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What are the eight characteristics of living things?
What are the four major macromolecules?
1. Made up of cells
2. Reproduce
3. Maintain Homeostasis
4. Metabolism
5. Evolution /Adapt
6. Respond to Stimuli
7. Grow and Develop
8. DNA
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
Arises by evolutionary change leading to the present biodiversity we see.
Divided into Three Domains:
1. Bacteria- single celled prokaryotes (no nucleus)
2. Archaea- single celled prokaryotes (no nucleus)
3. Eukarya- Plants, animals, fungi, and protists (membrane bound organelles)
https://liorpachter.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/01_14classifyinglife_l.jpg
True bacteria, mostly heterotrophic, live in all sorts of environments
Largest groups of organisms on Earth
Only a small amount are disease causing
Most have very important roles:
Photoautotrophs such as cyanobacteria
Saprophytes- decomposers that break down dead material.
Symbionts- they have a relationship with other organisms
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Most recent domain, 1970’s
Live in extreme environments with high temperatures, and some produce methane.
Vast difference in genetic and biochemical make-up from other bacterium.
Microscopically similar in looks, so it’s likely that it has been around for a long time, but we just missed it.
Live in extreme environments Hot springs, hydrothermal vents, extremely acidic or
alkaline water, anoxic mud swamps, petroleum deposits, and the digestive tracts of cows, termites, and marine life where they produce methane.
Eukaryotes= have a nucleus, are unicellular or multicellular
4 Kingdoms
1. Kingdom Protista: unicellular eukaryotes, multicellular algae (dinoflagellates, diatoms, etc)
2. Kingdom Plantae: have cells walls, cellulose, and obtain energy through photosynthesis.
3. Kingdom Fungi: Cell walls are made of chitin, obtain energy by secreting enzymes and absorb the products they release.
4. Kingdom Animalia- no cell walls, obtain energy by ingesting other organisms.
Believed to be the first person to invent the microscope.
First to identify and name cells by observing cork from the bark of an oak tree.
First to observe and describe living cells in pond water. He called them “animalcules.”
They were not “animals,” but single celled organisms.
Studied plant tissues and found that plants are made of cells.
Discovered that animals are also made up of cells.
Published the first part of the cell theory- all living things are made up of cells.
Proposed that cells come from pre-existing cells.
1. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms.
3. All cells arise from existing cells.
The way they are shaped directly relates to their job or function.
Nerve Cells
http://www.pinterest.com/pin/32088216071181270/
http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2013/130815/images/nj7462-367a-i1.0.jpg
White blood cell engulfing a bacteria cell and spewing
out the remnants
http://io9.com/photos-of-the-amazing-and-gruesome-world-under-a-micros-1291328130
Inside the chloroplast of a
plant cell
Eyelashes!
http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/
http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/
Bacteria on the tongue
Artery and blood
cells
http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/
http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/
Clump of sperm tails in
the testes
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/12812/enlarge
Staphylococcus bacteria in the
trachea
Liver cell
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/310232/enlarge
Lung Cells
http://images.sciencesource.com/preview/14917208/SQ7335.html
1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic
* Microscopic in size* Composed of similar building blocks* Cell Membrane* Cytoplasm * Have DNA* Loaded with ribosomes
Smaller, simpler than eukaryotes.
No nucleus or membrane bound organelles
DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm and is circular / loop
Single celled
Cell Walls
Evolved 3.5 bya
Ex- Bacteria or Archaea
Divided into groups based on their need for oxygen:
Obligate anaerobes- cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.
Obligate aerobe- needs oxygen to survive
Facultative aerobe- can survive whether or not oxygen is present.
Has a nucleus with membrane bound organelles
DNA is linear and store in the nucleus
Multicellular or unicellular
Larger, more complex
Plants, animals, fungi, and protists
Evolved 1.5 mya
www.biologyjunction.comFlagella
Ribosomes
Pili
DNA
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Pili- help prokaryotes stick to the surfaces
Flagellum- tail like structure used for movement.
Ribosomes- make proteins
DNA- shaped in a loop or circle and is located in the cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm- jelly-like substance that surrounds molecules and organelles in a cell.
Cell wall- structural support.
Cell membrane- controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Provide nutrients to humans and animals, especially in digestion. Bacteria form a symbiotic relationship called mutualism, where both the host and bacteria benefit. The bacteria has a home and obtains food from the host, while at the same time the bacteria helps the host by breaking down food, as well as absorbing nutrients.
Important in the ecosystem- some produce oxygen, while others help cycle carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus throughout the environment.
Bioremediation- living things break down pollutants. Some bacteria can digest oil= clean up oil spills.
Can attack the cells in tissues.
Ex - Tuberculosis / TB, is caused by a bacteria that invades the lungs and uses the tissues for nutrients.
Can make poisons called toxins
Blood carries it to other parts of the body.
Ex - Food poisoning
E. coli bacteria on a lettuce leaf
http://io9.com/photos-of-the-amazing-and-gruesome-world-under-a-micros-1291328130
Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial disease
Chemicals that kill or slow the growth of bacteria
Work by stopping the cell wall from developing. Animal cells do not have cell walls, and viruses also lack cell walls.
When you take antibiotics it can kill the good bacteria= illness.
Antibiotic Resistance: overuse of antibiotics has caused certain strains of bacteria to become resistant to medications. This allows the bacteria to survive and reproduce.
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