CELL ORGANELLES STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Prokaryotes

¨  Nucleoid region (center) contains the DNA

¨  Always single-celled

organisms. ¨  Surrounded by cell

membrane & cell wall

¨  Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their cytoplasm to make proteins

Eukaryotes

¨  Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

¨  Includes protists, fungi,

plants, and animals ¨  More complex type of

cells

Eukaryotic Cells

Contain 3 basic cell structures:

1.  Nucleus 2.  Cell Membrane 3.  Cytoplasm with

organelles

Two Main Types of Cells

Plant Cell Animal Cell

Organelles

¨  Perform various functions for a cell ¨  Found in the cytoplasm ¨  May or may not be membrane-bound

Animal Cell Organelles

Nucleolus Nucleus

Nuclear envelope

Ribosome (attached)

Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Centrioles

Plant Cell Organelles

Cell or Plasma Membrane

¨  Surrounds outside of ALL cells ¨  Controls what enters or leaves the cell ¨  Both Plant and animal cells ¨  Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Outside of cell

Inside of cell (cytoplasm)

Cell membrane

Proteins

Protein channel Lipid bilayer

Carbohydrate chains

Cell Membrane is FLUID

¨  Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing

Cell Wall

¨  Protection and support ¨  Only in Plant Cells ¨  Found in both

Eukaryote and Prokaryotes

Cytoplasm

¨  Jelly-like substance ¨  Contains the molecules and organelles in a cell

¨  Both Animal and Plant Cells

¨  Both Prokaryote and Eukaryote Cells

Nucleus

•  Controls the normal activities of the cell

•  Genetic control center of the cell

•  Surrounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores

Nucleus

•  Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes (made of DNA)

•  Genes control cell

characteristics

Nuclear Membrane

¨  Surrounds the nucleus ¨  Regulates the passage of materials between the

nucleus and cytoplasm ¨  Both plant and animal cells ¨  Only eukaryotes

Mitochondria

¨  Powerhouse of the cell ¨  Supplies the cell with

ENERGY (ATP)

¨  Both Plant and Animal Cells

¨  Only Eukaryote

¨  Site of Cellular Respiration ¨  Has its own DNA!

Chloroplast

¨  Only in plant cells ¨  Contain the green pigment Chlorophyll ¨  Use energy from sunlight to make own food

(glucose)

Lysosomes

¨  Contain enzymes for digestions and breaking down substances

¨  Lysosomes digest food and get rid of the waste! ¨  In BOTH plant and animal cells ¨  Only in Eukaryotes

Vacuoles

¨  Fluid filled sacks for storage

¨  Small or absent in animal

cells ¨  Plants have large central

vacuole

Ribosomes

¨  Make Proteins ¤ “Protein Factories” for the cell

¨  Join amino acids to make proteins ¨  Both Plant and Animal Cells ¨  Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

¨  Network of hollow membrane tubules ¨  Connects to nuclear envelope and cell membrane ¨  Functions in synthesis/production of cell products

and transport

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

¨  Has ribosomes on its surface ¨  Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export

out of the cell.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

¨  Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface

¨  Is attached to the ends of rough ER

¨  Makes cell products that are used inside of the cell.

Golgi Apparatus/Body/Complex

¨  Modifies, collects, packages, and distributes molecules from the ER for storage or transport out of cell

¨  Both plant and animal cells ¨  Only Eukaryotes

Cilia and Flagella

¨  Cilia are shorter, hair like and more numerous on cells

¨  Flagella are longer

and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells. Whip like motion

¨  Main function is movement