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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

Cold Breakfast Cereal Unit Cost and

Corresponding Ingredient Content

Introduction

Currently the United States is experiencing a less than perfect financial situation, where

economic hardships are encouraging consumers to give extra attention on spending habits.

Financial difficulties can be felt with almost every facet of daily living. The effects of a

lackluster national economy and the resulting consequences felt among families across the nation

have yielded in a heightened awareness of monetary value- many times the discussion of

economic deprivations arise first thing in the morning during breakfast. Morning conversations

regarding the distressed finances often stem from what is presented on the dining table.

Consumer food choices and its relationship with breakfast food spending can be expressed with a

myriad of selections and one the primary breakfast items found in virtually every house in the

nation is cold, ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal.

Available finances frequently dictate the decisions consumers make regarding cereal

selection. Pursuing personal flavor preferences while simultaneously adhering to a grocery

budget is not always an available consumer option for many households. By determining

whether a relationship exists between cold, RTE ingredients and unit price provides for a better

assessment as to which types of cereal are purchasable within the financial means of the

consumer.

Many cereal consumers have to forgo personal brand preferences in lieu for more

economical varieties of cereals with an implicit belief that a reduction in cereal unit cost has an

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTinherent negative consequence in flavor and nutritional health benefits. Whether or not this is

true can be determined by assessing the nutritional value of the cereals; sugar content, for

example, where a greater amount of sugar found in a particular cereal corresponds to greater unit

cost of cold, RTE cereals. For consumers that are restricted to a limited income and are

constrained to a short list of cereal options, being aware of how cereal ingredients are related to

unit cost will aid determining if personal nutritional preferences are within personal economic

means.

By expressing how cereal ingredients are related to the unit price the consumer will be

better informed as to how to best maintain personal cereal flavor preferences within limited

monetary dispositions. Furthermore, additional insights can also be determined, such as: whether

or not traditional and healthier cereal varieties are cheaper or more expensive than cereals that

are comparatively laden with substantially greater amount of sugar. Ultimately, not only does

this research seek to determine the corresponding relationship between cold breakfast cereal unit

cost and ingredient content, but also facilitates in providing greater knowledge of which types of

cereals are available within specific monetary ranges. Providing cereal flavor preference while

simultaneously saving money and supplementing for additional expendable income not only

makes for a more satisfying breakfast experience (especially for households with many

dwellers), but also stimulates discretionary spending among consumers.

Literature Review

Breakfast choices, regarding RTE cereals, are responsible for a substantial part of both

personal and/or household monetary spending. RTE cereal is by far the most popular breakfast

food choice in the United States- beyond other breakfast foodstuffs, such as: bagels, quick

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTbreads, or eggs and toast (Gejdenson and Schumer 1999). The RTE cereal industry is a

metaphorical Goliath when compared to other breakfast food preparations. An average, RTE

cereal represents about two-thirds of all breakfast foods and consumers purchase more than a

billion units of RTE cereals annually (Gejdenson and Schumer 1999 and Gillespie 1995). When

combined, the total average of RTE cereal consumption per person equates to about 12 pounds

per year (Gejdenson and Schumer 1999).

RTE cereal consumers in the United States are responsible for creating a gargantuan

industry that yields sizable revenues within the breakfast foods market. It has been determined

that in 1987 the combined sales within the RTE cereal market were approximately $4 billion

(Levy 1987) and $9 billion in 2005 (Lee 2005 and Gejdenson and Schumer 1999). This rise in

gross sales is disproportionately large when compared to national inflation rates: 5.5% for 1980-

1989 and 3.0% for 1990-1999 (Metzen, S.R and Morgan, K.J. 1979). As the price of cold RTE

cereals increase in price over time the choices in product purchase will become more limited.

The importance in finding the best RTE cereal item selection within a monetary budget while

maintaining desired flavor, while simultaneously achieving superior nutritional benefits is

becoming a grocery shopping topic that is being discussed with greater frequency.

When identifying and categorizing the numerous kinds of cereals in the local supermarket

into subsets of levels of nutritional value in regards to price the Food and Drug Administration,

FDA, recommends cereals that are energy-dense and are made of whole-wheat or whole-wheat

bran provide are a primary component in satisfying daily nutritional values (Drewnowski and

Fulgoni 2008).

“To meet the FDA definition of “healthy” foods, the food had to

contain at least 10% of the RDI or the daily reference value (DRV)

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTper reference amount of one or more of six nutrients: protein, fiber,

vitamins A and C, calcium, and iron; it also had to be low in fat

(<3 g), saturated fat (<1 g), cholesterol (<60 mg), and sodium

(<480 mg). Foods were disqualified from health claims if a

serving of food contained >13 g of fat, >4 g of saturated fat, >60

mg of cholesterol, or >480 mg of sodium.” (FDA 2002).

Cereal continues to be the dominant breakfast food and in regards to nutritional health is

also a major contributor. However, “In the years 2000 to 2004, Americans consumed 22.2

teaspoons of added sugar each day; this amount of sugar is equivalent to an excess 355 calories

daily” (Hetzler 2010). This excessive intake of sugar means that unneeded calories are

consumed, yielding in adverse health complications that may include: weight gain, diabetes

mellitus, and heart disease. Although consumers demand to have healthier cereal selections,

customers continue to purchase cereals that are greatly considered as sugary kids’ cereals- it can

be said that RTE cereal is experiencing a popularity comparable to that of fast food, such as

hamburgers and pizzas: RTE cereal is the new junk food.

According to Canstar Blue (2011), an Australian consumer review agency, 25% of cereal

consumers surveyed do not review nutritional information labelling prior to choosing a breakfast

cereal. In addition, 34% of participants didn’t rate low sugar content as a key consideration

when choosing a cereal. The percentage of RTE cereal purchasers are experiencing a nutrition-

taste tradeoff, where the growth of, “food processing sectors adept at producing foods [are]

aimed at the consumer’s palate” (Blaylock et al. 1999). RTE foods are becoming more

commonly found with the addition of fats, sweeteners and salt, all of which create for an

enhanced taste, but yield in negative health effects.

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTOver the past few years, Public Health Authorities have become increasingly

concerned about the evolution of the nutritional quality of processed food products

(Combris, et al. 2010). Processed foods, such as RTE cereals, are a significant source of

dietary nutrition and highlight the necessity and feasibility of reformulation of many

foods that are more favorable in creating a healthier consumer. Furthermore, the cereal

consumer can be deceived by less-than honest promotions of beneficial nutrition from

manufacturers. Although a particular cereal may contain some or many of the ingredients

necessary to qualify as a healthy food, it could be not as nutritious as perceived. The

addition of refined sugars, fats, and other additives could potentially make what would be

popularly considered as healthy as the opposite. Cereal consumers must exercise

heightened visual awareness of possible misleading nutritional claims.

By the 1970’s research has shown that there was a relationship between the

consumption of insoluble dietary fiber and the incidence of colon cancer; continued

research provided evidence that fiber prevents cancer (Ippolito and Mathios 1990). This

scientific proof has provide cereal manufacturers to create RTE cereals that claim to have

nutritious levels of fiber and other healthy ingredients and could conceivably increase

sales as result of information about the health benefits claimed (Levy, A.S. and Stokes,

R.C. 1987).

“Many manufacturers try to entice you by promising their cereal

is "Made with Whole Grain." In fact, it might appear that those

rainbow-colored, sugar-coated rings are the nutritional equal of a

bran flake or shredded wheat, but it's not the case.” (Mclndoo

2010).

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT Although there are numerous references that assess which ingredients are healthier than

others, the existence of a universal cereal nutrition categorization, in which RTE cereals that are

most nutritious and provide the most benefit for optimal health are compared to inferior products

that do not have such healthy components, does not exist. Despite research, there is no definite

government guidelines for sugar serving recommendations other than ‘use sparingly’, according

to the FDA, and a reasonable amount can be assigned by acknowledging previous studies

involving the measurement of sugar in RTE cereals.

Cereal consumers viewed RTE cereals that are high in fiber, protein, and minerals to be

healthy, in that a healthy cereal should contain low sugar, low levels of sodium or fat, whole

grain and/or 100% recommended daily allowance of vitamins. However, a general consensus

was made that healthy cereals are not was flavorful and do not provide a comparative tasty

experience when compared to much less healthy sugary cereals. Whether considered healthy or

not, the taste of the RTE cereal must be good enough to be willingly consumed (Lee and Lee

2006).

The importance of reading the nutrition label of the RTE cereal box and comparing which

ingredients are most beneficial may aid in detouring from front-of-the-box health benefits that

could be used to merely entice an uneducated consumer into making an impulse purchase at not

only the consequence of the customers’ health, but also the bottom dollar.

The most common concerns for RTE cereal customers are as follows

(Canstar Blue 2011):

Too expensive

Cereal goes soggy quickly

High sugar content

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT Lack of nutritional value

Value for money

Determining how RTE cereal ingredients correspond to superior nutritional levels and

price depends on which ingredients are responsible for categorizing cereal healthiness factor.

Although there is a proven relationship between the use of healthier food ingredients, such as

fiber, and the reduction of less healthy ingredients, such as sugar, salts, and fat, with the

prevention of diet related disorders, there are no definitive guidelines, provided by federal health

authorities, that dictate which cereals qualify as beneficial for dietary health. Therefore, the

application of previous studies related to the classification of RTE cereals according to

nutritional value must be observed.

Previous research (namely Consumer Report’s Consumer Union, Cereal Food

Advertising to Children and Teens Score, and the United Kingdom Food Standards Agency

Nutrient Profiling Model), although fundamentally different in ultimate objective share

similarities in the analysis of cereal nutritional comparison. The similarities found between these

studies measure the following variables: sugar, sodium, and dietary fiber content. These

variables will be used in this report’s analysis of cereals and its respective healthiness in regards

to price. Furthermore, an additional common trait found throughout these studies was the

predominance of sugary cereals and the association with higher cereal prices; this trend however,

was not thoroughly assessed with other divisions or categories of cereals according to nutritional

content, but rather other elements, such as advertising and marketing.

Variables including cereal item price and nutritional content will be compared, where a

relationship will be determined that will suggest that when greater quantities of refined sugar is

founded per serving of a particular cereals divided into nutritional health categories the price will

increase.

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTNull Hypothesis: H0: There is no relationship between the price of ready-to-eat cereal and its

ingredients.

Alternate Hypothesis: H1: As the quantity of unhealthy ingredients increases per serving of

ready-to-eat cereal, the cost price of the cereal item will also increase.

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTData and Method

The data acquired for this research was primarily compiled from the Wal-Mart website,

where recent prices and nutrition information was gathered from the grocery shopping portal.

The usefulness of this data was helpful in that the listed prices were uniform across the nation,

with the differed option to shop locally via the online portal. From this website the necessary

variables were identified to determine whether or not there is a correlation between the RTE

cereal ingredients and its price.

Dependent Variable: Cost of cereal

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTIndependent Variables: Calories per serving, Amounts of sugar, dietary fiber, and sodium.

Although the Wal-Mart website is very informative in providing detailed nutrition

information, as well as the item price, the website fails to provide for a uniform standard that

creates for a consistent serving size for all RTE cereals. Furthermore, the identifying

classifications of which cereals fall into particular health categories was a responsibility for the

researcher, as Wal-Mart did not provide such information.

Searching for a nutritional categorical cereal standard for both dependent and

independent variable required additional research among academic journals and consumer

review agencies. In regards to the dependent variable, the division of cereal prices per package

was determined on two primary factors. The first being that all cereals researched on the Wal-

Mart web page were not on sale or temporary shoppers’ special. Furthermore, only common

package sizes were selected; value-size or economical bargains were forgone as the product

promotion could adversely affect the results of the research.

Searching for a method to divide RTE cereal product prices was aided by the research

methods employed by Lee and Lee’s 2006 work, Consumer Insights on Healthy Breakfast

Cereal. In this report the authors segmented the prices of RTE cereals into three ranges: low,

medium, and high. The respective prices were: $2-2.99 for low, $3-3.99 for medium, and $4+

for high priced RTE cereals. As Wal-Mart did not have such a wide plethora of varied priced

cereals, a slight adjustment was made so as to better address the prices provided in the Wal-Mart

website. The divisions of price ranges are as follows: $0-1.99 for low, $2-2.99 for medium, and

$3+ for high. However, although a new range in price schematics was established, its relevance

to nutrition was irrelevant unless the package prices of each cereal was converted to make a

standard measure of value by dividing the package price of the cereal

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTIn regards to independent variables, a similar strategy was employed, as with the

dependent variable where additional research reports that addressed similar topics and methods

as this report were used. For designating sugar, fiber, and sodium levels the official website for

Consumer Reports, Union Reports, was accessed. Within this website it was determined that

dividing sugar, fiber, and sodium ingredients were each divided into low and high ranges, where

the break point for each of the mention independent variables are 5, 5, and 0.140 grams

respectively.

Yet, like the dilemma with the dependent variable, where the assessment of nutrition and

its placement in its respective ranges are not practiced with a universal set range while adhering

to the serving size. It could be very well possible that a particular cereal could out-perform

another brand due to having a different serving size. Therefore, in order to make for a leveled

ground for all cereals, sugar, fiber, and sodium content was calculated by its serving size in

grams, then divided by the how many grams constitute the serving size of each cereal.

The division of each independent variable foodstuff was made into 2 categories of high

and low content after assessing its nutritional food stuff-serving size ratio. Superior content for

fiber was awarded with a number 1 for containing more than 5 grams of dietary fiber, but the

inverse was given for the sugar and sodium, as elevated intake of these ingredients are inherently

detrimental to dietary health. A score of 1 for sugar yields less than 5 grams per serving and a

score of 1 for sodium yields less than 0.140 grams per serving. The same method was employed

for determining the caloric ratio of each RTE cereal by dividing the number of calories per

serving by the serving size in grams.

In order to make for a more simplistic perspective of which cereals are healthy and those

that are not, it was agreed that by collapsing the identifiers of determining nutritional quality in

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTregards to the independent variables. Creating a nutritional index by combining the three

foodstuffs (sugar, fiber, and sodium) ratios into a binomial representation aids in reducing

potential misinterpretation of what constitutes a healthy or less healthy cereal item purchase.

Should any cereal fulfill in obtaining a nutritional index of 3 means that it has score of

superior healthiness by minimizing the levels of sugar and sodium in each cereal serving, while

elevating the presence of fiber. A score of 2 could be a superior result of two out of three

foodstuffs, a score of 1 would result in only one superior foodstuff result meeting the nutritional

criteria, and a score of 0 would yield the least healthy of cereal selections, where it does not meet

any of the minimum requirements to be considered healthy. The path to collapsing the

independent variable data continues by further condensing the identity of what is a healthy cereal

choice by combining nutrition factor scores 3 or 2 were translated into scores of 1 and nutritional

scores of 1 or 0 were translated in scores of 0; thus, making the nutritional index a nominal

index.

The methods chosen to assess the data are as follows:

1. Hypothesis testing with Samples: This testing method was selected as a primary

model due to its popular use among social scientists. Not only is the data to be assessed in

respects to formulated hypotheses, but is to be a determining factor in identifying the strength of

relationships between the dependent and independent variables through statistical inference. A

clear assumption can be made as whether the provided information is strong enough to

definitively reject or not reject the null hypothesis, where no relationships can be determined.

2. Contingency table with Chi-Square Test: Assuming that there is no relationship

between the dependent and independent variables determines whether any apparent relationship

obtained in a sample cross-tabulation is attributable to chance. As the Chi-square statistic is

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTacquired, it can be assessed that as the deviation between observed and expected frequencies

increases as does the inference that a relationship does exist between studied variables.

Furthermore, the calculation of the Chi-square statistic also determines a precise degree of

confidence acknowledging the degree of the relationship between variables.

3. Regression Analysis: As the data provided are interval-level data, the decision to

chose regression analysis for determining the relationship between dependent and independent

variables is obvious, as the statistical relationship focuses on the value of the independent

variable so as to estimate the value of the dependent variable.

A linear regression model will be employed so as to reveal both the direction and

strength of association between cereal ingredients and product price. In addition, an ANOVA

data output will also evaluate any potential the amount of error present in the model and to detail

the proportion of variance between variables, with the application of an F-statistic. Beta weights,

which include R-squared values, will aid in assessing any change in price due to foodstuff

modification. The Durbin-Watson measure will monitor the possibility of multicolliniarity found

among independent variables and finally, the hypothesis will be again acknowledged by studying

p-value measures.

Analysis and Results

1. Hypothesis Testing with Samples:

Step 1: Estimate the population mean. The population mean would be the average of the

price of cereal for every cereal name.

MeanPop: $0.28

Step 2: Estimate the population standard deviation. S = $0.10

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTStep 3: Calculate the standard error of the mean. Divide the population standard

deviation by the square root of the total number found within the sample population.

s.e. = s / (square root 93) = 0.10 / 9.64 = 0.01

Step 4:Test the hypothesis. Find the difference between the sample mean and the

population mean divided by the population standard deviation.

t-score = (Population mean- Sample mean) / standard error of the mean = (0.27 – 0.28) / 0.01 = 1

df = n-1 = 74 – 1 = 73

A t-score of 1 assessed with a level of significance of 0.05, with 73 degrees of freedom,

yields a distribution value of 1.645; thus, tcalc= 1 and t= 1.645. Looking up a t-score of 1 in the

t-table (df=73), the probability of a sample of 74 with a mean of $0.27 is less than 0.1

Step 5: Accept or Reject null hypothesis.

As the t-alpha value is greater than the t-calculated score, it can be determined that the

null hypothesis cannot be rejected, or in other words, the research hypothesis cannot be accepted.

As more than 90% of increased cereal prices in relation to added sugar are due to chance.

Table 1. Calculations for Two Different Sample Sizes

Experimental Sample Control Sample Total Population

Less Healthy Healthy Both

N 74 19 93

Means $0.27 $0.34 $0.28

S 0.09 0.13 0.10

s.e. 0.01 0.03 0.01

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTT-test Assuming Proportions

Step 1: Experimental: p1= 74/93 = 0.796

S1= sqrt(p(1-p))= sqrt(0.796(1-0.796))= 0.403Control: p2= 19/93 = 0.204

S2= sqrt(p(1-p))= sqrt(0.204(1-0.204))= 0.403

Step 2: Calculate s.e for both groups

Experimental: s1/sqrt(n1)= 0.403/sqrt(74)= 0.0468Control: s2/sqt(n2)= 0.403/sqrt(19)= 0.0924

Step 3: Calculate overall s.e.d= sqrt(0.0468^2 + 0.0924^2)= 0.1035

Step 4: Convert the difference between groups in a t-score with df= infinity as thenumber of cases exceeds 30.

(p1-p2) /s.e.d= (0.403-0.403) / 0.1035= 0

A conclusion can be made that the t-calculated statistic found in step 4 (t= 0) does not

exceed 1.282, the t-score associated with the 0.10 level of significance.

Step 5: A probability greater than 0.10 is not good enough to reject the null hypothesis;

the result suggests that there is a greater than 0.10 probability that the null

hypothesis is correct- 90% chance that ingredients have

relationship with cereal price. It can

be concluded that the

experimental

group, less healthy

cereals that

many contain

elevated levels of

sugar and sodium,

with diminished levels of dietary

Table 3. Percent Distribution for Data:

Relationship Between Nutrition Level

and Price    

    Nutrition, %

Price, % Low High

Low 13.51 5.26

Medium 40.54 21.05

High 45.95 73.68

Total 100.00 100.00

Table 4. Hypothetical No-Relationship

Cross-Tabulation for Chi-Square

    Nutrition, %

Price, % Low High

Low 11.83 11.83

Medium 36.56 36.56

High 51.61 51.61

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTfiber, did not yield an increase in cereal cost. Therefore, the null

hypothesis cannot be rejected: There is no relationship between the price of ready-

to-eat cereal and its ingredients.

2. Contingency Tables with Chi-Square Test

Step1: Determine the dependent and independent variables, as noted in the research

hypothesis- As the quantity of sugar and other unhealthy ingredients

increases per serving of ready-to-eat cereal, the cost price of the cereal item will also

increase. The dependent variable would be the price and the independent

variables will be the nutritional value of the cereals as calculated by creating

a collapsed frequency of four possible nutritional categories to 2.

Step 2, 3: Calculate percentages within the variables and ccompute expected frequencies.

Table 5. Calculations for Expected Frequencies and Chi-Square  

Price Nutrition Lev. Obs Freq.   Exp Freq. (Obs-Exp)^2/ExpLow Low 10 =.1183*74 8.75 0.18  Low High 1 =.3656*74 27.05 25.09  

Medium Low 30 =.5161*74 38.19 1.76  

Medium High 4 =.1183*19 2.25 1.37  

High Low 34 =.3656*19 6.95 105.36  

High High 14 =.5161*19 9.81 1.79  

  Total 93   93.00 135.55 =Chi-Square

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

Step 4: Compare the value of Chi-Square computed for the actual cross-tabulation with the appropriate value of Chi-square tabulated in the table of theoretical

values. Degrees of freedom equal (3-1) x (2-1) = 2

Chi-square computed= 135.55

Chi-Square tabulated= p<0.005 = 10.60

There is a probability of 1% that in the long run, an inference will be made that a

relationship will be made that exists in the population when in fact it does not. According to the

decision rule, where if the calculated Chi-square value is greater than the tabulated value for Chi-

square, while considering degrees of freedom, then the null hypothesis must be rejected, or the

null hypothesis cannot be accepted. Therefore, the null hypothesis that claims that there is no

relationship between the cost of cereal and its ingredients must be rejected or the experimental

hypothesis that claims that a relationship does exist must be accepted.

Nominal Measure of Association Based on Chi-Square: Cramer’s V:

V= sqrt(chi-square/(mN)) where m= # of columns – 1= 2N= size of sample= 93

=sqrt(135.55/(2*93) =sqrt(135.55/186) =0.854

Like all measures of association for nominal-level variable, Cramer’s V is always a

positive number. The measure ranges from 0, indicating no relationship between variables, to

1.0+, indicating a perfect relationship.

3. Regression Analysis

Table 6. Variables and Descriptive Statistics

Variable Mean Std. Deviation N= ObsPricePS 0.2803 0.10504 93NutritionIndex 0.2043 0.40538 93

Sugar 0.2648 0.11905 93

Fiber 0.0759 0.0762 93

Sodium 0.0047 0.00239 93

Calories 3.6948 0.37218 93

Table 7. Regression Coefficients

Model B, Coefficients: y- t Sig.PricePS 0.67 3.985 0NutritionIndex -0.061 -1.643 0.104

Sugar -0.24 -2.442 0.017

Fiber -0.1 -0.509 0.612

Sodium -23.497 -4.019 0

Calories -0.053 -1.373 0.173

* Dependent Variable: PricePS

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

Table 8. Model Summary    

R2 Adjusted R2 Std. Error of the Durbin-Watson Std. Error of the ANOVA F-score0.233 0.217 0.189 1.286 0.09457 5.301

Predictors: (Constant), Calories, Sodium, Sugar, Fiber, Nutrition Index

*Dependent Variable: PricePS

Step 1-7: Calculate slope and intercepts, note appendix for table calculations.

Step 8: Y-hat = a + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + b4X4 + b5X5 + e

=0.67 + 1.06 X1 – 0.12X2 – 0.02X3 + 0.00X4 + 0.16X5 + e

Table 9. Regression intercepts and slopes  

Intercepts a Slopes b a * b

a1 -0.0919 b1 1.0566 -0.0971

a2 0.3 b2 -0.12081 -0.0362

a3 0.07764 b3 -0.01831 -0.0014

a4 0.00461 b4 0.00025 0.0000

a5 3.65461 b5 0.15604 0.5703

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTStep 9: Calculate: standard error of the estimate, coefficient of determination, and

standard error of the slope- assess measures of goodness. Note

appendix for calculations.

Table 10. Measures of Goodness  

  Std. Er. Est. Coef. Det. Std.Err,b

  Sy|x r^2 sb

Y1 0.395 0.0725 0.3983

Y2 0.12 0.2074 0.0901

Y3 0.077 0.0031 0.054

Y4 0.002 0 0.0016

Y5 0.375 0 0.2391

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTDiscussion and Further Analysis

The results found with the provided data made for less than perfect results, where

conflicts in the relationships between the dependent and independent variables were evident.

Initial hypothesis tests have found that inferior t-test scores for both the initial calculations and

later another t-test with assuming proportions with a control variable comprised of foodstuffs

other than sugar, i.e. fiber and sodium. Thus, it can be determined that there is a low likelihood

of these foodstuffs influencing the individual prices of RTE cereals.

The great majority of the relationship between the dependent and independent variables

are left to chance, as the correlation strength between these variables determined by t-test has

shown to be weak, with scores falling below the 0.10 probability on the t-distribution table with

infinite degrees of freedom. Therefore, provided the processed data and the dismal result

compared with the t-scores yield in the rejection of the alternate hypothesis and the refusal the

reject the null hypothesis.

Null Hypothesis: H0: There is no relationship between the price of ready-to-eat cereal

and its ingredients.

Alternate Hypothesis: H1: As the quantity of unhealthy ingredients increases per serving

of ready-to-eat cereal, the cost price of the cereal item will also increase.

More interestingly, the second method, contingency table with applied chi-square test,

used to assess the possible relationship between cereal ingredients and the respective price

yielded a result that provided for a strong possibility for a relationship between the dependent

and independent variables. According to the contingency data, it can be noted that the

percentage relationship between nutrition level and price per serving demonstrates a strong

relationship with high nutrition and high prices, however, chi-squared analysis proves that the

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTrelationship between cereal cost and nutrition have alternate results. Chi-square testing has

demonstrated a relationship between moderately price RTE cereals and low nutritional health.

The compared value of the calculated chi-square value to that of the tabulated score

favors the calculated score, about 136 v. 11. As the calculated value of chi-square is much

greater than its tabulated counter-part, there is a probability of 1% that in the long run, an

inference will be made that a relationship will be made that exists in the population when in fact

it does not. This means that despite having a very sizable calculated chi-square statistic, it could

misrepresent the data in misidentifying particular independent variables’ potential weight to

influence the cereal price.

Indeed, this is true as with Cramer’s V, the calculated chi-square statistic is again proven

that a relationship between dependent and independent variables exists, however pinpointing the

origin of relationship when compared to contingency tables is not as specific. However, the

resulting score for Cramer’s V was 0.854; as this number more closely approaches 1, the

stronger the possibility of inter-variable action, where the independent variables, such as sugar,

fiber, or sodium content determines the strength of its relationship with cereal price. The null

hypothesis, as stated in the beginning of this document, is rejected- a relationship between

independent variable or variables do exist.

In regards to linear regression, the results were not favorable and will provide much

opportunity for improvement. The relationship between cereal price and constituting ingredients

are very small, despite numerous evaluations and measures. In researching for a commonality

between ingredients and cost this report has yielded confronting analyses that prove that this

report has many flaws that need to be addressed.

Measures of goodness of fit are primary tools in evaluating data and explaining

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COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTcorrelation and variance. The first measure of goodness of fit is the standard error of the

estimate; this measures the amount of error when predicting Y, when given X. A well-designed

statistical analysis can accurately estimate Y hat variation with a predicted value of Y. However,

prevalence in the amount of errors undermines the center hypothetical topic, that the ingredients

of a cereal dictate the cost of the item. Similarly, when comparing the coefficients of

determination also stresses that the ratio of experimental variance to total variance in Y. Due to

the provided data the coefficient of determination fails to acknowledge the reduction of error be

using the regression line to the total error guessing the mean. Furthermore, a seemingly small r-

square value prevents a relationship from being observed; the r-square rating totaled only about

0.3- as smaller ranks are deemed more likely to fail in gaining strong, reciprocal dependent-

independent relationship.

The coefficient of determination’s r-square rating prevents this project from identifying

price-ingredient relationships. Perhaps, an adjusted r-square measurement would provide for a

more accurate picture of the explanatory power of this model by adjusting for the presence of

partial slopes with insignificant values. After running the data through SPSS, the adjusted r-

square was 0.217- lower than the original r-square value. When the adjusted r-square value is

greater than the r-square the statistical significance it can be determined that the data model does

not much statistical significance and has possibly has significant partial slopes. It can be

assumed that by either acknowledging the common r-square or the adjusted modification, the

data presented does not matter the experimental hypothesis. In fact, this project’s r-square values

can assume that the relationship between cereal cost and its ingredients only comprise about 30%

of correlation; therefore, it can be determined that about 70% of cereal prices are governed by

chance and the ingredients have little responsibility in the overall cost for a box of RTE cereal.

23

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTThe third measurement of goodness of fit, standard error of the slope, explains variance

as a percentage and much like the previous tools of statistical measurement has demonstrated

that with its low numbers of coefficiency the data provided and the method it was studied yielded

in scores close to zero, indicating that the likelihood of a relationship between dependent and

independent variables to be very small. In addition, standard of error scores that hover around

the zero mark exhibit insignificant slopes and often are found to have reduced r-square values,

thus inclining the message that the choice in independent variables were in poor in an attempt to

convey a relationship with unit cost of RTE cereals. The measurements of goodness of fit have

all reached the same conclusion that small numerical coefficients are not conducive in creating

strong relations between the variable provided.

In an effort to continue to assess the dearth of potentially valuable and useful data and

affiliated relations between dependent and independent variables more statistical diagnoses were

undertaken. Testing for multicollinearity identifies an important assumption when creating

linear relationships, where variables can be identified and determined if it shares a linear path

with another variable. The presence of inflated and inconsistent standard error of the estimate

statistics is a trademark of multicollinearity. Also, multicollinearity can also be pinpointed by

linear equations that yield in high adjusted r-squares with insignificant slope coefficients- the

closer the r-square value is to one, the more likely that multicollinearity is a problem. Although

the coefficient statistics have provided for less than streamlined and perfect relationships that

ideally correspond to each other, the prevalence of multicollinearity is present, but not

devastating.

Yet another test to demonstrate the relationship between the provided variables is the F-

statistic. This measurement assesses whether partial slope coefficients for all the independent

24

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTvariables should be identified and taken as a group and are equaled to zero. Should most or all of

the slope coefficients in a multiple regression lack explanatory power, the F-statistic will be low.

Conversely, a larger F-statistic is more likely to identify one or more of independent variables as

statistically significant. The F-statistic produced by SPSS has yielded in a small number, 5.301.

Just like how small slope values correspond to diminished variable relationships, a small F-score

is also an indicator of increased multicollinearity. Compared to larger F-scores, such as 50,

which indicates that there is almost, if not any, chance that all the partial slopes are equal to zero.

The F-statistic provided in this report indicates that the possibility of the independent variables

being too closely related is strong and the prevalence of multicollinearity to be unavoidable.

25

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTAnother concern that needs to be brought to attention is the possibility of autocorrelation,

or the assumption that errors are not correlated. Although correlated errors are predominantly an

issue that is usually found in time series analyses, the problem with autocorrelation is that the

standard errors of the slopes are not given enough attention. Statistical mistakes could

potentially result in slopes that may appear to be significant, when in fact, they are not. To test

for the possibility of autocorrelation the Durbin-Watson statistic will be used. By counting the

number of independent variables and the number of observations or cases within a study an

assessment can be made as to how error positively or negatively affects the null and

experimental hypotheses.

SPSS has provided this study with a Durbin-Watson score of 1.286. Upon reception of

this score a Durbin-Watson table aids in guiding that score within an upper and lower range.

Should the lower limit be less than 4, the perfect positive autocorrelation, and less than the

Durbin-Watson value one must reject the proposed null hypothesis with negative autocorrelation.

On the other hand, a lower limit score that outperforms both the Durbin-Watson score and is

greater than zero forces the researcher to reject the null hypothesis with positive autocorrelation.

The provided Durbin-Watson score of 1.286 is smaller than, the upper and lower limits, 1.776

and 1.542, provided in the statistical table. Therefore, it can be determined, that the null

hypothesis must be rejected and that the research has a propensity for greater positive

autocorrelation.

26

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTConclusion

The experimental hypothesis that a relationship, or relationships, exists between the

contents of RTE cereals and its respective price cannot be completely determined. Although chi-

square testing has revealed a relationship between moderately price RTE cereals and low

nutritional health from its ingredients, alternative assumptions can be made. Furthermore, a

graphic analysis visually demonstrates that a relationship between a couple independent

variables and the dependent variable does exist. It can be observed that sugary cereals have

achieved the title as most expensive RTE cereal and that as less sugar is found within the

ingredients, the product price of the cereal goes up as well. This negatively reciprocal

relationship is noted, however, the weight that should be placed on the reliability of this

observation is not definitive. Likewise, a slight positive relationship can be noted with the

presence of fiber, where increased prevalence of this product in RTE cereals yields in a positive

correlation- the price increased with more dietary fiber found in the cereal. Yet, like with the

sugar example just mentioned, these trends are not to be trusted as they are highly variable and

more closely resembles a heteroskedastic representation that is heavily loaded with outliers,

potential errors in data acquisition, and disagreeable independent variables.

In order to improve upon this research model it is advisable that additional considerations

be addressed, so as to aid in the elimination of collinear trends and prevent autocorrelation, while

seeking more advantageous independent variables that also contribute in identifying additional

routes to positively influence the dependent variable. Additional variables that could be

responsible for varying the price of a box of cereal may include a multitude of variables.

When purchasing RTE cereal the time of the year could dictate eating frequency and

choice of product. It can be assumed that more cold cereal is consumed during warm seasons,

27

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENThowever, that is to be assessed. Additionally, a factor that is probably more important than the

ingredients of the cereal itself is the advertising and marketing that promotes that particular

product. Initial research for this project revealed that the cereal industry is governed by public

awareness and the ability to coax shoppers into purchasing particular cereal items is paramount.

The amount of revenue that is invested in the marketing and promotion of RTE cereals are more

than any other industry, as noted on a blog from the Consumer Reports website. Frequently, the

influence of advertising on purchase power transcends personal necessity. Those that are more

susceptible to being influenced by such campaigns could have a strong influence on the overall

pricing schematics of RTE cereals. Additionally, those that could be identified, as potential

marketing targets are also additional independent variables, as age and gender probably also

dictate how cereals are manufactured and sold. In searching for the relationship between cereal

ingredients and cost, comparing product prices across multiple grocers would also aid the

production of better results and more distinctive variable relations. Although the cereal industry

may seem benign in its operations, however, manufacturers may attempt to sell unhealthy

selections under the guise of something more nutritiously beneficial. Ultimately, it is up to the

consumer to make the best decisions when purchasing their favorite cereals, be it because of any

reason from health preference to financial fastidiousness.

28

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

References

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Blaylock, J., D. Smallwood, K. Kassel, J. Variyam, and L. Aldrich. 1999. AEconomics,

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J.L. (2010). Nutritional Quality and Labeling of Ready-to-Eat Breakfast Cereals: The

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Ippolito, P.M. and Mathios, A.D. (1990). Information, Advertising and Health Choices: A Study

of the Cereal Market. The RAND Journal of Economics, 21(3), 459-480.

29

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Lee, C.M. and Lee, S.Y. (2007). Consumer Insights on Healthy Breakfast Cereal- A Focus

Group Research. Journal of Sensory Studies, 22(2007), 417-432.

Levy, A.S. and Stokes, R.C. (1987). Effects of a Health Promotion Advertising Campaign on

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McIndoo, H. (2010). Whole Grain Breakfast Cereals: Top Ways To Start Your Days.

Environmental Nutrition. 1(2010), 5.

Metzen, S.R and Morgan, K.J. (1979). A Hedonic Index for Breakfast Cereals, Journal of

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Sherer, F.M., (1979). The Welfare Economics of Product Variety: An Application to the Ready-

to- Eat Cereals Industry. The Journal of Industrial Economics. 28(2), 113-134.

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30

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

31

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

32

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTAppendix

Appendix: Master Data Sheet 1Table A-1. Master Data Sheet 1      

Cereal Price per Serving Refined Sugar, g Dietary Fiber, g Sodium, g Collapsed N. Index1 $0.00 0 2 0.00 12 $0.27 9 1 0.16 0

3 $0.33 4 2 0.01 1

4 $0.33 6 2 0.00 0

5 $0.41 16 2 0.20 0

6 $0.41 14 2 0.11 0

7 $0.41 14 3 0.10 0

8 $0.25 12 1 0.12 0

9 $0.29 1 1 0.19 0

10 $0.25 9 1 0.17 0

11 $0.25 9 2 0.14 0

12 $0.25 9 2 0.19 0

13 $0.21 9 2 0.18 0

14 $0.30 8 0 0.19 0

15 $0.23 3 1 0.29 0

16 $0.27 9 1 0.23 0

17 $0.25 2 0 0.24 0

18 $0.41 5 1 0.34 0

19 $0.22 10 1 0.22 0

20 $0.19 12 1 0.15 0

21 $0.24 11 1 0.15 0

22 $0.46 16 4 0.13 0

23 $0.40 10 9 0.26 0

24 $0.46 6 13 0.28 0

25 $0.40 13 11 0.26 0

26 $0.24 0 14 0.11 1

27 $0.29 6 3 0.23 0

28 $0.26 11 1 0.27 0

29 $0.21 20 4 0.20 0

30 $0.33 10 1 0.22 0

31 $0.12 12 0 0.17 0

32 $0.16 5 5 0.21 0

33 $0.13 10 1 0.21 0

34 $0.21 11 5 0.00 1

35 $0.17 13 1 0.16 0

36 $0.15 12 0 0.15 0

37 $0.17 15 0 0.05 0

38 $0.15 11 1 0.16 0

39 $0.20 18 7 0.35 0

33

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT40 $0.13 13 1 0.20 0

41 $0.15 1 3 0.19 0

42 $0.44 7 6 0.00 1

43 $0.44 9 5 0.00 1

44 $0.39 12 8 0.13 1

45 $0.39 12 8 0.14 0

46 $0.39 13 8 0.10 1

47 $0.28 5 5 0.09 1

48 $0.45 13 4 0.13 0

49 $0.44 9 6 0.01 1

50 $0.44 9 1 0.20 0

51 $0.66 10 7 0.13 1

52 $0.28 12 1 0.12 0

53 $0.18 8 13 0.20 0

54 $0.31 15 6 0.15 0

55 $0.25 16 0 0.11 0

56 $0.27 12 0 0.13 0

57 $0.28 12 6 0.01 1

58 $0.39 12 5 0.00 1

59 $0.27 19 7 0.35 0

60 $0.35 14 3 0.26 0

61 $0.16 12 1 0.14 0

62 $0.26 7 1 0.18 0

63 $0.15 2 1 0.20 0

64 $0.15 12 0 0.11 0

65 $0.25 3 1 0.21 0

67 $0.23 10 0 0.13 0

68 $0.14 11 1 0.14 0

69 $0.29 12 5 0.00 1

70 $0.32 12 6 0.20 0

71 $0.28 4 1 0.22 0

72 $0.25 19 7 0.35 0

73 $0.22 20 4 0.21 0

74 $0.20 3 0 0.32 0

75 $0.28 7 1 0.17 0

76 $0.22 11 1 0.14 0

77 $0.45 10 5 0.11 1

78 $0.28 10 1 0.22 0

79 $0.24 9 1 0.16 0

80 $0.26 3 3 0.21 0

81 $0.21 11 1 0.19 0

82 $0.36 11 6 0.10 1

83 $0.37 6 3 0.20 0

84 $0.18 12 1 0.17 0

34

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT85 $0.17 4 3 0.13 1

86 $0.36 14 5 0.23 0

87 $0.24 12 1 0.18 0

88 $0.40 17 5 0.23 0

89 $0.24 5 3 0.19 0

90 $0.25 13 0 0.18 0

91 $0.24 4 0 0.19 0

92 $0.44 14 5 0.15 0

93 $0.33 9 5 0.13 1

94 $0.19 6 2 0.16 1

Appendix: Master Data Sheet 2

Table. A2- Master data sheet: Price and Nutrition

   Cereal Price

per Hi (2), Med (1),

Refined Sugar,

High (0),

Dietary Fiber,

High (1),

Sodium, g

High (0),

N. Ratingagg.:

N. Collapsed Alf's Puffed Red Wheat $0.09 0 0 1 2 0 0.00 1 2 1

Banana Nut Cheerios $0.27 2 9 0 1 0 0.16 0 0 0Bear Naked Fit Vanilla Almond $0.33 2 4 1 2 0 0.01 1 2 1Bear Naked Fruit And Nut $0.33 2 6 0 2 0 0.00 1 1 0Cascadian Farm Cinnamon Raisin $0.41 2 16 0 2 0 0.20 0 0 0Cascadian Farm Oats & Honey $0.41 2 14 0 2 0 0.11 1 1 0Cascadian Farm Fruit And Nut $0.41 2 14 0 3 0 0.10 1 1 0Cheerios Apple Cinnamon Cereal $0.25 1 12 0 1 0 0.12 1 1 0Cheerios Cereal $0.29 2 1 1 1 0 0.19 0 1 0Cheerios Chocolate $0.25 1 9 0 1 0 0.17 0 0 0Cheerios Fruity Cereal $0.25 1 9 0 2 0 0.14 0 0 0Cheerios Honey Nut $0.25 1 9 0 2 0 0.19 0 0 0Cheerios Yogurt Burst $0.21 1 9 0 2 0 0.18 0 0 0Chex Cinnamon $0.30 2 8 0 0 0 0.19 0 0 0Chex Corn Cereal $0.23 1 3 1 1 0 0.29 0 1 0Chex Honey Nut $0.27 2 9 0 1 0 0.23 0 0 0Chex Rice $0.25 1 2 1 0 0 0.24 0 1 0Chex Wheat $0.41 2 5 0 1 0 0.34 0 0 0Cinnamon Toast Crunch $0.22 1 10 0 1 0 0.22 0 0 0Cocoa Puffs $0.19 1 12 0 1 0 0.15 0 0 0Cookie Crisp $0.24 1 11 0 1 0 0.15 0 0 0Crunchy Almond Oatmeal Crisp $0.46 2 16 0 4 0 0.13 1 1 0Fiber One Caramel Delight $0.40 2 10 0 9 1 0.26 0 1 0Fiber One Honey Clusters $0.46 2 6 0 13 1 0.28 0 1 0Fiber One Sweetened Wheat & Bran $0.40 2 13 0 11 1 0.26 0 1 0Fiber One Original $0.24 1 0 1 14 1 0.11 1 3 1Honey Kix $0.29 2 6 0 3 0 0.23 0 0 0Golden Grahams $0.26 2 11 0 1 0 0.27 0 0 0

35

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTGreat Value Crunchy Raisin Bran $0.21 1 20 0 4 0 0.20 0 0 0Great Value Strawberry Awake $0.33 2 10 0 1 0 0.22 0 0 0Great Value Berry Crunch $0.12 0 12 0 0 0 0.17 0 0 0Great Value Bran Flakes $0.16 0 5 0 5 1 0.21 0 1 0Great Value Cinnamon Crunch $0.13 0 10 0 1 0 0.21 0 0 0Great Value Frosted Shredded Wheat $0.21 1 11 0 5 1 0.00 1 2 1Great Value Fruity Puffs $0.17 1 13 0 1 0 0.16 0 0 0Great Value Fruity Sparkles $0.15 0 12 0 0 0 0.15 0 0 0Great Value Honey Crunch $0.17 1 15 0 0 0 0.05 1 1 0Great Value Honey Nut Spins $0.15 0 11 0 1 0 0.16 0 0 0Great Value Raisin Bran $0.20 1 18 0 7 1 0.35 0 1 0Great Value Sugar Frosted Flakes $0.13 0 13 0 1 0 0.20 0 0 0Great Value Toasted Whole Grain $0.15 0 1 1 3 0 0.19 0 1 0Kashi Autumn Wheat $0.44 2 7 0 6 1 0.00 1 2 1Kashi Cinnamon Harvest $0.44 2 9 0 5 1 0.00 1 2 1Kashi Golean Crisp! $0.39 2 12 0 8 1 0.13 1 2 1Kashi Golean Crunch Honey Almond $0.39 2 12 0 8 1 0.14 0 1 0Kashi Golean Crunch! Protein $0.39 2 13 0 8 1 0.10 1 2 1Kashi Heart To Heart Honey Oat $0.28 2 5 0 5 1 0.09 1 2 1Kashi Heart To Heart Blueberry $0.45 2 13 0 4 0 0.13 1 1 0Kashi Organic Promise $0.44 2 9 0 6 1 0.01 1 2 1Kashi Strawberry Fields $0.44 2 9 0 1 0 0.20 0 0 0Kashi U Black Currants $0.66 2 10 0 7 1 0.13 1 2 1Kellogg's Cinnabon Crunchy $0.28 2 12 0 1 0 0.12 1 1 0All-Bran Branbuds $0.18 1 8 0 13 1 0.20 0 1 0Cracklin' Oat Bran $0.31 2 15 0 6 1 0.15 0 1 0Froot Loops Marshmallow $0.25 2 16 0 0 0 0.11 1 1 0Frosted Krispies $0.27 2 12 0 0 0 0.13 1 1 0Frosted Mini-Wheats $0.28 2 12 0 6 1 0.01 1 2 1Frosted Mini-Wheats Blueberry $0.39 2 12 0 5 1 0.00 1 2 1Raisin Bran Sweet Raisins $0.27 2 19 0 7 1 0.35 0 1 0Smart Start $0.35 2 14 0 3 0 0.26 0 0 0Apple Jacks $0.16 0 12 0 1 0 0.14 0 0 0Cinnamon Pecan $0.26 2 7 0 1 0 0.18 0 0 0Kellogg's Corn Flakes $0.15 0 2 1 1 0 0.20 0 1 0Corn Pops $0.15 0 12 0 0 0 0.11 1 1 0Crispix $0.25 1 3 1 1 0 0.21 0 1 0Crunchy Nut Golden Honey $0.23 1 10 0 0 0 0.13 1 1 0Kellogg's Frosted Flakes $0.14 0 11 0 1 0 0.14 0 0 0Frosted Mini-Wheats Strawberry $0.29 2 12 0 5 1 0.00 1 2 1Frosted Mini-Wheats Chocolate $0.32 2 12 0 6 1 0.20 0 1 0Special K $0.28 2 4 1 1 0 0.22 0 1 0Kellogg's Raisin Bran $0.25 1 19 0 7 1 0.35 0 1 0Kellogg's Raisin Bran Crunch $0.22 1 20 0 4 0 0.21 0 0 0

36

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTKellogg's Rice Krispies $0.20 1 3 1 0 0 0.32 0 1 0Special K Blueberry $0.28 2 7 0 1 0 0.17 0 0 0Special K Fruit & Yogurt $0.22 1 11 0 1 0 0.14 0 0 0Special K Low Fat Touch Of Honey $0.45 2 10 0 5 1 0.11 1 2 1Special K Red Berries $0.28 2 10 0 1 0 0.22 0 0 0Special K Vanilla Almond $0.24 1 9 0 1 0 0.16 0 0 0Kix Crispy Corn Puffs $0.26 2 3 1 3 0 0.21 0 1 0Lucky Charms $0.21 1 11 0 1 0 0.19 0 0 0Malt-O-Meal Blueberry Mini Spooners $0.36 2 11 0 6 1 0.10 1 2 1Multigrain Cheerios $0.37 2 6 0 3 0 0.20 0 0 0Honey Graham $0.18 1 12 0 1 0 0.17 0 0 0Grape-Nuts Flakes $0.17 1 4 1 3 0 0.13 1 2 1Raisin Nut Bran Almond Raisin $0.36 2 14 0 5 1 0.23 0 1 0Reese's Puffs $0.24 1 12 0 1 0 0.18 0 0 0Total Raisin Bran $0.40 2 17 0 5 1 0.23 0 1 0Total Whole Grain $0.24 1 5 0 3 0 0.19 0 0 0Trix Cereal $0.25 1 13 0 0 0 0.18 0 0 0Wheaties Cereal $0.24 1 4 1 0 0 0.19 0 1 0Wheaties Fuel Cereal $0.44 2 14 0 5 1 0.15 0 1 0Cinnamon Burst Cheerios $0.33 2 9 0 5 1 0.13 1 2 1Life Original Cereal $0.19 1 6 0 2 0 0.16 0 0 1

Appendix: Master Data Sheet 3Table A3: Master Data Sheet- Ratio of Serving

               Cereal Serving,

gSugar,g Sugar, g

Sugar rat

Fiber, g

Fiber,rat. NaCl,g NaCl, rat Cal,g Cal. Rat.Alf's Puffed Red Wheat 14 0 0 2 0.14 0.00 0.000 60 4.29Banana Nut Cheerios 28 9 0.32 1 0.04 0.16 0.006 100 3.57Bear Naked Fit Vanilla Almond 30 4 0.13 2 0.07 0.01 0.000 120 4.00Bear Naked Fruit And Nut 30 6 0.20 2 0.07 0.00 0.000 140 4.67Cascadian Farm Cinnamon Raisin

55 16 0.29 2 0.04 0.20 0.004 210 3.82Cascadian Farm Oats & Honey 55 14 0.25 2 0.04 0.11 0.002 230 4.18Cascadian Farm Fruit And Nut 52 14 0.27 3 0.06 0.10 0.002 210 4.04Cheerios Apple Cinnamon Cereal

30 12 0.40 1 0.03 0.12 0.004 120 4.00Cheerios Cereal 28 1 0.04 1 0.04 0.19 0.007 100 3.57Cheerios Chocolate 27 9 0.33 1 0.04 0.17 0.006 100 3.70Cheerios Fruity Cereal 27 9 0.33 2 0.07 0.14 0.005 100 3.70Cheerios Honey Nut 28 9 0.32 2 0.07 0.19 0.007 110 3.93Cheerios Yogurt Burst 30 9 0.30 2 0.07 0.18 0.006 120 4.00Chex Cinnamon 30 8 0.27 0 0.00 0.19 0.006 120 4.00Chex Corn Cereal 31 3 0.10 1 0.03 0.29 0.009 120 3.87Chex Honey Nut 32 9 0.28 1 0.03 0.23 0.007 120 3.75Chex Rice 27 2 0.07 0 0.00 0.24 0.009 100 3.70Chex Wheat 47 5 0.11 1 0.02 0.34 0.007 160 3.40Cinnamon Toast Crunch 31 10 0.32 1 0.03 0.22 0.007 130 4.19

37

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTCocoa Puffs 27 12 0.44 1 0.04 0.15 0.006 110 4.07Cookie Crisp 26 11 0.42 1 0.04 0.15 0.006 100 3.85Crunchy Almond Oatmeal Crisp 60 16 0.27 4 0.07 0.13 0.002 240 4.00Fiber One Caramel Delight 50 10 0.20 9 0.18 0.26 0.005 180 3.60Fiber One Honey Clusters 52 6 0.12 13 0.25 0.28 0.005 160 3.08Fiber One Sweetened Wheat & Bran

55 13 0.24 11 0.20 0.26 0.005 170 3.09Fiber One Original 30 0 0.00 14 0.47 0.11 0.004 60 2.00Honey Kix 33 6 0.18 3 0.09 0.23 0.007 120 3.64Golden Grahams 31 11 0.35 1 0.03 0.27 0.009 120 3.87Great Value Crunchy Raisin Bran

53 20 0.38 4 0.08 0.20 0.004 190 3.58Great Value Strawberry Awake 31 10 0.32 1 0.03 0.22 0.007 110 3.55Great Value Berry Crunch 26 12 0.46 0 0.00 0.17 0.007 100 3.85Great Value Bran Flakes 29 5 0.17 5 0.17 0.21 0.007 90 3.10Great Value Cinnamon Crunch 30 10 0.33 1 0.03 0.21 0.007 130 4.33Great Value Frosted Shredded Wheat

52 11 0.21 5 0.10 0.00 0.000 180 3.46Great Value Fruity Puffs 30 13 0.43 1 0.03 0.16 0.005 120 4.00Great Value Fruity Sparkles 28 12 0.43 0 0.00 0.15 0.005 110 3.93Great Value Honey Crunch 27 15 0.56 0 0.00 0.05 0.002 100 3.70Great Value Honey Nut Spins 30 11 0.37 1 0.03 0.16 0.005 120 4.00Great Value Raisin Bran 56 18 0.32 7 0.13 0.35 0.006 210 3.75Great Value Sugar Frosted Flakes

31 13 0.42 1 0.03 0.20 0.006 120 3.87Great Value Toasted Whole Grain

28 1 0.04 3 0.11 0.19 0.007 100 3.57Kashi Autumn Wheat 54 7 0.13 6 0.11 0.00 0.000 190 3.52Kashi Cinnamon Harvest 54 9 0.17 5 0.09 0.00 0.000 190 3.52Kashi Golean Crisp! 51 12 0.24 8 0.16 0.13 0.003 190 3.73Kashi Golean Crunch Honey Almond

53 12 0.23 8 0.15 0.14 0.003 200 3.77Kashi Golean Crunch! Protein 53 13 0.25 8 0.15 0.10 0.002 190 3.58Kashi Heart To Heart Honey Oat

33 5 0.15 5 0.15 0.09 0.003 110 3.33Kashi Heart To Heart Blueberry 55 13 0.24 4 0.07 0.13 0.002 200 3.64Kashi Organic Promise 55 9 0.16 6 0.11 0.01 0.000 160 2.91Kashi Strawberry Fields 32 9 0.28 1 0.03 0.20 0.006 120 3.75Kashi U Black Currants 55 10 0.18 7 0.13 0.13 0.002 200 3.64Kellogg's Cinnabon Crunchy 30 12 0.40 1 0.03 0.12 0.004 120 4.00All-Bran Branbuds 30 8 0.27 13 0.43 0.20 0.007 70 2.33Cracklin' Oat Bran 49 15 0.31 6 0.12 0.15 0.003 200 4.08Froot Loops Marshmallow 30 16 0.53 0 0.00 0.11 0.004 120 4.00Frosted Krispies 30 12 0.40 0 0.00 0.13 0.004 110 3.67Frosted Mini-Wheats 59 12 0.20 6 0.10 0.01 0.000 200 3.39Frosted Mini-Wheats Blueberry 52 12 0.23 5 0.10 0.00 0.000 180 3.46Raisin Bran Sweet Raisins 59 19 0.32 7 0.12 0.35 0.006 190 3.22Smart Start 50 14 0.28 3 0.06 0.26 0.005 190 3.80Apple Jacks 28 12 0.43 1 0.04 0.14 0.005 110 3.93Cinnamon Pecan 30 7 0.23 1 0.03 0.18 0.006 120 4.00Kellogg's Corn Flakes 28 2 0.07 1 0.04 0.20 0.007 100 3.57

38

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENTCorn Pops 29 12 0.41 0 0.00 0.11 0.004 110 3.79Crispix 29 3 0.10 1 0.03 0.21 0.007 110 3.79Crunchy Nut Golden Honey 31 10 0.32 0 0.00 0.13 0.004 120 3.87Kellogg's Frosted Flakes 30 11 0.37 1 0.03 0.14 0.005 110 3.67Frosted Mini-Wheats Strawberry

52 12 0.23 5 0.10 0.00 0.000 180 3.46Frosted Mini-Wheats Chocolate 55 12 0.22 6 0.11 0.20 0.004 200 3.64Special K 31 4 0.13 1 0.03 0.22 0.007 120 3.87Kellogg's Raisin Bran 59 19 0.32 7 0.12 0.35 0.006 190 3.22Kellogg's Raisin Bran Crunch 53 20 0.38 4 0.08 0.21 0.004 190 3.58Kellogg's Rice Krispies 33 3 0.09 0 0.00 0.32 0.010 120 3.64Special K Blueberry 27 7 0.26 1 0.04 0.17 0.006 100 3.70Special K Fruit & Yogurt 32 11 0.34 1 0.03 0.14 0.004 120 3.75Special K Low Fat Touch Of Honey

52 10 0.19 5 0.10 0.11 0.002 190 3.65Special K Red Berries 31 10 0.32 1 0.03 0.22 0.007 110 3.55Special K Vanilla Almond 30 9 0.30 1 0.03 0.16 0.005 110 3.67Kix Crispy Corn Puffs 30 3 0.10 3 0.10 0.21 0.007 110 3.67Lucky Charms 27 11 0.41 1 0.04 0.19 0.007 110 4.07Malt-O-Meal Blueberry Mini Spooners

55 11 0.20 6 0.11 0.10 0.002 190 3.45Multigrain Cheerios 29 6 0.21 3 0.10 0.20 0.007 110 3.79Honey Graham 27 12 0.44 1 0.04 0.17 0.006 110 4.07Grape-Nuts Flakes 29 4 0.14 3 0.10 0.13 0.004 110 3.79Raisin Nut Bran Almond Raisin 49 14 0.29 5 0.10 0.23 0.005 180 3.67Reese's Puffs 29 12 0.41 1 0.03 0.18 0.006 120 4.14Total Raisin Bran 53 17 0.32 5 0.09 0.23 0.004 160 3.02Total Whole Grain 30 5 0.17 3 0.10 0.19 0.006 100 3.33Trix Cereal 32 13 0.41 0 0.00 0.18 0.006 120 3.75Wheaties Cereal 27 4 0.15 0 0.00 0.19 0.007 100 3.70Wheaties Fuel Cereal 55 14 0.25 5 0.09 0.15 0.003 210 3.82Cinnamon Burst Cheerios 33 9 0.27 5 0.15 0.13 0.004 120 3.64Life Original Cereal 32 6 0.19 2 0.06 0.16 0.005 120 3.75

Table A-4: Linear Regression: Y1- NutritionIndex          

              (X -X bar) *  

Cereal X X bar X - X bar Y1 Y1 bar Y1 - Y1 bar (Y1 - Y1 bar) (X - X bar)^2

1 0.0909 0.2803 -0.1894 1 0.2043 0.7957 -0.1507 0.0359

2 0.2709 0.2803 -0.0094 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0019 0.0001

3 0.3255 0.2803 0.0452 1 0.2043 0.7957 0.0359 0.0020

4 0.3255 0.2803 0.0452 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0092 0.0020

39

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT5 0.4100 0.2803 0.1297 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0265 0.0168

6 0.4100 0.2803 0.1297 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0265 0.0168

7 0.4100 0.2803 0.1297 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0265 0.0168

8 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0065 0.0010

9 0.2867 0.2803 0.0064 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0013 0.0000

10 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0065 0.0010

11 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0065 0.0010

12 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0065 0.0010

13 0.2129 0.2803 -0.0674 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0138 0.0045

14 0.2982 0.2803 0.0179 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0037 0.0003

15 0.2308 0.2803 -0.0495 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0101 0.0025

16 0.2733 0.2803 -0.0070 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0014 0.0000

17 0.2523 0.2803 -0.0280 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0057 0.0008

18 0.4100 0.2803 0.1297 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0265 0.0168

19 0.2187 0.2803 -0.0616 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0126 0.0038

20 0.1929 0.2803 -0.0874 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0178 0.0076

21 0.2400 0.2803 -0.0403 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0082 0.0016

22 0.4550 0.2803 0.1747 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0357 0.0305

23 0.4044 0.2803 0.1241 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0254 0.0154

24 0.4550 0.2803 0.1747 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0357 0.0305

25 0.4044 0.2803 0.1241 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0254 0.0154

26 0.2427 0.2803 -0.0376 1 0.2043 0.7957 -0.0299 0.0014

27 0.2880 0.2803 0.0077 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0016 0.0001

28 0.2618 0.2803 -0.0185 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0038 0.0003

29 0.2114 0.2803 -0.0689 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0141 0.0047

30 0.3255 0.2803 0.0452 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0092 0.0020

31 0.1165 0.2803 -0.1638 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0335 0.0268

40

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

32 0.1576 0.2803 -0.1227 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0251 0.0150

33 0.1338 0.2803 -0.1466 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0299 0.0215

34 0.2062 0.2803 -0.0741 1 0.2043 0.7957 -0.0590 0.0055

35 0.1657 0.2803 -0.1146 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0234 0.0131

36 0.1538 0.2803 -0.1265 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0258 0.0160

37 0.1675 0.2803 -0.1128 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0230 0.0127

38 0.1450 0.2803 -0.1353 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0276 0.0183

39 0.2000 0.2803 -0.0803 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0164 0.0064

40 0.1276 0.2803 -0.1527 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0312 0.0233

41 0.1489 0.2803 -0.1314 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0268 0.0173

42 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 1 0.2043 0.7957 0.1288 0.0262

43 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 1 0.2043 0.7957 0.1288 0.0262

44 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 1 0.2043 0.7957 0.0873 0.0120

45 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0224 0.0120

46 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 1 0.2043 0.7957 0.0873 0.0120

47 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 1 0.2043 0.7957 0.0027 0.0000

48 0.4457 0.2803 0.1654 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0338 0.0274

49 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 1 0.2043 0.7957 0.1288 0.0262

50 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0331 0.0262

51 0.6633 0.2803 0.3830 1 0.2043 0.7957 0.3048 0.1467

52 0.2778 0.2803 -0.0025 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0005 0.0000

53 0.1835 0.2803 -0.0968 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0198 0.0094

54 0.3120 0.2803 0.0317 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0065 0.0010

55 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0065 0.0010

56 0.2709 0.2803 -0.0094 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0019 0.0001

57 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 1 0.2043 0.7957 0.0027 0.0000

41

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

58 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 1 0.2043 0.7957 0.0873 0.0120

59 0.2680 0.2803 -0.0123 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0025 0.0002

60 0.3500 0.2803 0.0697 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0142 0.0049

61 0.1576 0.2803 -0.1227 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0251 0.0150

62 0.2600 0.2803 -0.0203 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0041 0.0004

63 0.1489 0.2803 -0.1314 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0268 0.0173

64 0.1488 0.2803 -0.1316 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0269 0.0173

65 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0065 0.0010

67 0.2292 0.2803 -0.0511 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0104 0.0026

68 0.1355 0.2803 -0.1448 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0296 0.0210

69 0.2867 0.2803 0.0064 1 0.2043 0.7957 0.0051 0.0000

70 0.3225 0.2803 0.0422 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0086 0.0018

71 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0007 0.0000

72 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0065 0.0010

73 0.2229 0.2803 -0.0574 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0117 0.0033

74 0.1987 0.2803 -0.0816 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0167 0.0067

75 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0007 0.0000

76 0.2150 0.2803 -0.0653 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0133 0.0043

77 0.4457 0.2803 0.1654 1 0.2043 0.7957 0.1316 0.0274

78 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0007 0.0000

79 0.2400 0.2803 -0.0403 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0082 0.0016

80 0.2618 0.2803 -0.0185 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0038 0.0003

81 0.2050 0.2803 -0.0753 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0154 0.0057

82 0.3644 0.2803 0.0841 1 0.2043 0.7957 0.0670 0.0071

83 0.3725 0.2803 0.0922 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0188 0.0085

84 0.1800 0.2803 -0.1003 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0205 0.0101

42

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

85 0.1733 0.2803 -0.1070 1 0.2043 0.7957 -0.0851 0.0114

86 0.3640 0.2803 0.0837 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0171 0.0070

87 0.2400 0.2803 -0.0403 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0082 0.0016

88 0.4044 0.2803 0.1241 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0254 0.0154

89 0.2427 0.2803 -0.0376 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0077 0.0014

90 0.2523 0.2803 -0.0280 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0057 0.0008

91 0.2363 0.2803 -0.0441 0 0.2043 -0.2043 0.0090 0.0019

92 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 0 0.2043 -0.2043 -0.0331 0.0262

93 0.3311 0.2803 0.0508 1 0.2043 0.7957 0.0404 0.0026

94 0.1875 0.2803 -0.0928 1 0.2043 0.7957 -0.0738 0.0086

Intercept, a1= -0.0919 =Y1 bar - b1*X bar       1.0377 0.9822

Slope, b1= 1.0566 =1.0377/0.9822       numerator, b denominator, b

Table A-5: Linear Regression: Y2- Sugar          

              (X -X bar) *  

Cereal X X bar X - X bar Y2 Y2 bar Y2 - Y2 bar (Y2 - Y2 bar) (X - X bar)^2

1 0.3255 0.2803 0.0452 0.000 0.2648 -0.2648 -0.0120 0.0020

2 0.4100 0.2803 0.1297 0.321 0.2648 0.0566 0.0073 0.0168

3 0.4100 0.2803 0.1297 0.133 0.2648 -0.1315 -0.0171 0.0168

4 0.4100 0.2803 0.1297 0.200 0.2648 -0.0648 -0.0084 0.0168

5 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.291 0.2648 0.0261 -0.0008 0.0010

6 0.2867 0.2803 0.0064 0.255 0.2648 -0.0103 -0.0001 0.0000

7 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.269 0.2648 0.0044 -0.0001 0.0010

8 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.400 0.2648 0.1352 -0.0043 0.0010

9 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.036 0.2648 -0.2291 0.0073 0.0010

43

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

10 0.2129 0.2803 -0.0674 0.333 0.2648 0.0685 -0.0046 0.0045

11 0.2982 0.2803 0.0179 0.333 0.2648 0.0685 0.0012 0.0003

12 0.2308 0.2803 -0.0495 0.321 0.2648 0.0566 -0.0028 0.0025

13 0.2733 0.2803 -0.0070 0.300 0.2648 0.0352 -0.0002 0.0000

14 0.2523 0.2803 -0.0280 0.267 0.2648 0.0019 -0.0001 0.0008

15 0.4100 0.2803 0.1297 0.097 0.2648 -0.1680 -0.0218 0.0168

16 0.2187 0.2803 -0.0616 0.281 0.2648 0.0165 -0.0010 0.0038

17 0.1929 0.2803 -0.0874 0.074 0.2648 -0.1907 0.0167 0.0076

18 0.2400 0.2803 -0.0403 0.106 0.2648 -0.1584 0.0064 0.0016

19 0.4550 0.2803 0.1747 0.323 0.2648 0.0578 0.0101 0.0305

20 0.4044 0.2803 0.1241 0.444 0.2648 0.1796 0.0223 0.0154

21 0.4550 0.2803 0.1747 0.423 0.2648 0.1583 0.0277 0.0305

22 0.4044 0.2803 0.1241 0.267 0.2648 0.0019 0.0002 0.0154

23 0.2427 0.2803 -0.0376 0.200 0.2648 -0.0648 0.0024 0.0014

24 0.2880 0.2803 0.0077 0.115 0.2648 -0.1494 -0.0012 0.0001

25 0.2618 0.2803 -0.0185 0.236 0.2648 -0.0284 0.0005 0.0003

26 0.2114 0.2803 -0.0689 0.000 0.2648 -0.2648 0.0182 0.0047

27 0.3255 0.2803 0.0452 0.182 0.2648 -0.0830 -0.0037 0.0020

28 0.1165 0.2803 -0.1638 0.355 0.2648 0.0900 -0.0147 0.0268

29 0.1576 0.2803 -0.1227 0.377 0.2648 0.1126 -0.0138 0.0150

30 0.1338 0.2803 -0.1466 0.323 0.2648 0.0578 -0.0085 0.0215

31 0.2062 0.2803 -0.0741 0.462 0.2648 0.1967 -0.0146 0.0055

32 0.1657 0.2803 -0.1146 0.172 0.2648 -0.0924 0.0106 0.0131

33 0.1538 0.2803 -0.1265 0.333 0.2648 0.0685 -0.0087 0.0160

34 0.1675 0.2803 -0.1128 0.212 0.2648 -0.0533 0.0060 0.0127

35 0.1450 0.2803 -0.1353 0.433 0.2648 0.1685 -0.0228 0.0183

44

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

36 0.2000 0.2803 -0.0803 0.429 0.2648 0.1638 -0.0132 0.0064

37 0.1276 0.2803 -0.1527 0.556 0.2648 0.2908 -0.0444 0.0233

38 0.1489 0.2803 -0.1314 0.367 0.2648 0.1019 -0.0134 0.0173

39 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 0.321 0.2648 0.0566 0.0092 0.0262

40 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 0.419 0.2648 0.1546 0.0250 0.0262

41 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 0.036 0.2648 -0.2291 -0.0251 0.0120

42 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 0.130 0.2648 -0.1352 -0.0148 0.0120

43 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 0.167 0.2648 -0.0981 -0.0108 0.0120

44 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 0.235 0.2648 -0.0295 -0.0001 0.0000

45 0.4457 0.2803 0.1654 0.226 0.2648 -0.0384 -0.0063 0.0274

46 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 0.245 0.2648 -0.0195 -0.0032 0.0262

47 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 0.152 0.2648 -0.1133 -0.0183 0.0262

48 0.6633 0.2803 0.3830 0.236 0.2648 -0.0284 -0.0109 0.1467

49 0.2778 0.2803 -0.0025 0.164 0.2648 -0.1012 0.0003 0.0000

50 0.1835 0.2803 -0.0968 0.281 0.2648 0.0165 -0.0016 0.0094

51 0.3120 0.2803 0.0317 0.182 0.2648 -0.0830 -0.0026 0.0010

52 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.400 0.2648 0.1352 -0.0043 0.0010

53 0.2709 0.2803 -0.0094 0.267 0.2648 0.0019 0.0000 0.0001

54 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 0.306 0.2648 0.0413 0.0001 0.0000

55 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 0.533 0.2648 0.2685 0.0295 0.0120

56 0.2680 0.2803 -0.0123 0.400 0.2648 0.1352 -0.0017 0.0002

57 0.3500 0.2803 0.0697 0.203 0.2648 -0.0614 -0.0043 0.0049

58 0.1576 0.2803 -0.1227 0.231 0.2648 -0.0340 0.0042 0.0150

59 0.2600 0.2803 -0.0203 0.322 0.2648 0.0572 -0.0012 0.0004

60 0.1489 0.2803 -0.1314 0.280 0.2648 0.0152 -0.0020 0.0173

61 0.1488 0.2803 -0.1316 0.429 0.2648 0.1638 -0.0215 0.0173

45

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

62 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.233 0.2648 -0.0315 0.0010 0.0010

63 0.2292 0.2803 -0.0511 0.071 0.2648 -0.1934 0.0099 0.0026

64 0.1355 0.2803 -0.1448 0.414 0.2648 0.1490 -0.0216 0.0210

65 0.2867 0.2803 0.0064 0.103 0.2648 -0.1614 -0.0010 0.0000

67 0.3225 0.2803 0.0422 0.323 0.2648 0.0578 0.0024 0.0018

68 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 0.367 0.2648 0.1019 0.0003 0.0000

69 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.231 0.2648 -0.0340 0.0011 0.0010

70 0.2229 0.2803 -0.0574 0.218 0.2648 -0.0466 0.0027 0.0033

71 0.1987 0.2803 -0.0816 0.129 0.2648 -0.1358 0.0111 0.0067

72 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 0.322 0.2648 0.0572 0.0002 0.0000

73 0.2150 0.2803 -0.0653 0.377 0.2648 0.1126 -0.0074 0.0043

74 0.4457 0.2803 0.1654 0.091 0.2648 -0.1739 -0.0288 0.0274

75 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 0.259 0.2648 -0.0055 0.0000 0.0000

76 0.2400 0.2803 -0.0403 0.344 0.2648 0.0790 -0.0032 0.0016

77 0.2618 0.2803 -0.0185 0.192 0.2648 -0.0725 0.0013 0.0003

78 0.2050 0.2803 -0.0753 0.323 0.2648 0.0578 -0.0044 0.0057

79 0.3644 0.2803 0.0841 0.300 0.2648 0.0352 0.0030 0.0071

80 0.3725 0.2803 0.0922 0.100 0.2648 -0.1648 -0.0152 0.0085

81 0.1800 0.2803 -0.1003 0.407 0.2648 0.1426 -0.0143 0.0101

82 0.1733 0.2803 -0.1070 0.200 0.2648 -0.0648 0.0069 0.0114

83 0.3640 0.2803 0.0837 0.207 0.2648 -0.0579 -0.0048 0.0070

84 0.2400 0.2803 -0.0403 0.444 0.2648 0.1796 -0.0072 0.0016

85 0.4044 0.2803 0.1241 0.138 0.2648 -0.1269 -0.0158 0.0154

86 0.2427 0.2803 -0.0376 0.286 0.2648 0.0209 -0.0008 0.0014

87 0.2523 0.2803 -0.0280 0.414 0.2648 0.1490 -0.0042 0.0008

88 0.2363 0.2803 -0.0441 0.321 0.2648 0.0560 -0.0025 0.0019

46

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

89 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 0.167 0.2648 -0.0981 -0.0159 0.0262

90 0.3311 0.2803 0.0508 0.406 0.2648 0.1415 0.0072 0.0026

91 0.1875 0.2803 -0.0928 0.148 0.2648 -0.1167 0.0108 0.0086

92 -0.0919 0.2803 -0.3722 0.255 0.2648 -0.0103 0.0038 0.1385

93 1.0566 0.2803 0.7763 0.273 0.2648 0.0079 0.0062 0.6026

94 0.0000 0.2803 -0.2803 0.188 0.2648 -0.0773 0.0217 0.0786

Intercept, a2= 0.3000057 =Y2 bar - b2* X bar       -0.2131 1.7638

Slope, b2= -0.1208104 =-0.2140/1.7039       numerator, b denominator, b

Table A-6: Linear Regression: Y3- Fiber          

              (X -X bar) *  

Cereal X X bar X - X bar Y3 Y3 bar Y3 - Y3 bar (Y3 - Y3 bar) (X - X bar)^2

1 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.143 0.0759 0.0670 -0.0021 0.0010

2 0.2867 0.2803 0.0064 0.036 0.0759 -0.0402 -0.0003 0.0000

3 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.067 0.0759 -0.0092 0.0003 0.0010

4 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.067 0.0759 -0.0092 0.0003 0.0010

5 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.036 0.0759 -0.0395 0.0013 0.0010

6 0.2129 0.2803 -0.0674 0.036 0.0759 -0.0395 0.0027 0.0045

7 0.2982 0.2803 0.0179 0.058 0.0759 -0.0182 -0.0003 0.0003

8 0.2308 0.2803 -0.0495 0.033 0.0759 -0.0426 0.0021 0.0025

9 0.2733 0.2803 -0.0070 0.036 0.0759 -0.0402 0.0003 0.0000

10 0.2523 0.2803 -0.0280 0.037 0.0759 -0.0389 0.0011 0.0008

11 0.4100 0.2803 0.1297 0.074 0.0759 -0.0018 -0.0002 0.0168

12 0.2187 0.2803 -0.0616 0.071 0.0759 -0.0045 0.0003 0.0038

47

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

13 0.1929 0.2803 -0.0874 0.067 0.0759 -0.0092 0.0008 0.0076

14 0.2400 0.2803 -0.0403 0.000 0.0759 -0.0759 0.0031 0.0016

15 0.4550 0.2803 0.1747 0.032 0.0759 -0.0436 -0.0076 0.0305

16 0.4044 0.2803 0.1241 0.031 0.0759 -0.0447 -0.0055 0.0154

17 0.4550 0.2803 0.1747 0.000 0.0759 -0.0759 -0.0133 0.0305

18 0.4044 0.2803 0.1241 0.021 0.0759 -0.0546 -0.0068 0.0154

19 0.2427 0.2803 -0.0376 0.032 0.0759 -0.0436 0.0016 0.0014

20 0.2880 0.2803 0.0077 0.037 0.0759 -0.0389 -0.0003 0.0001

21 0.2618 0.2803 -0.0185 0.038 0.0759 -0.0374 0.0007 0.0003

22 0.2114 0.2803 -0.0689 0.067 0.0759 -0.0092 0.0006 0.0047

23 0.3255 0.2803 0.0452 0.180 0.0759 0.1041 0.0047 0.0020

24 0.1165 0.2803 -0.1638 0.250 0.0759 0.1741 -0.0285 0.0268

25 0.1576 0.2803 -0.1227 0.200 0.0759 0.1241 -0.0152 0.0150

26 0.1338 0.2803 -0.1466 0.467 0.0759 0.3908 -0.0573 0.0215

27 0.2062 0.2803 -0.0741 0.091 0.0759 0.0150 -0.0011 0.0055

28 0.1657 0.2803 -0.1146 0.032 0.0759 -0.0436 0.0050 0.0131

29 0.1538 0.2803 -0.1265 0.075 0.0759 -0.0004 0.0001 0.0160

30 0.1675 0.2803 -0.1128 0.032 0.0759 -0.0436 0.0049 0.0127

31 0.1450 0.2803 -0.1353 0.000 0.0759 -0.0759 0.0103 0.0183

32 0.2000 0.2803 -0.0803 0.172 0.0759 0.0965 -0.0078 0.0064

33 0.1276 0.2803 -0.1527 0.033 0.0759 -0.0426 0.0065 0.0233

34 0.1489 0.2803 -0.1314 0.096 0.0759 0.0203 -0.0027 0.0173

35 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 0.033 0.0759 -0.0426 -0.0069 0.0262

36 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 0.000 0.0759 -0.0759 -0.0123 0.0262

37 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 0.000 0.0759 -0.0759 -0.0083 0.0120

38 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 0.033 0.0759 -0.0426 -0.0047 0.0120

48

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

39 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 0.125 0.0759 0.0491 0.0054 0.0120

40 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 0.032 0.0759 -0.0436 -0.0001 0.0000

41 0.4457 0.2803 0.1654 0.107 0.0759 0.0312 0.0052 0.0274

42 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 0.111 0.0759 0.0352 0.0057 0.0262

43 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 0.093 0.0759 0.0167 0.0027 0.0262

44 0.6633 0.2803 0.3830 0.157 0.0759 0.0810 0.0310 0.1467

45 0.2778 0.2803 -0.0025 0.151 0.0759 0.0750 -0.0002 0.0000

46 0.1835 0.2803 -0.0968 0.151 0.0759 0.0750 -0.0073 0.0094

47 0.3120 0.2803 0.0317 0.152 0.0759 0.0756 0.0024 0.0010

48 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.073 0.0759 -0.0032 0.0001 0.0010

49 0.2709 0.2803 -0.0094 0.109 0.0759 0.0332 -0.0003 0.0001

50 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 0.031 0.0759 -0.0447 -0.0001 0.0000

51 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 0.127 0.0759 0.0514 0.0056 0.0120

52 0.2680 0.2803 -0.0123 0.033 0.0759 -0.0426 0.0005 0.0002

53 0.3500 0.2803 0.0697 0.433 0.0759 0.3574 0.0249 0.0049

54 0.1576 0.2803 -0.1227 0.122 0.0759 0.0465 -0.0057 0.0150

55 0.2600 0.2803 -0.0203 0.000 0.0759 -0.0759 0.0015 0.0004

56 0.1489 0.2803 -0.1314 0.000 0.0759 -0.0759 0.0100 0.0173

57 0.1488 0.2803 -0.1316 0.102 0.0759 0.0258 -0.0034 0.0173

58 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.096 0.0759 0.0203 -0.0006 0.0010

59 0.2292 0.2803 -0.0511 0.119 0.0759 0.0427 -0.0022 0.0026

60 0.1355 0.2803 -0.1448 0.060 0.0759 -0.0159 0.0023 0.0210

61 0.2867 0.2803 0.0064 0.036 0.0759 -0.0402 -0.0003 0.0000

62 0.3225 0.2803 0.0422 0.033 0.0759 -0.0426 -0.0018 0.0018

63 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 0.036 0.0759 -0.0402 -0.0001 0.0000

64 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.000 0.0759 -0.0759 0.0024 0.0010

49

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

65 0.2229 0.2803 -0.0574 0.034 0.0759 -0.0414 0.0024 0.0033

67 0.1987 0.2803 -0.0816 0.000 0.0759 -0.0759 0.0062 0.0067

68 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 0.033 0.0759 -0.0426 -0.0001 0.0000

69 0.2150 0.2803 -0.0653 0.096 0.0759 0.0203 -0.0013 0.0043

70 0.4457 0.2803 0.1654 0.109 0.0759 0.0332 0.0055 0.0274

71 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 0.032 0.0759 -0.0436 -0.0001 0.0000

72 0.2400 0.2803 -0.0403 0.119 0.0759 0.0427 -0.0017 0.0016

73 0.2618 0.2803 -0.0185 0.075 0.0759 -0.0004 0.0000 0.0003

74 0.2050 0.2803 -0.0753 0.000 0.0759 -0.0759 0.0057 0.0057

75 0.3644 0.2803 0.0841 0.037 0.0759 -0.0389 -0.0033 0.0071

76 0.3725 0.2803 0.0922 0.031 0.0759 -0.0447 -0.0041 0.0085

77 0.1800 0.2803 -0.1003 0.096 0.0759 0.0203 -0.0020 0.0101

78 0.1733 0.2803 -0.1070 0.032 0.0759 -0.0436 0.0047 0.0114

79 0.3640 0.2803 0.0837 0.033 0.0759 -0.0426 -0.0036 0.0070

80 0.2400 0.2803 -0.0403 0.100 0.0759 0.0241 -0.0010 0.0016

81 0.4044 0.2803 0.1241 0.037 0.0759 -0.0389 -0.0048 0.0154

82 0.2427 0.2803 -0.0376 0.109 0.0759 0.0332 -0.0012 0.0014

83 0.2523 0.2803 -0.0280 0.103 0.0759 0.0275 -0.0008 0.0008

84 0.2363 0.2803 -0.0441 0.037 0.0759 -0.0389 0.0017 0.0019

85 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 0.103 0.0759 0.0275 0.0045 0.0262

86 0.3311 0.2803 0.0508 0.102 0.0759 0.0261 0.0013 0.0026

87 0.1875 0.2803 -0.0928 0.034 0.0759 -0.0414 0.0038 0.0086

88 -0.0919 0.2803 -0.3722 0.094 0.0759 0.0184 -0.0069 0.1385

89 1.0566 0.2803 0.7763 0.100 0.0759 0.0241 0.0187 0.6026

90 0.0000 0.2803 -0.2803 0.000 0.0759 -0.0759 0.0213 0.0786

91 0.3000 0.2803 0.0197 0.000 0.0759 -0.0759 -0.0015 0.0004

50

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

92 -0.1208 0.2803 -0.4011 0.091 0.0759 0.0150 -0.0060 0.1609

93 0.0000 0.2803 -0.2803 0.152 0.0759 0.0756 -0.0212 0.0786

94 0.0000 0.2803 -0.2803 0.063 0.0759 -0.0134 0.0038 0.0786

Intercept, a3= 0.0776379 =Y3 bar - b3* X bar       -0.0372 2.0298

Slope, b3= -0.0183131 =-0.0187/2.0144       numerator, b denominator, b

Table A-7: Linear Regression: Y4- Sodium          

              (X -X bar) *  

Cereal X X bar X - X bar Y4 Y4 bar Y4 - Y4 bar (Y4 - Y4 bar) (X - X bar)^2

1 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.000 0.0047 -0.0047 0.0002 0.0010

2 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.006 0.0047 0.0010 0.0000 0.0010

3 0.2129 0.2803 -0.0674 0.000 0.0047 -0.0044 0.0003 0.0045

4 0.2982 0.2803 0.0179 0.000 0.0047 -0.0047 -0.0001 0.0003

5 0.2308 0.2803 -0.0495 0.004 0.0047 -0.0011 0.0001 0.0025

6 0.2733 0.2803 -0.0070 0.002 0.0047 -0.0027 0.0000 0.0000

7 0.2523 0.2803 -0.0280 0.002 0.0047 -0.0029 0.0001 0.0008

8 0.4100 0.2803 0.1297 0.004 0.0047 -0.0007 -0.0001 0.0168

9 0.2187 0.2803 -0.0616 0.007 0.0047 0.0021 -0.0001 0.0038

10 0.1929 0.2803 -0.0874 0.006 0.0047 0.0016 -0.0001 0.0076

11 0.2400 0.2803 -0.0403 0.005 0.0047 0.0003 0.0000 0.0016

12 0.4550 0.2803 0.1747 0.007 0.0047 0.0021 0.0004 0.0305

13 0.4044 0.2803 0.1241 0.006 0.0047 0.0013 0.0002 0.0154

14 0.4550 0.2803 0.1747 0.006 0.0047 0.0016 0.0003 0.0305

15 0.4044 0.2803 0.1241 0.009 0.0047 0.0047 0.0006 0.0154

16 0.2427 0.2803 -0.0376 0.007 0.0047 0.0025 -0.0001 0.0014

51

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

17 0.2880 0.2803 0.0077 0.009 0.0047 0.0042 0.0000 0.0001

18 0.2618 0.2803 -0.0185 0.007 0.0047 0.0025 0.0000 0.0003

19 0.2114 0.2803 -0.0689 0.007 0.0047 0.0024 -0.0002 0.0047

20 0.3255 0.2803 0.0452 0.006 0.0047 0.0009 0.0000 0.0020

21 0.1165 0.2803 -0.1638 0.006 0.0047 0.0011 -0.0002 0.0268

22 0.1576 0.2803 -0.1227 0.002 0.0047 -0.0025 0.0003 0.0150

23 0.1338 0.2803 -0.1466 0.005 0.0047 0.0005 -0.0001 0.0215

24 0.2062 0.2803 -0.0741 0.005 0.0047 0.0007 -0.0001 0.0055

25 0.1657 0.2803 -0.1146 0.005 0.0047 0.0000 0.0000 0.0131

26 0.1538 0.2803 -0.1265 0.004 0.0047 -0.0012 0.0002 0.0160

27 0.1675 0.2803 -0.1128 0.007 0.0047 0.0023 -0.0003 0.0127

28 0.1450 0.2803 -0.1353 0.009 0.0047 0.0040 -0.0005 0.0183

29 0.2000 0.2803 -0.0803 0.004 0.0047 -0.0009 0.0001 0.0064

30 0.1276 0.2803 -0.1527 0.007 0.0047 0.0024 -0.0004 0.0233

31 0.1489 0.2803 -0.1314 0.007 0.0047 0.0018 -0.0002 0.0173

32 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 0.007 0.0047 0.0025 0.0004 0.0262

33 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 0.007 0.0047 0.0023 0.0004 0.0262

34 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 0.000 0.0047 -0.0047 -0.0005 0.0120

35 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 0.005 0.0047 0.0006 0.0001 0.0120

36 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 0.005 0.0047 0.0007 0.0001 0.0120

37 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 0.002 0.0047 -0.0028 0.0000 0.0000

38 0.4457 0.2803 0.1654 0.005 0.0047 0.0006 0.0001 0.0274

39 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 0.006 0.0047 0.0016 0.0003 0.0262

40 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 0.006 0.0047 0.0018 0.0003 0.0262

41 0.6633 0.2803 0.3830 0.007 0.0047 0.0021 0.0008 0.1467

42 0.2778 0.2803 -0.0025 0.000 0.0047 -0.0047 0.0000 0.0000

52

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

43 0.1835 0.2803 -0.0968 0.000 0.0047 -0.0047 0.0005 0.0094

44 0.3120 0.2803 0.0317 0.003 0.0047 -0.0022 -0.0001 0.0010

45 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.003 0.0047 -0.0021 0.0001 0.0010

46 0.2709 0.2803 -0.0094 0.002 0.0047 -0.0028 0.0000 0.0001

47 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 0.003 0.0047 -0.0020 0.0000 0.0000

48 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 0.002 0.0047 -0.0023 -0.0003 0.0120

49 0.2680 0.2803 -0.0123 0.000 0.0047 -0.0046 0.0001 0.0002

50 0.3500 0.2803 0.0697 0.006 0.0047 0.0016 0.0001 0.0049

51 0.1576 0.2803 -0.1227 0.002 0.0047 -0.0024 0.0003 0.0150

52 0.2600 0.2803 -0.0203 0.004 0.0047 -0.0009 0.0000 0.0004

53 0.1489 0.2803 -0.1314 0.007 0.0047 0.0020 -0.0003 0.0173

54 0.1488 0.2803 -0.1316 0.003 0.0047 -0.0016 0.0002 0.0173

55 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.004 0.0047 -0.0010 0.0000 0.0010

56 0.2292 0.2803 -0.0511 0.004 0.0047 -0.0004 0.0000 0.0026

57 0.1355 0.2803 -0.1448 0.000 0.0047 -0.0046 0.0007 0.0210

58 0.2867 0.2803 0.0064 0.000 0.0047 -0.0047 0.0000 0.0000

59 0.3225 0.2803 0.0422 0.006 0.0047 0.0012 0.0001 0.0018

60 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 0.005 0.0047 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000

61 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 0.005 0.0047 0.0001 0.0000 0.0010

62 0.2229 0.2803 -0.0574 0.006 0.0047 0.0013 -0.0001 0.0033

63 0.1987 0.2803 -0.0816 0.007 0.0047 0.0024 -0.0002 0.0067

64 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 0.004 0.0047 -0.0009 0.0000 0.0000

65 0.2150 0.2803 -0.0653 0.007 0.0047 0.0025 -0.0002 0.0043

67 0.4457 0.2803 0.1654 0.004 0.0047 -0.0005 -0.0001 0.0274

68 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 0.005 0.0047 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

69 0.2400 0.2803 -0.0403 0.000 0.0047 -0.0047 0.0002 0.0016

53

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

70 0.2618 0.2803 -0.0185 0.004 0.0047 -0.0011 0.0000 0.0003

71 0.2050 0.2803 -0.0753 0.007 0.0047 0.0024 -0.0002 0.0057

72 0.3644 0.2803 0.0841 0.006 0.0047 0.0012 0.0001 0.0071

73 0.3725 0.2803 0.0922 0.004 0.0047 -0.0007 -0.0001 0.0085

74 0.1800 0.2803 -0.1003 0.010 0.0047 0.0050 -0.0005 0.0101

75 0.1733 0.2803 -0.1070 0.006 0.0047 0.0016 -0.0002 0.0114

76 0.3640 0.2803 0.0837 0.004 0.0047 -0.0005 0.0000 0.0070

77 0.2400 0.2803 -0.0403 0.002 0.0047 -0.0027 0.0001 0.0016

78 0.4044 0.2803 0.1241 0.007 0.0047 0.0024 0.0003 0.0154

79 0.2427 0.2803 -0.0376 0.005 0.0047 0.0006 0.0000 0.0014

80 0.2523 0.2803 -0.0280 0.007 0.0047 0.0023 -0.0001 0.0008

81 0.2363 0.2803 -0.0441 0.007 0.0047 0.0023 -0.0001 0.0019

82 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 0.002 0.0047 -0.0029 -0.0005 0.0262

83 0.3311 0.2803 0.0508 0.007 0.0047 0.0022 0.0001 0.0026

84 0.1875 0.2803 -0.0928 0.006 0.0047 0.0016 -0.0001 0.0086

85 -0.0919 0.2803 -0.3722 0.004 0.0047 -0.0004 0.0001 0.1385

86 1.0566 0.2803 0.7763 0.005 0.0047 0.0000 0.0000 0.6026

87 0.0000 0.2803 -0.2803 0.006 0.0047 0.0015 -0.0004 0.0786

88 0.3000 0.2803 0.0197 0.004 0.0047 -0.0004 0.0000 0.0004

89 -0.1208 0.2803 -0.4011 0.006 0.0047 0.0016 -0.0007 0.1609

90 0.0000 0.2803 -0.2803 0.006 0.0047 0.0009 -0.0003 0.0786

91 0.0000 0.2803 -0.2803 0.007 0.0047 0.0023 -0.0007 0.0786

92 0.0776 0.2803 -0.2027 0.003 0.0047 -0.0020 0.0004 0.0411

93 -0.0183 0.2803 -0.2986 0.004 0.0047 -0.0008 0.0002 0.0892

94 0.0000 0.2803 -0.2803 0.005 0.0047 0.0003 -0.0001 0.0786

Intercept, a4= 0.0046075 =Y4 bar - b4* X bar       0.0006 2.2365

54

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

Slope, b4= 0.0002488 =0.0008/2.2890       numerator, b denominator, b

Table A-8: Linear Regression: Y5- Calories          

              (X -X bar) *  

Cereal X X bar X - X bar Y5 Y5 bar Y5 - Y5 bar (Y5 - Y5 bar) (X - X bar)^2

1 0.2982 0.2803 0.0179 4.286 3.6948 0.5909 0.0106 0.0003

2 0.2308 0.2803 -0.0495 3.571 3.6948 -0.1234 0.0061 0.0025

3 0.2733 0.2803 -0.0070 4.000 3.6948 0.3052 -0.0021 0.0000

4 0.2523 0.2803 -0.0280 4.667 3.6948 0.9719 -0.0272 0.0008

5 0.4100 0.2803 0.1297 3.818 3.6948 0.1234 0.0160 0.0168

6 0.2187 0.2803 -0.0616 4.182 3.6948 0.4870 -0.0300 0.0038

7 0.1929 0.2803 -0.0874 4.038 3.6948 0.3437 -0.0300 0.0076

8 0.2400 0.2803 -0.0403 4.000 3.6948 0.3052 -0.0123 0.0016

9 0.4550 0.2803 0.1747 3.571 3.6948 -0.1234 -0.0216 0.0305

10 0.4044 0.2803 0.1241 3.704 3.6948 0.0089 0.0011 0.0154

11 0.4550 0.2803 0.1747 3.704 3.6948 0.0089 0.0016 0.0305

12 0.4044 0.2803 0.1241 3.929 3.6948 0.2338 0.0290 0.0154

13 0.2427 0.2803 -0.0376 4.000 3.6948 0.3052 -0.0115 0.0014

14 0.2880 0.2803 0.0077 4.000 3.6948 0.3052 0.0024 0.0001

15 0.2618 0.2803 -0.0185 3.871 3.6948 0.1762 -0.0033 0.0003

16 0.2114 0.2803 -0.0689 3.750 3.6948 0.0552 -0.0038 0.0047

17 0.3255 0.2803 0.0452 3.704 3.6948 0.0089 0.0004 0.0020

18 0.1165 0.2803 -0.1638 3.404 3.6948 -0.2905 0.0476 0.0268

19 0.1576 0.2803 -0.1227 4.194 3.6948 0.4987 -0.0612 0.0150

55

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT20 0.1338 0.2803 -0.1466 4.074 3.6948 0.3793 -0.0556 0.0215

21 0.2062 0.2803 -0.0741 3.846 3.6948 0.1514 -0.0112 0.0055

22 0.1657 0.2803 -0.1146 4.000 3.6948 0.3052 -0.0350 0.0131

23 0.1538 0.2803 -0.1265 3.600 3.6948 -0.0948 0.0120 0.0160

24 0.1675 0.2803 -0.1128 3.077 3.6948 -0.6179 0.0697 0.0127

25 0.1450 0.2803 -0.1353 3.091 3.6948 -0.6039 0.0817 0.0183

26 0.2000 0.2803 -0.0803 2.000 3.6948 -1.6948 0.1361 0.0064

27 0.1276 0.2803 -0.1527 3.636 3.6948 -0.0584 0.0089 0.0233

28 0.1489 0.2803 -0.1314 3.871 3.6948 0.1762 -0.0232 0.0173

29 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 3.585 3.6948 -0.1099 -0.0178 0.0262

30 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 3.548 3.6948 -0.1464 -0.0237 0.0262

31 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 3.846 3.6948 0.1514 0.0166 0.0120

32 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 3.103 3.6948 -0.5914 -0.0649 0.0120

33 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 4.333 3.6948 0.6385 0.0700 0.0120

34 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 3.462 3.6948 -0.2333 -0.0008 0.0000

35 0.4457 0.2803 0.1654 4.000 3.6948 0.3052 0.0505 0.0274

36 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 3.929 3.6948 0.2338 0.0379 0.0262

37 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 3.704 3.6948 0.0089 0.0014 0.0262

38 0.6633 0.2803 0.3830 4.000 3.6948 0.3052 0.1169 0.1467

39 0.2778 0.2803 -0.0025 3.750 3.6948 0.0552 -0.0001 0.0000

40 0.1835 0.2803 -0.0968 3.871 3.6948 0.1762 -0.0170 0.0094

41 0.3120 0.2803 0.0317 3.571 3.6948 -0.1234 -0.0039 0.0010

42 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 3.519 3.6948 -0.1763 0.0056 0.0010

43 0.2709 0.2803 -0.0094 3.519 3.6948 -0.1763 0.0017 0.0001

44 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 3.725 3.6948 0.0307 0.0001 0.0000

45 0.3900 0.2803 0.1097 3.774 3.6948 0.0788 0.0086 0.0120

56

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT46 0.2680 0.2803 -0.0123 3.585 3.6948 -0.1099 0.0014 0.0002

47 0.3500 0.2803 0.0697 3.333 3.6948 -0.3615 -0.0252 0.0049

48 0.1576 0.2803 -0.1227 3.636 3.6948 -0.0584 0.0072 0.0150

49 0.2600 0.2803 -0.0203 2.909 3.6948 -0.7857 0.0159 0.0004

50 0.1489 0.2803 -0.1314 3.750 3.6948 0.0552 -0.0073 0.0173

51 0.1488 0.2803 -0.1316 3.636 3.6948 -0.0584 0.0077 0.0173

52 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 4.000 3.6948 0.3052 -0.0098 0.0010

53 0.2292 0.2803 -0.0511 2.333 3.6948 -1.3615 0.0695 0.0026

54 0.1355 0.2803 -0.1448 4.082 3.6948 0.3868 -0.0560 0.0210

55 0.2867 0.2803 0.0064 4.000 3.6948 0.3052 0.0019 0.0000

56 0.3225 0.2803 0.0422 3.667 3.6948 -0.0281 -0.0012 0.0018

57 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 3.390 3.6948 -0.3050 -0.0010 0.0000

58 0.2483 0.2803 -0.0320 3.462 3.6948 -0.2333 0.0075 0.0010

59 0.2229 0.2803 -0.0574 3.220 3.6948 -0.4745 0.0273 0.0033

60 0.1987 0.2803 -0.0816 3.800 3.6948 0.1052 -0.0086 0.0067

61 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 3.929 3.6948 0.2338 0.0008 0.0000

62 0.2150 0.2803 -0.0653 4.000 3.6948 0.3052 -0.0199 0.0043

63 0.4457 0.2803 0.1654 3.571 3.6948 -0.1234 -0.0204 0.0274

64 0.2836 0.2803 0.0033 3.793 3.6948 0.0983 0.0003 0.0000

65 0.2400 0.2803 -0.0403 3.793 3.6948 0.0983 -0.0040 0.0016

67 0.2618 0.2803 -0.0185 3.871 3.6948 0.1762 -0.0033 0.0003

68 0.2050 0.2803 -0.0753 3.667 3.6948 -0.0281 0.0021 0.0057

69 0.3644 0.2803 0.0841 3.462 3.6948 -0.2333 -0.0196 0.0071

70 0.3725 0.2803 0.0922 3.636 3.6948 -0.0584 -0.0054 0.0085

71 0.1800 0.2803 -0.1003 3.871 3.6948 0.1762 -0.0177 0.0101

72 0.1733 0.2803 -0.1070 3.220 3.6948 -0.4745 0.0508 0.0114

57

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT73 0.3640 0.2803 0.0837 3.585 3.6948 -0.1099 -0.0092 0.0070

74 0.2400 0.2803 -0.0403 3.636 3.6948 -0.0584 0.0024 0.0016

75 0.4044 0.2803 0.1241 3.704 3.6948 0.0089 0.0011 0.0154

76 0.2427 0.2803 -0.0376 3.750 3.6948 0.0552 -0.0021 0.0014

77 0.2523 0.2803 -0.0280 3.654 3.6948 -0.0410 0.0011 0.0008

78 0.2363 0.2803 -0.0441 3.548 3.6948 -0.1464 0.0064 0.0019

79 0.4422 0.2803 0.1619 3.667 3.6948 -0.0281 -0.0046 0.0262

80 0.3311 0.2803 0.0508 3.667 3.6948 -0.0281 -0.0014 0.0026

81 0.1875 0.2803 -0.0928 4.074 3.6948 0.3793 -0.0352 0.0086

82 -0.0919 0.2803 -0.3722 3.455 3.6948 -0.2403 0.0894 0.1385

83 1.0566 0.2803 0.7763 3.793 3.6948 0.0983 0.0763 0.6026

84 0.0000 0.2803 -0.2803 4.074 3.6948 0.3793 -0.1063 0.0786

85 0.3000 0.2803 0.0197 3.793 3.6948 0.0983 0.0019 0.0004

86 -0.1208 0.2803 -0.4011 3.673 3.6948 -0.0213 0.0086 0.1609

87 0.0000 0.2803 -0.2803 4.138 3.6948 0.4431 -0.1242 0.0786

88 0.0000 0.2803 -0.2803 3.019 3.6948 -0.6759 0.1895 0.0786

89 0.0776 0.2803 -0.2027 3.333 3.6948 -0.3615 0.0733 0.0411

90 -0.0183 0.2803 -0.2986 3.750 3.6948 0.0552 -0.0165 0.0892

91 0.0000 0.2803 -0.2803 3.704 3.6948 0.0089 -0.0025 0.0786

92 0.0046 0.2803 -0.2757 3.818 3.6948 0.1234 -0.0340 0.0760

93 0.0002 0.2803 -0.2801 3.636 3.6948 -0.0584 0.0164 0.0784

94 0.0000 0.2803 -0.2803 3.750 3.6948 0.0552 -0.0155 0.0786

Intercept, a5= 3.6546106 =Y5 bar - b5* X bar       0.3843 2.4629

Slope, b5= 0.1560445 =0.3610/2.5180       numerator, b denominator, b

Table A-9. Standard Error of Estimate: Y1- Nutrition Index

58

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT  Yhat =    

X * b1 ( X * b1) + a1 Y1 - Yhat (Y1-Yhat)^2

0.10 0.004 0.996 0.992

0.29 0.194 -0.194 0.038

0.34 0.252 0.748 0.560

0.34 0.252 -0.252 0.064

0.43 0.341 -0.341 0.117

0.43 0.341 -0.341 0.117

0.43 0.341 -0.341 0.117

0.26 0.171 -0.171 0.029

0.30 0.211 -0.211 0.045

0.26 0.171 -0.171 0.029

0.26 0.171 -0.171 0.029

0.26 0.171 -0.171 0.029

0.22 0.133 -0.133 0.018

0.32 0.223 -0.223 0.050

0.24 0.152 -0.152 0.023

0.29 0.197 -0.197 0.039

0.27 0.175 -0.175 0.031

0.43 0.341 -0.341 0.117

0.23 0.139 -0.139 0.019

0.20 0.112 -0.112 0.013

0.25 0.162 -0.162 0.026

0.48 0.389 -0.389 0.151

0.43 0.335 -0.335 0.113

0.48 0.389 -0.389 0.151

0.43 0.335 -0.335 0.113

59

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.26 0.165 0.835 0.698

0.30 0.212 -0.212 0.045

0.28 0.185 -0.185 0.034

0.22 0.132 -0.132 0.017

0.34 0.252 -0.252 0.064

0.12 0.031 -0.031 0.001

0.17 0.075 -0.075 0.006

0.14 0.049 -0.049 0.002

0.22 0.126 0.874 0.764

0.18 0.083 -0.083 0.007

0.16 0.071 -0.071 0.005

0.18 0.085 -0.085 0.007

0.15 0.061 -0.061 0.004

0.21 0.119 -0.119 0.014

0.13 0.043 -0.043 0.002

0.16 0.065 -0.065 0.004

0.47 0.375 0.625 0.390

0.47 0.375 0.625 0.390

0.41 0.320 0.680 0.462

0.41 0.320 -0.320 0.103

0.41 0.320 0.680 0.462

0.30 0.208 0.792 0.628

0.47 0.379 -0.379 0.144

0.47 0.375 0.625 0.390

0.47 0.375 -0.375 0.141

0.70 0.609 0.391 0.153

60

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.29 0.202 -0.202 0.041

0.19 0.102 -0.102 0.010

0.33 0.238 -0.238 0.057

0.26 0.171 -0.171 0.029

0.29 0.194 -0.194 0.038

0.30 0.208 0.792 0.628

0.41 0.320 0.680 0.462

0.28 0.191 -0.191 0.037

0.37 0.278 -0.278 0.077

0.17 0.075 -0.075 0.006

0.27 0.183 -0.183 0.033

0.16 0.065 -0.065 0.004

0.16 0.065 -0.065 0.004

0.26 0.171 -0.171 0.029

0.24 0.150 -0.150 0.023

0.14 0.051 -0.051 0.003

0.30 0.211 0.789 0.622

0.34 0.249 -0.249 0.062

0.30 0.208 -0.208 0.043

0.26 0.171 -0.171 0.029

0.24 0.144 -0.144 0.021

0.21 0.118 -0.118 0.014

0.30 0.208 -0.208 0.043

0.23 0.135 -0.135 0.018

0.47 0.379 0.621 0.386

0.30 0.208 -0.208 0.043

61

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.25 0.162 -0.162 0.026

0.28 0.185 -0.185 0.034

0.22 0.125 -0.125 0.016

0.39 0.293 0.707 0.500

0.39 0.302 -0.302 0.091

0.19 0.098 -0.098 0.010

0.18 0.091 0.909 0.826

0.38 0.293 -0.293 0.086

0.25 0.162 -0.162 0.026

0.43 0.335 -0.335 0.113

0.26 0.165 -0.165 0.027

0.27 0.175 -0.175 0.031

0.25 0.158 -0.158 0.025

0.47 0.375 -0.375 0.141

0.35 0.258 0.742 0.551

0.20 0.106 0.894 0.799

    sum of sq err. 14.022

    Std. Err. Est. 0.395

Table A-10. Standard Error of Estimate: Y2-Sugar  

  Yhat =    

X * b2 ( X * b2) + a2 Y2 - Yhat (Y2-Yhat)^2

-0.04 0.26 -0.261 0.068

-0.050 0.25 0.071 0.005

-0.050 0.25 -0.117 0.014

62

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

-0.050 0.25 -0.050 0.003

-0.030 0.27 0.021 0.000

-0.035 0.27 -0.011 0.000

-0.030 0.27 -0.001 0.000

-0.030 0.27 0.130 0.017

-0.030 0.27 -0.234 0.055

-0.026 0.27 0.059 0.003

-0.036 0.26 0.069 0.005

-0.028 0.27 0.049 0.002

-0.033 0.27 0.033 0.001

-0.030 0.27 -0.003 0.000

-0.050 0.25 -0.154 0.024

-0.026 0.27 0.008 0.000

-0.023 0.28 -0.203 0.041

-0.029 0.27 -0.165 0.027

-0.055 0.25 0.078 0.006

-0.049 0.25 0.193 0.037

-0.055 0.25 0.178 0.032

-0.049 0.25 0.016 0.000

-0.029 0.27 -0.071 0.005

-0.035 0.27 -0.150 0.022

-0.032 0.27 -0.032 0.001

-0.026 0.27 -0.274 0.075

-0.039 0.26 -0.079 0.006

-0.014 0.29 0.069 0.005

-0.019 0.28 0.096 0.009

63

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

-0.016 0.28 0.039 0.002

-0.025 0.28 0.186 0.035

-0.020 0.28 -0.108 0.012

-0.019 0.28 0.052 0.003

-0.020 0.28 -0.068 0.005

-0.018 0.28 0.151 0.023

-0.024 0.28 0.153 0.023

-0.015 0.28 0.271 0.073

-0.018 0.28 0.085 0.007

-0.053 0.25 0.075 0.006

-0.053 0.25 0.173 0.030

-0.047 0.25 -0.217 0.047

-0.047 0.25 -0.123 0.015

-0.047 0.25 -0.086 0.007

-0.034 0.27 -0.030 0.001

-0.054 0.25 -0.020 0.000

-0.053 0.25 -0.001 0.000

-0.053 0.25 -0.095 0.009

-0.080 0.22 0.016 0.000

-0.034 0.27 -0.103 0.011

-0.022 0.28 0.003 0.000

-0.038 0.26 -0.080 0.006

-0.030 0.27 0.130 0.017

-0.033 0.27 -0.001 0.000

-0.034 0.27 0.040 0.002

-0.047 0.25 0.280 0.079

64

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

-0.032 0.27 0.132 0.018

-0.042 0.26 -0.054 0.003

-0.019 0.28 -0.050 0.003

-0.031 0.27 0.053 0.003

-0.018 0.28 -0.002 0.000

-0.018 0.28 0.147 0.021

-0.030 0.27 -0.037 0.001

-0.028 0.27 -0.201 0.040

-0.016 0.28 0.130 0.017

-0.035 0.27 -0.162 0.026

-0.039 0.26 0.062 0.004

-0.034 0.27 0.101 0.010

-0.030 0.27 -0.039 0.002

-0.027 0.27 -0.055 0.003

-0.024 0.28 -0.147 0.022

-0.034 0.27 0.056 0.003

-0.026 0.27 0.103 0.011

-0.054 0.25 -0.155 0.024

-0.034 0.27 -0.006 0.000

-0.029 0.27 0.073 0.005

-0.032 0.27 -0.076 0.006

-0.025 0.28 0.047 0.002

-0.044 0.26 0.044 0.002

-0.045 0.26 -0.155 0.024

-0.022 0.28 0.129 0.017

-0.021 0.28 -0.079 0.006

65

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

-0.044 0.26 -0.049 0.002

-0.029 0.27 0.173 0.030

-0.049 0.25 -0.113 0.013

-0.029 0.27 0.015 0.000

-0.030 0.27 0.144 0.021

-0.029 0.27 0.049 0.002

-0.053 0.25 -0.080 0.006

-0.040 0.26 0.146 0.021

-0.023 0.28 -0.129 0.017

0.011 0.31 -0.057 0.003

-0.128 0.17 0.100 0.010

0.000 0.30 -0.113 0.013

    sum of sq err 1.288

    Std. Er. Est. 0.120

Table A-11. Standard Error of Estimate: Y3- Fiber  

  Yhat =    

X * b3 ( X * b3) + a3 Y3 - Yhat (Y3-Yhat)^2

-0.005 0.073 0.070 0.005

-0.005 0.072 -0.037 0.001

-0.005 0.073 -0.006 0.000

-0.005 0.073 -0.006 0.000

-0.005 0.073 -0.037 0.001

-0.004 0.074 -0.037 0.001

66

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

-0.005 0.072 -0.014 0.000

-0.004 0.073 -0.040 0.002

-0.005 0.073 -0.037 0.001

-0.005 0.073 -0.036 0.001

-0.008 0.070 0.004 0.000

-0.004 0.074 -0.002 0.000

-0.004 0.074 -0.007 0.000

-0.004 0.073 -0.073 0.005

-0.008 0.069 -0.037 0.001

-0.007 0.070 -0.039 0.002

-0.008 0.069 -0.069 0.005

-0.007 0.070 -0.049 0.002

-0.004 0.073 -0.041 0.002

-0.005 0.072 -0.035 0.001

-0.005 0.073 -0.034 0.001

-0.004 0.074 -0.007 0.000

-0.006 0.072 0.108 0.012

-0.002 0.076 0.174 0.030

-0.003 0.075 0.125 0.016

-0.002 0.075 0.391 0.153

-0.004 0.074 0.017 0.000

-0.003 0.075 -0.042 0.002

-0.003 0.075 0.001 0.000

-0.003 0.075 -0.042 0.002

-0.003 0.075 -0.075 0.006

-0.004 0.074 0.098 0.010

67

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

-0.002 0.075 -0.042 0.002

-0.003 0.075 0.021 0.000

-0.008 0.070 -0.036 0.001

-0.008 0.070 -0.070 0.005

-0.007 0.070 -0.070 0.005

-0.007 0.070 -0.037 0.001

-0.007 0.070 0.055 0.003

-0.005 0.072 -0.040 0.002

-0.008 0.069 0.038 0.001

-0.008 0.070 0.042 0.002

-0.008 0.070 0.023 0.001

-0.012 0.065 0.091 0.008

-0.005 0.073 0.078 0.006

-0.003 0.074 0.077 0.006

-0.006 0.072 0.080 0.006

-0.005 0.073 0.000 0.000

-0.005 0.073 0.036 0.001

-0.005 0.072 -0.041 0.002

-0.007 0.070 0.057 0.003

-0.005 0.073 -0.039 0.002

-0.006 0.071 0.362 0.131

-0.003 0.075 0.048 0.002

-0.005 0.073 -0.073 0.005

-0.003 0.075 -0.075 0.006

-0.003 0.075 0.027 0.001

-0.005 0.073 0.023 0.001

68

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

-0.004 0.073 0.045 0.002

-0.002 0.075 -0.015 0.000

-0.005 0.072 -0.037 0.001

-0.006 0.072 -0.038 0.001

-0.005 0.072 -0.037 0.001

-0.005 0.073 -0.073 0.005

-0.004 0.074 -0.039 0.002

-0.004 0.074 -0.074 0.005

-0.005 0.072 -0.039 0.002

-0.004 0.074 0.022 0.001

-0.008 0.069 0.040 0.002

-0.005 0.072 -0.040 0.002

-0.004 0.073 0.045 0.002

-0.005 0.073 0.003 0.000

-0.004 0.074 -0.074 0.005

-0.007 0.071 -0.034 0.001

-0.007 0.071 -0.040 0.002

-0.003 0.074 0.022 0.000

-0.003 0.074 -0.042 0.002

-0.007 0.071 -0.038 0.001

-0.004 0.073 0.027 0.001

-0.007 0.070 -0.033 0.001

-0.004 0.073 0.036 0.001

-0.005 0.073 0.030 0.001

-0.004 0.073 -0.036 0.001

-0.008 0.070 0.034 0.001

69

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

-0.006 0.072 0.030 0.001

-0.003 0.074 -0.040 0.002

0.002 0.079 0.015 0.000

-0.019 0.058 0.042 0.002

0.000 0.078 -0.078 0.006

-0.005 0.072 -0.072 0.005

0.002 0.080 0.011 0.000

0.000 0.078 0.074 0.005

0.000 0.078 -0.015 0.000

    sum of sq err 0.532

    Std. Er. Est. 0.077

Table A-12. Standard Error of Estimate: Y4- Sodium

  Yhat =    

X * b4 ( X * b4) + a4 Y4 - Yhat (Y4-Yhat)^2

0.000 0.005 -0.005 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.004 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.005 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.003 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.003 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

70

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.005 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.003 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.004 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.003 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.004 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.003 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.005 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.001 0.000

71

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.000 0.005 -0.003 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.005 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.005 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.003 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.005 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.005 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.005 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.001 0.000

72

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.003 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.005 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.005 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.003 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.003 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

73

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.000 0.005 0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.002 0.000

0.000 0.005 -0.001 0.000

0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000

    sum of sq err 0.001

    Std. Er. Est. 0.002

Table A-13. Standard Error of Estimate: Y5- Calories

  Yhat =    

X * b5 ( X * b5) + a5 Y5 - Yhat (Y5-Yhat)^2

0.047 3.701 0.585 0.342

0.036 3.691 -0.119 0.014

0.043 3.697 0.303 0.092

0.039 3.694 0.973 0.946

0.064 3.719 0.100 0.010

0.034 3.689 0.493 0.243

0.030 3.685 0.354 0.125

0.037 3.692 0.308 0.095

0.071 3.726 -0.154 0.024

0.063 3.718 -0.014 0.000

0.071 3.726 -0.022 0.000

0.063 3.718 0.211 0.044

0.038 3.692 0.308 0.095

74

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT0.045 3.700 0.300 0.090

0.041 3.695 0.176 0.031

0.033 3.688 0.062 0.004

0.051 3.705 -0.002 0.000

0.018 3.673 -0.269 0.072

0.025 3.679 0.514 0.265

0.021 3.675 0.399 0.159

0.032 3.687 0.159 0.025

0.026 3.680 0.320 0.102

0.024 3.679 -0.079 0.006

0.026 3.681 -0.604 0.365

0.023 3.677 -0.586 0.344

0.031 3.686 -1.686 2.842

0.020 3.675 -0.038 0.001

0.023 3.678 0.193 0.037

0.069 3.724 -0.139 0.019

0.069 3.724 -0.175 0.031

0.061 3.715 0.131 0.017

0.061 3.715 -0.612 0.375

0.061 3.715 0.618 0.382

0.044 3.699 -0.237 0.056

0.070 3.724 0.276 0.076

0.069 3.724 0.205 0.042

0.069 3.724 -0.020 0.000

0.104 3.758 0.242 0.059

0.043 3.698 0.052 0.003

75

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT0.029 3.683 0.188 0.035

0.049 3.703 -0.132 0.017

0.039 3.693 -0.175 0.031

0.042 3.697 -0.178 0.032

0.044 3.699 0.027 0.001

0.061 3.715 0.058 0.003

0.042 3.696 -0.112 0.012

0.055 3.709 -0.376 0.141

0.025 3.679 -0.043 0.002

0.041 3.695 -0.786 0.618

0.023 3.678 0.072 0.005

0.023 3.678 -0.041 0.002

0.039 3.693 0.307 0.094

0.036 3.690 -1.357 1.842

0.021 3.676 0.406 0.165

0.045 3.699 0.301 0.090

0.050 3.705 -0.038 0.001

0.044 3.699 -0.309 0.096

0.039 3.693 -0.232 0.054

0.035 3.689 -0.469 0.220

0.031 3.686 0.114 0.013

0.044 3.699 0.230 0.053

0.034 3.688 0.312 0.097

0.070 3.724 -0.153 0.023

0.044 3.699 0.094 0.009

0.037 3.692 0.101 0.010

76

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT0.041 3.695 0.176 0.031

0.032 3.687 -0.020 0.000

0.057 3.711 -0.250 0.062

0.058 3.713 -0.076 0.006

0.028 3.683 0.188 0.035

0.027 3.682 -0.461 0.213

0.057 3.711 -0.127 0.016

0.037 3.692 -0.056 0.003

0.063 3.718 -0.014 0.000

0.038 3.692 0.058 0.003

0.039 3.694 -0.040 0.002

0.037 3.691 -0.143 0.020

0.069 3.724 -0.057 0.003

0.052 3.706 -0.040 0.002

0.029 3.684 0.390 0.152

-0.014 3.640 -0.186 0.034

0.165 3.819 -0.026 0.001

0.000 3.655 0.419 0.176

0.047 3.701 0.092 0.008

-0.019 3.636 0.038 0.001

0.000 3.655 0.483 0.234

0.000 3.655 -0.636 0.404

0.012 3.667 -0.333 0.111

-0.003 3.652 0.098 0.010

0.000 3.655 0.049 0.002

0.001 3.655 0.163 0.027

77

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT0.000 3.655 -0.018 0.000

0.000 3.655 0.095 0.009

    sum of sq err 12.667

    Std. Er. Est. 0.375

Table A-14. Coef.of Det.:: Y1- Nutrition Index

   

Yhat-Y1 bar (Yhat - Y bar)^2 (Y1-Y bar)^2

-0.200 0.040 0.633

-0.010 0.000 0.042

0.048 0.002 0.633

0.048 0.002 0.042

0.137 0.019 0.042

0.137 0.019 0.042

0.137 0.019 0.042

-0.034 0.001 0.042

0.007 0.000 0.042

-0.034 0.001 0.042

-0.034 0.001 0.042

-0.034 0.001 0.042

-0.071 0.005 0.042

0.019 0.000 0.042

-0.052 0.003 0.042

-0.007 0.000 0.042

-0.030 0.001 0.042

0.137 0.019 0.042

78

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT-0.065 0.004 0.042

-0.092 0.009 0.042

-0.043 0.002 0.042

0.185 0.034 0.042

0.131 0.017 0.042

0.185 0.034 0.042

0.131 0.017 0.042

-0.040 0.002 0.633

0.008 0.000 0.042

-0.020 0.000 0.042

-0.073 0.005 0.042

0.048 0.002 0.042

-0.173 0.030 0.042

-0.130 0.017 0.042

-0.155 0.024 0.042

-0.078 0.006 0.633

-0.121 0.015 0.042

-0.134 0.018 0.042

-0.119 0.014 0.042

-0.143 0.020 0.042

-0.085 0.007 0.042

-0.161 0.026 0.042

-0.139 0.019 0.042

0.171 0.029 0.633

0.171 0.029 0.633

0.116 0.013 0.633

0.116 0.013 0.042

79

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.116 0.013 0.633

0.004 0.000 0.633

0.175 0.031 0.042

0.171 0.029 0.633

0.171 0.029 0.042

0.405 0.164 0.633

-0.003 0.000 0.042

-0.102 0.010 0.042

0.033 0.001 0.042

-0.034 0.001 0.042

-0.010 0.000 0.042

0.004 0.000 0.633

0.116 0.013 0.633

-0.013 0.000 0.042

0.074 0.005 0.042

-0.130 0.017 0.042

-0.021 0.000 0.042

-0.139 0.019 0.042

-0.139 0.019 0.042

-0.034 0.001 0.042

-0.054 0.003 0.042

-0.153 0.023 0.042

0.007 0.000 0.633

0.045 0.002 0.042

0.004 0.000 0.042

-0.034 0.001 0.042

80

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

-0.061 0.004 0.042

-0.086 0.007 0.042

0.004 0.000 0.042

-0.069 0.005 0.042

0.175 0.031 0.633

0.004 0.000 0.042

-0.043 0.002 0.042

-0.020 0.000 0.042

-0.080 0.006 0.042

0.089 0.008 0.633

0.097 0.009 0.042

-0.106 0.011 0.042

-0.113 0.013 0.633

0.088 0.008 0.042

-0.043 0.002 0.042

0.131 0.017 0.042

-0.040 0.002 0.042

-0.030 0.001 0.042

-0.047 0.002 0.042

0.171 0.029 0.042

0.054 0.003 0.633

-0.098 0.010 0.633

0.0725 1.096 15.118

Coef. Of Det. Coef.Det. Num. Coef.Det.Den

81

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

Table A-15. Coef.of Det.:: Y2- Sugar  

   

Yhat-Y2 bar (Yhat - Y bar)^2 (Y2-Y bar)^2

  0.00002 0.07012

  0.00021 0.00321

  0.00021 0.01728

  0.00021 0.00420

  0.00003 0.00068

  0.00000 0.00011

  0.00003 0.00002

  0.00003 0.01828

  0.00003 0.05248

  0.00009 0.00470

  0.00000 0.00470

  0.00005 0.00321

  0.00000 0.00124

  0.00002 0.00000

  0.00021 0.02823

  0.00008 0.00027

  0.00014 0.03638

  0.00004 0.02510

  0.00039 0.00334

  0.00019 0.03227

  0.00039 0.02505

  0.00019 0.00000

  0.00003 0.00420

82

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

  0.00000 0.02232

  0.00001 0.00081

  0.00009 0.07012

  0.00002 0.00689

  0.00045 0.00811

  0.00026 0.01267

  0.00036 0.00334

  0.00011 0.03871

  0.00023 0.00854

  0.00028 0.00470

  0.00022 0.00284

  0.00031 0.02840

  0.00012 0.02682

  0.00039 0.08454

  0.00030 0.01038

  0.00033 0.00321

  0.00033 0.02389

  0.00014 0.05248

  0.00014 0.01827

  0.00014 0.00963

  0.00000 0.00087

  0.00035 0.00147

  0.00033 0.00038

  0.00033 0.01283

  0.00202 0.00081

  0.00000 0.01023

83

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

  0.00017 0.00027

  0.00001 0.00689

  0.00003 0.01828

  0.00001 0.00000

  0.00000 0.00171

  0.00014 0.07211

  0.00001 0.01828

  0.00005 0.00377

  0.00026 0.00116

  0.00001 0.00328

  0.00030 0.00023

  0.00030 0.02682

  0.00003 0.00099

  0.00006 0.03739

  0.00035 0.02220

  0.00000 0.02603

  0.00001 0.00334

  0.00000 0.01038

  0.00003 0.00116

  0.00007 0.00217

  0.00013 0.01843

  0.00000 0.00328

  0.00009 0.01267

  0.00035 0.03024

  0.00000 0.00003

  0.00004 0.00623

84

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

  0.00001 0.00526

  0.00011 0.00334

  0.00008 0.00124

  0.00010 0.02716

  0.00018 0.02034

  0.00020 0.00420

  0.00008 0.00335

  0.00004 0.03227

  0.00019 0.01610

  0.00003 0.00044

  0.00002 0.02220

  0.00004 0.00313

  0.00033 0.00963

  0.00002 0.02001

  0.00016 0.01361

  0.00214 0.00011

  0.00855 0.00006

  0.00124 0.00598

0.2074 0.02579 1.31404

Coef. Of Det. Coef.Det. Num. Coef.Det.Den

Table A-16. Coef.of Det.: Y3- Fiber  

   

Yhat-Y3 bar (Yhat - Y bar)^2 (Y3-Y bar)^2

85

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

  0.00001 0.00448

  0.00001 0.00161

  0.00001 0.00009

  0.00001 0.00009

  0.00001 0.00156

  0.00000 0.00156

  0.00001 0.00033

  0.00001 0.00181

  0.00001 0.00161

  0.00001 0.00151

  0.00003 0.00000

  0.00001 0.00002

  0.00000 0.00009

  0.00001 0.00576

  0.00004 0.00190

  0.00003 0.00199

  0.00004 0.00576

  0.00003 0.00298

  0.00001 0.00190

  0.00001 0.00151

  0.00001 0.00140

  0.00000 0.00009

  0.00002 0.01084

  0.00000 0.03031

  0.00000 0.01540

  0.00000 0.15270

86

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

  0.00000 0.00023

  0.00000 0.00190

  0.00000 0.00000

  0.00000 0.00190

  0.00000 0.00576

  0.00000 0.00931

  0.00000 0.00181

  0.00000 0.00041

  0.00004 0.00181

  0.00004 0.00576

  0.00003 0.00576

  0.00003 0.00181

  0.00003 0.00241

  0.00001 0.00190

  0.00004 0.00098

  0.00004 0.00124

  0.00004 0.00028

  0.00011 0.00655

  0.00001 0.00563

  0.00000 0.00563

  0.00002 0.00572

  0.00001 0.00001

  0.00001 0.00110

  0.00001 0.00199

  0.00003 0.00264

  0.00001 0.00181

87

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

  0.00002 0.12776

  0.00000 0.00217

  0.00001 0.00576

  0.00000 0.00576

  0.00000 0.00067

  0.00001 0.00041

  0.00001 0.00183

  0.00000 0.00025

  0.00001 0.00161

  0.00002 0.00181

  0.00001 0.00161

  0.00001 0.00576

  0.00001 0.00172

  0.00000 0.00576

  0.00001 0.00181

  0.00000 0.00041

  0.00004 0.00110

  0.00001 0.00190

  0.00001 0.00183

  0.00001 0.00000

  0.00000 0.00576

  0.00002 0.00151

  0.00003 0.00199

  0.00000 0.00041

  0.00000 0.00190

  0.00002 0.00181

88

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

  0.00001 0.00058

  0.00003 0.00151

  0.00001 0.00110

  0.00001 0.00076

  0.00001 0.00151

  0.00004 0.00076

  0.00002 0.00068

  0.00000 0.00172

  0.00001 0.00034

  0.00031 0.00058

  0.00000 0.00576

  0.00001 0.00576

  0.00002 0.00023

  0.00000 0.00572

  0.00000 0.00018

0.0031 0.00163 0.53222

Coef. Of Det. Coef.Det. Num. Coef.Det.Den

Table A-17. Coef.of Det.: Y4- Sodium  

   

Yhat-Y4 bar (Yhat - Y bar)^2 (Y4-Y bar)^2

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

89

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

90

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

91

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

92

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

  0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Coef. Of Det. Coef.Det. Num. Coef.Det.Den

Table A-18. Coef.of Det.: Y5- Calories  

   

Yhat-Y4 bar (Yhat - Y bar)^2 (Y4-Y bar)^2

  0.0000 0.3492

  0.0000 0.0152

  0.0000 0.0931

  0.0000 0.9445

  0.0006 0.0152

  0.0000 0.2372

  0.0001 0.1181

  0.0000 0.0931

93

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

  0.0009 0.0152

  0.0005 0.0001

  0.0009 0.0001

  0.0005 0.0546

  0.0000 0.0931

  0.0000 0.0931

  0.0000 0.0310

  0.0001 0.0030

  0.0001 0.0001

  0.0005 0.0844

  0.0002 0.2487

  0.0004 0.1438

  0.0001 0.0229

  0.0002 0.0931

  0.0003 0.0090

  0.0002 0.3818

  0.0003 0.3647

  0.0001 2.8723

  0.0004 0.0034

  0.0003 0.0310

  0.0008 0.0121

  0.0008 0.0214

  0.0004 0.0229

  0.0004 0.3497

  0.0004 0.4077

94

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT  0.0000 0.0544

  0.0009 0.0931

  0.0008 0.0546

  0.0008 0.0001

  0.0040 0.0931

  0.0000 0.0030

  0.0001 0.0310

  0.0001 0.0152

  0.0000 0.0311

  0.0000 0.0311

  0.0000 0.0009

  0.0004 0.0062

  0.0000 0.0121

  0.0002 0.1307

  0.0002 0.0034

  0.0000 0.6173

  0.0003 0.0030

  0.0003 0.0034

  0.0000 0.0931

  0.0000 1.8536

  0.0004 0.1496

  0.0000 0.0931

  0.0001 0.0008

  0.0000 0.0930

  0.0000 0.0544

  0.0000 0.2251

95

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT  0.0001 0.0111

  0.0000 0.0546

  0.0000 0.0931

  0.0009 0.0152

  0.0000 0.0097

  0.0000 0.0097

  0.0000 0.0310

  0.0001 0.0008

  0.0003 0.0544

  0.0003 0.0034

  0.0001 0.0310

  0.0002 0.2251

  0.0003 0.0121

  0.0000 0.0034

  0.0005 0.0001

  0.0000 0.0030

  0.0000 0.0017

  0.0000 0.0214

  0.0008 0.0008

  0.0001 0.0008

  0.0001 0.1438

  0.0030 0.0577

  0.0155 0.0097

  0.0016 0.1438

  0.0000 0.0097

  0.0035 0.0005

96

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT  0.0016 0.1964

  0.0016 0.4569

  0.0008 0.1307

  0.0019 0.0030

  0.0016 0.0001

  0.0016 0.0152

  0.0016 0.0034

  0.0016 0.0030

0.0000 0.0584 5511.6974

Coef. Of Det. Coef.Det. Num. Coef.Det.Den

97

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

Table A-19. Std. Error of b:

Y1- Nutrition Index

(X - X bar)^2  

0.0359  

0.0001  

0.0020  

0.0020  

0.0168  

0.0168  

0.0168  

0.0010  

0.0000  

0.0010  

0.0010  

0.0010  

0.0045  

0.0003  

0.0025  

0.0000  

0.0008  

0.0168  

0.0038  

0.0076  

0.0016  

0.0305  

0.0154  

98

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT0.0305  

0.0154  

0.0014  

0.0001  

0.0003  

0.0047  

0.0020  

0.0268  

0.0150  

0.0215  

0.0055  

0.0131  

0.0160  

0.0127  

0.0183  

0.0064  

0.0233  

0.0173  

0.0262  

0.0262  

0.0120  

0.0120  

0.0120  

0.0000  

0.0274  

0.0262  

0.0262  

99

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.1467  

0.0000  

0.0094  

0.0010  

0.0010  

0.0001  

0.0000  

0.0120  

0.0002  

0.0049  

0.0150  

0.0004  

0.0173  

0.0173  

0.0010  

0.0026  

0.0210  

0.0000  

0.0018  

0.0000  

0.0010  

0.0033  

0.0067  

0.0000  

0.0043  

0.0274  

100

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.0000  

0.0016  

0.0003  

0.0057  

0.0071  

0.0085  

0.0101  

0.0114  

0.0070  

0.0016  

0.0154  

0.0014  

0.0008  

0.0019  

0.0262  

0.0026  

0.0086  

0.9822  

0.3983 Std. Err. B

Table 20. Std. Error of b:

Y2- Sugar  

(X - X bar)^2  

0.0020  

0.0168  

101

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.0168  

0.0168  

0.0010  

0.0000  

0.0010  

0.0010  

0.0010  

0.0045  

0.0003  

0.0025  

0.0000  

0.0008  

0.0168  

0.0038  

0.0076  

0.0016  

0.0305  

0.0154  

0.0305  

0.0154  

0.0014  

0.0001  

0.0003  

0.0047  

0.0020  

0.0268  

102

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.0150  

0.0215  

0.0055  

0.0131  

0.0160  

0.0127  

0.0183  

0.0064  

0.0233  

0.0173  

0.0262  

0.0262  

0.0120  

0.0120  

0.0120  

0.0000  

0.0274  

0.0262  

0.0262  

0.1467  

0.0000  

0.0094  

0.0010  

0.0010  

0.0001  

0.0000  

103

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.0120  

0.0002  

0.0049  

0.0150  

0.0004  

0.0173  

0.0173  

0.0010  

0.0026  

0.0210  

0.0000  

0.0018  

0.0000  

0.0010  

0.0033  

0.0067  

0.0000  

0.0043  

0.0274  

0.0000  

0.0016  

0.0003  

0.0057  

0.0071  

0.0085  

0.0101  

104

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.0114  

0.0070  

0.0016  

0.0154  

0.0014  

0.0008  

0.0019  

0.0262  

0.0026  

0.0086  

0.1385  

0.6026  

0.0786  

1.7638  

0.0901 Std. Err. B

Table A-21. Std. Error of b:

Y3- Fiber  

(X - X bar)^2  

0.0010  

0.0000  

0.0010  

0.0010  

0.0010  

105

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.0045  

0.0003  

0.0025  

0.0000  

0.0008  

0.0168  

0.0038  

0.0076  

0.0016  

0.0305  

0.0154  

0.0305  

0.0154  

0.0014  

0.0001  

0.0003  

0.0047  

0.0020  

0.0268  

0.0150  

0.0215  

0.0055  

0.0131  

0.0160  

0.0127  

0.0183  

106

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.0064  

0.0233  

0.0173  

0.0262  

0.0262  

0.0120  

0.0120  

0.0120  

0.0000  

0.0274  

0.0262  

0.0262  

0.1467  

0.0000  

0.0094  

0.0010  

0.0010  

0.0001  

0.0000  

0.0120  

0.0002  

0.0049  

0.0150  

0.0004  

0.0173  

0.0173  

107

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.0010  

0.0026  

0.0210  

0.0000  

0.0018  

0.0000  

0.0010  

0.0033  

0.0067  

0.0000  

0.0043  

0.0274  

0.0000  

0.0016  

0.0003  

0.0057  

0.0071  

0.0085  

0.0101  

0.0114  

0.0070  

0.0016  

0.0154  

0.0014  

0.0008  

0.0019  

108

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.0262  

0.0026  

0.0086  

0.1385  

0.6026  

0.0786  

0.0004  

0.1609  

0.0786  

0.0786  

2.0298  

0.0540 Std. Err. B

Table A-22. Std. Error of b:

Y4- Sodium  

(X - X bar)^2  

0.0010  

0.0010  

0.0045  

0.0003  

0.0025  

0.0000  

0.0008  

0.0168  

0.0038  

0.0076  

109

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT0.0016  

0.0305  

0.0154  

0.0305  

0.0154  

0.0014  

0.0001  

0.0003  

0.0047  

0.0020  

0.0268  

0.0150  

0.0215  

0.0055  

0.0131  

0.0160  

0.0127  

0.0183  

0.0064  

0.0233  

0.0173  

0.0262  

0.0262  

0.0120  

0.0120  

0.0120  

0.0000  

110

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.0274  

0.0262  

0.0262  

0.1467  

0.0000  

0.0094  

0.0010  

0.0010  

0.0001  

0.0000  

0.0120  

0.0002  

0.0049  

0.0150  

0.0004  

0.0173  

0.0173  

0.0010  

0.0026  

0.0210  

0.0000  

0.0018  

0.0000  

0.0010  

0.0033  

0.0067  

111

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.0000  

0.0043  

0.0274  

0.0000  

0.0016  

0.0003  

0.0057  

0.0071  

0.0085  

0.0101  

0.0114  

0.0070  

0.0016  

0.0154  

0.0014  

0.0008  

0.0019  

0.0262  

0.0026  

0.0086  

0.1385  

0.6026  

0.0786  

0.0004  

0.1609  

0.0786  

112

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.0786  

0.0411  

0.0892  

0.0786  

2.2365  

0.0016 Std. Err. B

Table A-23. Std. Error of b:

Y5- Calories  

(X - X bar)^2  

0.0003  

0.0025  

0.0000  

0.0008  

0.0168  

0.0038  

0.0076  

0.0016  

0.0305  

0.0154  

0.0305  

0.0154  

0.0014  

0.0001  

0.0003  

113

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.0047  

0.0020  

0.0268  

0.0150  

0.0215  

0.0055  

0.0131  

0.0160  

0.0127  

0.0183  

0.0064  

0.0233  

0.0173  

0.0262  

0.0262  

0.0120  

0.0120  

0.0120  

0.0000  

0.0274  

0.0262  

0.0262  

0.1467  

0.0000  

0.0094  

0.0010  

114

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.0010  

0.0001  

0.0000  

0.0120  

0.0002  

0.0049  

0.0150  

0.0004  

0.0173  

0.0173  

0.0010  

0.0026  

0.0210  

0.0000  

0.0018  

0.0000  

0.0010  

0.0033  

0.0067  

0.0000  

0.0043  

0.0274  

0.0000  

0.0016  

0.0003  

0.0057  

115

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

0.0071  

0.0085  

0.0101  

0.0114  

0.0070  

0.0016  

0.0154  

0.0014  

0.0008  

0.0019  

0.0262  

0.0026  

0.0086  

0.1385  

0.6026  

0.0786  

0.0004  

0.1609  

0.0786  

0.0786  

0.0411  

0.0892  

0.0786  

0.0760  

0.0784  

0.0786  

116

COLD CEREAL PRICES AND INGREDIENT CONTENT

2.4629  

0.2391 Std. Err. B