CEC NSW 24 September 2010 Copyright in the Digital World Sylvie Saab National Copyright Officer National Copyright Unit

CEC NSW 24 September 2010

Copyright in the Digital World

Sylvie Saab

National Copyright OfficerNational Copyright Unit

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New Technologies

Teachers are using a variety of new technologies in the classroom.

This includes:• Interactive whiteboards

• Wikis and blogs

• YouTube and iTunes

• Mobile devices including iPods, MP3 players and mobile phones

See information sheets: “Using wikis and blogs”http://www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/944

“YouTube: Use by Teachers” http://www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/855

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Digital Content Repositories

Many schools and jurisidictions are also creating content repositories.

In most cases, access to these repositories is password protected.

A content repository is a digital space where content can be stored, accessed and shared amongst a group of people. This includes learning management systems such as Moodle, BlackBoard and ClickView, intranets, portals, interactive whiteboard galleries and media libraries.

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What can teachers copy and communicate on these technologies?

There is a lot that teachers can do on these technologies!

There are:

A.Statutory Licences

B.Free Use Exceptions

Which allow schools to use copyrightmaterials without the permission of thecopyright owner.

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Part VB: Statutory Text and Artistic Licence

• Under this licence, a teacher can copy and communicate literary, dramatic, artistic and musical works subject to copying limits.

• Covers text books, newspaper articles, journal articles, paintings, diagrams, photographs, animations, song lyrics, plays, poems and maps in hard copy and electronic form including free and publicly available internet sites.

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Statutory Text and Artistic Licence

Has two schemes:

1. Hard Copying: photocopying hard copy print and artistic material

2. Electronic Use Scheme (EUS): copying and communicating electronic print and artistic material

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Statutory Text and Artistic Licence

Common activities covered by the EUS include:

1. Scanning a hard copy book

2. Printing, saving and downloading material from the Internet (eg online articles and images) and electronic resources such as CD Roms and E-books

3. Uploading material onto a digital repository, school intranet, learning management system (LMS), class wiki or blog, or interactive whiteboard

4. Copying material onto potable devices including iPods, MP3 players, mobile phones and a USB

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Photographs

1. Is the photograph still in copyright?

• If taken post 2005: lifetime of author plus 70 (published and unpublished photographs)

• If taken pre 2005:

• Published photographs: 50 years from end of year photograph taken

• Unpublished photographs: 50 years from the end of year work published

See Smartcopying at: http://www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/662

2. If yes, does the school own copyright in the photograph?

• If a teacher or staff member of the school took the photograph, copyright belongs to the school. The school can upload the photograph to:

• Public online space (note: privacy issues)

• Password protected online space, eg school intranet, learning management system or class wiki/blog


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Photographs

If the school does not own copyright in the photograph, it must either:

a. Seek written permission from the copyright owner for its use; or

• This is known as a licence. You must tell the copyright owner what you want to do with the photograph so they can decide whether to grant you permission.


b. Rely on Statutory Text and Artistic Licence

• Photograph can only be uploaded to a password protected space for students, teachers and school staff only eg school intranet, learning management system, class wiki or blog.

• Must include the mandatory statutory notice: http://www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/705


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Statutory Text and Artistic Licence: Copying from websites

• Some teachers mistakenly believe that material available on the Internet is free of copyright.

• This is not true. Internet material is protected by copyright!

• Some websites are ‘free for education’ – this means that material on the website can be copied for educational purposes.

• Website terms and conditions will determine whether a website is ‘free for education’.

For further information on website terms and conditions, see information sheet ‘Understanding Website Terms and Conditions’ on the Smartcopying website:

http://www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/999

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Website Terms and Conditions

Terms and Conditions Not Free Free

Personal UsePersonal, non commercialPersonal and non commercialNon-commercial usePersonal or non commercial

Use in your organisation

Free copying

Free for education

© name and/or year and no terms of use

No copyright © name and/ or year or no terms and conditions

Copying not permitted

All Rights Reserved

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Statutory Text and Artistic Licence: Copying Limits

Limits on copying:

• 10% of a literary work or 1 chapter of a book, 10% of words on a website or CD Rom

• One article in a journal, more than one article if on the same subject matter

• Can copy the whole work if:

• it has not been separately published

• or is not commercially available within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.

For more information, see the “Education Licence B” in the“National Copyright Guidelines” at:


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Statutory Text and Artistic Licence: Simultaneous Storage Rule

The Statutory Text and Artistic Licence does not allow two parts of a work, eg. two 10% excerpts of a text book, online at the same time.

To minimise risk of infringement, measures must be taken to restrict access to this material to relevant classes only.

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Statutory Text and Artistic Licence: Mandatory Notice

You must attach a mandatory notice to all copies made available on an interactive whiteboard, learning management system, wiki, blog or school intranet.

This noticed is required by the Copyright Act.A copy of this is available on the Smartcopying website at:

www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/705

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Part VA Statutory Broadcast Licence

Covers the copying and communication of:

• Off-air television and radio broadcasts

• Podcasts and webcasts which originated asfree-to-air broadcasts and are available on the broadcaster’s website

Doesn’t cover podcasts/webcasts:

• from Pay TV sources

• which have not been broadcast For more information see:

“Education Licence A” in the “National Copyright Guidelines”:http://www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/699

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Part VA: Statutory Broadcast Licence

• No limit on how much you can copy.

• Format shifting is permitted.

• If you want to put a copy on an interactive whiteboard, LMS, wiki, blog or school intranet, you must attach a notice.

• This notice is required by the Copyright Act.

A copy of this notice is available at:www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/704

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s28 Performing or Communicating Material to a Classroom

• Does not apply to ‘copying’ material.

• Allows schools to perform and communicate material in class, or otherwise in the presence of audience.

• It is a free use exception – no fees are paid.

See information sheet: “Performance and Communication of works and audio-visual

material – What am I allowed to do?” :http://www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/544

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s.200AB: Flexible Dealing

• Rely on flexible dealing when no statutory licence or free use exception applies to your use.

• Teachers may copy videos (eg YouTube) and sound recordings (eg podcasts, music) under flexible dealing subject to certain requirements.

• Flexible dealing will not apply where it is possible to purchase a similar teaching resource

• Flexible dealing is a free use exception – no fees are paid.

See information sheet: “The New Flexible Dealing Exception – What am I allowed to do?”:


N o

Am I teaching in a classroom or remotely, preparing to teach, compiling resources for student homework or research or doing something for the purpose of teaching?

- Is my use covered by Part VB of the Act (the Statutory Text and Artistic Licence)?- Is my use covered by Part VA of the Act (the Statutory Broadcast Licence)?- Is my use covered by another exception?

- Am I taking more than I need?- Am I exposing the material to a risk of piracy?- Am I interfering with the quality of the material?- If I answer yes to any of these questions, is there something I can do to minimise

any prejudice?

2. Am I using this for giving educational instruction?

3. Is my use non-commercial?

6. Would I unreasonably prejudice the copyright owner?

Am I, my students, or the school making a profit or getting commercial advantage from this? (Cost recovery is OK)

- Is my use narrow in a qualitative and quantitative sense?- Is my use only what I need for my teaching purpose?

- Can I buy or get a licence for this use?- Is this use a way the copyright owner usually makes money from their work? - Will I deprive the copyright owner of significant revenue now or in the near future?

Covered by 200AB

1. Is my use covered by a statutory licence or exception?

4. Is my use a special case?

5. Does my use conflict with normal exploitation?

N o

N o

Yes

Yes

Yes

Flexible Dealing Requirements

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Flexible Dealing Uses

1. Make captioned versions of films for hearing impaired students when it is not possible to buy the captioned version.

2. Compile short extracts of audio-visual material for use in class (eg making DVD of short extracts of several films for a Film Studies or English class) when it is not possible to purchase similar teaching resources.

3. Convert a film or sound recording on DVD/CD to a digital file format when it is not possible to buy a digital version of the film or sound recording.

4. Include short extracts of music in PowerPoint teaching aids.See information sheet:

“Flexible Dealing and the Copyright Amendment Act 2006 – What am I allowed to do?”


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Flexible Dealing and ATPMs

Anecdotal evidence suggests that teachers are copying extracts of DVDs or making digital copies of DVDs to produce educational resources.

In doing so, they are inadvertently circumventing Access Technological Protection Measures (ATPMs).

• ATPMs are technologies which restrict access to copyright material. Most commercial DVDs are protected by an ATPM known as ‘region coding’.

• It is illegal to remove/disable an ATPM in order to copy extracts of a DVD or format shift the DVD into digital format.

Note: Most VHS tapes are not protected by ATPMs.

See information sheets: “Format Shifting and the Copyright Amendment Act 2006 : What am I allowed to do?” http://www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/529

“Technological Protection Measures and the Copyright Amendment Act 2006” http://www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/522

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Flexible Dealing Dos and Don’ts

• Do not use pirated material.

• ‘Just in case’ format shifting is not permitted:

• Schools cannot make ‘back up’ copies of resources ‘in case’ the original is destroyed.

• Schools are not allowed to format shift their whole library or collection (eg, from video tape to DVD or a content management system) 'just in case' it will be useful later on. Any format shifting needs to be done for the purpose of giving educational instruction in the near future.

See information sheets:

“Flexible Dealing and the Copyright Amendment Act 2006 – What am I allowed to do?” http://www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/542

“Format Shifting and the Copyright Amendment Act 2006: what am I allowed to do?”: http://www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/529

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Flexible Dealing Dos and Don’ts

• Try not to copy more than you need. If you copy too large an amount, it might not be covered by this exception.

• Access to s 200AB copies must be limited to those students who need to use the material for a class exercise, homework or research task

• Remove the s 200AB copy from the LMS, school intranet, class blog/wiki, portal or interactive media gallery as soon as practical once it is no longer required for the class, homework or research task.

• Label s 200AB copies with words similar to:

‘Copied under s200AB of the Copyright Act 1968’See information sheet: “Flexible Dealing and the Copyright Amendment Act 2006 –

What am I allowed to do?” http://www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/542

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Snapshot Summary

Part VB Copying limits: 10%

or 1 chapter of book, 10% of words on a website or CDRom.

Attach notice when communicate.

Part VANo copying limits.Can format shift.Attach notice when

communicate.

s.200ABLimited format shifting

rights.You cannot buy it.Only copy what you

need.

Images or print works

Off air television and radio broadcastsPodcasts of free-to-air broadcasts (available on the broadcaster’s website)

YouTube videos

DVDs and videos

Note: Most commercial DVDs are protected by ATPMs and cannot be copied because it illegal to circumvent an ATPM.

Cassette tapes and CDs

Typ

e o

f M

ater

ial

Copied and Communicated Under

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Tricky copyright areas: YouTube, iTunes and iTunes U

Teachers are increasingly using YouTube videos, iTunes music and applications as well as iTunes U content.

The terms of YouTube, iTunes and iTunes U provide that the content can only be used for ‘personal, non-commercial’ use.

This does not include copying by educational institutions for ‘educational use’.

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Tricky copyright areas: YouTube, iTunes and iTunes U

It is arguable that some of these contracts are not enforceable due to insufficient notice of the terms and conditions to the consumer.

However, in cases such as iTunes where the consumer is prompted to accept the terms and conditions during purchase, it is likely that the contract terms and conditions are enforceable.

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iTunes

Can I play music purchased from iTunes in class?

• s. 28 allows for music to be communicated by teachers in the course of educational instruction, however, the iTunes terms and conditions only allow users to purchase music for "personal, non-commercial use" and not for "educational use".

• The terms and conditions are likely to be enforceable because the purchaser is given sufficient notice prior to purchase. The purchaser is prompted to ‘accept’ the terms and conditions.

• Because it is unclear, we recommend that you format shift the song you want to use from a CD into MP3 format. This may be permitted under flexible fair dealing if all conditions are met.

See information sheet: “Flexible Dealing and the Copyright Amendment Act 2006 – What am I allowed to do?”


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YouTube

Can I copy YouTube videos for use in class or as part of a resource?• There is NO clear answer!

• You may be able copy a YouTube video and use it for educational instruction under s 200 AB BUT the terms and conditions of YouTube may not strictly allow this.

• It is arguable that the terms and conditions do not form a contract and therefore are not enforceable because sufficient notice is not provided.

• YouTube is now testing an option that will allow video owners to upload their videos under a Creative Commons so they can share their work with others.

Teachers Tube is a great alternative: www.teachertube.com

See information sheets: “YouTube: Use by Teachers” http://www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/855

“Teachers Tube: Use by Teachers”http://www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/858

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Practical Alternatives: Linking and Streaming

Practical alternatives to copying videos off YouTube include:

• Directly streaming YouTube videos in class (permitted under s 28) The streaming may be directly from the YouTube website or through a link to a YouTube video embedded on another website.

• Linking to the YouTube video. Linking is not a copyright activity as you are not actually copying the content, rather providing a path to its location on another site.


“Performance and Communication of works and audio-visual materialin class – What am I allowed to do?”


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Practical Alternative: Embedding Videos

Can I embed a link to videos on another website?• You may embed a link to a video on another website, such as the

class blog or wiki, or school intranet and learning management system.

• The YouTube website provides information on how to embed links to YouTube videos. (http://www.google.com/support/youtube/bin/answer.py?answer=57788).

• Sometimes, the video owner does not want others to embed their video and may disable this functionality. In this case, you should not pursue embedding the link.

• You may stream videos that you have embedded in another website to a class under s 28.


“Performance and Communication of works and audio-visual material in class – What am I allowed to do?”


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Smartcopying tips…

Link to material whenever possible.

• Providing a link to material is not a copyright activity. This is because you are not actually copying the content, but rather providing a pathway to its location on another site.

Embed material whenever possible.

• Embedding is another type of linking. It involves copying the HTML code of the film, which is often displayed in a box near the film, and pasting it onto your website. The result of this is, rather than displaying the link, it will show a small screen of the film on your website.

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All material must be attributed.• It is important that all material created and used by the

school for educational purposes is properly attributed.

• This includes material that is photocopied and material that is copied digitally.

• Attribution information needs to include details of the copyright owner and author (if different), where the material was sourced from and when.

• Attributing material is important to ensure that original material created by a student, teacher or jurisdiction or that has been licensed is removed from survey data and therefore is not paid for.

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Use Open Education, Free for Education and Creative Commons material possible.

• The copyright owner of this material has already given permission for the material to be used for educational purposes.

• As a result, this material is available for free!

• Depending on the terms of the licence, this material can also be modified and shared by teachers and students.

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Access to material is limited to relevant students onlyOnce material is communicated to an entire school or jurisdiction, the risk of copyright infringement increases dramatically.

Further, limiting access to material is an important cost management practice. CAL and Screenrights believe that the value of content increases with the number of people who can access and view it.

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Material is flushed from the system regularlyMaterial copied and communicated under the Statutory Licences is paid for again every 12 months. This is because another ‘communication’ of the material is deemed to have occurred.

Flushing material from a repository that is no longer required for educational purposes is one practical way of managing the copyright costs.

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In summary, it is best practice to:

• Link to material whenever possible

• Ensure that all material is labelled

• Ensure that the mandatory notice requirements have been complied with

• Limit what is copied to what is needed for educational purposes

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OER - Definition

Open Educational Resources (‘OER’) is a growing trend towards openness of teaching and learning materials.

OER are teaching and learning materials that are freely available online for everyone to use, whether you are a teacher, student or self learner.

OER include: worksheets, curriculum materials, lectures, homework assignments, quizzes, class activities, pedagogical materials, games and many more resources from around the world.

See: www.oercommons.org

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OER: Fundamental Values

OER share some fundamental values:• Resources are free for any individual to use

• Are licensed for unrestricted distribution

• Possibility of adaptation, translation, re-mix, and improvement.

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Open Education Resources

Some good OER sites include:1. Curriki: http://www.curriki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Main/WebHome

2. OER Commons: www.oercommons.org/

3. Encyclopaedia of Life: www.eol.org/

4. Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network: www.ckan.net/

5. Connexions: www.cnx.org/

6. Teaching Ideas: www.teachingideas.co.uk/

The Smartcopying website lists Open Education Resources:


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OER and FFE

• ‘Free for education’ (FFE) material is similar to OER material in that the copyright owner has given permission for the material to be used for educational purposes.

• However, FFE material may not permit a teacher to communicate, modify or share the material. This will depend on the terms and conditions of use of the material.

• Many websites are FFE because their terms and conditions allow copying for educational purposes.

The Smartcopying website lists FFE: www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/936

Example

‘You may download, display, print and copy any material at this website, in unaltered form only, for you personal use, educational use or for non-

commercial use within your organisation’www.reconciliation.org.au

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Other Free for Education Initiatives

A number of organisations have agreed to make their online material free for education:

• Enhance TV Website http://www.enhancetv.com.au

• Museum Victoria http://museumvictoria.com.au

• Cancer Council http://www.cancer.org.au/Home.htm

• World Vision http://www.worldvision.com.au

Material available on these websites can be copied for ‘educational purposes’.

The Smartcopying website lists FFE websites:


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OER and Creative Commons

Most OER resources use Creative Commons (CC) licences.

This is because CC are well known, free, easy to use and no lawyers are needed.

CC licences come expressed in three different formats:

• Commons Deed (human-readable code),

• Legal Code (lawyer-readable code);

• Metadata (machine-readable code). A creator needs only to do one thing - select the type of

licence they want from the CC website!

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OER sites and Creative Commons…

OER SITE CC LICENCE

OER Commonshttp://www.oercommons.org

Currikihttp://www.curriki.org

Openlearnhttp://www.open.ac.uk/openlearn/home.php

Teaching Ideas http://www.teachingideas.co.uk

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Using Creative Commons (CC) material enables the education sector to overcome copyright barriers.

CC material is freely available for teachers and students to copy, modify and reuse.

This is important in the digital era where content can be created, accessed and shared in new and exciting ways globally.

The National Copyright Unit and CC Australia have developed an information pack for teachers and students on finding, using and attributing CC material. This pack can be found on the Smartcopying website at: http://www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/956

CC makes copyright easy..

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CC creates a “some rights reserved” model.

This means that the copyright owner retains copyright ownership in their work while inviting certain uses of their work by the public.

CC licences create choice and options for the copyright owner.

What is CC?

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There are 4 primary licence elements which are mixed to create a licence:

Attribution – attribute the author

Non-commercial – no commercial use

No Derivative Works – no remixing

ShareAlike – remix only if you let others remix

See the CC information pack at:http://www.smartcopying.edu.au/scw/go/pid/956

CC Primary Licence Elements

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Attribution – share alike

Attribution – non-commercial –share alike

Attribution – non-commercial – no derivatives

Attribution

Attribution - non-commercial

Attribution - no derivatives

Six Standard CC Licences

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In January 2006, the NLA embarked on a collaboration with Flickr to facilitate the collection of public contributions to the PictureAustralia archive.

The NLA established two Flickr groups:

• ‘Picture Australia: People, Places and Events’, a place where people can post images social, political, contemporary or historical events of national significance.

• ‘Picture Australia: Australia Day’ (now encompassed into the ‘People, Places and Events’ group)

CC and the National Library of Australia

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Australian Cultural Institutes and Flickr

Other Australian institutes which are releasing material under a CC licence in Flickr include:• State Library NSW

http://www.flickr.com/photos/statelibraryofnsw/

• Powerhouse Museum http://www.flickr.com/photos/powerhouse_museum/

• Australian War Memorial http://www.flickr.com/photos/australian-war-memorial/

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• The ABC has just launched a new CC-friendly social media space titled Pool.

• Users create profiles and upload and download material which they can share with other profile owners and the public.

• Pool contains music, text, images and animations available under Creative Commons licences.

• ABC is also releasing material from its archives onto Pool under Creative Commons licences.

Check out ABC Pool:http://www.pool.org.au

CC and ABC Pool

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CC and the Australian Bureau of Statistics

ABS website material is licensed under a CC Attribution Licence:

“Unless otherwise noted, all material on this website – except the ABS logo, the Commonwealth Coat of Arms, and any material

protected by a trade mark – is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia licence”

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Smithsonian Institute

Smithsonian Institute website hosts an array of copyright cleared content from these museums and affiliates free for use by education.

‘Picturing the 1930’s’ is a new education website by the Smithsonian Institute which allows teachers and students to explore paintings, artist memorabilia, historical documents, newsreels, period photographs and create videos from this material. http://americanart.si.edu/education/picturing_the_1930s/index.html

Further, the institute has a photostream of CC licensed images on Flickr:http://www.flickr.com/photos/smithsonian/

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Flickr and International Institutes

The following museums and institutes have photostreams of CC licensed images on Flickr:

• Imperial War Museum http://www.flickr.com/photos/imperialwarmuseum/

• Library of Congress http://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/

• National Maritime Museum http://www.flickr.com/photos/nationalmaritimemuseum/

• George Eastman House http://www.flickr.com/photos/george_eastman_house/

• National Media Museum http://www.flickr.com/photos/nationalmediamuseum/

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For More Information

Sylvie [email protected]

(02) 9561 8730

Alison Davis

[email protected]

(08) 9319 5549

Delia [email protected]

(02) 9561 8876

Smartcopying Websitewww.smartcopying.edu.au

Documents

CEC NSW 24 September 2010 Copyright in the Digital World Sylvie Saab National Copyright Officer National Copyright Unit