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Movement Across the Cell Membrane
Unit 1 – Matter and Energy for Life
Functions of the Cell Membrane
• Primary function of the cell membrane is to maintain homeostasis– The conditions of the
cell must remain more or less constant under many different conditions in order for the cell to carry out its life function
– Balance
Functions of the Cell Membrane
• Transport material into the cell
• Transport manufactured products and wastes out of the cell
• Prevent the entry of unwanted material (protection)
• Prevent the escape of matter needed to perform cellular functions
Structure of the Cell Membrane• The cell membrane is made of a
phospholipid bi-layer• Each phospholipid is made of a
“tail” containing two fatty acids and a phosphate “head”
• The phosphorous “head” has an attraction to water, it is hydrophilic
• The fatty acid “tail” is not attracted to water, it is hydrophobic
Structure of the Cell Membrane• There are other molecules that make up
the cell membrane1. Carrier and Channel Proteins that help move
material in and out of the cell2. Cholesterols which allows the cell membrane
to operate in a wide range of temperatures• High temperatures it helps maintain rigidity• Lower temperatures it keeps the membrane flexible
and prevents it from freezing
Fluid-Mosaic Model• Describes the idea that the cell
membrane has a fluid-like consistency
• This allows each phospholipid and all membrane components to move freely as if they were floating
• This allows the membrane to change shape without necessarily damaging it
• Watch this…– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=Qqsf_UJcfBc
Exchange of Material Through the Cell Membrane
Movement Across the Cell Membrane
• There are a number of methods used by the cell membrane in maintaining homeostasis
• This is due to the fact the cell membrane is selectively permeable– It allows certain substances
to pass (Oxygen) but prevents others
– Must also get rid of waste products (Carbon Dioxide)
How do materials enter and leave a cell?
Passive TransportTransport Across the Membrane #1
Passive Transport• Process of living cells whereby
small (non-polar) molecules pass through the cell membrane from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration
• No energy is needed!• Examples of Passive Transport
include:1. Diffusion2. Osmosis3. Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion• No energy, passive transport!• The movement of molecules from
a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration– They follow the concentration
gradient• Many molecules (especially small
uncharged ones) can move easily through the cell membrane– Oxygen– Carbon Dioxide
Diffusion
• Permeability is the ability to allow substances to pass through
• Selective Permeability is a material that will allow some substances to pass but not others– http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=RKqctivXExQ• Factors determining whether
or not a molecule will pass though a membrane1. Size2. Charge3. Solubility in Phospholipids
Osmosis
• Is the diffusion of water across a cell membrane
• It is important that water balance within a cell be kept
• Movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration– Occurs until water balances
on both sides of the membrane
• Remember, passive transport!
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdiJtDRJQEc
Osmosis
High H20 PotentialLow Solute Concentration
Low H20 PotentialHigh Solute Concentration
Osmotic Pressure
• The pressure caused by the movement of water across a membrane
• In plants this is called Turgor Pressure– Responsible for stem
support in non-woody plants
• Three conditions that exist for osmosis1. Isotonic2. Hypotonic3. Hypertonic
Isotonic Solution
• Concentration of water inside the cell equals the concentration outside the cell
• Both solution are in equilibrium with each other
• No change to the cell
Hypotonic Solutions
• Concentration of water outside the cell is greater than that inside the cell
• More water will move into the cell causing it to swell
• Animal cells may burst, plant cells swell and become rigid
Hypertonic Solutions
• When the concentration of water is greater inside the cell than outside
• More water will move out of the cell than enter it
• In both plant and animal cells the cytoplasm shrinks
Osmosis in Plant Cells
• Plant cell placed in a Hypotonic Solution water will enter the cell, causing it to swell– Cell will not burst, cell wall resists the osmotic
pressure– Plant cells that are swollen are said to be turgid
• Plant cell placed in a Hypertonic Solution, water leaves the cells, cytoplasm shrinks– Turgor Pressure drops, process called Plasmolysis– Plant wilts
• What about animal cells? What do you think will happen?
Osmosis in Plant and Animal Cells
• The presence or absence of the cell wall plays a huge role in determining the effects osmosis will have on plant and animal cells
Facilitated Diffusion
• Not all molecules that must enter the cell are small enough to pass through easily– Ex: Glucose
• Carrier proteins within the cell membrane recognize and bind with only one type of particle
• They facilitate the movement of particles through the cell membrane by changing shape
• Still an example of passive transport, no energy needed!
Active TransportTransport Across the Membrane #2
Active Transport• Passive transport alone cannot
tend to all of the functions necessary of the cell membrane
• The cell will ultimately have to expel energy to transport some substances
• Active transport uses cellular energy and transports substances from areas of low concentration to high concentration– Across the concentration
gradient• Examples of Active Transport:
• Use of Carrier Proteins• Use of Vesicles
Use of Carrier Proteins
• Carrier proteins can be used both passively and actively
• When used in active transport, remember that substances are being moved from areas of low concentration to high concentration– Across the
concentration gradient
Carrier Proteins – Active Transport
• Carrier proteins within the cell membrane receive an energy boost that permits them to aid in active transport
• Proteins capture solutes and move them either into or out of the cell
• Example– Sodium-Potassium Pump
moves three Na+ ions outside of the cell for every two K+ ions inside the cell
Use of Vesicles
• Some macromolecules that the cell must take in or expel are too big or too polar
• Cell membrane can fold in on itself to create a vesicle
• Cell uses these vesicles to “swallow” or expel various materials
• Cells engulf large particles by extending their cytoplasm around the particle
• Examples:1. Endocytosis2. Exocytosis
Endocytosis
• The process where the cell membrane folds into itself and pinches off forming a vesicle
• Materials too large to pass via diffusion or carrier proteins can be brought into the cell
• Examples– Viruses and bacteria
Endocytosis
• There are three main types of endocytosis:1. Pinocytosis2. Phagocytosis3. Receptor-Assisted
Endocytosis
Pinocytosis• Also known as “Cell Drinking”• Process which involves the cell
taking in small droplets of extracellular fluid along with dissolved materials
• Cell membrane surrounds the droplets and pinches off inside the cell once it’s inside
• Process occurs in nearly all cell types
Phagocytosis
• Also known as “Cell Eating”• Similar to pinocytosis,
involves the intake of a large droplet of extracellular fluid
• However, fluid would include larger more specific particles such as bacteria or organic matter
• Process occurs only in:– Specialized cells
• Ex: White Blood Cells– Single-celled amoeba
Receptor-Assisted Endocytosis
• Involves the intake of molecules that attach to membrane receptors specific to certain molecules
• Cholesterol is required by all cells and is brought into the cell via this process
• Each cholesterol has its own tag, a marker that will attach to a membrane receptor
• Tag and receptor trigger endocytosis
Endocytosis
http://www.maxanim.com/physiology/Endocytosis%20and%20Exocytosis/ee4.swf
Exocytosis
• The transport of molecules out of the cell by means of a vesicle
• The reverse process of endocytosis
• Vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, contents are secreted into extracellular fluid
Membrane Surface Area and Cell Size
• Everything the cell needs in order to survive must diffuse through the cell membrane
• At the same time, wastes must pass out of the cell • Diffusion is very efficient over small distances and
very poor over larger distances• If cells were larger than they are, it would take
much longer for nutrients to diffuse from the surface of the cell, making the cell function improperly
• To function best, a cell needs a large surface area and a small volume