58

Table 4.5: Staffing Pattern......................................................................................60

Table 4.6: Project Implementation Budget.............................................................61

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Table 4.7: Actual Project Implementation Summary............................................69

Table 4.8: Project Implementation Gantt chart.......................................................70

Table 5.1: Project Monitoring Information System................................................74

Table 5.2: Participatory Monitoring Plan...............................................................77

Table 5.3 Project Performance Indicators.............................................................80

Table 5.4: Participatory Evaluation Summary........................................................83

Table 5.5: Expected Income from Sale of Multiplied Cassava Seeds ...................86

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ASARECA Association for Strengthening Agriculture Research in Eastern and

Central Africa.

ASDP Agriculture Sector Development Programme

ASDS Agriculture Sector Development Strategy

BA Beneficiary Assessment

CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program

CBSD Cassava Brown Streak Disease

CED Community Economic Development

CEDPA Center for Development and Population Activities

CMD Cassava Mosaic Disease

CNA Community Needs Assessment

DADPs District Agriculture Development Projects

DANIDA Danish International Development Agency

FAO Food and Agriculture Organiation

FGD Focus Group Discussions

GAP Good Agriculture Practices

GLCI Great Lakes Cassava Initiative

IFAD International Food and Agriculture Development

IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

IPR Intellectual Property Rights

MCSMP Madanga Cassava Seeds Multiplication Project

MCED Master in Community Economic Development

MEDA Mennonite Economic Development Associates

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MKUKUTA Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umaskini

MMA Match Maker Associates

NAP National Agriculture Policy

NEPAD New Partnership for African Development

NGO Non Governmental Organization

O&OD Obstacles and Opportunities Development

PDC Pangani District Council

PM&E Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation

PPP Public Private Partnership

PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal

R&D Research and Development

REPOA Research on Poverty Alleviation

SADACA Sustainable Agriculture Development Advisory Consultancy Agency

SARAR Self-esteem, Associative strengths, Resourcefulness, Action planning,

Responsibility

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Scientists

SSA Sub Saharan Africa

SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats

URT United Republic of Tanzania

WB World Bank

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT

1.1 Background Information

This chapter presents the findings of the Participatory Needs Assessment and the

Community Needs assessment as was conducted in Madanga Village in Pangani

District of Tanga region. As the village is the highest producer of cassava in the

district as compared to the others, production data have shown a declining trend. It is

from this view that the researcher decided to work on exploring the issues related to

the decreased production of cassava and finally come up with feasible options that

can enable farmers solve them.

The researcher started by planning and organizing the assessment exercise where she

got acquainted with Madanga village as the target organization by getting the

background information relevant for the assessment. After getting the background

information, the researcher identified the goal objectives of the assessment together

with the timeline. The researcher used survey method for collecting the required

information which was attained through questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions

and unstructured interviews. The participatory approach applied ensured community

ownership of the process and to design an intervention which will effectively address

the identified problem.

Collected data was then analyses by qualitative and quantitative methods and later

the findings presented in tabular form and elaborations. The community observed

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and had in mind their main concern in reduced production of cassava which could be

addressed through establishment of cassava resistant cultivars that will be multiplied

and distributed to farmers.

1.2 Madanga Village Community Profile

1.2.1 Village Location and Demography

Madanga Village is among the 33 villages of Pangani district which is located 13 km

north of its headquarters. It has 3 hamlets with a total area of 1453 ha. The village

lies 90 metres above sea level and hence experiences maritime climate. The village

experiences a hot and humid climate, as is typical for tropical coastal areas with

average temperatures seasonally ranging from 24-33o C. The Monsoons are the major

factor affecting seasonal climatic changes and cause the rainfall. The south-easterly

monsoons blowing inland from the Indian Ocean account for much of the total

rainfall. An average of 600 to 1400mm of rain falls per year with more rain in the

higher, interior areas. The soils are predominantly sandy loams in the higher areas

where water retention is very low to medium because of their porosity and they

generally have low fertility. Madanga village has a population of 1670 people

comprised of 824 men and 846 women among which abled are 300 men and 347

women having 148 farmers within it according to Pangani District Council

Agriculture report (2011).

1.2.2 Socio Economic Activities

Crop production and livestock keeping are the major economic activities. The area

suitable for agriculture is 1120ha. The major crops grown include cassava, which

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makes the village to be the best producer in the district, maize, coconuts, cassava,

sweet potatoes, bananas paddy and cashew nuts. Other crops that also grow well

include simsim, sorghum, groundnuts and tropical fruits such as citrus, mangoes and

pineapples. Area suitable for grazing / cattle keeping is 560 acres having a total of

114 cattle, 380 goats, 980 chicken, and 200 ducks.

1.2.3 Social Services

The village has a health centre where the basic services are provided to the

community. Shortage of laboratory facility and attendants is among the problems

facing this health centre. For complicated cases the patients are referred to the district

hospital. The village also has one primary school having 2 teacher houses, and a

nursery school. Adult education is also provided in the village as there is an adult

education class. The village has no secondary school therefore the students depend

on the ward secondary school that is located at Bushiri village. There are 2 wells, 13

tap water and 1 natural spring utilized by the village as sources of water. These

minimize a lot the problem of water shortage though not yet sufficient to totally

satisfy village requirement. During drought seasons, water still remains a problem in

the village as the water level also become very low. The Village also has electricity

from the National Grid hence making it accessible to most residents in the village.

The village is accessible as the road joining the districts of Pangani and Muheza

passes through this village, making accessibility to towns easy and transport and

transportation of product not being a problem. It also has good communications,

well served by cellular phones owned by AIRTEL, TIGO, VODACOM and

ZANTEL.

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1.3 Community Needs Assessment

Community Needs Assessment is a dynamic ongoing process undertaken to identify

the strengths and needs of a community, enable the community to establish their

priorities and facilitate collaborative priorities action planning directed at improving

economic status and quality of life. According to Aparna Sharma B.S et al (2000), a

straight forward way of estimating the needs of a community is to simply ask the

residents their opinions about the development of services within the community,

their satisfaction with services, and what particular services they need. Community

Needs Assessment exercise was conducted in Madanga as the village accounts for

80% of cassava production in the district in the sense that most of the cassava

supplied or sold in many parts of the district comes from this village. In recent years

cassava production has dropped thus a need was found to identify causes of the

prevailing situation.

In this exercise the researcher conducted a Participatory Assessment with the

community including village leaders (village chairperson, Village Executive Officer,

some members of the Village Government) and other influential people in the

village. This exercise targeted at identifying needs, sources of problems and

community assets. The assessment focused on identifying problems / needs of the

farming community so as to design and implement a project of mitigating the issue

of low cassava production through establishing a source of cassava resistant seeds as

a livelihood option through planting and selling seeds. The Community Needs

Assessment was conducted in two stages namely the focus group discussions that

was prior to the survey which focused on collecting information that led to the design

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of the survey. It involved prioritization of issues of concern that were identified; and

then the survey (key informant interviews) stage that involved a specified sample of

36 respondents from the farmer’s community.

1.3.1 Objectives of Community Needs Assessment

1.3.1.1 Overall Objective

Gathering information so as to identify priority needs and possible intervention that

can improve economic status of the farmers community of Madanga Village in

Pangani District.

1.3.1.2 Specific objectives

i) To assess the economic activities undertaken by the community.

ii) To examine the farmers priority needs related to improving their economic status.

iii) Assess how the possible interventions can impact the economic status of the

community

1.3.2 Community Needs Assessment Questions

i) What are the livelihood activities in Madanga village?

ii) What is the extent of community participation in livelihood activities in Madanga

village?

iii) What are the priority needs for Madanga village community?

iv) What are the possible interventions that can be undertaken to address the

identified needs?

v) How will identified interventions impact community income?

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vi) Which assets/opportunities are available in Madanga village for responding to to

the identified community-based intervention?

1.3.3 Community Needs Assessment Methodology

This is the set of logical procedures that when followed enables the researcher to

obtain evidence to determine the degree to which a theoretical hypothesis is correct.

The procedures involved the Research Problem formulation; extensive literature

survey; development of working hypothesis; preparing the research design;

determining the sample design; collecting data and their analysis; and interpretation.

In this particular exercise the following were involved :

1.3.3.1 Research Design

In this CNA, the research design used was cross – sectional as the research was done

by using one method at a time of one point at a time; involving more than one group

of people and systematic data collection. It looked at numerous things at once like

age, gender, income etc; it did not involve manipulating variables as it provided a

quick snapshot of what is going on with variables of interest of the research problem.

1.3.3.2 Sampling Techniques

Sampling is a statistical method of obtaining representative data or observation from

a group (lot, batch or population or universe). As the researcher targeted to get

information from the farmers, sampling was inevitable as it was not possible to get

hold of all farmers in the village. Probability sampling was used which involved

specified sampling and purposive sampling that were applied to complement each

other in the assessment.

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The researcher used the number of farmers in the village as the finite type of

universe; Farmers in Madanga village as the sampling unit; the list of all farmers in

the village (having a total of 148 famers) availed by the Pangani District Council –

Agriculture reports was used as the source list with a sample size of 36 farmers

selected from the list; parameters of interest being issues facing farmers in their

activities ; and the budgetary constraints also considered as it was not very easy to

get hold of the selected farmers due to the fact that during cropping season most

farmers were busy in their farms which were scattered hence making it difficult to

reach the ones very far because of high transport costs.

The technique used in sampling involved systematic sampling where every 4 th farmer

in the list was picked; and the purposive method was used in getting the village

leaders and focus group discussion members. The sample selected in relation to the

whole farmers population was statistically well presented in the view of the

remaining majority. The total number of 36 respondents that were interviewed during

the Community Needs assessment. The researcher also employed a purposive

sampling in getting community members for the focus group discussion in the

participatory needs assessment.. This avoided biasness in selection of the

representatives as each had an equal chance of being selected.

1.3.3.3 Data Collection Methods

Collected data was both quantitative and qualitative therefore the researcher applied

Formal methods where questionnaires were used to obtain information; semi –

formal methods where Focus group discussions were held with community members;

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and informal methods that involved unstructured interviews. During the Madanga

Village survey of April, 2013 a total of 3 days were used and the data collection

methods were applied as follows:

1.3.3.3.1 Unstructured Interviews

This informal data collection method also known as a non-directive, is an interview

with no prearranged questions with a more informal approach, was among the

methods used to collect data during the community needs assessment. For the

purpose of remaining focused and controlled, the researcher had some key questions

formulated in advance that ensured the interviewees were not getting away from the

required information. The researcher managed it by trying to do as much probing as

was possible to get the required information, and a total 15 respondents were

involved.

1.3.3.3.2 Focus Group Discussions

According to Mary Marckzac and Meg Sewell, a focus group is a group of

interacting individuals, between 7-10 in number, having some common interests /

characteristics, brought together by a moderator, who uses the group and its

interaction as a way to gain information about a specific or focused issue. The

researcher used small informal groups that discussed issues pertaining farming

issues especially on cassava production in Madanga village aiming at learning more

with regard to the participatory assessment. The discussions were held with 25

respondents from 3 different groups i.e. 8 Village Government members, 10 youth

and 7 women.

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The discussions focused mainly on getting the views on the strengths, concerns and

values of their community with regard to socio -economic activities in their

community, major problems and needs existing in their farming community, assets

and opportunities that can respond to intervention project through increasing cassava

productivity initiatives. During the discussions the respondents with the aid of the

researcher managed to prioritize the major issues prevalent in the farming

communities. It was an interesting session as most of the respondents managed to ask

and get answers within their groups.

1.3.3.3.3 Questionnaire

A questionnaire being a set of carefully designed questions given in exactly in the

same form to a group of people in order to collect some data on specific topic / issue

of the researchers interest. In this aspect the researcher developed a questionnaire

comprising of 21 questions having both closed and open ended questions . This was

pretested with a few farmers to assess its viability. After being satisfied with the

contents and its applicability, it was administered to a total of 35 respondents who

were involved in the survey using a questionnaire. The researcher together with two

other interviewers were involved in the exercise. The data was then further

processed.

1.3.3.3.4 Documents Review

The researcher reviewed various documents from the District Agriculture

department; the Village extension worker and the Village Council including the

O&OD document that highlighted a lot on the prevailing socio-economic issues in

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the village.

1.3.3.4 Data Analysis Methods

Data analysis involved both quantitative analysis that used data collected from

questionnaires where descriptive statistics was applied using the Statistical Package

for Social Scientists (SPSS 16.0) to generate frequency tables that were presented for

interpretations per specific objective. In this matter for specific objective 1 and 2

frequency tables were established from the data analysis as we were using

categorical variables which had both ordinal and nominal variables. For specific

objective 3 pair wise ranking was also used to get the most preferred intervention.

The other analysis used was qualitative analysis that involved information gathered

from Focus Group discussions and Unstructured interviews using framework

analysis methods which aimed at bringing meaning to a situation rather than the

search for truth. Here information obtained was analyzed using the constant –

comparison where meaningfulness of themes were assessed and then refined to

enable data saturation. After the analysis that involved facts of relationships, data

was converted into statements and conclusions that aimed at answering the research

questions.

1.4 Community Needs Assessment Findings

Findings from the CNA from Madanga village are presented below basing on the

method and type of data collection; which were analyzed depending on whether

quantitative of qualitative For closed ended questions were analyzed and the results

11

presented in tabular form followed by elaborations of the tables ; and the closed

ended questions where each responded aired out his / her thoughts were also

analyzed but findings presented as elaborations. The first part involves findings of

data analysed from questionnaires and the last part is findings from information

gathered from Focus Group Discussions and interviews.

1.4.1 Findings from Quantitative Data Analysis

1.4.1.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents

Table 1.1: Sex of Respondents

Frequency(Percent (%)

n=36 Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Male 28 77.8 77.8 77.8

Female 8 22.2 22.2 100.0

Total 36 100.0 100.0

Source: Field Data, 2014

The results obtained in table 1.1 above indicate that the majority of the respondents

were males who constituted 77.8% of the sample while the minority were females

(22.2%). This does not mean that men are the ones dominating in farming activities

but it just resulted from the sampling.

Table 1.2:Age of Respondents

FrequencyPercent

Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Years 15-25 4 11.1 11.1 11.1

Year 26-40 19 52.8 52.8 63.9

Years 41-59 12 33.3 33.3 97.2

More than 60 1 2.8 2.8 100.0

Total 36 100.0 100.0


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The results indicate that the majority of the interviewed farmers were of the age of 26

– 40 years that constituted 52%, followed by those aged 41-59 that constituted

33.3%; then those aged between 15 – 25 constituting 11.1% then lastly those aged

more than 60 years that constituted 2.8%. The findings indicate that the majority of

the interviewed farmers are between 26-40 years which reveals that the middle aged

people that are assumed to be the most energetic are involved in farming activities.

The ones aged between 41-50 years are also actively engaged in farming activities.

Youth who are aged between 15 – 25 years are not actively engaged in farming as

they engage themselves more with other businesses making farming to be dominated

by elder people.

Table 1. 3: Marital Status of Respondents

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Married Men 26 72.2 72.2 72.2

Married Women 3 8.3 8.3 80.6

Not married Men 2 5.6 5.6 86.1

Not married Women 1 2.8 2.8 88.9

Divorced 2 5.6 5.6 94.4

Separated 2 5.6 5.6 100.0

Total 36 100.0 100.0


The survey findings in Table 1.13 below indicate that among the respondents the

majority were married men who constituted 72.2% followed by married women

constituting 8.3% and unmarried men formed 5.6% of the sample, The divorced and

separated constituted 5.6 % each whereas unmarried women constituted 2.8%. This

observation indicates that the majority were married while only a few were separated

and divorced. As the majority indicate to be married, it gives way to establishment of

13

a project that can involve families or households.

The findings indicate that the majority of respondents have primary level education

which constitute 88.9% of the sample, followed by those having no education

comprising of 5.6%, then those with secondary education 2.8% and adults 2.8%.

This shows that most have attended school up to the primary level indicating that

capacity building might be vital in ensuring smooth implementation of the

intervention through training as most of them will be able to keep track on what will

be taught.

Table 1.4: Education Level of Respondents

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid Primary education 32 88.9 88.9 88.9

Secondary education 1 2.8 2.8 91.7

None 2 5.6 5.6 97.2

Adult 1 2.8 2.8 100.0

Total 36 100.0 100.0


1.4.2 Economic Activities Undertaken By the Community (Objective 1)

Table 1. 5: Major Sources of Livelihoods


Percent

Valid Crop production 21 58.3 58.3 58.3

Livestock 7 19.4 19.4 77.8

Business 8 22.2 22.2 100.0

Total 36 100.0 100.0


14

The survey findings indicate that the main economic activity is crop production

which was reported by 58.3% of the respondents followed by petty businesses

(22.2%) and then Livestock keeping that (19.4%) (table 5), This indicates that the

selection made by the researcher of dealing with crop production is relevant to their

main economic activity as majority take crop production as their main economic

activity. This data does not mean that the livestock keepers are not farmers as it

sought to find which activity dominates at the household level.

Table 1.6: Most Dependable Livelihood Activity


Percent

Valid Crop Production 33 91.7 91.7 91.7

Business 3 8.3 8.3 100.0

Total 36 100.0 100.0


According to the survey results crop production is indicated as the most dependable

activity as it comprises 91.7% of the respondents as compared to petty business

which constitutes 8.3%. From the findings that indicates farming dominating in

dependency , it shows positive prospects for the researcher in enabling the farmers

implement a farm based project successfully as it is agriculture-based.

Table 1.7: Most Grown Food Crops


Valid Cassava 25 69.4 69.4 69.4

Maize 10 27.8 27.8 97.2

Paddy 1 2.8 2.8 100.0

Total 36 100.0 100.0


15

From the findings cassava indicates to be the most grown crop in the village being

grown by 69.4% of the respondents followed by Maize(27.8%) and paddy (2.8%).

This indicates that project related to cassava might be successful as farmers in the

village are mostly growing cassava and intervention associated with the cassava crop

might be ideal.

Findings from table 1.8 below indicates that as cassava is the second leading cash

crop as it constitutes 33.3%, where the leading cash crop is oranges that is

constituting 36.1%, then coconut constituting 16.7% followed by cashew and

groundnuts that each constitutes 5.6% and lastly simsim constituting 2.8%. As

cassava is grown twice a year (that is during the long rains (masika) and short rains

(vuli)) it contributes much to the farmers income.

Table 1.8:Most Dependable cash crop

Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Coconut 6 16.7 16.7 16.7

Oranges 13 36.1 36.1 52.8

Simsim 1 2.8 2.8 55.6

Groundnuts 2 5.6 5.6 61.1

Cashew 2 5.6 5.6 66.7

Cassava 12 33.3 33.3 100.0

Total 36 100.0 100.0


16

Table 1.9: Common Practiced Cropping System


Valid Single Crop 4 11.1 11.1 11.1

Intercropping 32 88.9 88.9 100.0

Total 36 100.0 100.0


From the survey findings in Table 1.9, inter-cropping is the most practiced farming

system by most respondents as it constitutes 88.9% followed by single cropping that

contributes only 11.1%. These results indicate that most of the crops indicated above

are grown in the same farms therefore making cassava to be seen covering most of

the areas. During the early growing period, cassava allows intercropping with other

crops.

Table 1. 10: Average Monthly Income


Valid 0 - 40,000 9 25.0 25.0 25.0

41,000 - 90,000 16 44.4 44.4 69.4

91,000 - 100,000 5 13.9 13.9 83.3

Over 100,000 6 16.7 16.7 100.0

Total 36 100.0 100.0


The survey findings as outlined in table 1.10 on the average incomes indicate that

majority of the respondents (44.4%) earn TShs 41,000 – 90,000/= , followed by

TShs 0 – 40,000/= (25.0%), 13.9% earning TShs 91,000 – 100,000/= that

constitutes 13.9%. with only 16.7% of respondents earning over TShs 100,000.

Promotion of sale of multiplication of cassava resistant seeds will enable farmers

increase their incomes.

17

1.4.3 Findings on the Examination of Challenges Facing the Community

Economic Activities (Objective 2)

According to the survey findings in Table 1.11 below, most of the respondents

indicated that low crop production is the major challenge facing the community as it

was mentioned by a section of 52.8% of the respondents followed by low income

(19.4%), increased disease incidence (11.1%) and lastly environmental destruction

and low security level which was scored by 8.3% of the interviewees each.

Table 1.11: Major Challenges Facing the Community


Percent

Valid Low Income 7 19.4 19.4 19.4Low crop production 19 52.8 52.8 72.2

Increased disease rate 4 11.1 11.1 83.3Environmental destruction 3 8.3 8.3 91.7

Low security level 3 8.3 8.3 100.0Total 36 100.0 100.0


1.4.4 Findings on Identification of Possible Interventions which Can Impact

the Economic Wellbeing of the Community

1.4.4.1 Expected Changes in the Coming 5 Years

According to findings in table 1.14 below which outlines expected changes in 5

years, findings indicate that 25% expect improved production and food sufficiency;

16.7% expect increased income; 13.9% expect availability of credit to farmers; 8.3%

expect farming based on improved techniques; 8.3% expect improved input

provision; 5.6% availability of improved farm implements; 5.6% expect availability

18

of improved farm implements; 5.6% expect availability of improved extension

services; 2.8% expect improved produce markets; 2.8% expect improved produce

market accessibility; 2.8% expect frequent provision of farming practices training;

and 2.8% expect increased land ownership.

Table 1.14 Expected Changes in Farming to Occur During the Coming 5 Years


Percent

Valid Availability of credit to farmers 5 13.9 13.9 13.9

Availability of improved farm implements 2 5.6 5.6 19.4

Farming based on improved techniques 3 8.3 8.3 27.8

Frequent provision of farming practices training 1 2.8 2.8 30.6

Improve input provision services 3 8.3 8.3 38.9

Improved produce market 1 2.8 2.8 41.7

Improved produce market accessibility 1 2.8 2.8 44.4

Improved provision of Extension services 2 5.6 5.6 50.0

Increased income 6 16.7 16.7 66.7

Increased land ownership 1 2.8 2.8 69.4

Increased production and food sufficiency 9 25.0 25.0 94.4

Increased use of improved farm implements 2 5.6 5.6 100.0

Total 36 100.0 100.0


1.4.4.2 Desired Improvements

According to the findings in table 1.15 below, respondents indicated desired

improvements where 25% desire improvement in availability and use of improved

19

seeds ; 13.9% desire improvement in availability of improved farm implements

services; 13.9% desire improvement in Availability of improved farm implements;

11.1% desire improvement in timely availability of inputs; 11.1% desire

improvement in timely availability of improved extension services; 8.3% thought of

improving availability of paid farm implements services; 5.6% desire improvement

in availability of agriculture credits during season; 2.8% desire improvement in

Availability of credit to farmers; 2.8% desire improvement in availability of farm

implements; 2.8% desire improvement in soil fertility; and 2.8% desire improvement

in solidarity among farmers.

Table 1. 15 Desired Changes or Improvements


PercentValid Availability and use of

improved seeds 9 25.0 25.0 25.0

Availability of agric credits during season 2 5.6 5.6 30.6

Availability of credit to farmers 1 2.8 2.8 33.3

Availability of improved farm implements 1 2.8 2.8 36.1

Availability of improved farm implements services 5 13.9 13.9 50.0

Availability of paid farm implements services 3 8.3 8.3 58.3

Frequent provision of farming practices training 5 13.9 13.9 72.2

Improve soil fertility 1 2.8 2.8 75.0

Improved solidarity among farmers 1 2.8 2.8 77.8

Timely availability of inputs 4 11.1 11.1 88.9

Timely provision of improved extension services

4 11.1 11.1 100.0

20

Total 36 100.0 100.0


1.4.4.3 On-going Changes in the Research Area

The findings from table 1.16 below on the ongoing changes happening in the

research area where they are involved , out of the respondents 27.7% of the

respondents see use of improved cassava seeds ; while 16.7% see climate change;

11.1% see Increased efforts in Crop Production; 11.1% see lack of rainfall; 5.6 % see

Reduced Crop prices; 5.6% see Decreasing incomes; 2.8% see constitutional change;

2.8% see High costs of living; 2.8% see increased production; 2.8% see Low

incomes; 2.8% see Low use of improved farming practices; 2.8% see weather

changes; and 2.8% see environmental destruction as the ongoing changes happening

in the research area

Table 1. 16 Current Changes Happening in the Research Area where they are Involved


Percent

Valid Climate change 6 16.7 16.7 16.7

Constitution change 1 2.8 2.8 19.4

Decreasing incomes 2 5.6 5.6 25.0

Environmental destruction 1 2.8 2.8 27.8

High costs of living 1 2.8 2.8 30.6

Increased efforts of crop production 4 11.1 11.1 41.7

Increased production 1 2.8 2.8 44.4

Lack of rainfall 4 11.1 11.1 55.6

Low incomes 1 2.8 2.8 58.3

low use of improved farming practices 1 2.8 2.8 61.1

Reduced crop prices 2 5.6 5.6 66.7

Use of improved cassava seeds 10 27.8 27.8 94.4

Use of improved farming practices

1 2.8 2.8 97.2

21

Weather changes 1 2.8 2.8 100.0

Total 36 100.0 100.0


1.4.4.4 Neighbourhood Efforts worth Replicating For Improving Farming

From the table 1.16 below , findings on neighbours efforts worth replicating in their

village show that out of the respondents 30.6% prefer Contract farming; 27.8%

prefer improved market accessibility; 11.1% prefer group farming; 11.1% prefer

increased use of improved farming practices; 5.6% prefer Use of Improved cassava

seeds; 5.6% prefer Crop Value Addition; 2.8% prefer cultivating crops in all seasons

for food sufficiency; 2.8% prefer Use of farm implements; and 2.8% prefer increased

use of farm implements.

Table 1.16 Neighbours Efforts Worth Replicating for Improving Farming


Percent

Valid Contract farming 11 30.6 30.6 30.6

Crop Value Addition 2 5.6 5.6 36.1

Cultivating crops in every season- food sufficiency 1 2.8 2.8 38.9

Group farming 4 11.1 11.1 50.0

Improved market accessibility 10 27.8 27.8 77.8

Increased use of farm implements 1 2.8 2.8 80.6

Use of cassava improved seeds 2 5.6 5.6 86.1

Use of farm implements 1 2.8 2.8 88.9

Use of improved farming practices 4 11.1 11.1 100.0

Total 36 100.0 100.0


22

1.4.5 Findings from Qualitative Data Analysis

Findings from the information gathered from Focus Group Discussions and

interviews as per objectives indicated that for Objective 1 - assessment of the

economic activities undertaken by the community indicated that major economic

activities undertaken by the community include Crop cultivation, livestock keeping

and petty businesses, where crop cultivation ranked the highest.

For objective 2 which was examination of the farmers priority needs related to

improving their economic status findings indicated the groups outlined the priority

needs as being Availability of sustainable income; Availability of cassava resistant

seeds; Reliable cassava produce markets; Improved extension services; and Value

Addition of cassava (processing) to reduce post harvest loss.

For objective 3 which was how the intervention can impact the economic status of

the community, findings from the groups indicate that as the major need was

availability of a sustainable income, the proposed intervention was establishment of a

resistant cassava seeds multiplication project which will not only enable availability

of sustainable income but also availability of the resistant seeds, as these two relate.

1.5 Community Needs Prioritization / Leveling of Needs

The farming community in Madanga Village through focus group discussion had a

list of Needs. Through pair wise ranking the availability of sustainable source of

income ranked number one whereas the second was availability of cassava resistant

seeds, followed by reliable cassava produce market which ranked number three, then

cassava processing to reduce post harvest loss , and finally improved extension

23

services. After the prioritization exercise the researcher realized that, all needs are

interdependent as in actual fact multiplication of Cassava resistant seeds can lead to

a sustainable income to the community. On the other hand establishing a reliable

market for cassava produce should go hand in hand with other actions including

processing to reduce post harvest loss and improved extension services.

24

Table 1.17 Prioritisation and Levelling of Needs

Availability of sustainable income

Reliable cassava produce market

Availability of Cassava Resistant Seeds

Extension services improved

Cassava processing to reduce post harvest loss

Score Position






4 1





1 3




3 2



1 4


1 5


25

1.6 Chapter Conclusion

This chapter dealt with Community Needs Assessment conducted in Madanga

village with the intention of defining the economic activities of village and describe

their influence to the community; assessing farmers’ participation and examine the

challenges facing them in Cassava production; determine assets/opportunities that

can respond to prioritized needs to community-based intervention project in

Madanga village. The Community Needs Assessment was conducted in April, 2013

and Concluded in May,2013 by using participatory methods for the sake of carrying

out field surveys. The findings were compiled and analyzed using the SPSS

computer software and findings presented as outlined in the report. The findings

revealed that the major need of the community is availability of sustainable income

that can be achieved through establishment of a cassava seed multiplication project

that will inturn enable increased cassava production as a result increased income.

Therefore establishment of a cassava resistant seeds project will ensure availability

of a sustainable income of farmers in Madanga Village.

26

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

2.1 Background to Research Problem

Participatory assessment was conducted as a key planning process in identifying

problems affecting Madanga village. The assessment helped the researcher in

determining major needs raising from the identified problems and planning on the

ways to solve them. Findings from the assessment indicate that the problems are

interrelated. availability of sustainable income sources which ranked number one;

availability of resistant cassava seeds ranking number two, which will help reduce

low crop production as most of the community members depend on crop production

(cassava farming).

Through prioritization the outcomes involved low crop production ranking number

one as most of the community members depend on farming. In here the low

production was mostly emphasized on cassava. Reliable cassava produce market was

prioritized as number three where it is mostly a result of number one as most of the

community members depend on food production plus other petty businesses as their

source of income. Lack of reliable market causes them to sell at low prices and

sometimes lacking where to sell. Low incomes cause the village to experience

income poverty.

The assessment has managed to identify that the most dependable crop which is for

both food and cash is cassava. The contributing factors to the low production of

27

cassava include increased disease rates due to lack of cassava resistant seeds and

processing of cassava in order to reduce post harvest losses due to lack of resistant

varieties. Other factors include lack of reliable market for cassava, lack of a

processing equipment to reduce post harvest loss, and lack of extension services.

Recurring drought was also indicated as a factor for low production of

cassava.

However the study has identified various opportunities within the community related

to the major problem identified. Production of cassava resistant cultivars will enable

increased production and as most of the neighbouring villages are experiencing the

same problem of lack of resistant seeds, the multiplied seeds will be sold hence

increase their incomes.

Pangani District Council, ASDP, MKUKUTA II, KILIMO KWANZA (2011-15),

TASAF AND BRN all carry various strategies and interventions that if effectively

implemented can eradicate poverty through improvement of the agriculture sector in

Madanga village.

2.2 Problem Statement

Income poverty is a major problem facing most of the farmers in the district. lack of

sustainable income was ranked as number one by the community members which

contributes much to low incomes. Farmers in Madanga village depend mostly on

cassava farming for both food and cash earning source. As lack of cassava resistant

seeds is a problem for all farmers in the whole ward of Madanga , doing something

28

on cassava seeds will lead not only to increased production but also as a source of a

sustainable income as they will be multiplying resistant seeds for sale, something

which is within their reach. If nothing is done to reverse the problem income poverty

will continue prevailing in the village. The initiative of cassava seed multiplication

will be successful as they had previously done it with another NGO which was for

distribution for free, Provided that this will be for income earning , it is expected to

be sustainable.

Cassava diseases began to devastate yields and production from the mid 1990s

onwards when a particularly virulent strain of CMD (Cassava Mosaic Disease)

emerged in northern Uganda and rapidly spread to throughout the country and to

neighboring countries. The impacts on yields and production were catastrophic,

particularly for smallholder farmers for whom cassava was a major staple and a fall-

back crop to ensure food security in drought or other adverse situations. The finding

of tolerant varieties and the possibility to confirm that individual plants are free of

virus infection using the new diagnostic tests has opened the possibility of “cleaning”

the best cultivars to produce virus-free stocks for multiplication. (Stevenhouse.J and

Akoroda.A, 2012)

The current study bridges the gap between what was done at national level in the

sense that cassava resistant cultivars were to be multiplied and distributed by the

government and what is to be done at the ground will help identify viable and

reliable economic activity that can be undertaken and contribute to sustainable

economic development. Thus cassava resistant seed multiplication is specific and a

29

practical solution oriented as it will enable the community to earn income from sale

of seeds and increase production hence income increase as well.

2.3 Project Description

The project is targeted to cassava farmers in Madanga village, Pangani district. The

project known as “Establishment of a Cassava seed multiplication for a

Sustainable Income” is intended for economic development of cassava farmers.

The location of the project is very ideal as it is surrounded by other villages that are

also cultivating cassava and experiencing the same problem of low production due to

diseases.The project will be implemented by willing cassava farmers who are

subdivided into four groups. Their identification was done after discussion with

cassava farmers and the village leadership. Due to their vast experience in production

of seeds as undertaken by SADACA (a local NGO) where they were multiplying

seeds for free distribution, the village leadership sought them to be eligible.

2.3.1 Target Community

The target community is cassava farmers in Madanga village. According to the study

conducted, it has been revealed that in order for the project to succeed, the identified

farmers have to ensure that they adhere to all necessary conditions of seed

multiplication.Due to the fact that most farmers in the neighbouring villages are

affected by lack of disease resistant varieties seeds, the project has come at the right

time as it will not benefit the producers but also the entire community. It is expected

that the target community will manage to increase their income through sale of the

seeds.

30

2.3.2 Stakeholders

Table 2.1: Roles and Responsibilities of Project Stakeholders

Stakeholder Role of the stakeholder ExpectationMadanga Village Council 1.1 Provision of legal support to

farmersEnsured smooth running of the projectIncreased income of the project membersIncreased cassava productionIncreased village income

Madanga farmers (involved in the project)

1. Multiplication of seeds Increased members income

Increased production of seeds

2. Suppliers of seeds to the community

Pangani District Council Provision of financial support to the project

Ensured smooth running of the projectIncreased income of the project membersIncreased cassava productionIncreased village income

Capacity building of the farmersMonitoring and evaluation of the project

IITA-Cassava, Kibaha Agriculture Research Centre

Provision of certified seeds to farmers for multiplication

Increased cassava production

Provision of technical adviceARI Mikocheni Provision of technical advice Increased cassava

productionSADACA Provision of certified seeds Increased cassava

productionProvision of technical advice

Agriculture Extension staff Project supervision Increased cassava productionProvision of technical advice

Community Development staff

Provision of technical advice Increased community participation

Mass Media (Pangani FM) Promotion of seeds market1 Increased community awarenessPromotion of seed

multiplication technique


The project will involve various stakeholders as outlined in the table above who will

be responsible in ensuring that the project is implemented smoothly. In here the

stakeholders include Madanga Village Council, Madanga Community, Pangani

District Council , IITA-Cassava, Kibaha Agriculture Research Centre, Agriculture

31

Extension staff and Community Development staff from the Local Government

Authority; Mass Media.

2.3.3 Project Goals in Community Economic Development Terms

The project goal is to contribute towards reduction of income poverty and livelihood

improvement of farmers through the cassava sub-sector. Cassava is the main crop

grown in Madanga village. Before the project, farmers used to earn low income from

sale of cassava tuber of which most were affected by diseases due to lack of disease

resistant varieties and increased post harvest losses hence low production which in

turn led to low incomes. The establishment of the project will create a reliable source

of income as most farmers will be selling seeds in between the harvest periods hence

earn income which in turn will enhance sustainable economic development. On the

other hand they were producing cassava by using seeds that were not resistant to the

common diseases of CMD and CBSD. The project will be implemented by four

groups identified by the community due to its nature of requiring a commitment.

2.3.4 Project Objectives

2.3.4.1 General Objective

The general objective of the project is to Enable sustainable income generation

through multiplication of cassava seeds for farmers in Madanga village by June 2014

2.3.4.2 Specific Objectives

i) To assist mobilization of 4 producer groups for cassava seed multiplication by

June 2014.

ii) To train 100 farmers on sustainable cassava seed multiplication by June 2014

32

iii) To assist 4 groups secure market of multiplied cassava seeds through market

linkage by June 2014

2.4 Host Organisation

Pangani district is among the 9 districts of Tanga region of Tanzania. Madanga

village is one of the 33 villages within Pangani district having 3 hamlets with a total

area of 1453 ha. The village lies 90 metres above sea level and hence experiences

maritime climate. It is the best grower of cassava in the district that’s why issues

concerning cassava production can be well addressed in this village. Farmers

organized themselves into a cassava farming group which is recognized by the

village leadership due to their vast experience in seed multiplication as was

conducted with previous NGOs (SADACA).

This group has a total of 84 farmers. They are then sub-divided into four groups that

make the project manageable in the sense of management of the multiplication plot

where each group is to start with a 2 acre plot making a total of 8 acres of cassava

resistant seeds.

The district is mainly supporting the farmers through trainings, supply of relevant

inputs, technical advice and study visits.

2.4.1 Vision

“The community of quality life, motivated, dynamic, with sustainable socio -

economic development by 2016”.

33

2.4.2 Mission

“To provide quality service in order to improve social economic service, to provide

economic growth in community”

2.4.3 Proposed Activities

i) Establish cassava resistant seed plots

ii) Training on improved farming techniques, Business skills and entrepreneurship

training.

iii) Develop a market strategy for the multiplied cassava seeds.

2.4.4 SWOT Analysis

The table below outlines the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats as

outlined by the Focus Group Discussions and they are presented as follows:

Table 2.2: SWOT Analysis Table

Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats

Ample land for cassava cultivation

Experience in cassava farming

Availability of cassava seeds

High cassava production

Prevalence of CMD and CBSD

Lack of cassava seeds multiplication skills

Lack of enough clean seeds

High post harvest losses

Availability of resistant varieties

Presence of training institutions

Presence of research institutions providing resistant varieties

Possibility of processing

Willingness of farmers to use them

Different levels of understanding

Willingness of farmers to grow resistant varieties.

Lack of reliable markets


34

2.4.5 Role of the Community Economic Development Student in the Project

i) Mobilize and create awareness to Madanga farmers on the cassava seeds

multiplication project.

ii) Facilitate training on cassava seeds production to farmers.

iii) Facilitate training on record keeping, marketing and entrepreneurship to farmers

iv) Facilitate supply of planting materials to farmers from reliable sources

v) To facilitate and coordinate the multiplication and supply of the cassava seeds

vi) To facilitate coordination of leaders and other stakeholders in the implementation

of the project.

vii)Collaborate with group members, leaders and other stakeholders in conducting

monitoring and evaluation.

2.4.6 Role of the Cassava Farmers

i) Attend trainings provided by the student and other stakeholders.

ii) Participate in the implementation of the project.

iii) Help awareness creation of the cassava seed multiplication project to other

farmers.

iv) Participate in the marketing of the multiplied seeds.

v) Keep records and ensure records are prepared by the selected leaders.

vi) Participate in the monitoring and evaluation of the project.

35

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 Introduction

This chapter reviews literature related to local community economic development. It

leads the researcher to relevant information by reading different books, journals,

reports and policy review of Tanzania on crop production and economic

development. According to Patton (2003), Literature review is important as it

provides knowledge of the problem area, clearly identifies the need for the proposed

study and it identifies the gaps and strengths in previously scholarly studies.

This section provides information on literature review under three aspects of

theoretical, empirical and policy reviews related to earlier initiatives that has been

made in various places concerning community empowerment through income

generation with respect to seed multiplication. In theoretical literature reviews, the

emphasis is to relate theories behind crop production and seed multiplication;

whereas empirical literature review work done by others related to the topic is

narrated; and lastly the policy review

3.2 Theoretical Literature

Cassava seed multiplication is a new idea to most our community members, as a

result people are expecting to get seed supply from other sources without knowing

that it can be within their reach. Lack of resistant seeds in the nearby has been a

major challenge in the cassava production industry as the emergence of the Cassava

36

Brown Streak Disease (CBSD) and the Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD). Through

assessments and discussions, the community managed to define that multiplication of

resistant seeds can be a cure to the problem of lack of seeds and at the same to a

sustainable source of income through sale of the multiplied seeds.

3.2.1 Definition of Key Terms And Concepts

3.2.1.1 Seeds

Seed being the most important agricultural input, is the basic unit for distribution and

maintenance of plant population which carries the genetic potential of the crop plant.

According to Mugonozza, (2001), it is therefore the ultimate productivity of other

input such as fertilizer, pesticide irrigation water etc., which build the environments

that enable the plant to perform. The use of good quality seed of adopted and

improved varieties is widely recognized as fundamental to ensure increased crop

production and productivity. This is even more important in SSA in the view of

increasingly available land, declining soil fertility and ever growing population;

those facts increase the importance of promotion and use of good quality seed as a

means to intensify food production (FAO, 1999).

The potential benefits from the distribution of good quality seed of improved

varieties are enormous, and the availability of quality seed of wide range of varieties

and crops to the farmers is the key to achieve food security in SSA. Enhanced

productivity, higher harvest index, reduced risks from pest and disease pressure, and

higher incomes are some of the direct benefits potentially accrued to the farmers

(FAO, 1999).

37

3.2.1.2 Relevance of Cassava

Cassava is a very important starchy root crop in many parts of the tropics where it is

a vital staple for over 200 million people in the sub-region. It is grown in several

agro-ecological zones and plays significant roles in the farming and food systems in

Eastern Africa. Cassava appeals to low income earners because it offers the cheapest

source of calories and is an important cash crop. It can also be easily processed to

produce industrial starch and is important in livestock feed production. Because of its

significance, cassava is a high priority crop in the research and development agenda

of national agricultural research efforts in the Eastern African regional and Africa as

a whole. This is due to its sustainability and guaranteed contribution towards the

millennium development goals and regional economic goals.

Among the 5 countries that make up the greater eastern Africa region that are

occupied by close to 131 million people with a mean annual growth rate of 2.91%

(World bank, world development indicator, 2008) cassava is grown on more than

10.5% of the total cultivatable land (including land used to grow cash crops) and

contributes more than 45% of the total food consumed in the region being grown by

about 70 million small holder households in addition to a number of commercial

growing initiatives (FAO, 2008).

The crop has been prioritized by NEPAD as one of the crops to combat poverty and,

food and nutrition insecurity in Africa (NEPAD, 2004). It is one of the strategic

crops to address the Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Program

(CAADP) pillar 3 (i.e. increasing food supply). In addition, cassava has the potential

38

to be transformed from a purely subsistence food crop to a commercial crop for the

food, feed, starch, ethanol and biofuels industries as has been achieved in other

countries like Brazil and Thailand. Because of its significance, cassava is a high

priority commodity in the national research and development agenda.

3.2.1.3 Resistant Varieties

The Department of Research and Development under the Ministry of Agriculture

Food Security and Cooperatives in Tanzania has identified alternative cassava seeds

which it says if cultivated by farmers, could put two key diseases namely the Cassava

Mosaic Disease (CMD) and Cassava Brown Streak Virus Disease (CBSD) in check

and make the crop a major commercial entity.

3.2.1.4 Concept of Seed Multiplication

Cassava like other tuber crops have common productivity challenges and key among

them is the lack of an efficient seed delivery system to the smallholder famers for

clean planting materials that are drought and disease resistant and adaptable to

specific agro-ecological zones. To better harness the potential of cassava for food

and nutrition security in the face of climate change, there is need to develop and

promote well suited cultivars supported by efficient seed multiplication and delivery

systems for the vegetative propagated crops.

3.2.1.5 Need of seed Multiplication to the Community

Yield stability and environmental development of cassava largely depends on the

quality of planting materials that are clean, high vigour and with no pest or pathogen

39

infestation/infection (Hillocks, 2002). Cassava being a root crop depends on stem

cuttings for propagation and production. These vegetative planting materials are

required in large quantities hence bulky for large scale production. In addition, their

multiplication rate is lower than seed propagated plants. This therefore threatens the

production of high quality planting materials for most smallholder farmers.

Due to the problem of lack of cassava resistant varieties, the need for multiplying

seeds will not only benefit the farmers as they will be getting planting materials but

also earning income from sale of the seedlings to other farmers.

3.3 Empirical Literature

In the mid 1970, different governments and donors recognized the critical role of

seed in agricultural transformation and began to provide substantial support for seed

system development across the developing countries. Most of those resources were

used to establish large scale parastatal seed corporation, technical laboratories,

processing plant and certification department. In Africa, these efforts achieved only

limited success in a few crops such as hybrid maize and sorghum, leaving the

majority of smallholders un-served. Parastatal seed system supplied only about 10%

of the total seed planted each year, about 60-70% of seed used by African

smallholder is saved on-farm, and the remaining 20-30 % is borrowed or purchased

locally (Maredia et al., 1999).

The seed system is either in the formal or the informal one. Here we are dealing with

the informal system where the farmers are involved in seed multiplication. There are

40

some specific limitations to the development of local seed system, however there are

seed market niches that can be occupied by organized groups of small-scale farmers.

Those opportunities are usually neglected by the formal system because the market is

not large enough to attract large-scale farmers or because they require hand labor.

These market niches need to be identified and suitable condition developed in order

that groups of small-scale farmers may explore them (Camargo et al., 2004).

Tripp (2001) stated that, local level seed project are subject to a number of problems

there is often confusion about goal and target participants and lack of clarity about

whether the principal objective is to increase the incomes of the participant or to

develop sustainable source of high quality seed. One of the major failing of most

local seed projects has been to ignore the importance of transaction cost in process.

The projects are often confused with the multiplication, seed provision, overlooking

the fact that seed multiplication is only one aspect of the process.Accessibility of

cassava planting materials still remains a problem in most African countries . Lack of

well organized seed distribution system for vegetatively propagated crops in

Tanzania has contributed partly to the slow rate of dissemination of improved

varieties. New varieties are traditionally disseminated through farmer to farmer

variety exchange and limited sale of cuttings in market at the onset of rains.

Empirically, literature on seed multiplication for income are scarce, though much has

been done on cassava value chains on the production stage. The crop has the value

chain at the stage of input supply. Bases on multiplication of planting materials as a

41

source of input aiming at increasing on-farm cassava productivity and value adding

processing for markets.

MEDA piloted “Mihogo Mbegu Bingwa” (Cassava Seed Champion) two supply

chain models to bridge the gap between the research labs developing new varieties;

and the farmers looking for new planting materials. It aimed at ensuring production

of quality assured seed/stem planting materials from seed multiplication

entrepreneurs. The results indicated

Olikunle, O; (2013) who analysed the capacity of cassava value chain to create new

jobs and generate increased income and employment in the economy. The purpose of

the study was to analyse the income and employment distribution across the cassava

value chain actors from farm producers to markets and processors.

Also MMA 2012 conducted the scoping of value chain initiatives for Irish Aid and

DANIDA in Mkuranga district , Coast region. Its main objective was to enable

smallholder farmers to increase productivity and incomes through commercial

farming where it mainly based on the processing stage and that nothing was done on

the input supply stage. The benefits indicated include cassava flour processing

facilities constructed on the way and farmers organized in groups. Gaps identified

included BDS to private sector to allow them link up with farmers.

FAO Tanzania in 2010-12 conducted a study in the southern zone of Mtwara, Lindi

and Coast where its objectives were to restore cassava yields by reinforcing capacity

42

of smallholder farmers to prevent, mitigate, prepare for and responding to cassava

related pests and diseases in the region. It involved establishment of multiplication

plots and promotion of Farmer Field School methodologies, training on GAPs and

use of improved inputs and establishment of a National Cassava platform. Among

attained benefits, improved cassava varieties were available and accessible,

strengthened cassava germplasm at ARIs and spread of cassava epidemics.

The Great Lakes Cassava Initiative (GLCI) in Tanzania which covered the northern

and the Multiplication of disease resistant improved varieties of cassava has been

carried out in Pangani by SADACA from 2007 to 2010, under the Great Lakes

Cassava Initiative.

It had an objective of decentralised production and dissemination of disease resistant

varieties. It involved establishing many small multiplication plots as opposed to

fewer larger plots. Small amounts of planting materials about 100 cuttings per farmer

only enough to have a demonstration effect at farm level and enable the farmer to

meet their own planting material needs for the variety within three years. The

anticipated benefits included making access easier for farmers, raising the

demonstration or see the effect of planting material which occurs between harvest

and planting; and reducing production costs at multiplication sites through paying

back for land and labour costs.

Easier access to smaller plots of land and lower labour and management challenges

with smaller plots of land, lower labour and management challenges with smaller

43

multiplication plots encouraged GLCI to recommend bulking sites be a maximum of

1 ha and a minimum of 0.25 ha.

3.4 Policy Reviews

The agricultural sector is guided by various policies including the Agriculture and

Livestock policy (1997) and the Agriculture Policy (2013). The Agriculture and

Livestock Policy of 1997 seeks to ensure that the direction and pattern of

development in the agricultural sector meets social objectives and outputs. The

policy emphasizes the importance of competitive markets, with the Government

providing priority public goods and services and the conservation of the environment

as a rational basis for agricultural development. The major objectives of this policy

involve assurance of food security for the nation, including improvement of national

standards of nutrition; improve standards of living in rural areas; produce and supply

raw materials and expand the role of the sector as a market for industrial outputs; and

develop and introduce new technologies for land and labour productivity.

On the other hand, MKUKUTA II targets availing income generating opportunities

across social groups, regions and sectors through pro-poor public investment and

empowerment arrangements in order to bring about more equitable participation in

the production and the sharing of outcomes. Agriculture being among the sectors that

have been identified as growth areas due to the fact that they are based on certain

criterias such as income generation especially for the poor sections of society;

creation of productive and decent employment for all, especially women and youth

and disadvantaged groups; potential human development impact which is a potential

44

important source of employment of the poor or produces key products consumed by

the poor. Apart from addressing the well-documented constraints to agriculture and

rural development, choices regarding supporting development of crop sub-sectors

within agriculture will be guided by market developments, comparative and

competitive advantages and domestic capacity to supply the markets.

The National Agriculture Policy (2013) is also related to the anticipated project. Its

main objective is to develop an efficient, competitive and profitable agricultural

industry that contributes to the improvement of the livelihoods of Tanzanians and

attainment of broad based economic growth and poverty alleviation includes

Agricultural research services strengthened to enhance production, productivity,

competitiveness and profitability of the agricultural sector. Specific objectives

related to the project include Strengthen agricultural support and technical services

(research, mechanization, irrigation, extension and training); Increase production,

productivity and profitability from utilization of the factors of production (land,

labour and capital); Provide enabling environment to attract private sector investment

to take advantage of existing comparative and competitive advantages; Strengthen

inter-sectoral coordination and linkages to increase efficiency and effectiveness; and

Protect and promote integrated and sustainable utilization of agricultural lands.

The policy stresses some key areas including Research and Development that deals

with Plant breeding that is faced with challenges related to inadequate knowledge on

intellectual property rights; and low participation of local and foreign bodies in seed

production and breeding. The objective of the plant breeders right includes plant

45

breeding, variety protection and availability of improved plant varieties for

agricultural development in the country promoted. In this project the breeders right is

adhered to.

Associated policy statements related to the project include Public awareness on Plant

Breeder’s and other Intellectual Property Rights shall be promoted; Intellectual

Property Rights and research initiatives shall be facilitated and protected; and Local

and international bodies shall be facilitated to participate in breeding and seed

production.

Agricultural Extension Services being a policy area indicates that Extension services

are crucial in supporting poverty reduction in rural areas and market competitiveness

for commercial agriculture in the domestic and global markets. It enables producers

to realize increased production and productivity through accessibility to marketing

information and other support services essential for agricultural development. Its

main objective is to ensure that Agricultural extension services are strengthened to

increase production, productivity and profitability. It is anticipated that Extension

services shall be transformed to ensure provision of quality services with increased

private sector participation; strengthening farmers’ education and publicity services

for effective linkage and dissemination of technologies and information; A strong

technology transfer and partnership entity to be established in tandem with a semi-

autonomous research institution to strengthen research-extension-farmer-training

linkages; and specific commodity extension services shall be promoted and

strengthened

46

Crop Pests and Diseases as another policy area which indicates that prevalence of

crop pests and diseases is creating a great economic risk to crop development in

Tanzania. On average, about 30 to 40 per cent of overall total crop production is lost

annually due to pre- and post-harvest losses. Market needs call for appropriate local

pest management options compliant with Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) to

ensure export standards, environmental protection and bio-safety, which are critical

requirements in international trade. Its objective is that Production of quality

products in order to improve competitiveness of agricultural products in the markets

is enhanced. Associated Policy Statements include strengthening of Pest and disease

surveillance, system and control mechanisms; Pest free areas shall be protected from

introduction of pests of quarantine importance; and The Government shall strengthen

sanitary and phytosanitary, quarantine and plant inspectorate services.

Apart from the above policy areas, Agricultural Marketing is another area which

emphasises on Agricultural product markets being crucial for the development of

agricultural commodities and stimulating agricultural production. Furthermore,

agricultural products are constrained by inadequate quality standards; weak

inspectorate mechanisms at various levels; weak enforcement of agricultural

marketing regulations; inadequate agricultural marketing infrastructure; inadequate

agricultural marketing risk management; inadequately organized primary, secondary

and tertiary markets; and inadequate agricultural market information systems. Its

Objective is that Agricultural product market, infrastructure, information and quality

standards improved. Associated Policy statements involve that The Government, in

collaboration with farmers, farmer groups, associations and cooperative societies,

47

shall enforce regulations governing utilization of designated buying posts and centers

for agro-products; The Government in collaboration with other stakeholders shall

strengthen and upscale Warehouse Receipt System as a basis for the establishment of

Commodity Exchange; and Collection, analysis, storage and dissemination of

agricultural marketing data shall be strengthened at all levels.

Also Risk Management in Agriculture being another policy area reflected by the

project bases on the fact that the agricultural sector has multiple risks which are

threatening farmers’ livelihoods and incomes and thus undermining the viability of

the agricultural sector and its potential to reduce poverty. Its Objective is that Crop

production, productivity and profitability increased through risk mitigation

mechanisms like the multiplication of disease resistant varieties.

According to NAP(2013) ; food security constraints include frequent food shortages

due to unfavorable weather conditions low incomes, sub-standards food imports, low

production to meet domestic demand and surplus for exports. The policy states that

the Production of food crops according to ecological zones shall be promoted;

Production of food crops to meet domestic demand and surplus for export shall be

promoted; furthermore food imports that are consistent to internationally acceptable

safety and quality standards shall be regulated; and lastly mechanism for continuous

monitoring and assessment of food security at all levels shall be strengthened.

3.5 Literature Review Summary

As has been seen above no initiatives have been made on increased multiplication for

sale as a source of income, hence through implementation of the anticipated project,

48

farmers will improve their economic status through increased income. Therefore the

identified gap in that not much effort has been done on cassava seed multiplication as

an income generating activity is creating a necessity of implementing the project.

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CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Introduction

Project implementation is a process whereby “project inputs are converted to project

outputs”. It involves putting the activities of the project in action; transforming the

project proposal into the actual project. Project inputs refers to all physical and non-

physical assets that are used as the basis for adding value to a given project and

contributing to achieving project goals and objectives. Project inputs are transformed

into certain output throughout the project life-cycle (Task Management Guide 2014).

Furthermore project outputs are action results that are to be achieved, they are not

the benefits or changes you achieve for your users, they are the interventions you

make to bring about those achievements. Outputs relate to objectives which are the

planned areas of activity through which you intend to achieve your aims. Outputs are

specific services and products you offer to carry out those objectives

Implementation is a major component in the life cycle of a project. It implies the

actual carrying out of planned activities. It involves Project activation which means

making arrangements to have the project started. It involves coordination and

allocation of resources to make project operational; and Project operation which

involves the practical management of a project. Here, project inputs are transformed

into outputs to achieve immediate objectives.

Project management appears to be a mechanism of managing these variables in order

to ensure balanced use of resources and smooth transformation of inputs into outputs.

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This chapter includes information’s on how the project was planned, and action taken

at each step of project implementation. It analyses products and output from the

project, activities undertaken to meet the objective, resources required, responsible

personnel and time frame to accomplish the project. It also analyses tentative budget

for purchase of tools/equipment and other running expenses

Planned activities include launching of the project, coordination of activities,

monitoring and taking care of contingency situations as they arise. Active

participation of community concerned is vital for success of the project. According to

the project plan it is anticipated that by the end of the second year (2014) the project

will have completed its pilot phase where the first round of farmers will be enjoying

the benefits of the project which are sale of multiplied cassava seeds. Monitoring and

evaluation will be a continuous activity to be carried out by the village government

in collaboration with the Pangani District Council. This project is a member-based

and is being implemented by its members although inputs from key stakeholders are

of great importance in the success of the project.

The chapter also contains information’s on anticipated products and outputs, the

project planning, the implementation plan together with the Logical Framework

Analysis, required inputs, staffing pattern, the project budget, project implementation

and its report together with the implementation Gantt Chart. The impact of the

project will be realized later as the project is at the initial stage. Thus the evident

results will start to be seen after December 2014 and annual evaluation of the project

by 1st June 2015.

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4.2 Project Outputs

The project intervention anticipates to accomplish the following outputs or results

which are needed or are necessary in an attempt to achieve project specific objectives

or purposes. In other words this is what the project would deliver within the life span

of the project at completion stage. The outputs have been clearly specified and are

indeed specific, measurable, achievable, and realistic and time bound to enable the

assessment of how successfully the objectives have been achieved. The expected

product and output of the establishment of MCCSMP was to have increased cassava

production from 4 tons per acre to 8 tons per acre; increased income from sale of

multiplied cassava resistant seeds from TShs 0/= to 2,500,000/ per acre; readily

available market for the cassava seeds , trained farmers on seed production in

collaboration with other stakeholders/development partners, gained knowledge,

experiences and entrepreneurial skills that enable efficiency in resistant seed

production as per market demand. The outcome is expected to be reached after

realization of income from the seed multiplication business.

The table 4.1 below shows the project objectives and the anticipated outputs. The

project has four specific objectives of which each has its own outputs and activities

to be implemented in order to meet the project goal. The specific objective 1 has two

outputs which include existence of 4 groups multiplying cassava seed for sale, will

be produced through creation of awareness on the cassava seeds multiplication

Project and preparation of an action plan of implementation of the project; while

output 1.2 being 4 cassava seed multiplication plots established will be produced

through acquisition of cassava seeds from reliable sources, their distribution and

52

planting . Furthermore Objective 2 is expected to have an output of 100 farmers

trained on seed multiplication skills which can be achieved through provision of a 2

days training on best agriculture practices in seed production, and a 1 day training on

business skills. The third Objective’s output includes development of 4 marketing

plans which can be achieved through conducting a 1 day session on market planning

to 20 farmer group leaders, and later a one day training record keeping to 20 farmer

group leaders. Harvesting will also be done inorder to make the marketing plan

effective as they will use it for selling their product. Through implementation of the

said activities it is expected that the farmers of Madanga will be able to earn a

sustainable income from cassava seeds multiplication.

Table 4.1 Project Objective and Outputs

Objective Output ActivityOrganize 4 producer groups for cassava seeds multiplication by June 2014

4 groups multiplying cassava seed for sale

Awareness creation on cassava seeds multiplication ProjectPrepare action plan for the project.

4 cassava seed multiplication plots established

Acquisition of cassava seeds from reliable sourcesDistribution and planting of resistant seeds

Train 100 farmers on sustainable cassava seed multiplication by June 2014

100 farmers trained on seed multiplication skills

Conduct 2 days training on best agriculture practices to in seed production.Conduct 1 day training on business skills

Ensure 4 groups secure reliable market for multiplied cassava seeds

1 marketing plan established Conduct 1 day session on marketing plan to 20 farmer group leaders.Conduct 1 day training on record keeping to 20 farmer group leaders


53

4.3 Project Planning

Project planning is a crucial stage in life cycle of any project, since it is where setting

of activities to be carried out in the course of the project is done. In planning, certain

circumstances have to be identified including types of activities, when to be

implemented, personnel and stakeholders required to implement them, resources

required to enable implementation of the project such as funding, materials etc. The

planned activities are as seen in the implementation plan in table 4.2.

4.3.1 Implementation Plan

Basically it describes how the project was carried out in an attempt to achieve project

outputs, objectives and the overall goal. In the implantation process the project

fundamentally involved three key stakeholders namely, MCSMP members as a host

organization, Pangani District Council as the sole funder of the project ; Community

Economic Development (CED) student and the Ward extension workers. The roles

and responsibilities of each stake holder are as outlined below. Resources which

were deployed in the project were contributed by both partners.

i) MCSMP Group members contributed plots for multiplication of the cassava

seeds.

ii) Pangani District Council which provided most of the funding for the project

iii) The MCED student was responsible for sensitization, training and advises on

developing Seed Multiplication; Entrepreneurship and Business development

skills

iv) Ward extension Officers provided training extension and advisory services in

establish sound farmer groups and improved agricultural practices.

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Table 4.2 : Project Implementation PlanObjective Output Activity Responsi-ble O N D J F M A M J J A S O ResourcesObjective 1: Organize 4 producer groups for cassava seeds multiplication by June 2014

Output 1.1: 4 groups multiplying cassava seed for sale

1.1.1 Awareness creation on cassava seeds multiplication Project

Project Team, Farmers

Personnel , Funds, Stationery

1.1.2 Prepare action plan for the project.

Project team Farmers

Personnel , Funds, Stationery

Output 1.24 cassava seed multiplication plots established

1.2.1 Acquisition of cassava seeds from reliable sources


Transport, Seeds, Funds

Distribution and planting of resistant seeds


Stationery, Funds, Land transport,

Objective 2:Train 100 farmers on sustainable cassava seed multiplication by June 2014

Output 2.1100 farmers trained on seed multiplication skills

2.1.1 Conduct 2 days training on best agriculture practices to in seed production.


Stationery, Funds, Venue

2.1.2 Conduct 1 day training on business skills



Objective 3:Ensure 4 groups secure reliable market for multiplied cassava seeds

Output 3.14 marketing plans established

3.1.1 Conduct 1 day session on market planning to 20 farmer group leaders.



3.1.2 Conduct 1 day training on record keeping to 20 farmer group leaders




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The table 4.2 above presents the project implementation plan which indicates that

the timeframe is between October, 2013 up to September, 2014. Awareness creation

of the project is expected to be done from October to December, 2013 where the

entire community will be informed on the proposed establishment in the village. This

will go hand in hand with the preparation of the action plan that is to be done

between November and December, 2013. Land preparation will be done between

December and February 2014 where acquisition , distribution and planting of the

resistant cassava seeds will bedone in March towards April, 2014. A series of

trainings will follow thereafter including a training on best agriculture practices on

seed multiplication , training on business skills; training on record keeping and a

session on market planning in order to ensure that the anticipated objectives are met

4.2.1.1 The Project Logical Framework

This being a systematic planning procedure for complete cycle management is at the

same time a problem solving approach that lists major assumptions which are

external conditions that are out of the projects control . In other words it is a tool

used for planning, appraisal, monitoring and evaluation. In this particular project,

the Logical framework narrates the goals, purpose, outputs and activities basing on

their objectively verifiable indicators (OVIs); Means of Verification (MOVs) and the

important assumptions. For this particular project, the Logical Framework is as

indicated in the table 4.3 below:

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Table 4.3 Cassava Seeds Multiplication Project Logical Framework

Hierarchy of Objectives Objectively Verifiable Indicators (OVIs)

Means of Verification (MOVs) Assumptions

Goal: Income poverty reduced and standards of living of cassava farmers improved

Increased incomes and improved standards of living of cassava farmers

Survey and auditing of individual incomes at the beginning and end of the project.

Openness and honesty of farmers about their income status

Objective 1: Organize 4 producer groups for cassava seeds multiplication by June 2014Output 1.1: Farmer groups multiplying cassava seed for sale

Number of producer groups multiplying cassava seeds

Production reportsWillingness of farmers to join the groups

Activities:1.1.1 Awareness creation on cassava seeds multiplication Project

Number of awareness forums Awareness reports Willingness of farmers to attend awareness meetings

Prepare action plan for the project. Number of project action plan Progress reportsImplementation reports

Willingness of farmers to attend planning sessions

Output 1.2Cassava seed multiplication plots established

4 multiplication plots in place Progress reports Favourable weather conditions

Activities:1.2.1 Acquisition of cassava seeds from reliable sources

Number of seeds acquired Seeds acquisition reports Availability of seeds from reliable sources


Number of seeds distributedNumber of seeds planted

Distribution reportsProgress reports

Willingness of farmers to plant the distributed seedsFavourable weather condition

Objective 2: Train 100 farmers on sustainable cassava seed multiplication by June 2014Output 2.1Farmers trained on seed multiplication skills

Number of farmers trained on seed multiplication skills

Training reports Willingness of farmers to attend training

Activities:Conduct 2 days training on best agriculture practices to in seed

100 farmers attended training Training report Willingness of farmers to attend training

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production.Conduct 1 day training on business skills

100 farmers attended training Training report Willingness of farmers to attend training

Objective 3: Ensure 4 groups secure reliable market for multiplied cassava seedsOutput 3.1Marketing plans developed Number of Marketing plans

developedWorkshop reports Willingness of farmers to use the

plansActivities:Conduct 1 day session on market planning with farmer group leaders

20 farmer group leaders attended marketing planning session

Market Planning report Willingness of leaders to attend planning session

Conduct 1 day training on record keeping to farmer group leaders

20 farmer group leaders attended training

Training report Willingness of leaders to attend training


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4.3.2 Inputs

During the course of implementation of the project, some inputs are needed in order

to facilitate smooth implementation of the planned activities. In this particular project

the inputs required differ per activity and objective although most of the trainings

require resembling inputs which differ in quantities. For the other activities input

requirement depend on their nature. Table 4.4 below outlines the inputs required

Table 4.4 Project Inputs

Objective Output Activity Required inputs

Objective 1: Organize 4 producer groups for cassava seeds multiplication by June 2014


To conduct awareness meeting

Facilitator’s feesFlip chart paper 3 pcsMeeting venueMarker pen

Project design and formulation

Allowance to participantsFlipchart paper 1 pcsMarker pen 1 boxMasking tape 1 pcs


Acquisition, distribution and planting of seeds

Seeds

Funds

Transport Allowance Research Team

Ropes for packing in bundlesObjective 2:Train 100 farmers on sustainable cassava seed multiplication by June 2014


Best Agric practices training for 100 farmers

Facilitators allowance

Refreshments for 100 people Flipchart paper 2 pcs

Marker pen 2 boxes

Exercise books for 100 people

Pen for 100 people

Masking tape 2 pcs

Handouts for 100 peopleRecord keeping training Facilitators allowance for 2

Refreshments for 20 people

Flipchart paper 2 pcsMarker pen 4 boxes

Notebooks 20 pcs

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Pen 20 pcs

Masking tape 4 pcs

Handouts 20 pcsObjective 3:Ensure 4 groups secure reliable market for multiplied cassava seeds


Conduct 1 day session on market planning to 20 farmer group leaders.

Facilitators allowance

Refreshments for 20 people

Flipchart papers 1 pc

Markerpen 2 boxes

Notebooks 20 pcs

Pen 20 pcs

Masking tape 2 pcsStudy tour for 20 participants Research team allowance

Refreshments – 20 participants

Transport

Hosting chargesSource: Field Data, 2014

4.3.3 Staffing Pattern

During the course of the project implementation to a great extent it will be

supervised by group committee members, with assistance from agriculture

department through the Agriculture Extension Worker, sector institutions. Group

leadership comprises of the chairperson, vice chairperson Secretary and treasurer,

few member who make the executive committee together withthe ward extension

staff. These committees will also take part in their respective tasks / roles. The

project’s staffing pattern is as outlined in the table below:

4.3.4 Project Implementation Budget

For any project to be implemented a budget is inevitable as most of the activities can

only be implemented with the availability of funding. A well prepared budget

enables all this to happen. In this project,a budget against all activities and the

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required inputs was prepared as presented in table 4.6 below. For objective 1 total of

TShs. 9,340,000/= is required while for objective 2 a total of TShs 1,428,000/= and

for objective 3 a total of TShs. 900,000/= making the grand total to be TShs.

11,668,000/=. Out of this the Pangani District Council through the DADPs

contributed TShs. 9,500,000/=.

Table 4.5: Staffing Pattern

Staff position ResponsibilityChairperson Main representative of the groupVice Chairperson Assist the chairperson in his absenceSecretary Documentations of all matters related to the group.Treasurer Documentation and keeping track of all monetary

issuesCommittee members Participate in managerial decisionsVillage and Ward Extension Officers

Advisory role, Supervisory role


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Objective Output Activity Required inputs Unit description Unit Number Unit Price Total TShsObjective 1: Organize 4 producer groups for cassava seeds multiplication by June 2014



Allowance to participants days 32 2 2000 128000Flipchart paper pcs 1 1 10,000 10,000Marker pen box 1 1 6,000 6,000Masking tape pcs 1 1 1,000 1,000Subtotal 145,000


Facilitator’s fees days 2 4 30,000 240,000Flip chart paper pcs 1 3 5,000 15,000Meeting venue days 4 1 10,000 40,000Marker pen days 20 1 2,000 40,000Subtotal 335,000



Seeds bundles 1 3000 2,500 7,500,000Transport trips 1 2 500,000 1,000,000Allowance Research Team days 2 2 65,000 260,000Ropes for packing in bundles lumpsum 1 20 5,000 100,000Sub-total 8,860,000




Facilitators allowance days 2 5 10,000 100,000Refreshments days 100 5 2,000 1,000,000Flipchart paper pcs 2 1 10,000 20,000Marker pen box 2 1 1,000 2,000Exercise books pcs 100 1 500 50,000Pen pcs 100 1 300 30,000Masking tape 2 pcs pcs 2 1 1,000 2,000Handouts for 100 people pcs 100 1 1,000 100,000Subtotal 1,304,000

Record keeping training

Facilitators allowance for 2 days 2 1 10,000 20,000Refreshments for 20 people days 20 1 2,000 40,000Flipchart paper 2 pcs pcs 2 1 10,000 20,000Marker pen 4 boxes pcs 4 1 1,000 4,000Notebooks 20 pcs pcs 20 1 500 10,000Pen 20 pcs pcs 20 1 300 6,000Masking tape 4 pcs pcs 4 1 1,000 4,000Handouts 20 pcs pcs 20 1 1,000 20,000Subtotal 124,000

Objective Output Activity Required inputs Unit description Unit Number Unit Price Total TShs

Table 4.5: Project Implementation Budget

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Facilitators allowance days 2 1 10,000 20,000Refreshments for 20 people days 20 1 2,000 40,000Flipchart papers 1 pc pcs 1 1 10,000 10,000Markerpen 2 boxes pcs 2 1 1,000 2,000Notebooks 20 pcs pcs 20 1 500 10,000Pen 20 pcs pcs 20 1 300 6,000Masking tape 2 pcs pcs 2 1 1,000 2,000Subtotal 90,000

Study tour for 20 participants

Research team allowance days 3 1 20,000 60,000Refreshments – 20 participants days 20 1 5,000 100,000Transport trips 1 2 300,00

0600,000

Hosting charges lumpsum 1 1 50,000 50,000Subtotal 810,000

Grand Total 11,668,000


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4.4 Actual Project Implementation

This section implies the actual carrying out of the planned activities. It reports the

actual Project activation which means implementing the arrangements that enabled

the project to start. It gives a description of actually implemented project activities by

end of June 2014.The implemented activities were among those which were planned

during project design phase. This section is divided into major subsections; project

implementation report and the project implementation Gantt chart which shows the

actual implementation period of activities.

4.4.1 Actual Project Implementation Report

The following activities have been conducted though some have been accomplished

and some are still going on as indicated below

4.4.1.1 Project Design and Formulation

Project Design and Formulation was done in December 2014 this followed

immediately after conducting Community Needs Assessment and identification of

the priority needs. It was decided there was a need for design and formulation of a

project which could address the identified most pressing community problem.

Improving community livelihood through multiplication of resistant cassava seeds

for sale was the project designed.

4.4.1.2 Awareness Creation on Cassava Resistant Seeds Multiplication Project

Awareness raising meetings were held for introduction of the identified project.

Farmers were interested very much as they took it as a sustainable income generating

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activity. Markets were also identified during this meeting as they bore in mind that it

was not only Madanga that was suffering but the whole division.

4.4.1.3 Establishment of Multiplication Plots

A total of 4 groups have established multiplication plots of 2 acres each; and each

member of the group being supposed to establish half an acre of the resistant seeds

which they attained from the distributed seeds. A total of 8 acres of resistant seeds

have been planted by the groups and a total of 20 acres have been planted by the

individual farmers who are members of the groups. The establishment started in

March, 2014 and the plants are in a good condition which will enable them have their

first harvests in September-October 2014 and start selling during that time.

4.4.1.4 Training on Best Agriculture Practices to 100 Cassava Seed Producing

Farmers

Training on cassava seeds multiplication was conducted as planned where the main

objective was to increase the understanding and knowledge of trainees of cassava

seeds multiplication which are meant for sale hence increase income. Presentation

techniques involved use of lectures which were backed up by the experiences of the

trainees (farmers). Some exercises were also be done in between the lectures.

Each topic was followed by demonstrations and practical in order to enhance

learning by doing. The training was provided by two trainers who were competent

with crop production including the MCED student. The participants met at one centre

that was found suitable and comfortable for them and they were sub-divided into two

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meaning there were two sessions of same training. The learning method was

participatory in the sense that experience sharing was leading the sessions where

participants gave their experiences according to the topics whenever convenient , an

approach that assisted them much in judging the relevance of their current practices

and the taught ones. A two way communication also lead the training. The contents

of this training included introduction and background of cassava; the origin, uses

and distribution of cassava will be highlighted; Land preparation – different planting

methods; Cassava varieties – identification and characteristics of different varieties;

Selecting and preparing cassava planting materials; Management practices; Pests and

diseases and method of controlling them; and Harvesting and post harvesting

handling methods.

A total of 90 farmers were trained on best agriculture practices especially on how to

produce cassava seeds. Not only production but also management practices up to

harvesting techniques. It entailed management of up to harvesting as for seeds

purpose it has to be done after six months. The training was conducted in different

days in order to ensure that all group members could attend. The training

methodology was participatory as experience sharing was adhered to. This training

was conducted in March 2014.

4.4.1.5 Training on Business Skills to 100 Cassava Seed Producers

As the project entails selling of multiplied cassava seeds, business skills provision

was crucial for the success of the project. A total of 90 farmers were to be trained on

business skills especially on the aspect of selling. They were trained on how to

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calculate profit and loss which is very important in this project. Aspects of how much

is to be sold and what to retain for multiplication were also trained. This training was

also conducted in March, 2014.

4.4.1.6 Capacity Building to 20 Farmer Group Leaders and 4 Project Key

Players on Record Keeping

As this project involves multiplication of seeds and selling, a training on record

keeping was provided. A total of 24 people are anticipated to be trained on record

keeping especially on how much is collected from each farmer, how much is sold

etc. Record keeping is a very crucial issue in any business as without it no records of

the project will be available and it will be conducted in August, 2014.

4.4.1.7 Acquisition and Distribution of Resistant Seeds to Farmers for

Multiplication

Resistant seeds were acquired from existing disease free seed farms within the

village from farmers who used to multiply them and outside the village. A total of

3000 bundles were acquired and distributed to 85 farmers who are group members.

The MCED student together with Extension Workers helped the farmers ensure that

they acquired clean seeds.

4.4.1.8 Establishment of a Multiplied Seeds Marketing System

As the whole activity is aimed at ensuring that the multiplied seeds are sold in order

to enable farmers obtain income; putting a proper marketing system in place is very

crucial. This activity is to be done after the other trainings as there were unavoidable

circumstances that led to shifting the trainings to up to after ramadhan. This system is

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aimed at ensuring that markets are attained prior the selling period. This is going to

be conducted through assessment of seeds availability and requirements in the

village; and is to be done in collaboration between the farmers, MCED student and

the Extension Worker.

4.4.1.9 Conducting Study Tour to Successful Seed Producing Farmers in

Muheza District

This activity was intended for enabling farmers to see what others are doing, and was

planned to be done in September, but due to lack of funds it was not possible to be

conducted.

4.4.1.10 Harvesting and Sale of Seeds

As per the implementation plan, this is planned to be done in September 2014

onwards therefore nothing is done yet. All the plots were planted as planned and the

plants are healthy and are performing well a condition that provides assurance of the

harvesting for sale. It is expected that the seeds will be sold by using the laid down

guidelines.

4.4.1.11 Project Reporting

This normally carries monitoring report, and two types of interim reports were

prepared. The narrative report is about the monitoring information presented to

project stakeholders and financial reports which reports on inputs deployed in

financial terms and compares with items as indicated in the project budget. This

activity started in May 2014 although it was planned to be conducted in September,

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2014 as it is a continuous activity till the end which is anticipated to be in December,

2014 after harvesting and sale.

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Table 4.7 Actual Project Implementation Summary

Objective Output Activity Actual ImplementationObjective 1: Organize 4 producer groups for cassava seeds multiplication by June 2014


Awareness creation on cassava seeds multiplication Project

Awareness raising meetings were held for introduction of the identified project in December 2014 and action plan developedPrepare action plan for the project.


Acquisition of cassava seeds from reliable sources

A total of 3000 bundles were acquired and distributed to 85 farmers who are group members

A total of 4 groups have established multiplication plots of 2 each;

A total of 8 acres of resistant seeds have been planted by the groups

A total of 20 acres have been planted by the individual farmers who are members of the groups.

Establishment started in March, 2014 and the plants are in a good condition which will enable them have their first harvests in September-October 2014 and start selling during that time.


Harvesting and sale of the multiplied cassava seeds

Harvesting is to be done from September, 2014



Conduct 2 days training on best agriculture practices to in seed production.

A total of 90 farmers were trained on best agriculture practices especially on how to produce cassava seeds in March 2014

Conduct 1 day training on business skills A total of 90 farmers were trained on business skills especially on the aspect of selling.

Objective 3:Ensure 4 groups secure reliable market for multiplied cassava seeds by June 2014



This is going to be conducted through assessment of seeds availability and requirements in the village; and is to be done in collaboration between the farmers, MCED student and the Extension Worker.

Conduct 1 day training on record keeping to 20 farmer group leaders

A total of 24 people are anticipated to be trained on record keeping especially on how much is collected from each farmer, how much is sold etc


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4.3.2 Project Implementation Gantt Chart

Table 4.8: Project Implementation Gantt chart

Objective Output ActivityMonths2013 2014O N D J F M A M J J A S O



Awareness creation on cassava seeds multiplication ProjectPrepare action plan for the project.


Acquisition of cassava seeds from reliable sourcesDistribution and planting of resistant seeds



Conduct 2 days training on best agriculture practices to in seed production.Conduct 1 day training on business skills



Conduct 1 day session on market planning to 20 farmer group leaders.Conduct 1 day training on record keeping to 20 farmer group leaders


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CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 PROJECT PARTICIPATORY MONITORING, EVALUATION AND

SUSTAINABILITY

5.1 Introduction

According to World Bank web, Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation is a process

through which stakeholders at various levels engage in Monitoring or Evaluation of a

particular project. It entails sharing the responsibilities for evaluation planning,

implementing, and reporting by involving stakeholders in defining the evaluation

questions, collecting and analyzing data, and drafting and reviewing the report.

Paulmer (2005) describes it as "a collective assessment of a program or project by

stakeholders and beneficiaries". As with all other monitoring and evaluation

elements, the process for Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E) has to be

prepared prior to project implementation (PHILIP et al. 2008).

This chapter discusses project participatory monitoring, evaluation and sustainability

of the Madanga Cassava Seeds Multiplication project. This helped to gather

information needed to keep the project on schedule. It is very important to conduct

monitoring and evaluation for any project on progress in order to capture any

changes that may arise and affect objectives of the project. Monitoring and

evaluation was a useful tool in reviewing and observing the project to ensure its

function regardless of changes in internal and external circumstances. Monitoring

and evaluation was part of the project implementation on which it was done

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continuously since CNA which was the beginning of this project up to the reporting

phase.

5.2 Participatory Monitoring

Participatory Monitoring is the systematic recording and periodic analysis of

information that has been chosen and recorded by insiders with the help of outsiders.

It provides information during the life of the project, so that adjustments and/or

modifications can be made where necessary. Methods involved in participatory

monitoring include Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), Self-esteem, Associative

strengths, Resourcefulness, Action planning, Responsibility (SARAR) and

Beneficiary Assessment (BA).

Participatory monitoring involves local beneficiaries in measuring, recording,

collecting, processing and communicating information to assist local development

project extension workers and local group members in decision making. Monitoring

is a continuous process of collecting and analyzing information to compare how well

a project, program or policy is being implemented against expected results. It aims at

providing managers and major stakeholders with regular feedback and early

indications of progress or lack thereof in the achievement of intended results.

It generally involves collecting and analyzing data on implementation processes,

strategies and results, and recommending corrective measures. In this section we are

going to discuss on the monitoring information System used and the Participatory

Monitoring methods used.

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5.2.1 Monitoring Information System

This is a system designed to collect and report information on a project and project

activities that enable a project manager to plan, monitor and evaluate the operations

and performance of the project. According to IFAD (2000), monitoring system is

defined as an observation system for the project managers to verify whether the

project activities are happening according to planning and whether means are used in

a correct and efficient manner. The system must supply the project with a continuous

flow of information throughout the course of the project and make it possible to take

the right decisions. Monitoring information system is directly linked to the

management by objectives and to the monitoring of key performance indicators. It

can also help in processing information for decision making.

The system used to monitor information in this project was through development of

forms that were used to collect various information which could show the project

performance as planned. It includes categories of information which includes work

plan activities, costs and expenditures, staff and supervision, commodities and

results; all these with respect to what to monitor, what records to keep, who collects

data, who uses data, how to use information and what decisions to be made. To

capture this information various forms were developed and all parties who were

responsible for data collection were given a copy of the respective forms which

indicated the expected objectives, activities to be done, resources required and output

to be achieved. The Monitoring Information System for this project is as outlined in

Table 5.1 below.

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Table 5.1 Project Monitoring Information System

Categories of information

What to monitor What records to keep

Who collects data

Who uses data

How to use information

What decisions can be made

1.Workplan Activities

Timing of activities Availability of

resources

Monthly and Quarterly work plans

Work schedules

Executive Committees

Supervisors

Executive committees

Ensure staff and resources are available

Reschedule activities when needed

2.Costs and Expenditures

Available budget Amount utilized Remaining amount

Financial receipts Financial control

books Bank transactions

Treasurer Executive committees

Ensure funds availability for activities implementation

Ensure compliance with financial regulations

Authorize expenditures

Make budget reviews

Explore other funding sources when needed

3. Staff and Supervision

Staff Knowledge, attitudes and skills

Educational levels

Performance reviews Roles and

responsibilities description

Executive chairpersonTrainers

Executive committee

Resolve responsibilities problems

Training needs Disciplinary

actions Roles placement

4. Commodities / Logistics

Seeds inventories Farmer group

inventories

Farmers registers Secretary reports Extension worker

reports

Executive committee

Executive committee

Ensure timely availability of seeds and distribution to fields

Ensure timely planting of seeds

Amount to supply When to supply Amount to keep

for replanting

5. Results No. and type of training provided

No. and varieties of seeds acquired and distributed

No.of seeds sold

Training attendance forms.

Seeds distribution forms.

Seeds selling and distribution forms

Executive committee

Agric Extension officer

Executive committee

Ensure objectives are met

Assess quality of seeds distributed

Assess quality of training provided

Revise objectives Retrain staff Revise project

strategy and approach


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5.2.2 Participatory Monitoring Methods Used to Engage Community in the

Monitoring of the Project

Method s used to engage the community in monitoring of this project is the action

plan that was developed during the project design. A monitoring plan was prepared

hand in hand with the action plan by members with the assistance of the MCED

student and the Extension Worker. Methods used in participatory monitoring of the

project involve;

Formative Assessment that was used during Training sessions. This is a type of

assessment that is directly linked with instructional practices. The kind of

participatory monitoring was mainly applicable during capacity building training of

farmers . This helped the facilitator to gain an understanding of an approach to use in

understanding the insight of the participants capabilities, in order to make responsive

changes in teaching and learning techniques such as facilitator observation and

participant’s observation. This went alongside with group discussions and case study

brainstorming concerning the topic under discussion.

Another method involved the Beneficiary assessment which is a method used to

collect information from the project beneficiaries and project facilitators. The target

community with men and women who realize changes in the livelihood of the

community.

5.2.3 Participatory Monitoring Plan

In this particular project the Participatory Monitoring Plan is as indicated in table 5.2

below which indicates the Indicators, sources of data, Means of collection, frequency

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and timing all these against the objectives, outputs and activities. This plan was

prepared in collaboration with the community where they were the ones identifying

the indicators, sources of data, Means of data collection frequency of collection and

timing.

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Table 5.2: Participatory Monitoring Plan

Objective Output Activity Indicators Source of Data Means of Collection (HOW)

Frequency(WHEN)

Responsible(WHO)



Awareness creation on cassava seeds multiplication Project

Number of meetings

Meeting reports Interviews,Observations

Monthly, quarterly

Committee members, Ext. Worker, MCED student

Prepare action plan for the project.

Number of plans

Progress reports InterviewsObservations

Monthly, quarterly



Acquisition of cassava seeds from reliable sources

Number of seeds purchased

Purchase reports Interviews Quarterly Committee members, Ext. Worker, MCED student


No. of seeds distributedNo.of seeds planted

Distribution reportsProgress reports

InterviewsObservations

Monthly, quarterly




Conduct 2 days training on best agriculture practices to in seed production.

Number of farmers trained

Training reports Interviews, Observations

Quarterly Committee members, Ext. Worker, MCED student

Conduct 1 day training on business skills

Number of farmers trained

Training reports Interviews, Observations

Quarterly Committee members, Ext. Worker, MCED student




Number of plans in place

Planning reportsSales reports

Interviews , Observations

Monthly,Quarterly


Conduct 1 day training on record keeping to 20 farmer group leaders

Number of participantsNumber of study tours

Study tour reports Interviews Quarterly Committee members, Ext. Worker, MCED student


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5.3 Participatory Evaluation

Evaluation is one of many approaches to ensure that the implementation of the

different projects within the action plan leads to the expected outcomes. It determines

the relevance and fulfillment of objectives, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and

sustainability. An evaluation should provide information that is credible and useful,

enabling incorporation of lessons learned into the decision making process of both

recipients and donors.

Participatory evaluation according to A. Zukoski (2002), is a partnership approach to

evaluation in which stakeholders actively engage in developing the evaluation and all

phases of its implementation. Evaluation fulfils two functions. First, it has an

internal support function which aims to analyze the past to understand the future.

Second, it fulfills a control function which includes control of accounts and financial

operations. It is important to make a proper distinction between these two functions

as any confusion between the two always leads to emphasizing the control function

and overlooking the internal support function.

5.3.1 Performance Indicators

Performance Indicators also known as Key Performance Indicators is a performance

measurement of a project to evaluate the success of a particular activity in which it is

engaged. Sometimes success is defined in terms of making progress toward strategic

goals. In other words performance indicators are a means by which an objective can

be judged to have been achieved or not achieved. Indicators are therefore tied to

goals and objectives and serve simply as “yardsticks” by which to measure the

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degree of success in goal achievements. In this particular project, indicators used for

evaluation for each objective and its activities are as outlined in table 5.3

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Table 5.3 Project Performance Indicators

Objective Output Activity Required inputs Performance IndicatorsObjective 1: Organize 4 producer groups for cassava seeds multiplication by June 2014



Facilitator’s fees Number of meetingsFlip chart paper Meeting venueMarker pen


Allowance to participants Number of plans in placeProgress reportsFlipchart paper

Marker pen Masking tape



Seeds Number of seeds purchasedNo. of seeds distributedNo. of seeds plantedNo of plots established

FundsTransport Allowance Research TeamRopes for packing in bundles




Facilitators allowance Number of trained farmersRefreshments for 100 people Flipchart paper Marker pen Exercise books Pen Masking tape Handouts

Record keeping training Facilitators allowance Number of trained farmersRefreshments Flipchart paper Marker pen Notebooks Pen Masking tape Handouts

Objective Output Activity Required inputs Performance Indicators

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Facilitators allowanceAttendance listNumber of marketing plans

Number of seeds soldAmount of money earned

Refreshments Flipchart papers 1 pcMarkerpen 2 boxesNotebooks 20 pcsPen 20 pcsMasking tape 2 pcs

Study tour for 20 participants Research team allowance Number of participantsRefreshments – 20 participantsTransport Hosting charges


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5.3.2 Participatory Evaluation Methods

Evaluation was done against the logical framework where each indicator was

followed up. Information for the above was gathered through use of the following

participatory evaluation methods that included conversations with concerned

individuals (focus group discussions) where the evaluation team met with them and

discussed on the achievements; formal interviews with key informants and

observations; Review of official records, and direct observation.

5.3.3 Project Evaluation Summary

Project evaluation summary is as outlined in table 5.4 below

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Table 5.4: Participatory Evaluation SummaryObjective Output Activity Performance

IndicatorsExpected outcomes

Actual outcomes

Degree of Achievement



To conduct awareness meeting Number of meetings

4 awareness meetings

2 meetings held

75% of the number of meetings were held though awareness is a continuous process


Number of plans in placeProgress reports

4 plans for 4 groups in place

4 plans in place 100% achievement as all targeted groups have work plans



Number of seeds purchasedNo. of seeds distributedNo. of seeds plantedNo of plots established

2700 bundles of seeds purchased, distributed and planted by each group

2500 seeds purchased, distributed and planted by each group

92% achievement as all seeds purchased and distributed were planted




Number of trained farmers

100 farmers to be trained

90 farmers attended training

90 % achievement

Record keeping training to 100 farmers

Number of trained farmers

100 farmers to be trained

90 farmers attended training

90% achievement




Attendance list

Number of marketing plans

Number of seeds sold

Amount of money earned

20 group leaders trained

20 group leaders trained

4 marketing plans in place

Each group has a plan

Study tour for 20 participants

Number of tour participants

20 farmers on study tour

Not yet done


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5.4 Project Sustainability

Sustainability is the ability of a system of any kind to endure and be healthy over the

long term. A “sustainable project” is the one that is healthy, vital, resilient, and able

to creatively adapt to changing conditions over time. With the case of this project, it

has been implemented in a participatory approach which contributed lots to the

targeted community as it involved the community right from the beginning. This led

to the whole community having a sense of ownership in this project as everyone

participated in one way or another. Awareness and trainings were done to farmers

and other stakeholders on how to undertake the project for a long time.

During the whole phase of the project planning up to implementation, the issue of

sustainability was adhered to in the sense that communities were involved in all

stages. With the help of the developed monitoring and evaluation plans, where the

community was involved in its development, its follow up is ensured. Sustainability

in this project is reflected in three aspects including institutional sustainability,

financial sustainability and political sustainability.

5.4.1 Institutional Sustainability

From the start of the project , the community participated in identifying, designing,

planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the project which is the key

issue that creates sense of ownership which leads to sustainability of the project.

Presence of active and committed committee members, farmer groups , extension

staff and other stakeholders ensures sustainability of the cassava seeds multiplication

project in Madanga Village. Not only that but also cassava farming being a major

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occupation of Madanga farmers makes the project a continued initiative rather than a

new one as they are used to it, only that small efforts on the aspect of seed

production to be made in order to ensure success of the project. Continued capacity

building on various aspects including best agriculture practices on seed

multiplication and business skills that will enable their seed business to flourish

together with market planning is an added advantage as it leads to ensuring profit

making and employment securing hence institutional sustainability.

5.4.2 Financial Sustainability

The group had its laid down procedures of monthly fees contribution that enabled

them to open a bank account. This contribution is a continuous process in their

groups hence making the sense of sustainability being known even before the

introduction of this group. As this project entails land availability, the group

members gave out their land as a means of production of the anticipated project. Not

only this but also the members have agreed that during the sale of seeds out of the

three stems that have to be harvested for sale, one will be taken back to the group

account for management of the project and as capital investment. The expected

income from sale of the multiplied cassava seeds is as outlined in table 5.5 which

show the expected income to be distributed to groups and to group members.

Through success of the project, many development partners will be interested in

assisting the project groups financially.

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Table 5.5 Expected Income from Sale of Multiplied Cassava Seeds

4 Groups @ 2acres Per season Per year For three years

Harvesting

No.of

acres Total

Sale for dividing

Sale for reinvest-

ment

Total Sale for dividing

Sale for reinvest-

ment Total

Sale for dividing

Sale for reinvest-

ment Total

Number of seeds 15,000 8 120,000 80,000 40,000 120,000 160,000 80,000 240,000 320,000 480,000 1,440,000

Number of stems 3,000 8 24,000 16,000 8,000 24,000 32,000 16,000 48,000 64,000 96,000 288,000Number of bundles 150 8 1,200 800 400 1,200 1,600 800 2,400 3,200 4,800 14,400

Cost per bundle 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500

Total cost/income 375,000 8 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000 12,000,000 36,000,000

100 group members / Individual farmers @ with 0.25 acres

Number of seeds 15,000 25 375,000 10,000 5,000 15,000 20,000 10,000 30,000 60,000 90,000 150,000

Number of stems 3,000 25 75,000 2,000 1,000 3,000 4,000 2,000 6,000 12,000 18,000 30,000Number of bundles 150 25 3,750 2,500 1,250 3,750 5,000 2,500 7,500 15,000 22,500 37,500

Cost per bundle 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500

Total cost 375,000 25 9,375,000 6,250,000 3,125,000 9,375,000 12,500,000 6,250,000 18,750,000 37,500,000 56,250,000 93,750,000

Per farmer 937,500


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Not only money will come from within the village but the project will attract farmers

from nearby villages to purchase seeds which are a scarce commodity for them thus

ensuring money inflow which leads to financial sustainability. Also as the project is

getting technical support from the existing Extension workers, it is believed that

advice provision will not attract an extra cost as these officers are located in the

villages. Through collaboration with other development partners in cassava farming

like IITA Kibaha centre who are dealing with cassava seeds promotion, they will

enable them attain national market .

5.4.3 Political Sustainability

This project gained support from the Pangani LGA which enabled its implementation

by gaining approval and support from various levels within the district. This ensures

that the local leaders at village level, Councilors, Executive Officers at ward level

and District Council chairperson and District Executive Director are in favors of the

project. Efforts done by various stakeholders, development partners to support the

cassava seeds multiplication project has created good environment between local

government and community members.

Cassava seeds multiplication is directly supporting the Tanzania Agricultural Policy,

the National Strategy for growth and Reduction of Poverty II hence making this

support to the project to lead to institutional sustainability.

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CHAPTER SIX

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the conclusion and recommendations of the study and project

undertaken in the community. This conclusion and recommendation entail on very

brief summary of the whole project from CNA, Problem identification, Project

implementation, monitoring and evaluation and Sustainability of the project.

5.2 Conclusions

This part is a summary of the previous chapters including Participatory Assessment

findings, Literature review findings, reasons for choice of the project, Project

implementation and Participatory Monitoring, Evaluation and Sustainability.

A Community Needs Assessment was conducted in Madanga village between April

and May, 2013 with specific objectives that included assessment of economic

activities undertaken by the community, examination of community needs related to

livelihood options, and identification of interventions that can impact the economic

status of the community. Participatory methods were used in field data collection and

analysis done thereafter. Findings indicated that the major economic activities

performed include crop cultivation which is mainly dominated by cassava.

Availability of a sustainable income source was identified as the priority need

whereas the intervention identified was the establishment of a cassava seed

multiplication project where the seeds will be sold for income earning. These

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findings from the specific objectives interrelate at one point in the sense that cassava

production is faced by increased disease infection due to lack of clean materials. As

the target farmers formerly participated in a cassava resistant seeds multiplication

initiative by another NGO in the village, they sought of practicing the same as it will

enable them earn money through sale of the multiplied seeds hence a sustainable

income earning activity.

From the literature review, findings indicate that former initiatives involved seed

production from the research institutions and NGOs side through multiplication and

distribution for free or through the model of get one and repay two stems. From the

previous researchers it has been seen that no initiatives were made on increased

multiplication for sale as a source of income, hence through implementation of the

anticipated project, farmers will improve their economic status through increased

income from sales of multiplied seeds. Therefore the identified gap is that not much

effort has been done on cassava seed multiplication as an income generating activity

hence creating a necessity of implementing the project. Choice of the project was led

by the benefits to be attained through the benefit analysis which indicates that 1 acre

of cassava will produce 150 bundles of seeds which when sold at 5,000/= will earn

750,000/= for six months and as it will be harvested twice a year, the earning will be

TShs. 1,500,000/=.

After identification of the project a phase of planning was taken care of where three

specific objectives were identified that included Organizing 4 producer groups for

cassava seeds multiplication by June 2014 where the expected outputs were 4 groups

90

of cassava farmers establish 4 cassava seeds multiplication plots. The second

objective was to train 100 farmers on sustainable cassava seed multiplication by June

2014 where the expected outputs included training 100 farmers in on seed

multiplication skills ; and lastly Ensure 4 groups secure reliable market for multiplied

cassava seeds with outputs including 4 marketing plans being established. These

objectives remained the same during the course of implementation. The first

objective which is on assisting mobilization of 4 producer groups to establish

multiplication plots was fully achieved as 4 groups were organized where each

established a 2 acre plot.

Also each of the group members established individually quarter of an acre of seed

multiplication. The second objective of training 100 farmers in cassava seed

multiplication was also fully achieved as the activities were implemented as planned.

The third objective of ensuring 4 groups secure reliable market for multiplied

cassava seeds was partially implemented as the marketing plans were established but

not yet implemented as the crop harvest is not yet ready. Due to lack of enough funds

for the study tour to a nearby district was not done therefore making the objective

being partially achieved. Project planning matrices were prepared as were supposed

including the implementation plan, budget, monitoring and evaluation matrices being

in place. Participatory Monitoring, Evaluation and Sustainability plans were

developed and used as were supposed to be. Relevant matrices against the objectives,

outputs and activities were developed for both monitoring and evaluation. In

monitoring forms that were used to collect various information which could show the

project performance as planned were development as part of the Monitoring

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Information System. A Monitoring Plan was also established which indicated

Indicators, Sources of data, how and when to collect them together with the

responsible people to collect the information. As part of the Evaluation part,

performace indicators against the objectives, outputs and activities were also

developed.

A project evaluation summary was developed which indicated that objective one had

a 75% achievement in activity one as 3 out of 4 awareness meetings were held; 100%

achievement for activity 2 where all 4 anticipated multiplication plots were

established. Achievements in output two of objective one indicate a 92%

achievement as 2500 out of 2700 bundles of cassava seeds were purchased,

distributed and planted. For objective two an achievement of 90% was attained as 90

out of planned 100 participants attended the best agriculture practices training , and

90 out of planned participants attended business skills training. With objective three

a 50% achievement was attained as only the part of establishing market plans was

implemented while the study tour part is not yet done.

If the project implementation could start by September, 2013 the first harvests could

be attained making the project to complete the circle but due to unavoidable

circumstances it was not possible to go up to the accomplishment of the third

objective. The project could not be completed within the framework of the study as

the nature of the activity forced it to go beyond the framework. First harvest should

be done in September, 2014. Also lack of enough funds as the project depended on

the DADPs support was not enough for other activities like some trainings.

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5.3 Recommendations

As an MCED student who was involved in the project from the beginning

recommend that project design should be done immediately after prioritizing the

community need and project identification starting with stakeholder analysis, logical

framework analysis and project implementation which entails activity planning and

shows who will do what, when to do, types of inputs needed.

The two activities require technical skills which are rarely available in local

communities, therefore leading to a need of involving a number of Community

Based Organizations that deals with community economic development who work in

the same communities who can also assist. Participatory assessments on economic

needs identification are very broad something if the researcher is not focused can

lose direction. PRAs should be used during the Community Needs Assessment.

The aspect of Design and Implementation of Projects that are bound to sector

specific regulations and policies like seed multiplication should considered to have

a close supervision and cross follow ups. The sector ministries should ensure

provision or availability of disease free planting materials are provided on time. A

close follow up of the Extension Workers who are stationed at the community level

should be ensured for the success of the community projects. Government should

also involve other seed producing stakeholders in order to ensure quality production

of seeds and that they are produced in the required standards. Research institutions

should provide new resistant varieties for multiplication in such areas with

initiatives

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From the literature review side the previous researchers concentrated much on the

research aspect of cassava seeds multiplication but little has been done on the income

sustainability related to sale of seeds. In this view the following are recommended:

i) Strengthen the technical aspect of seed multiplication at the Local Government

Authorities like Pangani.

ii) Community level training on cassava seed multiplication should be emphasized

as is done for other seeds.

iii) Much has been done on seed propagation as compared to vegetative propagation

as is with cassava making literature on community based propagation being hard

to find especially at national level.

The Project Design for Project managers source book was very useful for the course

though for it to be more useful it should be incorporated in the MCED handbook

especially the matrices required in the report. The Participatory Needs Assessment is

a very useful approach for any community worker who needs to empower the

communities economically. The approach is very vital to be introduced to Local

Government Sectors who are dealing with the community in the sense that project

identification and implementation should use the CED outlined procedures. The

model is very vital in coming u with viable economic development projects.

Other specific recommendations are also made for this particular project for Policy

makers who should be encouraging participation of the whole farmers community as

the issue of lack of seeds is still on board within and outside the community. They

should also involve other politicians in advertizing the product within their village to

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the outsiders. Implementation of such projects in other areas should be emphasized

also. On the other hand the Local Government Authorities should use this

community seeds multiplication model for income generation for other crops in the

district. They should also create performance incentives for agriculture officers and

other staff who act as the overseers of community based projects for continuation

ensurance. The community also has to give priority to community based projects and

ensure their continuation by advertising their project in order to attain markets.

Implementation of planned activities , monitoring and evaluation are done as

planned. Project multiplication effect can be attained through dissemination of

project success. As the project benefits will be attained after presentation of this

report, a possibility of attaching another student on the follow up or a continuation of

the project should be made. This will enable the income sustainability to be

measured as supposed to be. Therefore I recommend further studies for this kind of

project.

95

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: Community Needs Assessment Questionnaire

(Tick where appropriate)

Questionnaire No …………………

Village………….……… Name of Respondent …………………………

Number of people in Household …………..

GENERAL INFORMATION

Sex Male ……. Female……….

Years 15 – 25 Years 26 – 40 Years 41 – 59 > 60 years Age

Marital status

Married Not Married

Divorced

Separated Widow/Widower

Education Level:

Primary Education Secondary education CollegeAdult Education None

PART II: RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Economic activities done

Crop Production Livestock Keeping Business Fishing

2. Which is the most dependable activity

Crop Production Livestock Keeping Business Fishing

3. Which are the most grown food crops

Cassava Maize PaddyPulses Sweet Potato

4. Which is the most dependable cash crop

Coconut Oranges Simsim GroundnutsCashew Vegatables Cassava

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5. Which cropping systems do you practice?

Monocropping Intercropping

6. If keeping livestock which types and number do you keep?

Cattle Goat SheepChicken Duck

7. If businessman which type of business do you practice?

Wholesale shop Kiosk SalonRetail shop Food vendor EmployedMarket vendor Hotel Self employed

8. What is your monthly Income in TShs.

0 – 40,000 41,000 - 90,000 90,000 - 100,000 >100,000

9. What challenges do you think are facing your community?

Lack of sustainable income Lack of safe and clean water Low crop productionIncreased disease rate Environmental destruction Low security level

10. Have you attended any of these trainings?

Business skills Running a businessBest agric practices Environmental conservationHealth matters

11. Are pest and diseases a problem in your farming Yes ……. No ……..

12. Is lack of seeds and planting materials a problem Yes …….. No………

13. Which challenges do you face in your daily farming activities

i. …………………………………………………..

ii. …………………………………………………………..

iii. …………………………………………………………..

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iv. …………………………………………………………..

14. Which changes related crop production do you want to see happening in the community?i. …………………………………..ii. …………………………………..iii. …………………………………..iv. ………………………………….

15. Which improvements do you desire to be made?i. …………………………………………..ii. …………………………………………iii. …………………………………………iv. …………………………………………..

16. Which neighbours efforts are worth replicating in your communityi. …………………………………………..ii. ……………………………………………iii. ……………………………………………iv. ……………………………………………

17. Are there any ongoing changes that you are involved?i. …………………………………………………ii. …………………………………………………iii. …………………………………………………iv. …………………………………………………

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APPENDIX 2: Cassava Seeds Multiplication Training Manual

1.0 Introduction:

Developing a training manual is an important part in designing a formal training in

order to ensure consistency in the presentation of the training program. In preparing

any manual, one has to use the ADDIE method in which one has to consider

Analysis of the audience, Design of the training material, Development of the

training material consistent with the design, Implementation of the training and lastly

Evaluation. This manual focuses mostly on cassava production.

This manual is intended to be used by the trainer to training cassava farmers on

improved production techniques. This manual highlights the objectives of the

training, its relevance, target trainees, presentation techniques, learning method,

course contents with the timetable, budget for the training and two detailed training

modules.

2.0 Objective:

To increase the understanding and knowledge of trainees of growing cassava so as to

improve their current practice hence increase cassava production.

2.1 Specific objectives:

By the end of the training participants will be able to:

i. Identify the best cassava planting methods and recommended spacing.

ii. Choose and prepare cassava seeds for planting.

iii. Judge their current methods and the recommended spacing.

iv. Judge their current methods of cassava cultivation against taught methods by

identifying their strengths and weaknesses.

v. Identify different pests and diseases affecting the crop.

vi. Harvesting and handling post harvest losses.

2.2 Relevance:

As the identified project is to deal with multiplication of cassava resistant seeds for

the purpose of increasing income, this manual is important as it ensures a smooth

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provision of basic skills in producing cassava to trainees. By using this manual, the

trainers will be able to go sequentially from land preparation to harvesting then

processing.

Having attained knowledge of improved cassava production through this manual, the

farmers will be able to increase their production hence increased income that will in

turn enable them meet their basic needs.

2.4 Target trainees:

This manual is targeted for Cassava producing farmers.

2.5 Presentation techniques:

The trainer will use lectures which will be much backed up by the experiences of the

trainees (farmers). Some exercises will also be done in between the lectures. Each

topic will be followed by demonstrations and practical in order to enhance learning

by doing.

2.6 Learning method:

The training will be provided by two trainers who are competent with crop

production. The participants will meet at one centre that will be found suitable and

comfortable for them. The learning method will be participatory in the sense that

experience sharing will be leading the sessions. They will give their experiences

according to the topics whenever convenient and this will assist them much in

judging the relevance of their current practices and the taught ones. A two way

communication will also lead.

3.0 Course contents:

The contents of this training include:

Introduction and background of cassava:

The origin, uses and distribution of cassava will be highlighted.

Land preparation – different planting methods

Cassava varieties – identification and characteristics of different varieties.

Selecting and preparing cassava planting materials.

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Management practices.

Pests and diseases and method of controlling them.

Harvesting and post harvesting handling methods.

3.1 Training timetable:

Time Day 1 Day 28:30 – 10:30 Registration

Introduction of the training objectivesParticipant’s Expectations

Guidelines for cassava seed multiplication Management Practices

10:30 – 11:00 TEA BREAK11:00 – 13:00 Introduction of the crop /

background information Cassava Varieties-Preparation of cassava planting materialsPlanting cassava

Pest and diseases

Harvesting

13:00 – 14:00 LUNCH BREAK14:00 – 16:00 Practicals session

Land preparation and planting

Wrap upEvaluation Closure

4.0 Training budget

The training will be conducted on the site by having the farmers come to one centre therefore needing refreshments during the training and not allowances. Expected number of farmers to be trained is 85. The facilitators will have to travel to the village and stay there during the training. Training materials needed are outlined and budgeted for.

The following is the budget for the training:Description Unit No of Units Number of days Unit cost TotalTrainers / Facilitators Each 2 2 25,000 100,000Refreshments Each 100 2 5,000 1,000,000Flipchart papers pcs 2 1 10,000 32,000Marker pens box 2 1 6,000 12,000Exercise books pcs 100 1 500 50,000Pen pcs 100 1 300 30,000Masking tape pcs 2 1 1,000 2,000Handouts pcs 100 1 1,000 100,000

Total 226000

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5.0 Detailed Samples of Training Session:

Module 1: Planting Cassava

Objectives:

i. Understand different varieties of cassava.

ii. Selecting and preparing planting materials – cassava cuttings

iii. Understand different planting methods.

Session 1: Theory

Introduction:

Cassava is a drought resistant crop commercially grown in tropical or sub-tropical

regions as the plant requires warmth and will not tolerate extensive frost. In Tanzania

it is grown in Coast region, Tanga, Kigoma, Mtwara, Morogoro and Kigoma and

also in other areas with an altitutde of 0 to 1500 meters above sea level and

temperatures between 250C to 350C. The plant requires at least 8 months of warm

weather and will grow best in full or partial sun in deep, well draining medium loam.

Cassava is propagated from stem cuttings as roots do not produce buds. Seeds are

only used for breeding purposes.

Plant development:

Cassava is a perennial crop which may continue to grow for a number of years if it is

not pulled up. Its stem grows to a height of 3 to 4 meters. It is vegetatively

propagated by stem cuttings meaning that when a cutting is planted they sprout from

the nodes, with roots developing below the ground and shoots from below the ground

and from the part of the cutting exposed. If many nodes on one cutting sprout many

plants will be produced and it takes from three to six days. During the second phase

which is the first month the roots spread out rapidly at first horizontally then more or

less vertically. During this period the plant grows slowly and lives mainly on the

reserves contained in the cutting.

In the third phase which is that of aerial development lasting for about three or four

months after planting, the stem grows very fast and the plant creates the foliage

which enables the plant to produce reserves that are stored in the tubers.

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The fourth phase is that of tuber development, some roots start to swell but this

process is accelerated when the foliage is full developed.

Tubers grow very rapidly during the fourth to eighth month, and after that it starts

growing slowly. The maturity period of cassava varies depending on varieties but

early maturing varieties between 9 to 12 months while late maturing go from 1.5 to 2

years. Yield per hectare is between 15 to 25 tons. The dry period is the good time for

harvesting as the tubers are less wet, richer in starch and have stopped growing.

Uses of cassava:

Tubers: The sweet varieties are boiled but in case of bitter varieties they are

processed into flour which is later used for human consumption, or

processed into livestock feeds as well as raw materials in food

processing industries.

Stem: Used as a source of fuel.

Leaves: Used as vegetables.

Cassava has been advantageous due to some reasons including:

1. It is drought resistant.

2. It is resistant to pests.

3. It has an ability to give good yield on poor soils.

4. It has an ability of remaining in the soil as a famine reserve.

5. It requires little labour.

Land preparation:

Land should be prepared 1 – 2 months before planting. Cassava does not need

logging soil and shade areas. It grows better in loam and deep soil which is obtained

by planting on ridges of 90 – 150cm from one ridge to another. Distance between

ridges depend on the use of the plant meaning that ridges for producing seeds are

90cm apart and for food are 150cm apart. The actual height of the ridge depends on

the type of soil. Ridges enables easy harvesting. In preparing a ridge one has to do

the following:

1. Demarcate the area for the ridge.

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2. Starting from one end and side of the field remove the weeds and draw them

towards the centre of the position of the ridge.

3. Starting from one end and side of the field remove the weeds and draw them

towards the centre of the position of the ridge till the soil and cover the weeds

previously drawn.

4. Continue the process in 3 above for the whole length of the ridge and the

other side of the position of the ridge.

5. Break big clogs and have a ridge of the required size.

Criteria for choosing best cassava varieties:

i. Suitable for soils and climate.

ii. Resistant to diseases – each area has its own names eg in Tanga we have

Kiroba,

Kiguzo, Kibaha etc

iii. Fast maturing.

iv. Good for food and other uses.

v. Good for storing well in the ground.

Preparing cassava planting materials:

i. Select healthy and mature parent of 8 – 18months old.

ii. Remove the bottom and upper part of the cutting to remain with the middle

part. The bottom part may contain pathogens and the upper part still young

that they can rot easily.

iii. Store the cuttings under shade for 10 days.

iv. Make cuttings of 30 – 45cm and each cutting should have at least 5 - 8

nodes/buds.

v. Treat cuttings with warm water.

Planting cassava cuttings:

There are three methods of planting cassava including slanted method (450),

horizontal and vertical method. Cuttings that are completely buried are less liable to

dry out if there is a risk of drought at planting time if cutting are not completely

110

buried, it is possible to check up on the work that has to be done in cases where paid

labor is being used.

Planting is usually done at a spacing of 50cm x 100cm for seeds purpose and 100cm

x 100cm for food purposes, and the following procedure is to be followed:

For horizontal method:

i. Make a fallow of 8cm – 10cm deep.

ii. Place the cutting and cover with the soil then firm it

For slanting method:

i. Loosen the soil if at all it is hard.

ii. Insert 2/3 of the cutting.

iii. Firm the soil and make sure the cutting buds are facing upwards.

Session 2: Practical

After the theoretical part where presentations are made, a learning by doing session

has to follow bearing in mind that according to the cone of learning of adults (Dr

Pallangyos lecture, 2013), learners retain 90% of what they Hear, see, say, do and

teach others. It has to be observed when training adults that one has to let them say

what they know; do some exercises and let them teach others by sharing experiences .

The practicals have to ensure that each trainee practices what has been taught in the

class.

Module 2: Guidelines for cassava seeds multiplication:

Objectives:

Understand laid down guidelines for cassava seeds multiplication.

Understand important information needed in cassava seeds multiplication..

Understand the concept of multiplied cassava seeds distribution.

Session 1: Theory

Introduction:

Cassava seeds like any other seeds can be multiplied though this is done vegatively.

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The following are issues to be considered during seed multiplication:

1. Use of seeds that are certified and their sources know, where possible each

farm to have two different varieties.

2. The following data should be taken including source of seeds, date of

receiving, planting date.

3. Seed multiplication farms should be located far from the ones with local

varieties.

4. Prepare half and acre farm (individual) and two acre farm (groups) before

receiving seeds.

5. Store seeds under shade for 24 hours before planting.

6. Prepare seeds with 5-7 buds from the parts which are mature.

7. Management practices should be the normal ones ensuring that the seeds will

not be affected by pests and diseases.

Seed distribution plan will entail the following:

a. Date of harvesting and distribution of seeds.b. Number of bundles / cuttings to be distributed.c. Area to benefit with the seeds / destination.d. Date of training / awareness creation on seed security, seeds distribution

which should be done by authorized personnel..e. Harvesting and distribution to be done in agreed time.f. Keep records of all people who collected seeds, amount, source of seeds and

its destination.g. Monitoring and evaluation mechanism.

Session 2: Practicals:

The trainees will be given an opportunity of developing forms that contain the above mentioned information. They will be given enough time to develop the forms.

7.0 Evaluation:

This entails the process of collecting the outcomes needed to determine if the training is effective. It produces the data needed to demonstrate that training does provide benefits to the community and host organization. In this particular training a questionnaire developed by the trainer will be used where after the training

112

participants will write their views in the questionnaire. The following is the evaluation form used in this particular training:

113

TRAINING EVALUATION FORM

Training Title: ………………………..….. Date : ………………..Venue: ……………………………………Instructions: Do not write your name

1. Complete the following form by checking and put a tick (√)to the column of your choice

Details Good Fair Poori. Training preparations

ii. Training venue iii. Services provided iv. Topics coveragev. Facilitator’s presentation skills

vi. Facilitator’s competency in the subjects/topicsvii. Timing of the training

viii. Adherence of participants views during training ix. Participatory training

2. Were your expectations met? YES [ ] NO [ ]

If No, what did you expect ? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Mention TWO THINGS that made you happy during the training(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……

4. Mention TWO THINGS that did not make you happy during the training(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……5. When you go back what new things acquired from the training do you expect to practice

i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

ii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Give your views to enable the training providers to improve their services:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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APPENDIX 3: Group’s Cassava Seeds Purchase Form

GROUP NAME …………………………………………………………………………

Date of Purchase

Source of Seeds Variety Number of Seeds

115

APPENDIX 4: Farmer’s Cassava Seeds Distribution Form

FARMERS NAME: ……………………………………………

Source of Seeds

Date of Receiving

Number of Seeds

Date of Planting

Number of Seeds Planted

116

APPENDIX5 : Group’s Cassava Seeds Distribution Form

Group Name …………………………………………….

Date Name of Farmer Number of bundles

Variety Area of Planting

117

APPENDIX 6: Farmer’s Cassava Seeds Sales Form

NAME OF FARMER ………………………………………………………..

Date Sold To Number of Bundles

Variety Value in Tshs.

118

APPENDIX 7: Project Photographs

Figure 1: Area Survey with One of the Group Leader and an Agriculture Officer during the Initial Stages of Project Implementation

Figure 2: Land Preparation at Various Stages Where Frequent Supervisions Were Done By Researcher (at Middle) and Village Agriculture Extension Officer

119

Figure 3: Land Preparation at Various Stages in One among the Groups

Figure 3: Land Preparation Methods Used By another Group

120

Figure 5: One of the Established Cassava Seeds Multiplication Plots Waiting For Harvesting

Figure 4: Seed Survey in Madanga in April, 2014