Cells and Structure of Organisms Introduction

Multi-cellular vs. Uni-cellular

• Have you ever wondered how living things work?

• What are the differences between a uni-cellular and multi-cellular organism?

• Please read together pages 59 and 65 of the Green Life Science Text.

5 Levels of Organization (for advanced multi – celled

organisms)Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

Organism

Cells

• Cells are the most basic level of organization in living things.

• Cell = A membrane covered structure that contains all of the materials necessary for life.

Eukaryotic cells vs. Prokaryotic cells

• Prokaryote = 1 celled organisms that lack a nucleus or other structures bound by a membrane.

• They have been on Earth the Longest.

• Eukaryote = organisms whose cells contain a nucleus surrounded by a membrane.

See Earth Life History Timeline

See Video Clip + Neo Website + Video 2

Kingdoms and Cell Types

• Animalia• Plantae• Fungi• Protista• Eubacteria• Archaebacteria

• Eukaryotic• Eukaryotic• Eukaryotic• Eukaryotic• Prokaryotic• Prokaryotic

Tissue

• Cells + Cells = Tissue

• There are 4 types of tissue in your body:– Connective– Nerve– Epithelial– Muscle

Organ

• Tissue + Tissue = Organ

• Organs are what we usually think about when we think about parts of the body

Organ

• Connective tissue makes up organs like the bones, blood vessels, tendons, ligaments, etc…

Organ

• Nerve Tissue Makes up organs like the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Organ

• Epithelial Tissue makes up organs like the skin, hair, and fingernails

Organ

• Muscle tissue makes up organs like the heart, stomach, kidneys, lungs, biceps, etc…

Organ System

• Organ + Organ = Organ System

• You have 11 organ systems in your body.

• Let’s Read Pages 520 -525 our Text Together.

11 organ systems of the body

Organ Systems

• 1- Skeletal system• Function = provides

support and protection for vital organs and stores nutrients.

• ORGANS = 206 bones, ligaments, and tendons.

• Pages 526 -529

Organ Systems• Skeletal system facts:

– Your body has about 206 bones although you were born with over 300 bones.

– You have the same number of bones in your neck as a giraffe does!

– Bone marrow makes blood cells, but bones are alive, and would die without blood.

– The longest bone in your body is your femur. (Thigh)

– Your bones are about 60% calcium compounds.

– Over half of the bones in your entire body are in your hands and feet.

Organ Systems

• How would your life be different without your skeletal system?

• How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems

• 2- Muscular system• Function = allows us

to move• ORGANS = 600 +

(Basically all Muscles i.e. bicep, tricep etc.).

• Pages 530 -531

Organ Systems

• Muscular system facts:– The busiest muscles in

your muscular system are your eyes. They move more than 100,000 times per day!

– The largest muscle in your body is the gluteus maximus

– It takes 17 muscles to smile and 42 to frown.

– Muscles can’t push, they can only pull.

– Muscles can’t function without calcium.

Organ Systems

• How would your life be different without your muscular system?

• How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems

• 3- Integumentary System• Function = regulates body

temperature and provides protection.

• ORGANS = Skin, hair, eyebrows, eyelashes, and fingernails.

• SEE PAGE 534 -537

Organ Systems• Integumentary system facts:

– Skin is the largest organ in your body.

– Skin is 16% of your body weight

– You completely replace your skin cells about once per month.

– About 90% of dust in your house is dead skin cells.

– Hair is the fastest growing organ in the body

– Average #s of hairs:• redheads= 80,000• Brown/black = 100,000• Blondes = 120,000

– Fingernails grow faster during the summer and on your dominant hand.

Organ Systems

• How would your life be different without your integumentary system?

• How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems

• 4- Cardiovascular system (circulatory)

• Function = carries food and oxygen to the cells, and carries carbon dioxide away from the cells.

• ORGANS = Your heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.

• SEE PAGE 546 -553

Organ Systems• Cardiovascular system facts:

– The heart beats about 3,000,000,000 times during an average lifetime.

– You have thousands of miles of blood vessels and arteries in your body. (you could wrap them around the world twice.

– You have about 5 million red blood cells, 10,000 white blood cells, and 250,000 platelets in 1 drop of blood.

– Arteries take blood away from the heart, and veins return it to the heart.

– Moving helps return blood to your heart

– You do NOT have blue blood!

Organ Systems

• How would your life be different without your cardiovascular system?

• How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems

• 5- Lymphatic system(Immune system)

• Function = returns leaked fluids to blood vessels, and helps fight off germs.

• ORGANS = Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thymus, spleen, and tonsils + more.

• SEE PAGE 554 -555.

Organ Systems• Lymphatic system facts:

– Your lymph system releases white blood cells to fight off infection.

– Your lymph nodes swell up when the fill up with white blood cells (when you are sick)

– Your spleen helps break down and recycle RBCs.

– Your lymph system returns about ½ cup of lymph fluid to the heart per hour.

– Domestic birds don’t have lymph nodes.

– Most of your lymph nodes are in your armpits, neck, and groin.

Organ Systems

• How would your life be different without your lymph system?

• How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems

6- Respiratory system•Function = exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide. (O2 in and CO2 out).•ORGANS = Lungs, Bronchi, trachea, and diaphragm + more. •See page 556 -559.

Organ Systems

• Respiratory system facts:– You breathe in 21%

oxygen and .4% Carbon dioxide, you breathe out 16% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide.

– You have the same surface area on you lungs as a tennis court.

– You breathe out about ½ of a liter of water per day.

– Your right lung is slightly larger than your left.

Organ Systems

• How would your life be different without your respiratory system?

• How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems

7- Digestive System•Function = breaks food down into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body.•ORGANS = The mouth, liver, stomach, and intestines + more.•See page 568 -575.

Organ Systems

• Digestive system facts:– The average stomach can

hold about 1.5 liters of food.

– Your intestines are lined with tiny projections called villi. They increase the surface area of your intestines so you can absorb as much as possible.

– Your intestines are about 15 meters long!

– Food stays in your stomach for 2-4 hours.

Organ Systems

• How would your life be different without your digestive system?

• How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems

8- Nervous system•Function = sends messages that control body functions•ORGANS = The brain, spinal cord, and nerves. •Pages 588 - 593

Organ Systems

• Nervous system facts:– Your nervous system

functions using electricity.– Messages can travel

through your neurons at speeds of 250 mph!

– The avg. # of neurons in a human brain is 100 billion.

– The longest neuron (nerve cell) known to man is 15 feet long (in a giraffe leg).

– If you lined up all the neurons in your body, it would stretch 600 miles!

– An adult human brain weighs about 3 pounds.

Organ Systems

• How would your life be different without your nervous system?

• How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems

9- Endocrine System•Function = produces chemicals that control the body (ex. Hormones)•ORGANS = The adrenal glands, pituitary gland + many more. •SEE PAGE 524-525

Organ Systems

• Endocrine system facts:– Steroids, insulin, and

adrenaline are 3 of the 30 hormones made by your body.

– It only takes a tiny bit of a hormone to cause a very large reaction

– Physical growth, hyperactivity, depression, stress, hunger and many other emotions are linked to hormone production.

Organ Systems

• How would your life be different without your endocrine system?

• How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems

10- Urinary System•Function = removes waste from the blood and regulates body fluids.•ORGANS = Kidneys, ureters, and the bladder + more. •SEE PAGE 524 -525.

Organ Systems

• Urinary system facts:– Your bladder can hold

about 400 ml or urine.– The blood in your body

passes through each kidney 400 times per day.

– The kidneys use osmosis to control the amount of water in the blood.

– Caffeine and alcohol are diuretics, which means that they suppress the part of your brain that tells your body that you need to retain water. (increases urination - dehydration)

Organ Systems

• How would your life be different without your urinary system?

• How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems

11- Reproductive system•Function = enables the organism to produce offspring

Organ Systems

• Which organ system do you think is most important?

• Which organ systems couldn’t function without other organ systems?

Quiz time!

• Which level of organization do each of the following pictures belong to?

Quiz time!

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