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Dr. Dharmendra

Assistant Professor

Department of Civil Engineering

Office Location: Environmental Laboratory

Civil Department

(Ground Floor)

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CE-474 (a) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

L T P

3 1 0

Environment and its components, Concept of Ecological imbalances, carrying capacity and sustainable

development. Evolution of environmental impact assessment (EIA), Current screening process in India. A

step-by-step procedure for developing EIA. Elements of Environmental Analysis. Public consultation, Post

monitoring, Data collection for Air Quality Impact analysis, Water Quality Impact Analysis and energy

impact analysis. Impact Assessment Methodologies-Matrices, overlays, network analysis. Case studies of

Industrial EIA and Water resources projects. Brief introduction about Environment legislation and

Environmental Audit.

Books:

1. Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing Countries: Asit K. Biswas

2. Environmental Impact Analysis Handbook : G.J. Rau and C.D. Wooten

3. Environmental Impact Assessment by C.W. Canter

4.Environmental Impact Assessment Theory and practice Peter Wathern

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Course Plan

Contd CHAPTER 5

Introduction to data collection.

What data to be collected and its significance such as

Air environment

Water environment

Land environment

Biodiversity

How data should be collected, interpreted and

presented?

CHAPTER 6

Impact assessment

Introduction to Impact analysis.

Criteria for predicting the significance of impacts. Basis thumb rule to evaluate the project feasibility.

Method to assess the impact of a project

on ground and surface water.

Method to assess the project impact on eco-

sensitive areas.

Project feasibility with respect to land use

pattern.

Estimation of assimilative capacity of the

river.

Mass balance and thumb rule to estimate theresource consumption and emission potential

of different industrial sector.

Thumb rule to estimate the pollution potential

based on fuel and raw material analysis.

Thumb rule to estimate the stack height.

Thumb rule to estimate the water demand,

wastewater discharge, load and treatmentprocess efficiency.

Thumb rule to estimate the seismic location.

Estimation of site suitability with respect

meteorological parameter.

Thumb rule to assess social issues

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Course Plan

Contd CHAPTER 7

Mitigation and Environmental

management plant (EMP)

Introduction to impact mitigation and

impact management.

Identification of state of art technologiesfor resource consumption and pollution

prevention.

Structural and non-structural mitigation

measures in certain industrial projects.

Introduction to Environmental

management plan.

What good EMP should contain.

CHAPTER 8

Public consultation

Introduction to public consultation.

How one should prepare for the

public consultation.

Loopholes of public hearing in India

CHAPTER 9

Post monitoring

Weakness in post monitoring

Structural weakness

Legal weakness

How to strengthen post monitoring

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Environment

Our natural environment climate, soils, oceans, biological life(plants, animals, bacteria) that can both nurture us and behazards to us.

The built environment that we have created to protect and

house ourselves and to provide a modified infrastructure withinwhich we can prosper

The economic environment that sustains our built environmentand allows the organization of the means of production

The social, cultural and legal environments within which weconduct ourselves and our interactions with others.

These environments are themselves diverse, continuallyevolving and have strong interdependence.

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Introduction

What is EIA?

What are the core value of EIA?

Evolution and history of EIA

Why is it important?

How can you intervene in the process?

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Definitions of EIA:

A study of probable changes in various socio-economic andbiophysical characteristics and the environment, which mayresult from a proposed or impending action (Jain, Urban,Stacey, 1977).

An activity that aims at establishing quantitative values forselected parameters, which indicate the quality ofenvironment before, during, and after the proposedactivitiesHeer, Hagerty (1977).

An instrument to identify and assess the potential

environmental impacts of a proposed project, evaluatealternatives, and design appropriate mitigation,management, and monitoring measures (World Bank)

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Different names for the same report

An EIA report may be known by several other

names such as:

Environmental impact assessment (EIA)

Environment impact statement (EIS)

Environmental statement (ES)

Environmental assessment report (EAR) Environmental effects statement (EES)

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EIAThree core values

Integrity: The EIA process should be fair,

objective, unbiased and balanced.

Utility: The EIA process should provide

balanced, credible information for decision

making.

Sustainability: The EIA process should result in

environmental safeguards.

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Development of EIA

Pre-1970 Project review based on the technical/engineering andeconomic analysis.

Limited consideration given to environmental consequences.

Early/mid1970s

EIA introduced by NEPA in 1969 in US. Basic principle: Guidelines, procedures including public

participation requirement instituted.

Standard methodologies for impact analysis developed (e.g.

matrix, checklist and network).

Canada, Australia and New Zealand became first countries to

follow NEPA in 1973-1974. Unlike Australia, which legislatedEIA, Canada and New Zealand established administrative

procedures.

Major public inquires help to shape the process development.

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Development of EIA

Late 1970 and

early 1980s More formalized guidance.

Other industrial and developing countries introduced formal EIA

requirements (France, 1976; Philippines, 1977) began to use

the process informally or experimentally ( Netherlands, 1978) oradopted elements, such as impact statements or reports, as

part of development applications for planning permission

(German states [lander], Ireland).

Use of EA by developing countries (Brazil, Philippines, China,

Indonesia)

Strategic Environment Assessment (SEA), risk analysisincluded in EA processes.

Greater emphasis on ecological modeling, prediction and

evaluation methods.

Provision for public involvement.

Coordination of EA with land use planning processes.

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Development of EIAMid 1980s to end

of decade In Europe, EC Directive on EIA establishes basic principle and

procedural requirements for all member states.

Increasing efforts to address cumulative effects.

World Bank and other leading international aid agencies

establish EA requirements. Spread of EIA process in Asia.

1990s Requirement to consider trans-boundary effects under Espoo

convention.

Increase use of GIS and other information technologies.

Sustainability principal and global issues receive increased

attention.

India also adopted the EIA formally.

Formulation of EA legislation by many developing countries.

Rapid growth in EA training.

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History of EIA in India

In 1984 Gas leak tragedy in Bhopal Indian Govt. formed EPA in 1994 & EIAmandatory for certain projects.

On 27 January

1994

The MoEF, under the EPA 1986,

promulgated the EIA notification makingenvironmental clearance mandatory for

expansion or modernisation of any activity or

for setting up new projects.

The EIA notification has been amended 13

times in the past 12 years. While most of the

amendments diluted the environmental

clearance process, there were some, which

also strengthened it.

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Why is it important?

To understand the short term and long term impact of project.

To identifies the likely environmental, economical and social

burden of the project for decision makers.

The long-term objective of EIA is to promote sustainable

development by ensuring the balance between environment

and development.

Opportunity to the local people to understand the project so

that they can participate and intervene in project

development.

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The EIA process1. Screening: First stage of EIA, which determines whether the proposed project,

requires an EIA and if it requires EIA, then the level of assessment required.2. Scoping: This stage identifies the key issues and impact that should be further

investigated. This stage also defines the boundary and time limit of the study.

3. Impact analysis: This stage of EIA identifies and predicts likely environmental and social

impact of the proposed project and evaluates the significance.

4. Mitigation: This step in EIA recommends the actions to reduce and avoid the potentialadverse environmental consequences of development activities.

5. Reporting: This stage presents the result of EIA in a form of a report to the decision-

making body and other interested parties.

6. Review of EIA: It examines the adequacy and effectiveness of the EIA report and

provides information necessary for the decision-making.7. Decision-making: It decides whether the project is rejected, approved or needs further

change.

8. Post monitoring: This stage comes into play once the project is commissioned.

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Types of EIA

Broadly EIA classified into two types: Rapid EIA

This is carried out for projects that are likely to cause limited adverseimpacts. In rapid EIA, data or information is collected for only one season(other than monsoon). Therefore, the time frame for undertaking rapidEIA is much shorter (3 months).

Comprehensive EIA As the name suggests, this is conducted over a year as it involves

collection of data/information for three seasons (other than monsoons).

It is usually conducted for projects that are likely to cause more or a seriesof adverse impacts.

However, in India, there are no clear guidelines on the type of projects forwhich comprehensive EIA should be conducted. As per the new EIAnotification, the authority in charge of issuing environmental clearances(either the Union ministry for environment and forests (MoEF) or thestate level body) decides whether the project proponent has to conduct arapid or a comprehensive EIA.

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Public participation in different

countriesEurope The views of NGOs and affected people are considered during

screening, scoping and EIA review.

Japan Provisions of public feedback at screening, scoping and draft

environmental impact statement.

Canada People are consulted during screening, scoping and hearing.Netherlands and

Denmark

Consultation and public participation is a regulatory requirement

US Publish a notice of intent in the Federal register and asks public to

comment.

India Commonly called thePublic

Consultation

legal provision, peopleare consulted at the latter stage of the EIA process once the draft

EIA report has been prepared. There is no public consultation in

the initial phase.

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How can you intervene in the

process? Local communities can intervene during the public hearing

process.

Relevant issues can be raised.

Loopholes/gaps/inadequacies in the EIA report can be pointed

out.

Legal options can also be exercised.

A properly presented rigorous analysis of the EIA report can

be presented to the court.

A critical analysis of the EIA report can also be sent to the

National Environmental Appellate Authority for a final appeal

in case the project is given a clearance.

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CHAPTER 2

Environmental clearance process in India

Central level

State level

Function of Central and State Expert Appraisal Committees

The union Ministry of environment and forests brought out the new EIAnotification in 2006.

In the new notification (dated 14th September 2006),the process of

screening and scoping has been made mandatory.

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EIA at project

Old notification

Six stages:

(1) Project concept

(2) Pre-feasibility(3) Feasibility

(4) Design andengineering

(5) Implementation and(6) Monitoring and

evaluation.

New notification

Four Stage

Stage first - screening (only

for category B projectsand activities),

Stage second - scoping

(applicable for A and B1

type project), Stage third - public

consultation, Stage

fourth project appraisal.

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Project concept and site selection

Proposal of project

Project A, Get clearance from

MOEFProject B, Get clearance from

state

Submission of Form & relevant information to Expert

Appraisal Committee (Both for project A&B)

Screening(Applicable for B category project

EIA not required

(Called B2 project)

EIA required

(called B1 project)

Scoping

(For both A & B category project)

Impact assessment

Draft EIA followed by public consultation

Submission to appraisal committee and decision

Not approved

Approved

Post monitoring

Fig:EIA processin India

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Bodies involved in the assessment

process

Environment quality experts: Experts in measurement andmonitoring, as well as analysis and interpretation ofenvironmental parameters

Sectoral experts: Experts in management of processes and

operations in the relevant industrial sectors EIA process experts: Experts in conducting eias and preparing

Environmental Management Tools (emps)

Risk assessment experts

Life science experts in floral and faunal management Forestry and wildlife experts

Environmental economics experts

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Function of Central and State Expert

Appraisal Committees

The function of the expert appraisal

committee is to evaluate the project feasibility

at the central level for A category project

before granting environmental clearance.

However similar function is rest with state

level SEAC. The function of EAC and SEAC are

given below

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Function of Central and State EAC

Cont..

The EAC and SEAC expert appraisal committees at the central and state orthe Union territory level are responsible to screen, scope and appraiseprojects or activities

The authorized members of the EAC and SEAC, may inspect any siteconnected with the project or activity in respect of which the priorenvironmental clearance for the purposes of screening or scoping or

appraisal. EAC and SEAC will decide the Terms of Reference (ToR) on the basis of the

information furnished in the prescribed application i.e. form1/form 1Aincluding Terns of Reference proposed by the applicant.

The application for the project may by rejected regulatory authority on therecommendation of the EAC and SEAC at central and state level

respectively. In case of such rejection, the decision together with reasons shall be

communicated to the applicant.

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Function of Central and State EAC

Cont..

The EAC and SEAC are responsible to scrutiny application and otherdocuments like the final EIA report, outcome of the public consultationsincluding public hearing proceedings, submitted by the applicant to theregulatory authority concerned for the grant of environmental clearance.

The project proponent is also be invited for furnishing necessary clarificationsin person or through an authorized representative.

The regulatory authority shall normally accept the recommendations of thecentral and state level expert appraisal committee concerned.

In cases of disagreement with the recommendations of the EAC and SEAC, theregulatory authority shall request for reconsideration within forty-five days ofthe receipt of the recommendations of the EAC and SEAC.

The decision of the regulatory authority after considering the views of the

central and state level expert appraisal committee concerned shall be finaland conveyed to the applicant.

State Level Environment Impact

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State Level Environment Impact

Assessment Authority (SEIAA)

Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) Its is compose ofthree members which includes member secretary, chairman and onemore person.

Main function of SEIAA is to grant environmental clearance based on therecommendation of SEAC. Decision of the Authority on the basis ofconsensus.

SEIAA is an independent body; members/chairman have fixed term, cannot be removed except for cause

Three (3) member SEIAA to be notified by MOEF after every three years

Chairman and other member shall be experts/professionals fulfilling theeligibility criteria given in Appendix VI.

Chairman shall be an expert in EIA process.

Member Secretary shall be a serving officer of the state governmentfamiliar with environmental laws.

No funding from MoEF

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Forms of impact assessment

There are various forms of impact assessment such

as health impact assessment (HIA) and social impact

assessment (SIA) that are used to assess the health

and social consequences of development so thatthey are taken into consideration along with the

environmental assessment.

One of the forms of impact assessment is strategic

environment assessment, which is briefly discussedbelow:

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Strategic EIA

Strategic environment assessment (SEA) refers to

systematic analysis of the environmental effects of:

development policies, plans, programmes and other

proposed strategic actions. This process extends the aims and principles of EIA

upstream in the decision-making process, beyond

the project level , major alternatives are still open.

SEA represents a proactive approach to integrating

environmental considerations into the higher levels

of decision-making.

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Difference in EIA and SEAEnvironment impact assessment Strategic environment assessment

Takes place at end of decision-making cycle

Reactive approach to development proposal

Identifies specific impacts on the

environmentConsiders limited number of feasible

Alternatives

Limited review of cumulative effects

Emphasis on mitigating and minimizing

impacts

Narrow perspective, high level of detail

Well-defined process, clear beginning and

end

Focuses on standard agenda, treats

symptoms of environmental deterioration

Takes place at earlier stages of decisionmaking cycle

Pro-active approach to developmentproposals

Identifies environmental implications, issues

of sustainable developmentConsiders broad range of potential

alternatives

Early warning of cumulative effects

Emphasis on meeting environmental

objectives, maintaining natural systems

Broad perspective, lower level of detail toprovide a vision and overall framework

Multi-stage process, overlapping components,

policy level is continuing, iterative

Focuses on sustainability agenda, gets at

sources of environmental deterioration

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Different forms of impact assessment

Macro Impact Assessment

1. Environmental Impact

Assessment

2. Social Impact assessment

3. Technology Impact Assessment

4. Policy Impact Assessment

Micro Impact Assessment

1. Economic and Fiscal Impact

assessment

2. Demographic Impact

assessment

3. Health Impact assessment

4. Ecology Impact assessment

5. Risk Impact assessment

6. Climate Impact assessment

7. Development Impact

assessment

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Social Impact Assessment

It can be defined as the processes of assessing or eliminating

the social consequences in advance.

The social consequences particularly in the context of

appropriate national, state or provincial environmental policy

legislation.

Social impacts include all social and cultural consequences to

human population of any public and private action.

Cultural impacts involve change to norms, values, and beliefs

of individuals that guide and rationalize their cognition of

themselves and their society.

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Social Impact Assessment

Cont

The SIA process provides direction in1. Understanding, managing and controlling change.

2. The prediction of likely impacts from change strategies ordevelopment projects that are to be implemented

3. The identification, development and implementation of

mitigation strategies in order to minimise potential impacts.4. The development and implementation of monitoring programs to

identify unanticipated social impacts that may develop as a resultof social change.

5. The development and implementation of mitigation mechanisms

to deal with unexpected impacts as they develop.6. The evaluation of social impacts caused by earlier developmentprojects, technological change, specific technology andgovernment policy.

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Guidelines & Principles of SIA

1. Public involvement: Develop and implement an effective publicinvolvement plan to involve all potentially affected publics.

2. Identification of alternative: Described the proposed action orpolicy change and reasonable alternatives.

3. Profile baseline conditions: This will include developing andunderstanding of the relationship between the social andbiophysical environment; historical background of the area;contemporary issues; political and social structures; culture;attitudes and social-psychological condition; as well as basicpopulation characteristics.

4. Scoping: identify the full range of possible social impactsthrough a variety of means including discussion or interviewswith numbers of all potentially affected.

5. Projection of estimated effects: Evaluate all possible impacts todetermine the probable impacts.

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CHAPTER 3

Screening

Role of screening

Current screening process in India

What information is missing in screening forms?

Case studies

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Screening

It is the first step of the environmental impact

assessment, which helps to assess the

environmental impacts of an industrial, or

development project and decides whether anenvironmental impact assessment is required

for the project or not.

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Project concept and site selection

Proposal of project

Project A, Get clearance from

MOEFProject B, Get clearance from

state

Submission of Form & relevant information to Expert

Appraisal Committee (Both for project A&B)

Screening

(Applicable for B category project

EIA not required

(Called B2 project)

EIA required

(called B1 project)

Scoping

(For both A & B category project)

Impact assessment

Draft EIA followed by public consultation

Submission to appraisal committee and decision

Not approved

Approved

Post monitoring

Fig:EIA processin India

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What information is missing in screening

forms?

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CHAPTER 4

Why scoping is important

Role of scoping

Regulatory provision for scoping in India Decision criteria to undertake rapid or

comprehensive EIA

Scoping guidelines for defining the Term ofreference for projects (TOR).

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Why scoping is important?

The scoping phase is the backbone of theenvironmental impact assessment process

It involves trying to find answers to questions like

1-what are the issues to be addressed,

2- how to proceed,

3- what extent of analysis is needed,

4- what infrastructure is needed5- and what kind of people should be involved in the

assessment.

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Role of scoping

Ideally, the role of scoping is to determine three key issues,

namely,

Justification of the project (both scenarios with and

without the project, extent of benefit to the local

communities due to the project)

Site alternatives (assessment of different sites with

respect to stress on biophysical environment and its

cumulative effects)

Design alternatives (type of technology, structural andnon-structural mitigation measures to reduce significant

impacts).

l i i f i

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Regulatory provisions for scoping

in India As per the new notification, the ToR for scoping would be

decided by the expert appraisal committee at the central-level

or the state-level expert appraisal committee based on

information furnished in the application Form1/Form 1A,

ToR prepared by the project proponent and a report of the sitevisit(if the appraisal committee deems a requirement of a site

visit to the area).

The expert committee has to convey the ToR for the EIA study

to the project proponent within 60 days of the receipt of Form1. Otherwise, the ToR suggested by the applicant shall be

deemed as the final ToR approved for the EIA studies.

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Scoping guidelines for defining the Term of

reference for projects (TOR).

Issues to beconsidered

Description Extent of investigation/best practice in scoping

Site alternative The provision of site

alternatives is never considered

in the EIA process because site

selection is driven by

availability of raw materials andother economic factors. There

are hardly any considerations of

environmental and social

impacts while locating a project.

In order to locate a project, the

siting guideline should be

properly followed (see annexure

1.2 for siting guidelines).

Final decision on the site should be made

based on the detailed investigation of

environmental, social and economic issues

related with each sites.

Environmental issues: Type of landuse pattern, water potential and

competitive users, pollution potential

with respect to assimilation capacity of

the area/medium, and proximity to

sensitive areas.

Social issues: Population density,

impact on local resources, impact on

public amenities and infrastructure,

scenario with and without the project,

proximity of human habitation.

Cont

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Annexure 1.2: Siting Guidelines

The following guidelines should be taken into account while identifying a suitable

site for setting up an industry.

No forest land shall be converted for non forest activity for the siting of an

industry [Ref: Forest(Conservation)Act, 1980]:

No prime agricultural land shall be converted into an industrial site

Within the acquired site the industry unit must be located at the lowestelevation to remain hidden from general vision:

Land acquired shall be sufficiently large to provide space for appropriate

treatment of waste water after maximizing possible reuse and recycling

reclaimed (treated) wastewater shall be used to raise a green belt and to

create a water body aesthetics recreation and if possible for aquaculture. The

green belt shall be 1/2 km wide around the boundary limits of the industry.

For an industry having an odour problem it shall be a kilometer wide:

The green belt between two adjoining large scale industries shall be one

kilometer.

Si i G id li

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Siting Guidelines

Contd.. Enough space should be provided for storage of solid wastes,

so that these would be available for possible reuse:

Lay out and the from of the industry coming up in an area

must conform to the landscape of the area without affecting

the scenic features of that place:

The associated township of the industry must be created at a

place having physiographic barriers between the industry and

the township:

Each industry is required to maintain three ambient air qualitymeasuring stations within 120 degree angle between the

stations:

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Areas to be avoided

Ministry of environment and forests, government of india has

notified the following areas for prohibiting and restricting

specified industrial activites in the country:

Murud Jangira Disst. Maharashtra , (Notification,189)

Doon Valley in uttar Pradesh. (Notification, 1989) Antop Hill in Bombay (Notification, 1980)

Dahanu Taluka in Maharashtra (Notification, 1996)

Namaligarh East of Kaziranga (Notification, 1996)

Specified Areas of Aravali Range. (Notification, 1992)

Matheran and surrounding region in the state of Maharashtra declared as theMatheran Eco-sensitive Zone (Notification Dt. 4th Feb 03)

Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)-500 meters from the high tide line (HTL)

towards the landward side. (Section 9 for details on CRZ Rules, 1991 &

Amendments).

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Guidelines for defining the Term of

reference for projects (TOR). Contd..

Issues to be

considered

Description Extent of investigation/best practice

in scoping

Technology The technology used for manufacturing has a huge impact

on the environment.

Therefore it should be selected after considering all

possible alternatives.

For instance in , most of the industries still use outdatedtechnologies when compared to global trends.

In a country like India, where regulatory

mechanism for industrial pollution is weak,

the best way to reduce the industrial pollution

is by allowing only state of art technology for

instance in Chlor-alkali sector, the state of art

technology is membrane cell technology andfor aluminium smelter state of art is pre-

baked technologyImpact on sensitive

locations (forests,

wildlife sanctuaries,

national parks,

archaeological sites etc.)

This impact is very high in case the project is located close to a sensitive area.

In case of industrial, irrigation and mining projects, there are several examples of

how the impacts on biodiversity were ignored for setting up a project. An excellent

example is of the Himachal-based cement plant of Gujarat Ambuja Cements

Limited (GACL). The production unit and the mines are located in extremely eco-

sensitive areas there are 19 protected forest blocks in the region. The production

unit is close to the Darlaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, the mines are close to the

Majathal Sanctuary. However, for setting this plant, the Darlaghat sanctuary was

denotified by the government.

Similarly, the construction work of Durgawati water resource project continues on

the forestland. Expert committee in their report mentioned that the state

government had denotified 160 acres of forestland including 5.44 acres in the

Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary through a notification on November 5, 2004 for setting

up this project.

Preventive approach - Not to locate projects close to

sensitive areas such as national park, wildlife and

protected area buffer zones (Part of National Park and

Wild Life habitats)In case of hydropower projects, Small hydropower

project is one alternative solution to reduce magnitude

of impact. In case of hydropower project EIA shouldfocus more to identify the impact on biodiversity,

submergence, siltation, downstream ecology, social

impacts and disaster management.

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Issues to be considered

Impact of change in land

use patterns

Cumulative load

Impact on water resources

Impact during pre-

construction stage.

Impact on biodiversity

Impact on air by pointsource emissions

Toxic emissions

Impact of water pollution

Sediment impact

Impact of solid/hazardous

wastes generation and

handling

Impact of noise

Blasting

Transportation issues

Risk Assessment team and

monitoring infrastructure

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CHAPTER 5

Introduction to data collection.

What data to be collected and its significance such as

Air environment

Water environment

Land environment

Biodiversity

How data should be collected, interpreted andpresented?

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Data collection

Data collection is done basically with two

intentions:

To get an idea of the existing social, environmental

and economic scenario in and around theproposed plants location,

To get an idea of possible implications of settingup the plant in the region

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What data is needed?

While data is required for all projects:

Different projects require different kinds of data

for an effective environmental assessment

depending on their location and the nature of theiroperations.

Industrial projects (manufacturing industries),

mining projects,

infrastructure projects,

hydroelectric and irrigation projects

thermal power plants

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Infrastructure projects

This includes highways/ airports/ bridges/

pipelines/ ports/ railway networks

In the case of pipelines, railway networks, roads and

highways, the study area is usually taken as a 2 kmcorridor (1 km on each side) along the entire length of the

project.

In addition, the study area includes a 5-km radius area

surrounding key areas in the network like large towns,cities etc.

In the case of airports/ports, the study area is a 10-km

radius

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Location

Topography (flat/hilly)

Existence of other industries/development projects

within the study area (Number of projects/distance of

these projects from the proposed project)

Details of population in the area distance of the

nearest human habitation, villages in the study area

and their population.

In the case of selected key areas, data correspondingto a 1-km radius, 2-km radius and a 5-km radius

should be collected

Location

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Location

Contd... Existence of eco-sensitive areas in the study area and

their distance from the proposed project

wildlife sanctuaries

national parks forests/wetlands and mangroves

archaeological sites/sites of historical importance

habitats for migratory birds

estuary or sea lakes and reservoirs or dams)

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Land use studies

Existing land use patterns in the study area.

Data from different sources such as from census

records, local land records, agricultural census as well

as Indian Remote Sensing satellite imagery should be

collected and analysed.

Existing land use patterns in the land for which

Right of Use/ownership has to be acquired forsetting up the project

Land use studies

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Land use studies

Contd... Data on land use should be collected under the

following categories: Urban (this can be built-up land, notified industrial area or mixed

land use)

Forestland

Agricultural land(with some indication of productivity

information on whether single-cropped land/double-cropped

land/triple cropped land should be collected)

Fallow land

Scrubs/grazing land

Water bodies

Wetlands (mangroves/salt plans/mudflats)

Wasteland (this refers to rocky/marshy/salt affected/water

logged/gullied land)

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Soil

Type of soil within the study area (composition/

characteristics).

Characteristics such as pH, nitrogen/ phosphorous/

potassium/ calcium/ magnesium/ sodium, sodiumabsorption ratio (SAR), electrical conductivity,

available water storage capacity, infiltration rate,

porosity, texture, permeability, percentage of sand,

silt and clay in the soil etc. should be collected Availability and characteristics of topsoil in the

study area (depth of topsoil, composition)

Soil

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Soil

Contd...

Soil and slope stability reports on studies

done in the area.

This is particularly important in case of

projects located in hilly and mountainous

terrains, where risks of landslides can be high.

It is also important in case of large-scale

projects located in seismically active zones

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Geology & Climate

Geology Data on the seismic zone in which the project location

falls and the maximum observed seismic intensity in

the region

Physiography and general geology of the area

Climatology and meteorology Month-wise data on atmospheric pressure, temperature

and relative humidity. Wind speed and wind direction dataat the project site. A wind rose diagram (providing month-

wise or at least annual data) has to be constructed

Hydrogeology and local water

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Hydrogeology and local water

regime Drainage patterns in the area details of

rivers/tributaries/streams/aquifers draining the

region in the study area

Details of canal and river crossings Water consumption by the project

Detailed water quality study in surface water

bodies in the study area

Detailed groundwater quality study

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Quarrying and landfilling

Data on the approximate quantity of material

excavated during construction, for instance during

dredging (along with information on the type of

material that is excavated)

(Note: This might be substantial for instance in

the case of construction of tunnels etc.)

Data on the approximate quantity of the material

that might be used for landfilling (for instance silt

from nearby areas) low-lying areas

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Air

Ambient air quality data on suspended

particulate matter (SPM), respirable suspended

particulate matter (RSPM), sulphur dioxide (SO2),

and different oxides of nitrogen (NOX), dust fall,

carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons

Data should be calculated on a 24-hour basis

number of vehicles passing/hour should be noted,

along with information on the type of vehicle(heavy motor vehicles/light motor vehicles/two-

three wheelers)

Noise

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Noise

Information on the possible sources of

noise from the proposed project noise

levels, duration of noise

Data on the ambient noise levels

collected near residential areas,

commercial areas and silent zones. 24-hour data is to be collected

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Biodiversity

Vegetation If there are forests in the study area, a detailed study of what

kinds of forests exist (teak/sal/mixed etc.) has to be done.

Usually, this data is available with the Forest Department.

The following data is collected for each type of

forest:

Location/topography where the forests are located

Percentage area of the total study area occupied by each

forest type

Type of soil

Crown density of the forests

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Fauna

Detailed inventorisation of fauna found in the study area

data on wildlife/ butterflies/ mammals/ birds/ reptiles/

amphibians/ migratory birds and animals/ phytoplankton/

zooplankton should be collected

Presence of nesting/breeding grounds/ watering holes

Classification of animals under various schedules of the

Wildlife Act (1972)

Physiochemical characteristics of all the local water bodies -

temperature, light penetration, turbidity, pH, dissolved

oxygen, phosphates, nitrates and sulphates

Demography and socio-economic

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data Population

Population density

Number of villages, distance and direction from the

proposed project Number of households

Male/female population

Ethnic profile: percentage of people belonging toscheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other

vulnerable communities out of the total population


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data Contd... Demographic profile of the people being displaced:

percentage of displaced people belonging to

scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other

vulnerable communities.

Literacy rates, educational status, and educational

infrastructure

Data on employment: How many to be employed,

what percentage from local communities, what kindof employment (daily wage/contract/permanent,

proportion of workers/middle management/upper

management)


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data Contd... Occupation: Occupation should be collected on

various categories like agricultural workers (agrarian

labourers), cultivators, occupied in fisheries/

livestock/ fishing and allied activities, mining and

quarrying workers, manufacturing and processing in

household industry, construction workers,

manufacturing and processing in industry (other than

household industry), trade and commerce workers,transport, storage communication workers, marginal

labour, other service workers and non-workers. Also

data on child employment.


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data Contd... Infrastructure facilities: Details of schools, colleges,

hospitals, private doctors, veterinary hospitals, roads,

aanganwadis, electrification, source of drinking

water, source of irrigation water, and sewage

management in the region.

Also, data on whether the project plans to improve

these facilities. If so, how.

Details of influx into the study area due to theproject: No of people entering, time period of influx

(temporary/permanent), facilities available to deal

with the influx


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data Contd...

Land holdings: Details of average size of land

holdings, number of families owning land (if at

all) within a particular bracket (landless, land

less than 0.5 acres, between 0.5-1 acres,between 1-2 acres etc.)

Income levels: Classification required (less

than Rs 3,600/month per household, betweenRs 3,601-6,400 per household etc.)


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Demography and socio economic

data Contd...

Fuel requirement

Health status: Details of common ailments in

the local community and their month-wise

frequency

Details of the compensation/rehabilitation

package being offered

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How should data be collected?

1. Method followed for data collection:

I. There are well-established rules for collecting

different kinds of data, and these rules should be

followed in order to ensure reliability of thedata.

II. For instance, in order to collect accurate data on

water flow, measurements have to be taken at

various points in the river.

Data collection

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Data collection

Cont

2. Time of data collection:I. The time period over which data collection takes place is

very important, and often crucial in making decisions on

possible environmental impact.

II. For instance, unless water flow data is collected during

the lean period, typically peak summer, the data loses

relevance since it will not be able to give an accurate

picture of water stress.

III. To give another example, data on wind speeds should be

collected throughout the day to get a good picture of the

wind profile of the area.

Data collection

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Data collection

Cont

3. Place of data collection:I. The point where data is collected is important in many cases.

II. For instance, in the case of industries which discharge vast

quantities of wastewater in local water bodies, data on water

flow and water quality has to be collected downstream of the

proposed point of discharge if any decision on whether the

existing assimilative capacity of the river is capable of

handling the effluents has to be made.

III. Similarly, stations for monitoring air should be located

downwind with respect to the most prevalent wind direction

to get a good picture of air quality.

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Data related to air

The important parameters of air quality are:

suspended particulate matter (SPM)

respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM)

sulphur dioxide (SO2)

different oxides of nitrogen (NOX).

Apart from these, some other parameters (like

hydrocarbons, chlorine) might have to bemonitored, depending on the nature of the

project.

What are the common air

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What are the common air

pollutants that are measured?

1. SPM:I. This refers to solid and liquid particles suspended in the

air.

II. The size of these particles can hugely vary from 200

micron to as low as 0.01 micron.

III. SPM can accumulate in the lungs and bronchi and cause

breathing problems to those affected.

IV. Particles suspended in the air scatter and absorb

sunlight.

V. They can produce a haze, reduce visibility and can also

reduce the amount of solar energy reaching the earth.

Common air pollutants.....measur..

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Contd...2. RSPM:

I. This refers to particulate matter less than 10 micrometers in size.

II. These are more harmful than SPM emissions, since they can penetrate the

lungs.

3. SO2:I. This is a heavy, pungent and colourless gas.

II. Industrial sources include burning of coal (particularly imported coal), pet coke and oil as

well as other industrial processes like smelting and petroleum refining.

III. These emissions can cause pulmonary damage.

IV. They can injure the bronchial tubes leading to the lungs, as well as the delicate tissue of the

lungs themselves.

V. They can cause irritation to the eyes, nose and throat.

VI. They can also damage leaves and stems of plants. SO2 emissions can also affect the pH

balance of water.

VII. These emissions form sulphuric acid with water. This acid attacks metal, concrete, granite

and other structural materials.


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Contd...

4. NOX:I. These arereddish brown gases with a characteristic odour.

II. Industrial sources of nitrogen oxides are generally combustion of fuels.

III. Other sources are internal combustion engines as well as natural

processes.IV. The various oxides of nitrogen can have an adverse impact on air quality

as well as on human health.

V. Nitrous oxide reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of blood, and can be

fatal in high concentration.

VI. Emissions of nitrogen oxides cause increased respiratory infections inchildren (mainly bronchitis).

VII. Nitrogen dioxide and water combine to form nitric acid. In addition, the

oxides of nitrogen combine with water on mucous membranes to form

mild acid solutions.

How is data on concentration of

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How is data on concentration of

air pollutants collected? Air pollutants are expressed in parts per million (ppm) or micrograms per

cubic meter (g/m3).

In order to convert concentration of air pollutants from ppm to g/m3, the

following formula is used:

1 ppm = 44.64 x M x 273 / (273 + T) x (P2 / P1), where

M = Molecular weight of the pollutant

T = Temperature of the gas in C

P2 = Pressure of the gas

P1 =Pressure of the gas at standard temperature (0C) and pressure (1 bar

or 100 kilo Pascal) Molecular weight is calculated based on the atomic weights of the

constituent gases. For example, molecular weight of CO2 is 44 (12 x 1 + 16

x 2)

Inversions, mixing heights and

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Inversions, mixing heights and

stable layers Understanding the concept of inversion, mixing heights and stability layers

is very important in predicting the impact of air pollutants released by the

project on ambient air quality.

They play a key role in determining how dispersion of the pollutants will

take place.

This data also helps in deciding the optimum height of stacks such thatdispersion takes place effectively and without polluting regions near

human habitation.

In the atmosphere, temperature normally changes with height as

expressed by the formula:

dT/dZ = -(n-1)/nR,

Where : T = Temperature

Z = Height

n = 1 for isothermal conditions, 1.4 for adiabatic conditions

When n is greater than 1.4 (super

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adiabatic condition),

When n lies between 1 and 1.4 (sub

adiabatic condition) it leads to

instability.

When n is lesser than 1, the

atmospheric conditions are highly

stable.

In all such cases, the rate at which

temperature changes with height is

referred to as Environmental LapseRate (ELR)

When the rate of change of

temperature with height is positive

(n

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Radiation inversion Subsidence inversion Double inversion

Mi i d h

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Mixing depths

The vertical extent to which the mixingtakes place varies diurnally, from season

to season, and is also affected by

topographical features.

The greater the vertical extent, the larger

the volume of atmosphere available for

dispersion of the pollutants. The depth of the mixing layer is known as

the Mean Mixing Depth. Atmospheric

conditions influence the way thermal

plumes behave.

Behaviour of plumes under different

conditions

Case 1- Looping: This occurs when n > 1.4

and atmospheric conditions are unstable

Case 2Coning: This occurs when n isbetween 1 and 1.4 and atmospheric

conditions are unstable

Case 3Fanning: This occurs when n < 1,

and inversion takes place

Case 4Lofting: This occurs when the

inversion layer lies below the stack height Case 5Fumigation: This occurs when

the inversion layer lies above the stack

height

Case 6Trapping: This occurs when

double inversion layers occur

Case 7: Neutral: This occurs when n = 1,and atmospheric conditions are stable

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Figure : Behaviour of plumes under different conditions

M it i f t k i i

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Monitoring of stack emissions

The determination of concentration of various pollutants present inemissions from a stack consists essentially of sampling iso-kinetically.

Iso-kinetic sampling means that the kinetic energy of the gas stream in the

stack should be equal to the kinetic energy of the gas stream flowing

through the sampler .

NOTE:

Samples must be collected without physical or chemical alteration and

without altering the flow pattern or concentration of the pollutant.

Samples must be obtained at a point of average gas density and average

pollutant concentration. Therefore, selection of suitable locations for

sampling is very important.

St k M it i P d

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Stack Monitoring Procedure

The sampling port is to be located at 8 diameters from the inlet of the stack(or from any bends, expansions or flow disturbances) and 2 diameters from

the exit of the stack.

It should be of 7-10 cm in size and a strong platform should be constructed

about 1 m below the sampling ports.

The stack monitoring equipment (thermocouple for measuringtemperature, pitot tube for measuring pressure, dry gas meter for

measuring the total gas flow, collection filter for filtering the gases, vacuum

pump for drawing gas etc.) will be shifted to the platform.

Insert the thermocouple into the stack and record the temperature of the

gas.

Insert the pitot tube upside down and record the static pressure of the gas

(PU = BA + PS, where PU is the absolute stack pressure in mm Hg, BA is the

barometric pressure in mm Hg and PS is the static pressure in the stack in

mm Hg)

Stack Monitoring Procedure

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g

Cont...

The inner diameter of the stack is recorded and points are marked (seeannexure: Guidelines for locating sampling points).

The velocity at each of these points is calculated using the formula given

below, and then the average velocity is calculated.

VS = 33.5 x 0.96 x [(TS x H) / (M x PU)]0.5,

where TS = Stack gas temperature inC,

H is the pressure difference measured with the pitot tube in mm of water,

M is the molecular weight of the stack gas measured with the help of Orsat

apparatus, and

PU is the absolute stack pressure

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Guidelines for ambient air quality

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q y

monitoring Air pollution should be monitored during the winter months.

The minimum number of sampling stations should be six.

While selecting stations, various factors like population

density, concentration of industries, and intensity of traffic

should be taken into account.

Monitoring stations should be located downwind of the most

prevalent wind direction

The stations should not be located near buildings

Samples are generally taken for a period of 24-hours

R t ti f d t

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Representation of data

When many samples are taken (say over a period ofa month), ambient air quality is typically represented

by the following figures:

Maximum value: This is the maximum emission value

recorded

Minimum value: This is the minimum emission value

recorded

Average value: This is the average emission value recorded

98 percentile: This is a value such that at most 2 per cent of

the observations are higher than this value.

M t l i l D t

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Meteorological Data

Climatology Data Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM) and the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)

Rainfall:

Rainfall (in mm) = Volume of rainfall collected (in mm3) / (Area of the aperture

of the gauge in mm2)

Index of wetness = Actual rainfall in a given year at a given place / Normalannual rainfall of that place

Arithmetical mean method: P = (P1 + P2 + P3+ . Pn)/ n

Thiessens mean method: P = (A1P1 + A2P2 + A3P3+ . An Pn)/ A

Isohyetal method: P = (A1P1 + A2P2 + A3P3+ . An Pn)/ (A1 + A2 + A3+ .An)

Data related to noise

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Data related to noise

Noise survey should be done in the study areacovering the following three zones, and data

should be collected for 24 hours at each

location: Residential zones

Commercial zones

Silent zones

Noise pollution parameters

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Noise pollution parameters

L10 = Noise level exceeded 10 per cent of the time



Leq (Lequivalent) = This is the equivalent continuous sound level

during the period of measurement. It is calculated as follows:

Leq = L50 + [(L10 L90)2/60)]

Lday = Leq measured over a period of time during 6 am to 9 pm

Lnight

= Leq

measured over a period of time during 9 pm to 6

am

Day-Night Sound Level (Ldn) = 10 log {1/24 [15 (10Lday/10) + 9

(10(Lnight + 10)/10)]}

Data related to water

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Data related to water

Surface water (rivers, lakes, streams and ponds) Eg. river, first the width of the river is measured.

This width is divided into convenient equal portions (thus

dividing the river into various channels), say divisions of 10 m

width each (with the width of the last channel depending on

the width of the river).

Flow is calculated at each of these channels

The velocity of the water at each channel is also measured with

the help of a rotometer.

The formula for calculating flow is as follows:

Q (in m3/sec) = Depth of the channel (in m) x Width of the channel

(in m) x Velocity of the channel (m/sec)

Groundwater

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Groundwater

Porosity = Total volume of voids in the aggregate(Vs)/Total volume of the aggregate (V) x 100

Type of rock formation Porosity

Granite, Quartzite 1.5%

Slate, Shale 4%

Limestone 5-10%

Sandstone 10-15%

Sand and Gravel 20-30%

Only Gravel 25%

Only Sand 35%

Clay and Soil 45%

Permeability: This is defined as the ability of a rock to

l h h i i d i f

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let water pass though it. It is measured in terms of

coefficient of permeability.

Type of rock formation Average value of

permeability coefficient in

cm/sec

Granite, Quartzite 0.6 x 10 -5

Slate, Shale 4 x 10 -5

Limestone 4 x 10 -5

Sandstone 0.004

Sand and Gravel 0.4

Only Gravel 4.0Only Sand 0.04

Clay and Soil 0.04 x 10 -5

Velocity of groundwater

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Slichters formula: Groundwater velocity va (inm/day) is given by:

va= KID102/

where K is a constant (approximately 400)

I is the slope of the hydraulic gradient line

D10 is the effective size of the particles in the

aquifer in mm and is the viscosity of water depending on the

temperature


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Hazens formula: Groundwater velocity va (in m/day)is given by:

va= KID102/60 x (1.8T + 42)

where K (approximately 1,000) is a constant I andD10 is same as and

T is the temperature of water in degrees celsius

Measuring of groundwater yields (Q in m3/sec):

Q = x va x Area of the aquifer in m2

where is the porosity of the soil medium

Data related to Biodiversity

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The main purpose of ecological studies is thefollowing:

To assess the nature and distribution of vegetation

in and around the project site To assess the distribution of animal life spectra

To understand the productivity of water bodies

To assess the biodiversity and to understand theresource potential of the region

To ascertain migratory routes of flora and fauna

and possibility of breeding grounds

Raunkiaers classification of the

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life form spectrum

Data collected on flora should be categorisedinto the following groups

Phanerophytes: Shrubs and trees

Therophytes:Annuals including ferns Hydrophytes: Water plants except phytoplankton

Hemicryptophytes: Plants with perennial shoots

and buds close to the surface Geophytes: Plants, with penetrating parts buried

deep in the substratum

To assess biodiversity in flora, the following data

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collection methods can be used:

Belt transect studies: This is done to determine thedistribution pattern of the dominant species in the region.

Girth, height and canopy of the dominant species with 25

m on each side of every nodal point are measured and

tabulated. Plot quadrate method: This technique is used only when a

part of a large area is sampled.

Relative Basal Area: Basal area is a term commonly used for

woody trees it refers to the cross-sectional area of all treesof a certain species.

Bt = (D12

+ D22 + D3

2+ .. Dn2

)/4/10 cm2/hectare

To assess biodiversity in flora

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To assess biodiversity in flora

Relative Density: Density is the number ofspecies in a specified area.

Suppose there are n teak trees in a 10-hectare

quadrant, the density for teak trees (Dt) would be n/10.

Suppose there are N tree species in the quadrant,

with densities of D2, D3..DN respectively, the

relative density of teak trees (Drt) would be:

Drt = Dt/(Dt + D2 + D3+ .DN) x 100


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Apart from classifying the species under theabove-mentioned categories, for each listed

species, information on its economic importance

should be collected. For instance, classification under categories like

fruit, fruit vegetables, leafy vegetables, cereals,

millets, pulses, timber, fodder and forage, fuel,

medicinal plants, ethnobiological use, flowers,poisonous plants, sacred plants, oil seeds, aquatic

weed, terrestrial weed, silk, fibre, tanning etc. can

be done.

Fauna

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Fauna

Documents

CE-474 EIA(1)