Cellular Transport -movement across the cell membrane

Cellular TransportCellular Transport

-movement across the cell membrane

-movement across the cell membrane

Are my cells alive?Are my cells alive?

• Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms

• Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms

All living things are made of cellsAll living things are made of cells

• Unicellular organisms are made of one cell– Ex. Bacteria

• Multicellular organisms are made of many, many, many cells– Ex. YOU!

• Unicellular organisms are made of one cell– Ex. Bacteria

• Multicellular organisms are made of many, many, many cells– Ex. YOU!

All life processes occur at a cellular level

All life processes occur at a cellular level• In a multicellular organism, many of the bodily functions (breathing and eating) are necessary to supply individual cells with things the cell needs

• In a multicellular organism, many of the bodily functions (breathing and eating) are necessary to supply individual cells with things the cell needs

All life processes occur at a cellular level

All life processes occur at a cellular level• The interactions of all the individual cells in a multicellular create a need for other bodily functions (excreting wastes).

• The interactions of all the individual cells in a multicellular create a need for other bodily functions (excreting wastes).

Cells must interact with their environment to maintain homeostasis

Cells must interact with their environment to maintain homeostasis• In order for a cell to gain nutrients, the nutrients must be delivered to the cell (ex. by blood) or taken directly from the environment

• In order for a cell to gain nutrients, the nutrients must be delivered to the cell (ex. by blood) or taken directly from the environment



• In order for some cells to generate energy, they require oxygen. Therefore, this oxygen must be delivered to the cell (ex. by blood) or taken directly from the environment.

• In order for some cells to generate energy, they require oxygen. Therefore, this oxygen must be delivered to the cell (ex. by blood) or taken directly from the environment.


Cells must interact with their environment to maintain homeostasis• Cells affect their environment by releasing wastes into their surroundings.

• Ex. Algae release oxygen into the lake.

• Cells affect their environment by releasing wastes into their surroundings.

• Ex. Algae release oxygen into the lake.

How do things get into and out of the cell?How do things get into and out of the cell?

• All things entering or leaving the cell must pass through the cell membrane

• All things entering or leaving the cell must pass through the cell membrane

How do things get into and out of the cell?How do things get into and out of the cell?• The cell membrane is selectively permeable

• The cell membrane is selectively permeable

Membranes contain structures that allow movement

Membranes contain structures that allow movement• The membrane contains pores (holes) that allow very small molecules that move in and out freely

• The membrane contains pores (holes) that allow very small molecules that move in and out freely

Membranes contain structures that allow movement

Membranes contain structures that allow movement• The membrane also contains transport proteins that are specifically shaped to allow essential molecules, such as water, into and out of the cell

• The membrane also contains transport proteins that are specifically shaped to allow essential molecules, such as water, into and out of the cell

Fill It In …Fill It In …

Two ways that molecules move through the cell membrane:

1.

2.

Two ways that molecules move through the cell membrane:

1.

2.

Passive TransportPassive Transport

• Some types of cell transport DO NOT require energy

• This is called passive transport

• Some types of cell transport DO NOT require energy

• This is called passive transport


• Molecules are constantly in motion.

• The movement of molecules is random.

• Molecules are constantly in motion.

• The movement of molecules is random.

Passive TransportPassive Transport• Diffusion is the term used to describe the movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration due to random movement

• Diffusion is the term used to describe the movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration due to random movement


Passive transport is movement of molecules from ______ to _____ concentration.

Passive transport is movement of molecules from ______ to _____ concentration.

Passive TransportPassive Transport• Diffusion can occur in the air, in water, or across a cell membrane– Ex. A drop of red dye spreads throughout the water

– Ex. The smell of burnt popcorn spreads through the house

• Diffusion can occur in the air, in water, or across a cell membrane– Ex. A drop of red dye spreads throughout the water

– Ex. The smell of burnt popcorn spreads through the house


• Concentration gradient is the term used to describe the difference between higher and lower concentration.

• Concentration gradient is the term used to describe the difference between higher and lower concentration.

Something extra …Something extra …

• There are two types of diffusion:– (Simple) diffusion• Movement through the pores

– Facilitated diffusion• Movement through the transport proteins

• There are two types of diffusion:– (Simple) diffusion• Movement through the pores

– Facilitated diffusion• Movement through the transport proteins


• Osmosis is the term used to specifically describe the movement of water across a membrane due to diffusion

• Osmosis is the term used to specifically describe the movement of water across a membrane due to diffusion


Differentiate between the terms “diffusion” and “osmosis”:

Diffusion -

Osmosis -

Differentiate between the terms “diffusion” and “osmosis”:

Diffusion -

Osmosis -

The principles of diffusion (and osmosis) can be used to predictthe response of cells in different environments ….

The principles of diffusion (and osmosis) can be used to predictthe response of cells in different environments ….

An example of diffusion:An example of diffusion:

• A cell has a conc. of 8.0% carbon dioxide gas and 0.4% oxygen gas. The blood surrounding the cell has an oxygen concentration of 1.2% and a carbon dioxide concentration of 0.1%.

• What will the cell lose?

• What will the cell gain?

• A cell has a conc. of 8.0% carbon dioxide gas and 0.4% oxygen gas. The blood surrounding the cell has an oxygen concentration of 1.2% and a carbon dioxide concentration of 0.1%.

• What will the cell lose?

• What will the cell gain?

Oxygen 0.4%

Carbon dioxide 0.8%

Oxygen 1.2%Carbon dioxide 0.1%Oxygen 1.2%Carbon dioxide 0.1%

An example of diffusion:An example of diffusion:

• Answer: Oxygen will diffuse

into the cell and carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the cell. This is called gas exchange

• Answer: Oxygen will diffuse

into the cell and carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the cell. This is called gas exchange

Oxygen 0.4%

Carbon dioxide 0.8%

Oxygen 1.2% Carbon dioxide 0.1%Oxygen 1.2% Carbon dioxide 0.1%


Explain WHY the oxygen and carbon dioxide move as they do …

Explain WHY the oxygen and carbon dioxide move as they do …

Examples of osmosis:Examples of osmosis:

• more water• more water • A blood cell has the same conc. of water and salt as saline solution. A doctor who failed high school biology and did not listen to the attending nurse used an injection full of distilled water (100% water).

• What will happen to the blood cells surrounded by the distilled water?

• A blood cell has the same conc. of water and salt as saline solution. A doctor who failed high school biology and did not listen to the attending nurse used an injection full of distilled water (100% water).

• What will happen to the blood cells surrounded by the distilled water?

less water


• more water• more water • Answer: Water will move

into the cell through the porcess of osmosis, causing the cell to swell and possibly burst

• Answer: Water will move

into the cell through the porcess of osmosis, causing the cell to swell and possibly burst

less water


• You go to the pet store and purchase a fresh water fish. When you get home and place the fish in a salt water aquarium, the fish dies and you cry out “why?”

• You go to the pet store and purchase a fresh water fish. When you get home and place the fish in a salt water aquarium, the fish dies and you cry out “why?”

less water (more salt)less water (more salt)

x

Fish Cell

morewater


• Answer: water in the fish’s cells left the cell due to osmosis. The loss of water in the gill cells caused the death.

• Answer: water in the fish’s cells left the cell due to osmosis. The loss of water in the gill cells caused the death.

less water (more salt)less water (more salt)

x

Fish Cell

morewater

• The point at which the molecules are evenly dispersed is called equilibrium

• The point at which the molecules are evenly dispersed is called equilibrium


Equilibrium means …Equilibrium means …

Several factors affect the speed at which equilibrium is reached.

Several factors affect the speed at which equilibrium is reached.

• These factors include temperature (higher temp speeds up the rate of diffusion) and concentration gradient (steeper gradients speed diffusion)

• These factors include temperature (higher temp speeds up the rate of diffusion) and concentration gradient (steeper gradients speed diffusion)

• At equilibrium, molecules continue to move but there is no net change in the concentration (distribution) of molecules.

• At equilibrium, molecules continue to move but there is no net change in the concentration (distribution) of molecules.

Some types of transport DO require energy.

Some types of transport DO require energy.

• This is called active transport.

• Active transport moves molecules against the concentration gradient (from low conc to high conc)

• This is called active transport.

• Active transport moves molecules against the concentration gradient (from low conc to high conc)


Active transport is movement of molecules from ______ to ______ concentration

Active transport is movement of molecules from ______ to ______ concentration

Some types of transport DO require energy.Some types of transport DO require energy.

• Active transport also moves large molecules into and out of the cell that could not normally cross the cell membrane.

• Active transport also moves large molecules into and out of the cell that could not normally cross the cell membrane.

Something extra …Something extra …

• Movement into the cell = endocytosis

• Movement out of the cell = exocytosis

• Movement into the cell = endocytosis

• Movement out of the cell = exocytosis

Some types of transport DO require energy.Some types of transport DO require energy.

• The cell uses a special kind of energy for this transport.

• The chemical the cell uses is called ATP.

• The cell uses a special kind of energy for this transport.

• The chemical the cell uses is called ATP.

Check Yourself!Check Yourself!1. Why must some multicellular organisms breathe and

eat?2. Why do cells interact with their environment?3. What structure do molecules pass through when

entering or leaving the cell?4. What type of transport requires no energy and

includes diffusion and osmosis?5. What is a concentration gradient?6. What term is used to describe the diffusion of

water across a membrane?7. What type of transport moves molecules against the

concentration gradient?8. What term is used to describe an equal distribution

of molecules between a cell and its environment?

1. Why must some multicellular organisms breathe and eat?

2. Why do cells interact with their environment?3. What structure do molecules pass through when

entering or leaving the cell?4. What type of transport requires no energy and

includes diffusion and osmosis?5. What is a concentration gradient?6. What term is used to describe the diffusion of

water across a membrane?7. What type of transport moves molecules against the

concentration gradient?8. What term is used to describe an equal distribution


Check Yourself!Check Yourself!1. Why must some multicellular organisms breathe and

eat?

TO SUPPLY INDIVIDUAL CELLS WITH THE THINGS THEY NEED

1. Why must some multicellular organisms breathe and eat?

TO SUPPLY INDIVIDUAL CELLS WITH THE THINGS THEY NEED

Check Yourself!Check Yourself!2. Why do cells interact with their environment?

TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS

2. Why do cells interact with their environment?

TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS

Check Yourself!Check Yourself!3. What structure do molecules pass through when

entering or leaving the cell?

CELL MEMBRANE

3. What structure do molecules pass through when entering or leaving the cell?

CELL MEMBRANE

Check Yourself!Check Yourself!4. What type of transport requires no energy and

includes diffusion and osmosis?

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

4. What type of transport requires no energy and includes diffusion and osmosis?

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

Check Yourself!Check Yourself!5. What is a concentration gradient?

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIGHER AND LOWER CONCENTRATIONS

5. What is a concentration gradient?

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIGHER AND LOWER CONCENTRATIONS

Check Yourself!Check Yourself!6. What term is used to describe the diffusion of

water across a membrane?

OSMOSIS

6. What term is used to describe the diffusion of water across a membrane?

OSMOSIS

Check Yourself!Check Yourself!7. What type of transport moves molecules against the

concentration gradient?

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

7. What type of transport moves molecules against the concentration gradient?

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Check Yourself!Check Yourself!8. What term is used to describe an equal distribution


EQUILIBRIUM

8. What term is used to describe an equal distribution of molecules between a cell and its environment?

EQUILIBRIUM

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Cellular Transport -movement across the cell membrane