Cells

CellsCellsJ. HinsonJ. Hinson

Human Anatomy and PhysiologyHuman Anatomy and PhysiologyJCHSJCHS

http://www.amersol.edu.pe/class09/_09sschee/7th/science/cell/images/animalcell.gif

IntroductionIntroduction75 trillion75 trillion cells cells in the bodyin the bodyVary in size, Vary in size, shapeshape, content, , content, and and functionfunction– Most common Most common

structures: structures: nucleusnucleus and and cytoplasmcytoplasm

http://www.crossroadsinitiative.com/pics/Theology_of_the_Body_Christopher_West_DaVinci.jpg

I. The Cell MembraneI. The Cell MembraneA.A. Function: maintains “Function: maintains “wholenesswholeness”; ”;

controls entrance and exit of controls entrance and exit of substancessubstances

1. Semipermeable or 1. Semipermeable or selectively selectively permeablepermeable

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/media/cell_membrane.gif

I. Cell MembraneI. Cell MembraneB. StructureB. Structure

1. 1. lipidslipids and and proteinsproteins2. Phospholipid 2. Phospholipid bilayerbilayer

a. a. hydrophilichydrophilic phosphate heads phosphate headsb. b. hydrophobichydrophobic fatty acid tails fatty acid tails

3. oily3. oilya. a. lipidlipid soluble molecules, but not soluble molecules, but not waterwater soluble can freely pass soluble can freely passb. embedded b. embedded cholesterolscholesterols

I. Cell MembraneI. Cell MembraneB. StructureB. Structure

4. Proteins4. Proteinsa. fibrousa. fibrous b. carrier b. carrier

c.glycoproteinsc.glycoproteins

http://lhs.lps.org/staff/sputnam/Biology/U3Cell/membrane_1.png

II. CytoplasmII. Cytoplasm

A.A. jelly-like jelly-like fluidfluid fills the cellfills the cell

B.B. Site of Site of metabolicmetabolic activitiesactivities

http://sun.menloschool.org/~cweaver/cells/c/cytoplasm/jrcytoplasm.jpg

http://sciencecity.oupchina.com.hk/biology/student/glossary/img/cytoplasm.jpg

III. OrganellesIII. OrganellesA. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMA. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

1.1. Structure: Structure: membranemembrane-bound -bound sacssacs/canals/canals

2.2. Function:Function:a.a. Rough: Rough: ribosomesribosomes

site of site of proteinprotein synthesissynthesis

b. Smooth: b. Smooth: lipidlipid synthesis synthesis

http://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per2/2MS/endoplasmic_reticulum.jpghttp://

www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Julian_Thorpe/tem3.jpg

III. OrganellesIII. OrganellesB. RIBOSOMESB. RIBOSOMES

1.1. Structure: Structure: a.a. May be attached May be attached

or free or free floating floating particlesparticles

b.b. made of made of proteinsproteins and and RNARNA

2.2. Function: Function: proteinprotein synthesissynthesis

http://iupucbio2.iupui.edu/anatomy/images/Chapt02/FG02_11.jpg

http://www.rockefeller.edu/rucal/journey/ribosomes.gif

III. OrganellesIII. OrganellesC. GOLGI APPARATUSC. GOLGI APPARATUS

1.1. Structure: stack of Structure: stack of flattened flattened membranesmembranes

2.2. Function: Function: packagepackage and and refine refine proteinsproteins

3.3. Transport Transport vesiclesvesicles move refined move refined proteins to other proteins to other cell partscell parts

http://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per2/2JD/golgi.jpg

http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/golgiapparatusmicroscope.jpeg

III. OrganellesIII. OrganellesD. MITOCHONDRIAD. MITOCHONDRIA

1.1. Structure: fluid-Structure: fluid-filled elongated filled elongated sacsac

a.a. Double Double membranemembrane- - cristaecristae: :

folded layerfolded layer2.2. Function: Function:

ENERGY!!ENERGY!!

http://www.abcbodybuilding.com/magazine03/mitochondria.jpg

http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/mitmor4.jpg

III. OrganellesIII. OrganellesE. LYSOSOMESE. LYSOSOMES

1.1. Structure: tiny Structure: tiny membranous membranous sacsac

2.2. Function: Function: enzymesenzymes break break down foreign down foreign molecules and molecules and wasteswastes http://www.visualsunlimited.com/

images/watermarked/350/350789.jpg

http://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per4/4BRL/lysosomes.jpg

III. OrganellesIII. OrganellesF. CENTROSOMEF. CENTROSOME

1.1. Structure: near Structure: near nucleus, 2 nucleus, 2 hollow hollow cylinders form cylinders form centriolescentrioles

2.2. Function: role Function: role in cellular in cellular reproductionreproduction

http://www-ijpb.versailles.inra.fr/en/sgap/equipes/cyto/images/centrosome.jpg

III. OrganellesIII. OrganellesG. VESICLESG. VESICLES

1.1. Structure: Structure: membranous membranous sac formed by sac formed by cell cell membranemembrane

2.2. Function: move Function: move materials materials throughout cellthroughout cell

http://www.visualsunlimited.com/images/watermarked/284/284900.jpg

http://www-cse.stanford.edu/classes/sophomore-college/projects-01/cellular-automata/beginning/vesicles.jpg

III. OrganellesIII. OrganellesH. Other cellular structuresH. Other cellular structures

1.1. CiliaCiliaa.a. Structure: short, Structure: short,

hair-likehair-like projections projections w/ “w/ “to and froto and fro” ” movementsmovements

b.b. Function: Function: movement; Ex: movement; Ex: epithelialepithelial cells cells

http://www.uib.no/med/mic/gallery/pictures/SEM/SEM-large/ciliated-epithelium_870.jpg


2. Flagella2. Flagellaa.a. Structure: long, Structure: long,

whiplike projection whiplike projection w/ w/ wave-likewave-like movementsmovements

b.b. Function: Function: movement; Ex: movement; Ex: spermsperm cells cells

http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/400000/images/_404096_single_sperm300.jpg

http://images.livescience.com/images/050330_sperm_egg_01.jpg


3. Microfilaments3. Microfilamentsa.a. Structure: tiny protein Structure: tiny protein rodsrodsb.b. Function: cellular Function: cellular movementmovement

4. Microtubules (4. Microtubules (spindle fibersspindle fibers))a.a. Structure: thick Structure: thick tubestubes of protein of proteinb.b. Function: maintain cell Function: maintain cell structurestructure; ;

strength to motile processesstrength to motile processesThese make up the CYTOSKELETON!These make up the CYTOSKELETON!

CYTOSKELETONCYTOSKELETON

IV. The NucleusIV. The Nucleus1.1. Structure: large, Structure: large,

spherical; w/in spherical; w/in nuclear envelopenuclear envelope

1.1. porousporous2.2. NucleolusNucleolus: dense : dense

area of ribosome area of ribosome synthesis; synthesis; ”little ”little nucleus”nucleus”

3.3. Chromatin Chromatin → → ChromosomesChromosomes

http://www.cdli.ca/~dpower/cell/nucleus.jpg

http://blogofthe.s57.xrea.com/media/1/20040407-nucleus.jpg

V. Cell CycleV. Cell CycleA. InterphaseA. Interphase

GG11: Growth: GrowthS: Synthesis of S: Synthesis of DNA DNAGG22: Growth and : Growth and

mitosis prep mitosis prepM: Mitosis (nuclear M: Mitosis (nuclear

division) division)C: Cytokinesis C: Cytokinesis (cytoplasm (cytoplasm division) division)

http://www.isd2184.net/~jensenje/biology/BioReviewWeb/U2ReviewWeb/mitosisWeb/Images/Cellcyclediagram.jpg

V. Cell CycleV. Cell CycleB. MITOSISB. MITOSIS

1.1. ProphaseProphase2.2. MetaphaseMetaphase

3.3. Anaphase Anaphase4.4. Telephase Telephase

http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/booksellers/press_release/studentscience/gif/mitosis1.gif

INTERPHASE

PROPHASE

METAPHASE

ANAPHASE TELOPHASE

MITOSIS

V. Cell CycleV. Cell CycleC. CYTOKINESISC. CYTOKINESIS

Two identical daughter cells formed.Two identical daughter cells formed.

http://raven.zoology.washington.edu/celldynamics/research/cytokinesis/images/SdTeloAT.jpg

D. DIFFERENTIATIOND. DIFFERENTIATION

http://training.seer.cancer.gov/ss_module08_lymph_leuk/images/illu_blood_cell_lineage.jpg

http://training.seer.cancer.gov/ss_module08_lymph_leuk/images/illu_blood_cell_lineage.jpg

V. Cellular MovementsV. Cellular MovementsA. PASSIVE TRANSPORTA. PASSIVE TRANSPORT

No No cellular energycellular energy (ATP) required. (ATP) required.

1.1. DiffusionDiffusion: molecules move from areas : molecules move from areas of high concentration to low (down of high concentration to low (down the the concentration gradientconcentration gradient))

a.a. EquilibriumEquilibrium: solute evenly : solute evenly distributed w/in solventdistributed w/in solvent

b.b. Ex: exchange of OEx: exchange of O22/CO/CO22 in the lungs in the lungs

DDIIFFFFUUSSIIOONN

http://www.indiana.edu/~phys215/lecture/lecnotes/lecgraphics/diffusion2.gif

http://www.physics.umd.edu/lecdem/services/demos/demosi6/i6-23.gif


2.2. Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion: : carrier protein moves a carrier protein moves a glucose glucose moleculemolecule

a.a. Promoted Promoted by by insulininsulin

http://www.biologia-it.arizona.edu/cell_bio/problem_sets/membranes/graphics/CHANNEL.GIF


3.3. Osmosis Osmosisa.a. DiffusionDiffusion of of

waterwaterb.b. Controlled by Controlled by

osmotic osmotic pressurepressure

c.c. Three types of Three types of solutionssolutions

(1)(1)(2)(2)(3)(3)

http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/tonicity1.jpeg

OSMOSISOSMOSIS


4.4. Filtration Filtrationa.a. Hydrostatic pressure, like Hydrostatic pressure, like blood blood

pressurepressure, forces molecules , forces molecules through membranethrough membrane

b.b. Separate solids from waterSeparate solids from water

V. Cellular MovementsV. Cellular MovementsB. ACTIVE TRANSPORTB. ACTIVE TRANSPORT

CCellular energyellular energy (ATP) required. (ATP) required.

1.1. Active Transport: molecules move Active Transport: molecules move from areas of from areas of lowlow concentration to concentration to highhigh (against the (against the concentration gradientconcentration gradient))

a.a. Provides ~ Provides ~ 40%40% of cells energy of cells energyb.b. ProteinProtein carrier molecules are used. carrier molecules are used.

ACTIVE TRANSPORTACTIVE TRANSPORT

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/biology107/bi107vc/fa99/terry/images/ATPpumA.gif

V. Cellular MovementsV. Cellular MovementsB. ACTIVE TRANSPORTB. ACTIVE TRANSPORT

2.2. Endocytosis: entry of molecules Endocytosis: entry of molecules too largetoo large to be moved by AT/PT. to be moved by AT/PT.

a.a. PinocytosisPinocytosis: membrane pinches : membrane pinches inward to take in inward to take in liquidliquid

b.b. PhagocytosisPhagocytosis: membrane : membrane pinches inward to take in pinches inward to take in solidsolid

3.3. Exocytosis: outward bulge of Exocytosis: outward bulge of membrane for large molecule exitmembrane for large molecule exit

Endocytosis vs. Endocytosis vs.

http://www.stanford.edu/group/Urchin/GIFS/exocyt.gif

http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/eustruct/images/pinocyt.gif

ExocytosisExocytosisPinocytosisPinocytosis

PhagocytosisPhagocytosis

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