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ORGANIZATION OF LIVING THINGS
Levels of Organization of Living Things
Cell
tissue
organ
organ system organism
Types of Tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Integumentary System
Organisms outer covering
Varies in form but same basic function
Made up of skin and its derivatives (scales, hair, nails, etc.)
Largest organ
Function of the Integumentary System
Protection Thermoregulation Sensory Water regulation Excretion
Thermoregulation
Maintain homeostasis – stable internal environment – through regulating temperature
Endothermic
Ectothermic
Three Main Parts of Skin
Epidermis – outermost layer of epithelial tissue
Dermis – under the epidermis Contains blood vessels,
nerves, glands Hypodermis/
Subcutaneous layer – lowest layer of skin, mostly loose connective tissue and adipose cells (fat)
Accessory Structures
Nails Hair Glands:
Sebaceous – sebum Sweat
Eccrine – “normal” sweat, most numerous, exit skin at a pore
Apocrine – activated by stress, associated with hair follicles
Specialized Sweat Glands: secrete ear wax (ceruminous fluid), mammary glands
Differences in Vertebrate Skin
Scales Fish (Placoid, Dermal, Cosmoid, Ganoid,
Cycloid/Ctenoid) Reptiles Birds
Horns and antlers Feathers
Skin of Jawless Fishes
Relatively thick skinEpidermal glandular cells: secretes protective cuticleMulticellular slime glands secrete large amount of mucous to cover the body surface for protection
Skin of Cartilaginous Fishes
Multilayered and contains mucus and sensory cells
The dermis contains placoid scales called denticles Denticles contain blood vessels and nerves
and is very similar to vertebrate teeth
Skin of Bony Fishes
ScalesScales are not shed
they grow at the margins and over the lower surface
Skin is permeable and can be used in gas exchangeMucus help in fighting off bacterial and fungal infection
Skin of Amphibians
Transitional between aquatic and terrestrial vertebratesStratified epidermis and a dermis containing mucus and serous glands plus pigmentation cellsThe earliest amphibians were covered by bone scales
SKIN MICROSCOPE LAB
Skin of a Frog
Skin of a Frog
Skin of Reptiles
Terrestrial The outer layer of the
epidermis is thick, lacks glands, and is modified into keratinized scales, scutes, plaques and beaks
The thick keratinized layer resists abrasion, inhibits dehydration and protects
Skin of Birds
Epidermis is usually thin and only two or three layers thickThe most prominent part of the epidermis are the feathers Feathers are derived from the scales of reptilian ancestors and are the most complex of all derivatives of the vertebrate skin
Feathers Provides the strong, lightweight surface
area needed for powered, aerodynamic flight.
Insulation: trap pockets of air to help birds conserve their body heat.
The varied patterns, colors, textures, and shapes of feathers help birds to signal their age, sex, social status, and species identity to one another.
Camouflage
Skin of Mammals
Mammalian skin’s notable features include:HairA variety of epidermal glandsAnd a dermis many times thicker than the epidermis
The prevention of dehydration is one of the evolutionary reasons mammals and other animals have been able to colonize terrestrial environment
Skin of Mammals
Barrier to prevent harmful microorganisms and chemicals from entering the bodyPrevents the loss of life-sustaining body fluidsProtects the vital structures inside the body from injury and potentially damaging ultraviolet rays of the sunContains various types of specialized nerve cells responsible for the sense of touch
BLUBBER LABAND
BODY ATLAS: SKIN
Skin Cladogram
3 part assignment Start with a chart of any relevant skin characteristics
(ex: glands, skin thickness/layers, hair, etc.)
Construct a cladogram using your chart Summarize conclusions of skin evolution over time
using your cladogram. This will be counted as a quiz grade
Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals
Glands Yes, some
Yes, some No Yes, some
Yes, many
Skin Thickness
Thin Thin Thick Thin Thick
Hair? No No No No Yes
Skeletal System
Goal: provide protection, support of body and organs Provide attachment for muscles to allow for
movement Origin Insertion
Ligaments Connect bone to bone
Skeletal System
Bones have different shapes Long bones (femur/humerus)
Spongy bone and compact bone Short bones (hands and feet) Flat bones (skull) Irregular bones (vertebrae)
Muscular System Goal: allow for movement, heat 3 types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac Tendons: connect muscle to bone
Skeletal Muscle
Usually attached to bone Voluntary movement Threadlike structure Multinucleated Striated – alternating light and dark
bands Because of the contractile unit within the
muscle
Smooth Muscle
Line organs and blood vessels Involuntary movement No striations
Cardiac Muscle
Heart Cells are striated and branched
Intercalated discs: directly connect each cell to the next
Involuntary movement
CHICKEN WING DISSECTION
• Goal: use enzymes to break down food to make energy
• Starts at the mouth and ends with the anus
• Various accessory organs
Digestive System
Respiratory System
Goal: bring oxygen into the body so cellular respiration can occur Rid body of excess carbon
dioxide (waste product of cellular respiration)
Includes lungs, gills
Circulatory System Goal: transport blood throughout body
Blood carries nutrients, oxygen, waste Includes heart, blood vessels
Nervous System Goal: regulate
and coordinate all body systems, detect external stimuli, respond to stimuli
Includes brain, spinal cord and associated nerves
Urogenital System
Goal: rid body of waste Includes kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra
Reproductive Systems
Internal vs. External fertilization Placental animals Egg laying animals
Post-fertilization differences (fertilized eggs left to hatch alone, cared for, etc.)
Hatching, birth