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8/12/2019 Cerafil App Manual
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CERA M IC FILTER (CERA FIL
)APPLICATION MANUAL
MurataManufacturing Co., Ltd.
Please read CAUTION and Notice in this catalog for safety. This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore you are requestedto approve our product specification or to transact the approval sheet for product specification, before your ordering.
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Introduction
Cera mic filters (CE RAFIL *) ha ve now become an
indispensable component in n umerous electric
equipments.
The IC, ha ving developed in milita ry a nd spa ce
a pplications, ha s found wide use in t he field ofcommercial equipment , such a s st ereo systems, TV sets,
Automotive radios, etc. For this rea son, new miniat ure
integrated filters, with high performance, are extremely
desira ble for use in IF circuits.
Moreover, radio wave disturbance due to remarkable
sophisticat ion of communication netw ork and ra pid
progress of dat a tra nsmitt ing ra te ha ve become
significa nt problems. As a r esult, the dema nd for filters
with high selectivi ty an d wide pass ban d width ha s
increased.
The IC application of the a ctive elements w ill continu e
its progress, and t here wil l be a growing demand forhighly selective, non-a djusta ble, minia tur e and w ide
pass band w idth IF circuit .
Under such circumstances, CERAFIL f i ts in a broad
ra nge of products a s the most suita ble component.
However, w hen one comes to th e application of
CERAFIL , one finds very litt le reference litera tur e on
application and design features. This CERAFIL
Application Ma nua l ha s been compiled to help you
design with the superior characteristics of CERAFIL ,
to utilize them more effectively an d wit hout an y
problem. The edition explains the CE RAFIL principle,
the feat ures a nd th e specific criteria for th e applica tionof CE RAFIL .
We intend t o assist y ou utilize all of these feat ures
effectively by ma tching th e purpose and the a pplication.
*CERAFIL is the bra nd n a me of the MU RATA product.
Please read CAUTION and Notice in this catalog for safety. This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore you are requestedto approve our product specification or to transact the approval sheet for product specification, before your ordering.
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1 Types of CERAFIL
2 Filter
3Operating Principle ofCERAFIL
4 Tecnical terms of CERAFIL
5 Discriminator
6 Trap
7 Features for CERAFIL
8 How to Use CERAFIL
9Ceramic DiscriminatorApplication
10 Appendix
CONTENTSTypes of CERAFIL YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY12
FilterYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY13
1. Filter ..............................................................................................03
2. Operating Principles and Features of Filters ............................03
Operating Principle of CERAFILYYYYYYYYYYYY
141. What is Piezoelectric Effect? ......................................................04
2. What is Piezoelectric Ceramics?................................................05
3. Electrical-Mechanical Transducerand its Equivalent Circuit ...........................................................05
1. Vibrating Mode ............................................................................05
2. Symbols in the Electrical Circuit of the Electrical-Mechanical
Transducer and the Equivalent Circuit........................................06
4. CERAFIL......................................................................................07
Tecnical terms of CERAFIL YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY18
1. Frequency Characteristics of CERAFIL
and the Related Terminologies...................................................08
2. Other Terminologies....................................................................09
1. Input/Output Impedance .............................................................09
2. Impedance Matching...................................................................09
3. dB (Decibel) ................................................................................09
4. dB..............................................................................................10
5. Group Delay Time Characteristic ................................................10
Discriminator YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY11
1. Discriminator ...............................................................................11
2. Detection methods......................................................................12
1. Ratio detection ............................................................................12
2. Quadrature Detection..................................................................13
3. Differential Peak Detection .........................................................13
Trap YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY14
1. Trap ...............................................................................................14
2. Ceramic Trap ................................................................................14
1. Two-Terminal Ceramic Trap .......................................................14
2. Three-Terminal Ceramic Trap .....................................................15
Features for CERAFILYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY16
1. Designing with a high-selectivity is easy ..................................16
2. No Peaking Needed .....................................................................16
3. A Very Suitable Component for Miniaturization........................16
4. A Very Suitable Component for Integrated Filter......................16
5. Optimum Component for Solid State Application ....................16
How to Use CERAFILYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY17
1. Impedance Matching ...................................................................17
2. Countermeasure for Spurious Response..................................18
3. Consideration for Gain Distribution ...........................................18
4. Bias Circuit ...................................................................................19
Ceramic Discriminator ApplicationYYYYYYYYYY20
Appendix YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY22
1. Correct Use of Ceramic Discriminator .......................................22
2. Applied IC Reference Table for Ceramic Discriminator ...........22
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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2
1 Types of CERAFIL
1
Types of CERAFIL and applicable markets
Types of CERAFIL
CeramicFilter
CeramicDiscrim
inator
CeramicTrap
Typical CenterFrequency
450kHz455kHz
K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K
K
K K K
K K K K K
K
10.7MHz
4.5MHz5.5MHz
6.0MHz6.5MHz
450kHz455kHz
10.7MHz
4.5MHz5.5MHz
6.0MHz6.5MHz
Hi-FiAudio
RadioCommunica
tion
Equipment
CodeLessPhon
e
MobilePhone
WireLessData
communication
RKE/TPMS
TV/VCR
CarAudio
PortableAudio
SMD Type
Lead Type
SMD Type
Lead Type
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2 Filter
1. Filter
An electrica l component wh ich has a function of passing
(or st opping) a specific freq uency.
2. Operating Principles and Features of Filters
The filters ha ve different n am es depending on the
structures an d th e mat erials used. The types, the
principles and t he featur es of the filters which ar e
currently used a re shown in the t able 1.
Fig.2-1 graphically show s the rela tions between the
applicable frequency range a nd th e band w idth of each
filter.
!Table 1. Operating Principle and feature of each filter.
Active Filter
Mechanical Filter
Crystal Filter
Ceramic Filter
LCFilter
100
10
1
10
10
10
-1
-2
-3
100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M 1G
Frequency(Hz)
FractionalBandWidth
(%)
Filter Groups
The Range of
ApplicableFrequency
Function Operating Principle Feature
10kHz
to 100MHz
B.P.
B.E.
Utilizing a piezo-electrical ceramics as anelectrical-mechanical transducer and as a
mechanical resonator, a specific characteristic isobtained by simultaneously providing electricaland mechanical system within a single system.
The dimensions are smaller than the LC filter. Thefrequency is fixed for both IF circuit and FM detectorcircuit, and high selectivity is obtained. The
frequency stability is inferior to the crystal filter. It hassome spurious response by mechanical vibration.
Ceramic Filter
100Hzto 150MHz
L.P.
H.P.B.P.B.E.
A specific characteristic is obtained by merging the
positive and negative reactances of the coil (L) andthe capacitor (C).
The acceptable degree of vibration for choosing thecenter frequency, the pass band, the amplitudecharacteristic or delay characteristic is normally
great. On the other hand, the dimensions are oftenlarger compared with the vibrating type of filter and
the shape factor is inferior.
LC Filter
3kHzto 200MHz
L.P.
H.P.B.P.B.E.
A specific characteristic is obtained by merging
both series and parallel resonant frequency byusing frequency characteristics near the resonantpoint of the crystal resonator.
The loss is extremely small, the cut-off characteristic
is very steep and the stability is great. It is hard to getthe wide band because of a high Q.
Crystal Filter
100Hzto 800kHz
B.P.
It consists of 3 portions of mechanically vibrating
filter sections which have certain frequencycharacteristics. The mechanical electrical
transducer section and the matching section whichconnects with the external electronic circuit. It
converts energy by adhering the piezo-electricceramics on the metallic resonant element.
The loss is small, the cut-off characteristic is steepand the stability is great. The structure is rather
complicated. It also has a spurious characteristic.The dimensions are large.
Mechanical
Filter
100Hzto 80kHz
L.P.H.P.B.P.
B.E.
Although the operating principle differs by the type,each of them generally utilizes the characteristics
of the OP-Amp., and it operates the circuit bycorresponding the merging circuit of both the OP-
Amp. And the RC to the transfer function. A hybridIC is used because a respectively high accuracy is
required for the RC.
The characteristics of any filters are available withthis type. Compared with both the LC and
mechanical filter, a miniature and light-weight filter isavailable in the low frequency range. It has strong
vibration and shock resistance. It requires the power
source.
Active Filter
L.P. : Low Pass Filter, B.P. : Band Pass Filter, H.P. : High Pass Filter, B.E. : Band Eliminate Filter
Fig. 2-1 The relations between the Applicable FrequencyRange and the Band Width of Each Filter Type
2
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CERAFIL (cera mic filter) is a filter w hich uses a
piezoelectric ceramics (bar ium tit a na te ceramics, lead-
zircona te-tita na te cera mics, etc.) a s an electrical-mechan ical tr an sducer and a s a mechanical resona tor.
It provides simultaneously the electrical and the
mechan ical system with in a single element.
1. What is Piezoelectric Effect?
Distort ion ta kes place in the crystal la t t ice when a
stress is a pplied upon it, an d the crysta l group wh ich
ha s no symmetric center in the crysta l groups causes a
polarization in addition to the distortion.
This phenomenon w a s found by the C urie brothers in1880 a nd is called t he piezoelectr ic direct effect (or
Curies Effect). In other wa rds, i t means t ha t t he
mechanical force (stress) can be converted int o an
electrica l signa l (an electrical field) or t he electrica l
signa l into t he mechan ical force. These tw o phenomena
a re collectively called t he piezoelectric effect, a nd a ny
substance which ha s this na ture is cal led the
piezoelectric ceram ics.
The crysta l group, the symmet ry of wh ich is inferior
among a l l crysta ls having the chara cterist ic of the
piezoelectricity, ha s a na tive limited volume of
polar izat ion before some electric field or st ress isa pplied. This is called sponta neous polar izat ion. The
crysta l is distorted by a phenomenon like the th erma l
vibration of atoms according to the temperature change.
The degree of the sponta neous polar izat ion also chang es
according to the distort ion of crysta l a nd i ts varia t ion
a ppear s a s a potentia l difference. This is called the
phenomenon of pyroelectricity.
On the other hand, w hen such a crystal is applied with
a n electr ic field, a dist ortion or a str ess occurs. It is
called the piezoelectric inverse effect (or Lippmans
Effect).
Also among the crystals which have a spontaneous
polar izat ion, those which can r everse its direction by the
externa l electrica l field ar e called ferroelectric
substa nce. The relat ions among th ese effects ma y be
expressed a s Fig . 3-1.
Fig. 3-1 Relations Among Piezoelectricity, Plroelectricity,and Ferroelectricity.
Dielectrics
Piezoelectricity
Pyroelectricity
Ferroelectricity
3 Operating Principle of CERAFIL
3
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3. Electrical-Mechanical Transducer and its Equivalent Circuit
1. Vibrating ModeSince the ceramic resonator with which the polarization
ha s been oriented is piezoelectric, a s described earlier, it
vibra tes in a vibra t ing mode when the electrodes are
provided with t he cera mic resona tor, a sine wa ve is
a pplied across the both polar ities an d then excited.
Ta ble 2 shows th e typical vibrat ing modes, the sha pes
a nd t he a pplicable frequencies of such ceramic
resonators.
!Table 2. The Vibrating Modes and the ApplicableFrequency Band
Frequency
Vibrating mode (Hz)
Flexural
mode
Lengthmode
Area
expansion
mode
Thicknessshear
mode
Thicknessexpander
mode
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M 1G
Note : Arrows signifies the directions of the vibrations.
Operating Principle of CERAFIL 3
2. What is Piezoelectric Ceramics?
Some of the piezoelectric cryst al can be calcined int o the
polycrysta l cera mics, though th ere is a sponta neous
polar izat ion in each of the fine cryst a ls in the
piezoelectric ceramics wh ich is cancelled a s a wh ole and
shows no piezoelectricity. B ut w hen a high D .C. volta ge
is a pplied t o such ceram ics, the directions of the
spontaneous polarizations are brought to an uniformity
a nd a ferr oelectricity ceramics is att a ined. With some
addit ives, the ma terial w ith extremely sta ble frequency,
tempera ture a nd a ging chara cterist ics is being used by
MU RATA for CE RAFIL . Compared w ith t he single
crysta l, the piezoelectric cera mics has va rious
adva nta geous features a s fol lows ;
1. Can be mass-produced a t low cost.
2. Ca n be formed into any desira ble sha pe.
3. The direction of the polar izat ion is ea sily at ta ina ble.
4. Chemically and physically stable.
5. Easy for fabrication.
3
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3 Operating Principle of CERAFIL
3
In an ideal electrical-mechanical transducer, the
impedance change t a kes place as shown in Fig. 3-5, a nd
each consta nt of these and each consta nt of the
equivalent circuit in Fig. 3-3 are in the following
relat ion of equa tions shown in Fig. 3-5.
Fig. 3-5 Impedance Characteristic of the 2-terminal Type
Za
Zr
fr
Frequency
fa
fr
fa
Zr
Za
: Resonant Frequency
: Anti-Resonant Frequency
: Resonant Impedance
: Anti-Resonant Impedance
fr=1
2 L1 C1
fa=1
2 L1 C1 C0
C0+C1
Fig. 3-3 Two-terminal Type Equivalent Circuit
C1
C1
L1
R1
C0
: Equivalent Compliance
: Equivalent Mass
: Equivalent Resistance
: Parallel Equivalent Capacity
L1 R1
C0
Fig. 3-4 Relations Between Spring-Pendulum andElectrical-Mechanical Transducer
Mass M.=.L1
SpringConstant.=.1/C1
Wall
Floor
FrictionResistance.=.R1
Weight
2. Symbols in the Electrical Circuit of theElectrical-Mechanical Transducer and the
Equivalent CircuitThe symbols as shown in Fig. 3-2 are us ed for theelectrica l-mechanical t ra nsducer in a n electrica l circuit.
The equivalent circuit w ith t wo-termina l type
tra nsducer near the resona ting point is shown in Fig. 3-3
even if the vibra ting mode used is different. E a ch
par am eters can be considered a s spring-pendulum
show n in Fig. 3-4.
C 0 : the capa citan ce between th e electrodes is ca lled the
para l lel equivalent capacita nce.
C 1 : mechanica lly corresponds to t he flexibility of rubber
or a spring, and i t is cal led the equivalentcompliance.
L1 : mecha nically corresponds to the inert ia (mas s or
moment) a nd is called the equiva lent ma ss (or
equivalent inductance).
R1 : is a friction resista nce, a nd is called the equivalent
resistance.
Fig. 3-2 Symbols in the Electrical Circuit for the Transducer
Two-terminal Transducer Three-terminal Transducer
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4. CERAFIL
When t he piezoelectric cera mics described a bove is
polar ized by providing a pa ir of electrodes so tha t it ca n
be excited in a prescribed vibrat ing mode and if a
suita ble matching impeda nce is a pplied to operat e it, a
CERAFIL is completed. A model exam ple of 455 kHz
CERAFIL for AM is shown in F ig. 3-6.
Fig.3-6 Mod el of t he 455 kHz CERAFIL for AM
(Ceramics)
Ground
Input (Driving Electrode) Output (Pick-up Electrode)
Operating Principle of CERAFIL 3
3
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4
Frequency
0
3
20
[dB]
Input Level
(or6)
(or40)
q
e
r
t
y
w
u
i
A
ttenuation
Some specific terms ar e used with C ER AFIL . Let us
explain those terms in this pa ra graph.
1. Frequency Characteristics of CERAFIL and the Related Terminologies
Refer to the freq uency chara cteristic gra ph (Fig. 4-1)
wit h pa rticula rs (Ta ble 3).
Fig. 4-1 An example of CERAFIL frequency characteristic
Numbers in Fig.4-1 Terminology Symbol Unit Explanation of the Term
Center Frequency f0 HzIt signifies the frequency in the center of the pass band width. However, the center
frequency for some product is expressed at the point where the loss is minimum.q
Pass Band Width(3dB)
B.W.Hz
Signifies a difference between the two frequencies where the attenuation becomes 3dB
from the level of the minimum loss point.w
Insertion Loss Loss dB
Expressed in the input and output level ratio at the point of minimum loss in dB. (The
insertion loss for some product is expressed in the input and output level ratio at the
center frequency.)
e
Ripple dB
If there are peaks and valleys in a pass band width, the ripple expressed the level
difference of voltage between the maximum peak and minimum valley and it is
expressed in dB.
r
Attenuation Band Width
(dB band width)
(20dB)
B.W.Hz
Signifies a difference between the two frequencies where the attenuation becomes the
specified values (dB) from the level of minimum loss.
(Example: Expressed at a point where the attenuation becomes 20 dB in case of 10.7
MHz filter.)
t
Selectivity dB
Expressed as the attenuation of the detuning point from the center frequency.
(Example: The attenuation that 9 kHz was detuned from the center frequency in case
of 455 kHz filter.)
y
Spurious Response sp dB
Expressed as the difference of voltage ratio between minimum attenuation point in the
stop band range and minimum loss point in the pass band width by using dB (The
stopped range is specified with each filter).
u
Spurious Signifies the frequency response based on the parasitic (unwanted) vibration against
the frequency except the fundamental vibration.i
Bottom Level dBSignifies the minimum or average attenuation without both main response and spurious
within the specified frequency range.
Shape Factor
One of the ways expressing the selectivity, which is expressed as [Attenuation Band
Width/Pass Band Width]. The selectivity becomes steeper as the resultant value comes
closer to value 1.
Other
!Table 3. Terminologies
4 Tecnical terms of CERAFIL
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2. Other Terminologies
1. Input/Output ImpedanceSignifies the internal impedance value of the input and
output side at t he center frequency of CE RAFIL , and i t
is expressed in . It causes no problem even if the input
and the output a re used in reverse with CERAFIL ,
since the input a nd th e output impedance are in a
symmetry of substa ntia l ly almost same value.
2. Impedance MatchingWhen connecting one electric circuit to another, or a
component to another, or one electric circuit to a
component, the electric energy is supplied mostefficiently from th e signa l source to the load if th e signal
source impedance and t he loa d impedance are sa me. If
these impedan ces a re misma tched, electric energy
esca pes in form of a reflection. To mat ch the signa l
source impedance and the load impeda nce is called the
impedance ma tching. This is very importa nt for
CERAFIL , as an improper impedance matching may
cause va rious troubles (refer to the a dvised points in
chapter 8-1).
3. dB (Decibel)
Decibel is the loga rith mic rat io va lue by comparing t hetwo levels. I t is a lso used with C ERAFIL when
expressing th e frequency cha ra cteristics, the insertion
loss, the spurious response, etc.
dB is defined a nd calculat ed by the rat io of the electric
power, th e volta ge and t he current , as follows:
Electric Power Ra tio dB = 10log10P 2/P 1
(electric power a t t wo points a s P 1 and P 2)
Volta ge Rat io dB = 20log10E 2/E 1
(voltage a t t wo points a s E 1 and E 2)
Current Ra tio dB = 20log10I2/I 1
(current a t t wo points a s I1
and I2
)
The merit of using the decibel:
(1) As exemplified a bove, the d ecibel is express ed in
logari thm.
(2) The a mplitude, a tt enua tion, etc. ar e simply
calculated by merely a dding, or subtra cting.
4
4Tecnical terms of CERAFIL
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4
4. dBThe dB ha s been used only for compar ing th e two
volumes such as the electric power ra tio, volta ge ra tio,current ra tio, etc. Besides dB ma y be also used for
expressing t he electric power or volta ge by deciding on
some reference values. In CE RAFIL , dB is used for
expressing voltage va lue such a s the input level. Here
the reference value is 0 dB = 1 V. In other w ords, the
volume tha t represents a level of 60 dB equa ls 1 mV. It
is important to clearly distinguish dB from dB.
The decibel for expressing other levels:
dB m : The voltage or current level to obta in th e power of
1 mV in th e load of 600 is specified a 0 dB m.
(Volta ge : 0 dB m = = 0.775 Vrms)
dB s : Reference values is 1 Vrms = 0 dBsw
5. Group Delay Time CharacteristicOne of the most importa nt cha ra cteristics of a
tra nsmitt ing element is to tra nsmit a signal with th e
lowest distort ion. This dist ortion occurs wh en th e phase
shift ing of a signa l which passes through a certa in
tra nsmitt ing pat h is nonlinear to the frequency. For
convenience the G DT chara cteristic is used for the
purpose of expressing th e non-linearit y a ga inst t hefrequency of phase shifting a nd it is calculated by th e
followin g formu la : TD (G DT), , (phase difference
between input a nd output) and (an gula r frequency).
Above formula shows th at the pha se slope was
differentiated by t he frequency. Tha t is to say, when t he
GD T is consta nt , a signal is tra nsmitted correctly
without distort ion.
Recent trends in quality FM receiver and other
equipment emphasizing the distortion factor
chara cterist ic are a lso stressing the phase l ineari ty inthe pass band. In other word, they need a flat GD T
Cha racterist ic with high selectivi ty.
In principle the G DT chara cterist ic and the a mplitude
chara cteristic rela ted each other. The amplitud e
chara cterist ic with a flat top is cal led the Butt erworth
Cha racterist ic, while the a mplitude chara cterist ic
resembling a sign wa ve is cal led a G aussia n
Cha ra cteristic as shown in F ig. 4-2.
Fig. 4-2 Relationship between Amplitude andGDT Characteristic
Attenuation
Attenuation
Frequency Frequency
AmplitudeCharacteristic
AmplitudeCharacteristic
GDT
Characteristic
GDT
Characteristic
(b) GaussianCharacteristic(a) ButterworthCharacteristic
600110-3
TD =d
d
4 Tecnical terms of CERAFIL
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5 Discriminator
In t he preceding cla use, they ar e an explana tion for
filter chara cteristic and it s principle. We have ceramic
discriminat ors which convert the changes in frequencyinto an audio signal via the va rious detection methods
based on impedance or pha se cha ra cteristics of
CERAFIL .
1. Discriminator
The detection of FM wa ve is mad e through t he circuit in
which the relat ion between the frequency a nd th e
output voltag e is linear. The discriminat or functions t o
convert t he change of the frequency into audio
frequency, an unique syst em of detection only used for
FM broadcasting. FM wave detection methods, such as
ra tio detection, Foster-Seeley detection, qua dra tur e
detection, differentia l peak detection, etc. ar e known.
5
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5
5 Discriminator
2. Detection methods
1. Ratio detectionRa tio detection is the most popular m ethod in use at
present. Let us intr oduce its simple opera ting principle
a s show n in F ig. 5-1. The volta ge e1 and e2 applied to
the diode D 1 and D 2 a re composed of both the prima ry
volta ge V1 and a hal f of the secondary voltage V2. The
volta ge e1 and e2 ar e expressed in the equat ions a s
shown in F ig. 5-1 (b). B y t his high frequency volta ge,
the rectified current l1 of diode D1 ha s voltage E 1
genera ted a t both ends of C3, and voltage E 2 as w ell as
E 1 occurs a t both end s of C4. Moreover, th e voltage of
both ends of R3 and R4 becomes (E 1+ E 2)/2 si nce the
voltage (E 1+ E 2) ta kes place at both ends of R3 and R4 by
the current l1 and l2.
We will consider t he tun ing frequency of discriminat or
as fo and the input frequency as f .
(1) For f= fo, E0 becomes zero owin g t o E1= E 2
(2) For f
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P11E.pdf 02.10.30
3. Differential Peak DetectionThis detection method w a s developed by RCA as a
sound detector for TV sets. The method has following
features.
(1) Ca n output lar ge level.
(2) Can function with only 1 synchronous coil.
The prin ciple is shown in F ig. 5-3. The circuit r esona tes
f1 at point B a nd f2 a t point A due to own impedance
change.
Non-linearit ies of synchronous cha ra cteristics ar e
compensat ed each other by a pplying rectified
intermedia te frequency volta ge. As the results, linearit y
like line a shown in Fig. 5-3 ca n be obtain ed.
Fig. 5-3 Differential Peak Detector
Vcc
(a) Schematic
A B
C D
(b) S-Curve
f1
V
a
f2 f
2. Quadrature DetectionThis detection method w a s origina lly developed as a
sound detector for TV sets, but r ecently it ha s becomepopular in t he consumer mar ket (FM tun ers, ca r ra dios,
etc.). The fund am enta l circuit composition is illustra ted
in F ig. 5-2 (a ) and th e opera tin g prin ciple in Fig. 5-2 (b)
a nd (c). This detection method ut ilizes the pha se
chara cteristic. An FM sign a l is supplied directly to one
side of the multipliers input w ith a n IC to the other side
of the multipliers input a n FM-IF signa l, which is
passed through th e phase shift ing circuit ma inly
composed of a ta nk circuit tuned to FM-IF, is a pplied.
According t o the pha se difference betw een e1 and e2
(passed t hrough t he pha se shifter). As shown in Fig. 5-2
(b) a nd (c), th e pulse wid th of out put iL
changes, and bypassing i t through the low pass fi l ter the average va lue
of the output -pulse cha nges a nd t he pha se detection is
performed. U p to this time a coil ha s been used a s a
phase shifter. Again, by ta king adva nta ge of the phase
characteristic of the ceramic resonator as a ceramic
discriminator, we can el iminat e adjustment of the FM-
IF circuit.
5Discriminator
5
Fig. 5-2 Quadrature Detector
Phase
Shift Circuit
Multiplier Low-pass
Filter
AudioAmp.
Output
Input
LimitingAmp.
(a)BlockDiagram
eo
ei
Input
iL
RL
i4
i3
e2
e1
i1i2
is
I0
Vcc
Vout
(b) Schematic
PhaseShiftCircuit
e1
i1 i2 i1 i2 i1 i2 i1
i4 is i4 is i4 is
i1
i2
e2
iL
+
0
+
0
0
0
(c) Wavesof each part
Iav
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P11E.pdf 02.10.30
6
6 Trap
1.Trap
As ment ioned a bove, cera mic filter pass es only
part icular frequency. To the contrary, B an d E liminat e
Filter (B. E. F.) wh ich blocks or a tt enua tes par ticular
frequency is called tr a p. Sound tr a p for TV set is one of
the fa mous exa mple of B. E . F.
In TV set, video signal is used in pictur e am plitude
circuit a fter video signa l detection block, cera mic
resonat or is insert here a nd tr a p circuit is formed in
order to elimina te sound signa l involved in video signa l.
2. Ceramic Trap
Cera mic tra p is divided into 2 types as mentioned
below.
1.Two-Terminal Ceramic TrapA 4.5 MH z resona tor (TP SR D4M50J 00-B 0) is inser ted
in para l lel with sta ndar d signal generator (S. S . G.) as
shown in Fig. 6-1 and block 4.5 MHz signa l wh ile
leading it to eart h side. Fig. 6-2 shows t he signa l at 4.5
MHz is at tenuat ed around 30 dB from 0 Hz point tha t is
rega rded a s 0 dB. Two-termina l cera mic discrimina tor is
used in B lack a nd White TV sets since the number ofperiphera l components can be reduced, th ough its
at tenuat ion isn t so much.
Fig. 6-1 Measurement Circuit Diagram ofTwo-Terminal Ceramic Trap
75
50
Rg=50
S.S.G
1k RF
Voltage MeterCeramicTrap
Fig. 6-2 Frequency Characteristic ofTwo-Terminal Ceramic Trap
TPSRD4M50J00-B0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Attenuation
(dB)
Frequency(MHz)
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2.Three-Terminal Ceramic TrapThree-termina l cera mic tra p has a monolith str ucture
formed from 2 ceramic resona tors. F ig. 6-3 shows ameasu rement circuit of three-termina l cera mic tr ap
(TP SRA4M50C00-B 0) tha t is inserted in pa ra llel with S.
S. G . The cha ra cteristic of a th ree-termina l cera mic tra p
equals t wo tw o-terminal cera mic trap.
Three-termina l ceram ic tra p att enuat es the signal at 4.5
MHz a round 50 dB from 0 Hz point sh own a s Fig. 6-4.
Though thr ee-termina l cera mic tra p needs a dditiona l
coil shown a s Fig . 6-3, it is used in C olor TV set a nd
VCR due to i ts high a t tenua tion.
Fig. 6-3 Measurement Circuit Diagram ofThree-Terminal Ceramic Trap
220
50
Rg=50
S.S.G
R RF
Voltage MeterCeramicTrap
L
Fig. 6-4 Frequency Characteristic of Three-TerminalCeramic Trap
TPSRA4M50C00-B0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Attenuation(
dB)
Frequency(MHz)
6Trap
6
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7
7 Features for CERAFIL
1. Designing with a high-selectivity is easy
By virtue of employing a mecha nical vibra t ion means,
CERAFIL ha s a high Q compared w ith IFT, and
therefore, a h igh selectivity is obtain ed. J ust one
CERAFIL equals th e selectivi ty wh ich is a vai lable with
2 or 3 IFTs. It a lso has a rema rka ble frequency
tempera tur e coefficient, high selectivity a nd high
stabi l i ty.
2. No Peaking Needed
Because of the fact tha t CE RAFIL is employing a
mechanical resona nce, it is almost una ffected by thesurrounding circuits, and it s cha ra cteristics do not
deviat e when i t is implant ed in the printed circuit a nd
no adjustment is required.
3. A Very Suitable Component for Miniaturization
CERAFIL ha s var ious form in order to apply man y
kinds of a pplicaions.
CERAFIL will support y ou to rea lize spa ce sa ving an d
low profile in your products.
4. A Very Suitable Component for Integrated Filter
There is a growing n eed for int egra ting t he selective
elements because th e gain per sta ge is greater w hen IC
is used in the a mplifier. When building the int egra ted
filter by LC, a t least 5 to 8 stages w ill be required
depending on the selectivity, a nd consequent ly, a la rge
size integrat ed LC fi l ter wil l be required a nd th e
a djustments become extremely complica ted w hen
talking into consideration such factors as the
adjustments for each stage, dispersions and
temperature characteristics. In this respect, CERAFIL
can ea sily be integra ted in compact form a nd for simple
high selectivity.
5. Optimum Component for Solid State Application
Nowa da ys, the electronics sha ll be represented by the
IC, a nd dea ls with t he electrons in th e solid-sta te,
head ing in t he direction of the solid-sta te a pplication
where the functions cannot be separa ted.
CERAFIL utilizes the electrons in the piezo-electric
cera mics, and un like the conventiona l IFT, it cann ot be
dismembered into each fra gment like coil or capa citor. Itis, therefore, most suita ble in IC circuit an d w ill become
popular with I C growth.
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P11E.pdf 02.10.30
8 How to Use CERAFIL
1. Impedance Matching
It is impera tive to mat ch the impedance properly
wh enever any circuit is connected t o other circuit, a ny
component to a nother component or a ny circuit to other
component.
This is a lso the basic requirement for CER AFIL . Thechara cterist ics a s described in the cata log a re a pplicable
a s long a s proper impeda nce ma tching is met.
Impedance matching required for CE RAFIL is not
difficult sin ce the resista nce values giving proper
input /output im peda nce for optimum fr equen cy
chara cterist ics a re shown in our cat alog or
specifica tions. One only ha s to mat ch the signa l source
impedance and the load impeda nce, so the values meet
the ones specified.
Fig. 8-1 shows t he cha nges of the fr equency
chara cterist ics w ith chan ges of the resistance values
with SFECS10M7HA00-R0.If t he input /output impeda nce (R1) and (R2) a re
connected to lower va lues tha n t hose specified, the
center frequency shifts towa rd t he low side a nd th e
ripples increase a s shown F ig. 8-1. On th e other h a nd, if
(R1) and (R2) a re connected to higher values th a n th ose
specified, the center frequency shifts t owa rd th e high
side and t he ripples increa se as shown.
However, the char acterist ic shift caused by t he
misma tching is n ot such a serious problem. The
ma tching impeda nce ca n be wit hin t he ra nge of + /-50%
of the values specified, though the a ccura cy for th e
impedance mat ching depends on the requiredperformance of the model.
As mentioned earlier, CE RAFIL abounds with ma ny
features in comparison with the IF T, but t here are
points of caut ion t o be observed in th e use of CERAFIL
.Let us expla in th ese points h ere. The CE RAFIL must
be thoroughly understood, and when used a t i ts
optimum performa nce, it operat es with out problems.
Fig. 8-1 SFECS10M7HA00 Impedance Characteristic(Input & Output resistive termination)
0
10
20
30
40
10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 11.0
Attenuation
(dB)
Frequency(MHz)
R1+Rg=R2=150
R1+Rg=R2=200
R1+Rg=R2=330R1+Rg=R2=470
R1+Rg=R2=680
R1
Rg
R2
Test Circuit
S.S.G
RF
Voltmeter
8
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P11E.pdf 02.10.30
8
8 How to Use CERAFIL
3. Consideration for Gain Distribution
The impedance of both input a nd output is symmetr ic
a nd sma ll, it is necessa ry to consider the distr ibution in
the circuit. A resister is u sed for the impeda nce
ma tching, a s described in preceding section 8.1. a nd a
certa in D.C. loss is ca used by the resistors, wh ich
reduces the ga in. This sometimes creat es a problem if
the set ha s no a llowa nce for t his loss. The following
countermeasures a re a vai lable.
Countermeasures
(1) U sing CE RAFIL collectively inst ead of using it in
the intersta ge, design the a mplifier sta ge putt ing
stress on the gain.(2) U se in combination w ith IFT for min imizing both
mat ching loss an d D.C. loss. In this case, regard the
IFT merely a s a mat ching tra nsformer an d rely on
CERAFIL for the selectivity.
0
20
40
60
800 2 4 6 8 10
Attenuation(dB)
Frequency(MHz)
2. Countermeasure for Spurious Response
The question of spurious ar ises by the fact th a t t he
resonance occurs under a lien vibrat ing mode or
overtone expect th e basic vibra tion, beca use CE RAFIL
uses mechanical vibrat ion mode. With cera mic filter
such as 10.7 MHz, 4.5 MHz, etc., the spurious is not
grea t enough t o ca use serious problem since these types
use trapped energy vibration mode. But a
countermeasure against the spurious is required for the
455 kHz filt er.
The following countermea sures a re ava ilable.
(1) It is recommenda ble to use supplementa ry I FT
together with C ERAFIL for suppression of spurious.(2) Arranging 2 or more CERAFIL for mutua l
cancellation of spurious.
(3) To provide low pa ss or hig h pa ss filt er of the fixed
LC for suppression of spurious.
Among th e counterm easur es itemized above, the most
common a pproach is meth od (1). The spur ious responses
a re shown in F ig. 8-2 with only S FU LA450KU 2B-B 0
a nd F ig. 8-3 with SF U LA450KU 2B-B 0 + IFT. This
a rra ngement for suppression is enough.
Fig. 8-2 Spurious Response with SFULA450KU2B-B0
0
20
40
60
80
0 2 4 6 8 10
Attenuation
(dB)
Frequency(MHz)
Fig. 8-3 Spurious Response with SFULA450KU2B-B0+IFT
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8How to Use CERAFIL
8
4. Bias Circuit
Although a bias required to drive the t ra nsistor,
CERAFIL does not pass D .C. This means t ha t t he bias
circuit is required. Bu t since CERAFIL requires,
mat ching resistance, the matching resister can play a
double role a s both ma tching a nd bia s resistor. (Refer to
Fig. 8-4)
In t his case, check the impeda nce of tra nsistors side
from C ERAFIL side, and alw ays ta ke the para l lel
circuit of both the bias resist a nce an d the tr a nsistors
internal resistance into consideration to meet the
resista nce value wit h one of the specifica tion beca use
the internal r esista nce of transistor is cha nged by the
bias resistance.
When using I C, th ere is no need for ad ditiona lly
providing a ny bias circuit since IC ha s a bia s circuit
within i tself . However, considering t hat CERAFIL does
not pass D.C. a nd tha t t he conversion ga in can not be
sufficiently obta ined since the input impeda nce of
CERAFIL is low, th e general a pproa ch is to use IFT
when coupling with MIX stage (Refer to Fig. 8-5).
Fig. 8-4 Coupling with a transistor
Matching
VB
Matching
Bias
VB
Biasand Matching
CeramicFilterdoesnotPassD.C.
D.C.canbesupplied intothetransistorbyaddingaBiasresistor.
TheBiasresistorand theMatchingresistorshallbecommon.
Fig. 8-5 Coupling with MIX stage
OSC.
Mix.
IF
Amp.
IFT
VB
C.F.
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P11E.pdf 02.10.30
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9
!CDSCA10M7GF072-R0Applications : VICS, etc.,
!CDSCA10M7GF107-R0Applications : RKE, TPMS, etc.,
TA31161 Type IC Test Circuit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9
0.01
0.01AF-OUT 820
IF-IN
0.01
0.01
33
+
0.01
4.7
C.D.
10p
Vcc (3.0V)
TA31161(TOSHIBA)
C.D.:Ceramic Discriminator
R:
C:F
L :H
TA31272FN Type IC Test Circuit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13
AF OUT
R
Vcc(5.0V)
C.D.
S.S.G.
TA31272FN(TOSHIBA)
0.01uF
+
1
00uF
0.
01
uF
0.
01
uF
0.
01
uF
0.
01
uF
1
000pF
0.
01
uF
C.D.:CeramicDiscriminator
R:
C:F
L :H
Recovered Audio Frequency Voltage & Total HarmonicDistortion vs. IF Input Frequency
1000
100
10
1
0.1
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 1 1. 0 1 1. 1
AFoutputVoltage(mVrms)
T.
H.
D.
(%)
Frequency(MHz)
Output Voltage
T.H.D.
Input =100dBfdev.=40kHz
fmod.=1kHz
Vcc =5.0V
Output D.C. Voltage vs. IF Input Frequency
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Input =100dB
fmod.=1kHz
Vcc =5.0V
1 0. 3 1 0.4 1 0.5 1 0.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 1 1. 0 1 1. 1
Out
putVoltage(V)
Frequency(MHz)
9Ceramic Discriminator Application
Recovered Audio Frequency Voltage & Total HarmonicDistortion vs. IF Input Frequency
1000
100
10
1
0.1
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 1 1. 0 1 1. 1
AFoutputVoltage(mVrms)
T.
H.
D.
(%)
Frequency(MHz)
Output Voltage
T.H.D.
Input =100dBfdev.=80kHz
fmod.=1kHz
Vcc =3.0V
Output DC Voltage vs. IF Input Frequency
1 0. 3 1 0.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 1 1. 0 1 1. 1
OutputVoltage(V)
Frequency(MHz)
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Input =100dB
fmod.=1kHz
Vcc =3.0V
AF Output Voltage & T.H.D. vs. Input Level
0
10
20
30
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
20 40 60 80 100 120
AF
outputvoltage(dB)
T.
H.
D.
(%)
Input level (dB)
fdev.=80kHz
fmod.=1kHz
Vcc =3.0V
AF ouotput voltage
T.H.D.[%]
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P11E.pdf 02.10.30
10 Appendix
1. Correct Use of Ceramic Discriminator
Accura te Circuit va lues ar e required to obtain specified
electrica l cha ra cteristic. In case of input /output
impedance mismatching or application to unsuitable IC,
it ma y cause char acterist ic shift. We would like to
recommend to inquire a ppropriat e cera mic
discriminat or an d circuit condition to your a pplication
to us fixing circuit design.
2. Applied IC Reference Table for Ceramic Discriminator
Example : CDSCA10M7GA027- R0
q Pr oduct ID
CDS CA : SMD Type
CD ALA : Lea d Type
w Nominal Center Frequency
10M7 : 10.7 MH z
e Type and Fr equency Ran k Code
r Applied IC C ode
ex.) 027 : CXA1238 (SONY)
100 : TA2149N (TOS H IB A)
*Plea se see following ta ble for r eference applied IC. I f
you can n ot find IC par t number seeking, please
contact our sales representative.
t Packaging
q w e r t
Code Packaging
B0
A0
R0
Bulk
Radial Taping H0=18 mm
Plastic Taping =180 mm
IC Manufacturer IC Part Number rSuffix Number
ATMEL
INFINEON
MATSUSHITA
MOTOROLA
NEC
PHILIPS
U2501B
U2765B
U4313B
U4490B
U829B
TDA1576T
TDA6160X
TDA6160-2X
AN6138SH
AN7004
AN7006S
AN7007SU
AN7232
MC13156
MC13158
MC13173
MC3363
PC1391M
NE604
SA605
SA626SA636DK
SA639
TBA120U
TBA229-2
TDA1596T
TDA2557
TEA5591
TEA5592
TEA5594
TEA5710
TEA5712T
TEA5757HL
TEA5762 / 5757
UAA3220TS
028
095
081
034V
025
051
038
044
097
011
014A
013
053
049
073
052
087
056
020
042
047096
085
029
021A
120
024
017
030
035
040
055
105A
061
098
0
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P11E.pdf 02.10.30
10
10Appendix
IC Manufacturer IC Part Number rSuffix Number
RFMD
ROHM
SAMSUNG
SANYO
SONY
RF2905
RF2925
BA1440
BA1448
BA4110
BA4220
BA4230AF
BA4234L
BA4240L
KA22425
KA2244
KA22901
KA2292
KA2295
KA2297
KA2298B
KB22902
S1A0903
LA1150
LA1225M
LA1260
LA1805
LA1810
LA1814M
LA1816
LA1822
LA1823
LA1827M
LA1830
LA1831
LA1832/M
LA1833
LA1835/MLA1838/M
LA7770
LV23000M
LV23100V
CX1691M
CX-20029
CX-20076
CXA1030P
CXA1111
CXA1238
CXA1238N
CXA1343M
CXA1376AM
CXA1538M/N/S
111
104
019
060
066
041
005
004
067
089
059
090
063
064
091
065
103
118A
070
108A
007
026
022
115
015
094
101
083
037
043
046
086
048079
023
114
121
078
001
002
012
093
027
027N
032
054
069
IC Manufacturer IC Part Number rSuffix Number
SONY
T.I.
TOKO
TOSHIBA
CXA1611
CXA1619B
CXA1991N
CXA3067M
TRF6901
TK14570L
TK14581
TK14583V
TK14588V
TA2003
TA2007N
TA2008A/AN
TA2022
TA2029
TA2046
TA2057
TA2099N
TA2104AFN
TA2104F
TA2111N/F/FN
TA2132
TA2132BP
TA2142FN
TA2149AN
TA2149N
TA2154FN
TA2159F
TA31161
TA31272F
TA7130P
TA7303P
TA7640AP
TA7765AFTA8122AN/AF
TA8132AN/AF
TA8186
TA8721ASN
075
117
068
076
119
122
062
112
109
031
033
045
050
036
058
057
082
080
080A
077
092
092D
102
100A
100
113
116
072
107
009
008
006
071016
018
039
088
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10 Appendix
Area / CountryFrequency [MHz]
AP S C P AS P-S System
52.75
39.75
39.75
31.50
30.00
31.50
39.75
31.50
39.75
39.75
39.75
39.75
31.90
31.50
40.70
30.00
29.875
31.90
29.875
31.90
54.25
41.25
41.25
33.50
31.50
33.50
41.25
33.50
41.25
41.25
41.25
41.25
33.40
33.50
39.20
31.50
31.375
33.40
33.40
33.40
55.17
42.17
42.17
35.07
33.57
35.07
42.17
35.07
42.17
42.17
42.17
42.17
34.47
35.07
37.10
35.57
37.445
34.47
34.47
34.47
58.75
45.75
45.75
39.50
38.00
39.50
45.75
39.50
45.75
45.75
45.75
45.75
38.90
39.50
32.70
38.00
36.875
38.90
38.90
38.90
60.25
47.25
47.25
41.50
39.50
41.50
47.25
41.50
47.25
47.25
47.25
47.25
40.40
41.50
31.20
39.50
38.375
40.40
40.40
40.40
4.5
4.5
4.5
6.0
6.5
6.0
4.5
6.0
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
5.5
6.0
6.5
6.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
NTSC
NTSC
NTSC
PAL
PAL
PAL
NTSC
PAL
NTSC
NTSC
NTSC
PAL
PAL
PAL
SECAM
SECAM
PAL
PAL
PAL
SECAM
Asia
ASEAN
Japan
Korea
Taiwan
Hong Kong
China
India
Philippine
Malaysia
Canada
U.S.A.
Mexico
Brazil
Germany
U.K.
France
Russia
Australia
New Zealand
Nigeria
Saudi Arabia
!Intermediate Frequency of Television System in the World
North
and
SouthAmerica
Europe
OtherArea
Remarks
P : P ict ur e S ign a l
C : C hr om a t ic S ig na l
S : S oun d S ign al
AP : Adjacent Cha nnel P icture Signal
AS : Adjacent Cha nnel Sound Signal
0
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Note:1. Export Control
Murata products should not be used or sold for use in the development, production, stockpiling or utilization of any conventional weapons or mass-destructive
weapons (nuclear weapons, chemical or biological weapons, or missiles), or any other weapons.
For products which are controlled items subject to the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law of Japan, the export license specified by the law is requiredfor export.
2. Please contact our sales representatives or product engineers before using our products listed in this catalog for the applications listed below which requireespecially high reliability for the prevention of defects which might directly cause damage to the third party's life, body or property, or when intending to use one
of our products for other applications than specified in this catalog.
q Aircraft equipment w Aerospace equipmente Undersea equipment r Power plant equipmentt Medical equipment y Transportation equipment (vehicles, trains, ships, etc.)
u Traffic signal equipment i Disaster prevention / crime prevention equipmento Data-processing equipment !0 Application of similar complexity and/or reliability requirements to the applications listed in the above
3. Product specifications in this catalog are as of July 2002. They are subject to change or our products in it may be discontinued without advance notice. Pleasecheck with our sales representatives or product engineers before ordering. If there are any questions, please contact our sales representatives or product
engineers.
4. Please read rating and CAUTION (for storage and operating, rating, soldering and mounting, handling) in this catalog to prevent smoking and/or burning, etc.
5. This catalog has only typical specifications because there is no space for detailed specifications. Therefore, please approve our product specification or transactthe approval sheet for product specification before ordering.
6. Please read CAUTION and Notice in this catalog for safety. This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore you are requested to approve our productspecification or to transact the approval sheet for product specification, before ordering.
7. Please note that unless otherwise specified, we shall assume no responsibility whatsoever for any conflict or dispute that may occur in connection with the effect
of our and/or third party's intellectual property rights and other related rights in consideration of your using our products and/or information described orcontained in our catalogs. In this connection, no representation shall be made to the effect that any third parties are authorized to use the rights mentioned
above under licenses without our consent.
8. No ozone depleting substances (ODS) under the Montreal Protocol are used in our manufacturing process.
http://www.murata.com/
Please read CAUTION and Notice in this catalog for safety. This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore you are requestedto approve our product specification or to transact the approval sheet for product specification, before your ordering.
P11E.pdf 02.10.30