Central Asia- Chapter 14:i -

[Image source: http://www.bnf.fr/enluminures/manuscrits/aman6.htm]

Nomadic tribes from the steppes of central Asia invaded and conquered territories in eastern Asia, the Middle East, and eastern Europe between A.D. 1000 and A.D. 1400.

[Image source: http://www.antoniomargheriti.com/images/Genghis%20khan/Genghis02.jpg]

These invaders were loosely organized into clans, or groups based on family ties.

[Image source: http://www.allaboutturkey.com/pic/nomad.jpg]

For their livelihood these nomads depended on the grazing animals.

[Image source: http://www.kailashzone.org/site_kailash/mtlake/choyang_photos/yaks.jpg]

Organized into cavalry units under powerful chiefs, these horseback

riding warriors becamea military threat

to their moreculturallydevelopedneighbors.

[Image source: http://www.douglasadams.com/dna/three_horse.jpg]

These invasions transformed the cultures of eastern Asia, the Middle

East, and eastern Europe.

[Image source: http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/UralAltai.GIF]

The Seljuk Turks

[Image source: http://www.allempires.com/empires/seljuk/seljuk1.htm]

The first people of the

steppes to engage in conquest were the Turks.

[Image source: http://www.archery.de/pic/images/seljuk.gif]

Turkish warriors were

hired as mercenaries by

the Abbasid government in Baghdad circa

800 A.D. [Image source: http://www.allempires.com/empires/seljuk/s

eljuk_warriors_enh.jpg]

The Turks soon became

powerful enough to control the

Abbasid government.

[Image source: http://www.allempires.com/empi

res/seljuk/Sanjar.jpg]

Circa 1000 A.D. the Seljuk Turks moved into the Middle East, where they restored the Sunni caliphate.

[Image source: http://www.artarena.force9.co.uk/Image/arab.gif]

The Seljuk Turks soon gained controlof the main trade routes connectingAsia, the Middle East, and Europe.

[Image source: http://www.asmrb.org/michaelb/TooBJourney.html]

The Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 A.D. when they invaded Anatolia.

[Image source: http://mek.oszk.hu/01900/01955/html/cd2a/kepek/history/to174fm90107a.jpg]

Turkish official with

two noblemen

[Image source: http://www.siue.edu/COSTUMES/PLATE1CX.HTML]

Turkish women.

[Image source: http://www.siue.edu/COSTUMES/PLATE1DX.HTML]

Byzantine Emperor Alexius

I Comnenus appealed to pope and monarchs of Western Europe for assistance in combating the Seljuk Turks.

[Image source: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/7823

/emperors/andron1.jpg]

The Seljuks eventually conquered Palestine, including the city of Jerusalem.

[Image source: http://www.ucalgary.ca/HIST/tutor/imageislam/seljuk1100.gif ]

Pope Urban II called for a crusade to

expel the Infidel from

the Holy Land.

[Image source: http://www.d-holliday.com/holysepulchre/H

istory.jpg]

Internal conflicts eventually

weakened the Seljuk Turks,

and they became victims of new

nomadic invaders from

central Eurasia.[Image source:

http://www.spongobongo.com/em/em9612.htm]

The Mongols

[Image source: http://www.soldatini.org/images/recensioni/zv8003_1.jpg]

The Mongols emerged as the dominant nomadic group of central

Eurasia circa the late-100s A.D.

[Image source: http://perso.wanadoo.fr/voyages-aventures/Mongols/mongol2.jpg]

The nomadic Mongols herded sheep, horses, and yaks (long-haired oxen).

[Image source: http://www.mit.edu/~jtidwell/nepal/tengboche-yaks-large.jpg]

The Mongols dwelled in movable tents called yurts.

[Image source: http://www.freewebs.com/ancientcivilizatios/ancientciviilizations4-1.gif]

The Mongols were originally divided into a number of clans.

[Image source http://www.raphaelk.co.uk/web%20pics/China/first/Tian%20Shi%20Yurts.jpg]

The Mongols

were expert

horseback riding

warriors.[Image source:

http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/exhibit/mongols/images/ps025570_thum2.jpg]

A leader named

Temujin unified the scattered

clans under one ruler circa 1206

A.D.[Image source: http://ron.heavengames.com/gameinfo/nations/mongol/mongolhorde.jpg]

Temujin brought

together all of the laws and

created a standardized legal code for the Mongols known as the

yasa.[Image source: http://www.bass-sen.org.tr/yasa.jpg]

Mongol tribal chiefs began to plan military campaigns under the leadership of Temujin.

[Image source: http://www.mongoliatoday.com/issue/7/warriors.html]

Temujin organized Mongol warriors into a disciplined cavalry army.

[Image source: http://miniatures.de/img/ancients-4/dba-army-154-mongols.jpg]

Temujin was

recognized as khan, or “absolute

ruler.”[Image source:

http://www.ganesha.org/hall/gengkhan.jpg]

As Genghis Khan, or “universal ruler,” he set-out to conquer a large empire.

[Image source: http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Religion402/Lecture%20Six/MongolsGhengis1227.htm]

In 1211 A.D. the Mongols conqueredChina with an army of 100,000 horsemen.

[Image source: http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/images/04.gif]

The Mongols learned how to

conduct sieges

from the Chinese.

[Image source: http://www.allempires.com/empires/mongol/ae_siege1.jpg]

All of China was under the rule ofthe Mongol dynasty by 1279 A.D.

[Image source: http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Dynasty/dynasty-Yuan.jpg]

The Mongols continued to conquer a larger empire, even after Genghis Khan’s death in 1227 A.D.

[Image source: http://www.mit.edu/afs/athena/course/21/21h.580/www/timesatlas/p46_1.jpg]

Mongol forces under Ogadai

moved westward

threatening, Europe during the 1230s and

1240s A.D.[Image source: http://ron.heavengames.com/gameinfo/nations/mongol/ogedei.gif]

A Mongol army under the command of Batu conquered the Slavs of Eastern Europe.

[Image source: http://home.swipnet.se/roland/graphics/mongols.jpg]

Some Slavic peoples

languished under the

Mongol Yoke for almost two

hundred years.

[Image source: http://artmam.com/masterpiece/Fight_with_Tatar_Mo

ngols/images/fight_with_tatar_mongols_fr3.jpg]

This westward advance was halted when Ogadai died.

[Image source: http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Religion402/Lecture%20Six/MongolsEurope.jpg]

The Mongols used terror

to subdue the Middle East.

[Image source: http://ron.heavengames.com/gameinfo/na

tions/mongol/mongol.shtml]

The Mongol Helagu leader conquered Baghdad in 1258 A.D.

[Image source: http://enconv.org/pars_docs/refs/53/52164/52164_html_m384defa6.jpg]

[Image source: http://www.booksamillion.com/bam/covers/1/85/532/314/1855323141.jpg]

The Mongol advance was

finally arrested by

the Mamluks, a Muslim

military caste that ruled

Egypt.

The Mongols succeeded in creating the largest contiguous land empire in history.

[Image source: http://www.bartleby.com/67/images/mongol02.gif]

They controlled many of the important trade routes between the Orient and the Occident.

[Image source: http://www.theorientalcaravan.com/images/silk_road/mapasia.jpg]

Mongol rulers often assimilated into the cultures they conquered, making it easier for them to rule.

[Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG]

In places where Islam was the dominant religion, many Mongols became Muslims.

[Image source: http://www.ecoexpeditions.no/centralasia/uzbekistan/samarkand.JPG]

By the late-thirteenth century,

local rulers increasingly

became more

independent, and the Mongol empire

fractured into separate dominions.

[Image source: http://www.history.ubc.ca/lshin/teaching/images/yuan/empire.gif]

In the late-1300s, a

Turkish-Mongol chief named Timur Lenk

rose to power.

[Image source: http://members.aol.com/molniyafigs/timur1.jpg]

He extended his rule over neighboring tribes through warfare.

[Image source: http://www.romapage.hu/kultura/images/ismer070102timur.jpg]

The large empire he established in central Eurasia collapsed during the 1400s A.D. shortly after his death.

[Image source: http://www.illustratorsonline.com/kittredge/Samarkand.jpg]

His capital was the wealthy trading and craft center of Samarkand.

[Image source: http://www.greasy-spoon.org/images/tamerlane.jpg]