Cells & Cell OrganellesMs. Burakiewicz

Chapter 5

Cytology & Scientists

Cytology is the study of ___________________

_________________ – used a compound microscope, examined slices of cork – saw boxlike structures, now we call these structures cells.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – used a single-lens microscope, examined pond water – saw living things, now we call them ____________________organisms.

__________________ – named the structure known as the _________________ but did not know the function of it at this time.

The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory are:

1. All organisms are composed of one or more ________.

2. The cell is the __________ unit of _________ in all living things.

3. All cells are produced by the _____________ of preexisting cells (cells come from cells!)

The Cell Theory

Prokaryotic Cells

“_________________” – contains ______ membrane-bound organelles, no ___________These consist of the smallest, simple,

single-celled organismsEx) ____________

Eukaryotic Cells“_____________” contains membranes,

many organelles, has a nucleus__________________________________

Differences between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cellsBacterial cells also contain flagellum, plasmid and capsule .

Feature Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Size Small about 0.5 micrometers

Larger, Up to 40 micrometers

Genetic material

Circular DNA plasmid (cytoplasm)

DNA in form of chromosomes (nucleus)

OrganellesFew present, none membrane bound

Many organelles

Cell walls Rigid

•Fungi: rigid, formed from polysaccharide, chitin. •Plant: rigid, formed from polysaccharides. Ex) cellulose. •Animals no cell wall

Types of cells

Cell size comparison

Bacterial cell

Animal cell

micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns

most bacteria 1-10 microns

eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns

Why study cells? Bodies Cells

______________________________

______________________________

What jobs have to be performed for an organism to live… breathe eat make energy remove wastes respond to environment growth & development reproduction

The Work of Life

these are the same jobs your cells have to do!these are the same jobs your cells have to do!

Cells gotta live! What jobs do cells have to do?

_____________________ for daily life for growth

_____________________ growth reproduction repair

_____________________ proteins control every

cell function

Organelles ___________________ structures in the

_______________ of cells that carry out these specific functions (jobs).

Cell Membrane (plasma membrane) Separates cell from surrounding

________________ Maintains ____________________ ______ layered structure – lipids, proteins, and

carbohydrates (Fluid Mosaic Model) ________________________ – allows some

substances to pass freely, others to not pass at all

Made mostly of Proteins and Phospholipids!!!!! We will look at this more later…

Cytoplasm ______________ material, between the cell

membrane and nucleus. _______________ the many organelles Organelles “__________” in this

Making Proteins

Proteins do all the work!

one of the major job of cells is to make proteinsone of the major job of cells is to make proteins

proteins do all the work!proteins do all the work!

Building Proteins Organelles involved

__________________ __________________ __________________

__________________ __________________ __________________

nucleus ribosome ERGolgi

apparatusvesicles

Nucleus Function

__________________ __________________

instructions for building proteins

Structure nuclear membrane

pores for moving material in & out

nucleolus ribosome factory

Nucleus

Ribosomes Function

________________________________________

Structure RNA & proteins 2 subunits

Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

____________________________________

__________________ __________________

membrane factory

Structure rough ER

ribosomes attached smooth ER

rough ER ribosomes

attached

smooth ER

Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus Function

__________________________________ “shipping & receiving department”

__________________________________ ships proteins in ___________________

membrane sacs “UPS trucks”

Golgi Apparatus

DNA

RNA

ribosome

endoplasmicreticulum

vesicle

Golgi apparatus

vesicle

proteinon its way!

protein finishedprotein

Making Proteins

TO:

TO:

TO:

TO:

nucleus

Making proteins

Making Energy

ATP

Cells need power! Making energy

______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

ATP

Lysosomes Function

_______________________________ digests food

_______________________________ cleans up broken down

organelles

Structure pockets of digestive

enzymes

Lysosomes

white blood cells attack & eat invading germs =

digest them in lysosomes

Lysosome function Lysosomes fuse with ________ vacuoles

____________ nutrients for the cell

vacuole

When things go bad… Diseases of lysosomes are fatal

digestive enzyme not working in lysosome picks up food, but can’t digest it

lysosomes fill up with undigested material grow larger & larger until disrupt cell &

organ function example:

__________________________ build up undigested fat

in brain cells

But sometimes cells need to die… Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when

they are supposed to be destroyed some cells have to die for proper

development in an organism ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed when it turns

into a frog “auto-destruct” process

lysosomes break open and kill cell cell “suicide”

Making energy ______________________

make energy from sugar

sugar (glucose) ATP

______________________ make energy & sugar from sunlight

sunlight ATP & sugarATP = active energysugar = stored energy

Mitochondria sugars ATP _________________

________________

glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energydioxide

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP+ + +

in both animal & plant cellsin both animal & plant cells

Mitochondria are everywhere!!

animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells

Chloroplasts sun energy ATP & sugars _____________________

+ water + energy glucose + oxygencarbondioxide

6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light

energy + ++

glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energydioxide

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP+ + +

+ water + energy glucose + oxygencarbondioxide

6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light

energy + ++

Compare the equationsPhotosynthesis

Respiration

The Great Circle of Life

sun

ATP

Photosynthesis

Respiration

O2glucosesugarCO2 H2O+ +

plants

animals & plants

Food & water storage

plant cellsplant cells

central vacuole central vacuole

contractilevacuole

contractilevacuole

central vacuole central vacuole central vacuole central vacuole

animal cellsanimal cells

Major organelles Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vacuoles & vesicles Lysosome Mitochondria Chloroplast

Any Questions??