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Classification of Components andApproaches of Ad hoc Routing

Protocols

Myung Lee & Tarek Saadawi

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Component-Based RoutingCore components

Components possessed by most routing

protocols.

Auxiliary components

Additional components that are not

essential to all routing protocols

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Core Components1. Route discovery

2. Route selection

3. Route formation /representation

4. Data forwarding

5. Route maintenance6. Routing metrics

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Auxiliary Components1. Neighbor discovery and

maintenance

2. Hierarchical structure

3. Multicast

4. Security

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Core Components

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(1) Route Discovery

Finding potential route(s) to a destination

Reactive

ProactiveHybrid

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Route Discovery (cont.)

ReactiveFull-flooding RREQ (AODV)

Limited-Flooding RREQ (LAR)Position based

Direction based

Region based

Expanding ring

A priori knowledgeEfficient broadcast

Probabilistic RREQ (ANT, GPS Any-like)

Hybrid

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Proactive

Broadcasting cost-to-all to neighbors (DSDV)

Update message (cost-to-all) stops at neighbors,each node periodically updates its neighbors

Broadcasting cost-to-neighbor to all (LSR)

Update message (cost-to-neighbor) floods to thenetwork

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Route Discovery (cont.)Proactive (cont.)

Broadcasting cost-to-neighbor to neighbors

Update message (cost-to-neighbor) stops at neighbors,each node periodically (constant period) updates its

neighbors (GSR, TRR)Update message (cost-to-neighbor) stops at neighbors,each node periodically (different period based on distanceto update originator) updates its neighbors (FSR, DREAM)

Unicast cost-to-all to a neighbor

Update message (cost-to-all) stops at a neighbor, eachneighbor periodically updates one of its neighbors (AngleSINR Table Routing)

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Hybrid: Examples

Proactive for intra-cluster, reactive for inter-

cluster (ZRP)

Proactive for virtual backbone, reactive for end-devices (TTDD)

Distance vector for neighborhood, self-routing

for distant nodes (Terminode routing)

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(2) Route Selection

Selecting the best route(s) to a destinationfrom the potential routes.

ReactiveProactive

Hybrid

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Route Selection (cont.)

ReactiveSource behavior

Select one or more routes from multiple RREPs (AODV,

AOMDV)Select the first arrived RREP and discard later RREPs(AODVjr)

Accept all RREPs (AOMDV)

Destination behaviorSelect from multiple RREQs and reply with one/more

RREP(s) (AODV)Select from multiple RREQs and reply with one RREP(delayed RREP) (LBR)

Reply to all RREQs (AODVM: all; AOMDV: up to k RREPs)

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Route Selection (cont.)Reactive (cont.)

Intermediate node behaviorCreating one or multiple routing entries based onRREQ filtering metric

RREQ filteringFiltering duplicated RREQs (AODV)

Relaying RREQs without filtering

Filtering RREQs based on the interface the RREQcame from (SMR for link disjoint multipath)

Filtering RREQs based on cost (ABR)Filtering RREQs based on whether they are in theforwarding zone (LAR, Region-based routing).

Filtering RREQs based on traffic flow conditions(LBR)

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Route Selection (cont.)

Proactive

Optimization based on distance vector (DSDV)

Optimization based on link state (OLSR, FSR,ZHLS)

Calculation based on tree topology (nerRFon)

Calculation based on position information

(GPSR, GREEDY)Hybrid (ZRP: Proactive for intra-cluster,reactive for inter-cluster)

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(3) Route Formation/ Representation

Means to store routing information.

Exact route

Route guidance

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Route Formation/Representation (cont.)

Exact route

Routing table (AODV)

Interest entry (DD)Route in the packet (DSR)

Binary tree (tree routing)

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Route Formation/Representation (cont.)

Route guidance

Cost table (GRAd)

Geographical informationExact positions (GPSR)Pointer (TERMINODE)

Approximate region (ZHLS, LABAR)

Hierarchical structure informationCluster headers (CBRP)Cores (CEDAR)

Landmarks (LANMAR)

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(4) Route Maintenance

Proper update/ repair of routes to address

network dynamics

Route refreshingFailure handling

Route invalidation

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Route Maintenance (cont.)

Route refreshing

Reactive

Control packet (GPS Ant-like )Data packet (AODV)

Automatic update when predefined or estimatedroute lifetime expires (LBR, LUNAR)

Hybrid (AODVjr)

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Route refreshing (cont.)

Proactive

Distance vector update (DSDV)Link state update (LSR)

Location information update (DREAM)

Hierarchical structure update (ZHLS)

Hybrid (ZRP: Proactive for intra-cluster,reactive for inter-cluster )

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Failure handling

Reactive

Rediscovery (AODV, DSR, DREAM)Local repair (AODV, LAR)

Alternative path (multipath like TORA)

Route cache (DSR)

Data cache (CHAMP)

Proactive (handled by the route refreshingprocess )

Hybrid (GRA)

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(5) Data Forwarding

Means to forward data packets based on route

information

UnicastData broadcast + neighbor filtering (GRAd)

Flooding

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Data Forwarding (cont.)

Unicast

Routing table

DeterministicOne route

Multiple routes

* Simultaneously

* Alternatively

Probabilistic

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Data Forwarding (cont.)

Unicast (cont.)

Self-routing (without routing table)

Tree routingLocation-based routing

Send to the neighbor in the transmission rangethat is closest to destination node (Greedy)

Send to the neighbor cluster that is closest to

destination node (LABAR)Hybrid of above approaches (Terminode, GRA)

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(6) Routing Metrics

Parameters used by routing algorithms todetermine route optimality

HopConnectivity

Link QoS

Route QoS

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Routing Metrics (cont.)

Route QoSE2E delay/Jitter

Reliability

Throughput

Security

EnergyNode lifetime

Network lifetime

Processing power (CPU, memory)

Etc.

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Auxiliary Components

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Auxiliary Components1. Neighbor discovery and

maintenance

2. Hierarchical structure

3. Multicast

4. Security

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(1) Neighbor Discovery and Maintenance

Dynamic maintenance of neighborhoodinformation such as location, direction, ID,resources etc.

Synchronous approach

Asynchronous approach

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Neighbor Discovery and Maintenance

(cont.)Synchronous approach

Beacon/Hello

1-hop neighbor information

2-hop neighbor information (OLSR, GLS,TERMINODE)

Asynchronous approachControl packet (LBR, AODV)

Data packet (AODV)

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(2) Hierarchical Structure

Organizing a group of network nodes into oneor multiple level architecture.

FlatHierarchical

Homogeneous (proactive or reactive)

Heterogeneous (proactive and reactive) (ZRP)

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(3) Multicast

The transmission of a packet from a senderto a group of receivers

Tree basedSource tree

Shared tree

Mesh basedBroadcast

Multiple unicasts

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(4) Security

Means to achieve secure communication(confidentiality, integrity, freshness, and

authentication)

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Next StepAnalyses of Approaches

Derivation of Dependency Graph of

Approaches

Component Researches

Multipath

Route discovery

Efficient broadcasting

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CBR Reference List

Papers reviewed: 90By

X. Hu, H. Juan, C. Zhu, Y. Liu, J. Zheng, J. Yoon

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[ABR] C.-K. Toh, Associativity-Based Routing For Ad-Hoc Mobile Networks,Wireless Personal Communications Journal: Special Issue in Mobile Networking and

Computing Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Vol. 4, No.2, March 1997, pp103-139.

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[AODVjr] I. Chakeres and L. Klein-Berndt, AODVjr, AODV Simplified, ACMSIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, July 2002.

[ARA] Mesut Gnes et. al., ARA - the ant-colony based routing algorithm for manets,In Stephan Olariu, editor, Proceedings of the 2002 ICPP Workshop on Ad HocNetworks (IWAHN 2002), pages 79-85, IEEE Computer Society Press, August 2002,

[BSR] SONG GUO, OLIVER W. YANG Performance of Backup Source Routing(BSR) in mobile ad hoc networks p 440-444, Proc. 2002 IEEE Wireless NetworkingConference

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[CGSR] C. -C. Chiang and M. Gerla, Routing and Multicast in Multihop, MobileWireless Networks, Proc. IEEE ICUPC 97, San Diego, CA, Oct. 1997.

[DBF] SHREE MURTHY, J.J. GARCIA-LUNA-AVECES Distributed Bellman-Fordrouting protocol (DBF), A Routing Protocol for Packet Radio Networks, Proc. ACMInternational Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pp. 86-95,November, 1995.

[DD] C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan and D. Estrin, Directed Diffusion: A Scalable

and Robust Communication Paradigm for Sensor Networks, ACM InternationalConference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM'00), 2000.

[DSDV] C. E. Perkins and P. Bhagwat, Highly dynamic destination-sequenceddistance-vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers, in Proc. ACMSIGCOMM94, London, U.K., Sept. 1994, pp. 234-244.

[DSR] D. Johnson, D. A. Maltz, and J. Broch, The dynamic source routing protocolfor mobile ad hoc networks, IETF Internet draft, draft-ietf-manet-dsr-09.txt, April2003.

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[DSRFLOW] YIH-CHUN HU, DAVID B. JOHNSON, DAVID A. MALTZ FlowState in the Dynamic Source Routing Protocol Internet Draft, draft-ietf- manet-

dsrflow-00.txt, work in progress, June 2001

[FORP] J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves,Flow Oriented Protocols for Scalable WirelessNetworks, ACM MSWiM 2002 , Atlanta, Georgia

[FSLS] C. Santivanez, R. Ramanathan, and I. Stavrakakis, Making Link-StateRouting Scale for Ad Hoc Networks, Proc. 2001 ACM Intl. Symp. Mobile Ad Hoc

Net. Comp., Long Beach, CA, Oct. 2001.

[FSR] G. Pei, M. Gerla, and T.-W. Chen, Fisheye State Routing: A Routing Schemefor Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Proc. ICC 2000, New Orleans, LA, June 2000.

[GRAd] R. Poor. Gradient Routing in Ad Hoc Networks,

http://www.media.mit.edu/pia/Research/ESP/texts/poorieeepaper.pdf

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[GSR] T.-W. Chen and M. Gerla, Global State Routing: A New Routing Scheme forAd-hocWireless Networks, In Proceedings of IEEE ICC98, Atlanta, GA, Jun. 1998,

pp. 171-175.

[HSR] G. Pei et al., A Wireless Hierarchical Routing Protocol with Group Mobility,Proc. IEEE WCNC 99, New Orleans, LA, Sept. 1999.

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International Conference on Computer Communications 2001 (IC3N 2001), October2001.

[LCA] M. GERLA, J. T. TSAI Multicluster, Mobile, Multimedia Radio NetworkACM Wireless Networks, VOl 1, No.3, 1995, pp. 255-265

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[LSR, OSPF] John T. Moy: OSPF: Anatomy of an Internet Routing Protocol, 3rdprinting, September 1998, ISBN 0-201-63472-4.

[LUNAR] C. Tschudin and R. Gold, LUNAR: Lightweight underlay network adhocrouting, University of Basel, Switzerland, Tech. Rep., January 2002.

[nerRFon] L. Hester, Y. Huang, A. Allen, O. Andric, P. Chen, neuRFonTM Netform:A Self-Organizing Wireless Sensor Network, Proceedings of the 11th IEEE ICCCNConference, Miami, Florida, Oct. 2002.

[OLSR] P. Jacquet et al., Optimized Link State Routing Protocol, draft-ietf-manetolsr- 05.txt, Internet Draft, IETF MANET Working Group, Nov. 2000

[PLBR] R. S. Sisodia, B. S. Manoj, and C. Siva Ram Murthy, "A Preferred LinkBased Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks", Journal of Communications

and Networks, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 14-21, March 2002.

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[QL] R. Castenada, S. R. Das, and M. K. Marina, Query localization techniques foron-demand routing protocols in ad hoc networks, ACM/Kluwer Wireless Networks

(WINET) Journal, Vol. 8, No. 2, March 2002, pages 137-151.

[RDMAR] Aggelou G, Tafazolli R. RDMAR: A Bandwidth-efficient RoutingProtocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In Proceedings of ACMMobiCom99/WoWMoM99 , Washington, USA, August 1999

[REGR] X. Hu, Y. Liu, M. J. Lee, T. N. Saadawi, A Region-based Routing Protocol

for Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE Network, July/August, 2004, Page12-17.

[SSR] R. Dube et al., "Signal Stability based adaptive routing for Ad Hoc Mobilenetworks", IEEE Pers. Comm., Feb. 1997, pp. 36-45.

[STAR] J.J. GARCIA-LUNA, M. SPOHN Source Tree Adaptive Routing InternetDraft, draft-ietf-manet-star-00.txt, work in progress, October 1999.

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[TBRPF ] R. G. Ogier et al., Topology Broadcast based on Reverse -Path Forwarding

(TBRPF), draft-ietf-manet-tbrpf-05.txt, INTERNET-DRAFT, MANET

WorkingGroup, Mar. 2002.

[TORA] VD Park and MS Corson "A highly adaptive distributed routing algorithm

for mobile wireless networks", Proc. INFOCOM'97, Apr. 1997, 9 pages.

[TTDD] F. Ye, H. Luo, J. Cheng, S. Lu and L. Zhang, A Two-tier Data

Dissemination Model for Large-scale Wireless Sensor Networks, ACM InternationalConference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM'02), 2002.

[WRP] S. Murthy and J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, "An Efficient Routing Protocol for

Wireless Networks", ACM Mobile Networks and App. J., Special Issue on Routing in

Mobile Communication Networks, Oct. 1996, pp. 183-97.

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[AODVM: multipath] Zhenqiang Ye, Srikanth V. Krishnamurthy, Satish K. Tripathi,

A Framework for Reliable Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, INFOCOM2003,

San Francisco, CA, 2003

[EDSR : multipath] J. Wu, An Extended Dynamic Source Routing Scheme in Ad

HocWireless Networks Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii International Conference on

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[GMR : multipath] G. Koh, D. Oh1 and H. Woo, A Graph-based Approach toCompute Multiple Paths in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.

[MMRP : multipath] S. De, C. Qiao H. Wu, Meshed multipath routing with selective

forwarding: an efficient strategy in wireless sensor networks, Computer Networks 43

(2003) p481p497

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[Broadcast 1] M. Sun, W. Feng and T.H. Lai, "Location aided broadcast in wireless ad

hoc Networks," Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM 2001, pp. 2842-2846, San Antonio, TX,

November 2001.

[Broadcast 2] Y.-C. Tseng, S.-Y. Ni, Y.-S. Chen, and J.-P. Sheu, "The broadcast

storm problem in a mobile ad hoc network, ACM Wireless Networks, Vol. 8, No. 2,

March 2002, pp. 153-167.

[Broadcast 3] A. Qayyum, L. Viennot, and A. Laouiti. Multipoint Relaying: AnEfficient Technique for Flooding in Mobile Wireless Networks, INRIA res. rep. RR-

3898, 2000

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[GPS Ant-like] Daniel Camara and Antonio Alfredo F. Loureiro,

A Novel Routing Algorithm for Ad Hoc Networks, Baltzer Journal of

Telecommunications Systems, 18:1-3,85-100

Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001

[LAR] Y. Ko and N.H. Vaidya,

Location-aided Routing (LAR) in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Proceedings of the

ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking

(Mobicom98), pp.66-75

[DREAM] S. Basagni, I. Chlamtac, V.R. Syrotjuk and B.A. Woodward,

A Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility (DREAM), Proceedings of the

ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking

(Mobicom98), pp.76-84

[DREAM vs. LAR] Tracy Camp and Jeff Boleng,

Performance Comparison of Two Location Based Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc

Networks, IEEE Infocom 2002, Dept. of Math and Computer Science

Colorado School of Mines

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[ZHLS] Mario Joa-Ng and I-Tai Lu,

A Peer-to-peer Zone-Based Two-level Link State Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,

IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications

Vol.17, NO.8, August 1999

[LABAR] Gergely V. Zaruba and Vamsi K. Chaluvadi

LABAR: Location Area Based Ad Hoc Routing for GPS-scarce Wide-area AD Hoc Networks

Proceedings of the first IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and

Communications (PerCom03), Dept/ of Computer Science and Engineering,

The University of Texas at Arlington

[GPSR] Brad Karp and H.T. Kung

GPSR: Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless Networks

Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking

(Mobicom 2000), Harvard University

[GRA] Rahul Jain and Anuj PuriGRA: Geographical Routing Using Partial Information for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

IEEE Personal Communications, February 2001, pp.48-57

University of California, Berkeley

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[Terminode 1] L. Blazevic, J. -Y. Le Boudec and S.Giordano

A Location-Based Routing Method for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,

IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol.3, NO.4, October-December 2004

[Terminode 2] L. Blazevic, J. -Y. Le Boudec and S.Giordano

Self Organized Terminode Routing

Cluster Computing Journal, April 2002

[Terminode 3] L. Blazevic, J.-Y. Le Boudec and S.GiordanoAnchored Path Discovery in Terminode Routing

http://lcawww.epfl.ch/Publications/Blazevic/BlazevicGL02b.pdf

[GLS] Jinyang Li, John Jannotti, David R. Karger and Robert Morris

A Scalable Location Service for Geographic Ad Hoc Routing,

M.I.T Laboratory for Computer Science

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[Quorum] Zygmunt J. Hass and Ben Liang

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IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, April 1999, pp.1-13

The School of Electrical Engineering, Cornell University

[VHR] S. Giordano and M.Hamdi

Mobility Management: The Virtual Home Region,

Ecole Polytechnique Federal de Lausanne (FPFL), Switzerland

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[Survery 1] Ivan Stojmenovic

Position-Based Routing in Ad Hoc Networks

IEEE Communications Magazine, July 2002, pp.128-134

[Survey 2] Martin Mauve and Jorg Widmer

A Survey on Position-Based Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

IEEE Networks, November/ December 2001, pp.30-39

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[Survey 3] Dragos Niculescu

Positioning in Ad Hoc Sensor Networks

IEEE Network, July/August 2004

[Survey 4] Elizabeth M. Royer and Chai-Keong Toh

A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks

IEEE Personal Communications, April 1999

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[Infra-structure AODV] Anders Lindgren, Olov Schelen, Infra-Structure Aodv for

Infrastructured Ad Hoc networks, In Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference

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[PARO] J. Gomez, A. T. Campbell, M. Naghshineh, C. Bisdikian, T.J. Watson Power-

Aware Routing Optimization Protocol (PARO) Internet Draft, draft-gomez-paro-manet-

00.txt, work in progress, June 2001

[PAMAS] S. Singh, C. S. Raghavendra, "PAMAS-Power Aware Multi-Access Protocol

with Signalling for Ad Hoc Networks", Computer Communication Review, July 1998.

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Estrin. Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing. In Proceedings of

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[Minimum Energy] V. Rodoplu and T. H. Meng. Minimum Energy Mobile WirelessNetworks. IEEE J. Selected Areas in Communications, 17(8), August 1999.

[SSA] R. Dube, C. Rais, K. Wang, and S. Tripathi, "Signal stability based adaptiverouting (SSA) for ad hoc mobile networks," IEEE Personal Communication, Feb.1997

[On-Demand Multipath] A. Nasipuri and S. Das, "On-demand multipath routing formobile ad hoc networks," in Proc. IEEE ICCCN '99, Oct. 1999

[Split Multipath] Sung-Ju Lee and Mario Gerla, "Split Multipath Routing withMaximally Disjoint Paths in Ad hoc Networks", Proceedings of IEEE ICC 2001,Helsinki, Finland, June 2001, pp. 3201-3205.

[Energy Efficient Multipath] D. Ganesan, R. Govindhan, S. Shenker, and D. Estrin,"Highly resilient, energy efficient multipath routing in wireless sensor networks,"

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[AODV-BR] Sung-Ju Lee and Mario Gerla, "AODV-BR: Backup Routing in Ad hocNetworks", Proceedings of IEEE WCNC 2000, Chicago, IL, September 2000.

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[CBRP] Cluster Based Routing Protocol

IETF: draft-ietf-manet-cbrp-spec-01.txt

[CEDAR] Core Extraction Distributed Ad hoc Routing

IETF: draft-ietf-manet-cedar-spec-00.txt

[DDR] Distributed Dynamic Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

http://www.eurecom.fr/~nikaeinn/ddr.ps

Scalable Routing Strategies for Ad hoc Wireless Networks

http://www.cs.ucla.edu/NRL/wireless/PAPER/jsac99.ps.gz

[FSR] Fisheye State Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks

IETF: draft-ietf-manet-fsr-02.txt

[HARP] Hybrid Ad hoc Routing Protocol

http://www.eurecom.fr/~nikaeinn/harp.ps
http://www.eurecom.fr/~nikaeinn/ddr.pshttp://www.cs.ucla.edu/NRL/wireless/PAPER/jsac99.ps.gzhttp://www.eurecom.fr/~nikaeinn/harp.pshttp://www.eurecom.fr/~nikaeinn/harp.pshttp://www.cs.ucla.edu/NRL/wireless/PAPER/jsac99.ps.gzhttp://www.eurecom.fr/~nikaeinn/ddr.ps

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[LANMAR] Landmark Routing Protocol for Large Scale Ad Hoc Networks

IETF: draft-ietf-manet-lanmar-03.txt

[ZRP] The Zone Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks

IETF: draft-ietf-manet-zone-zrp-02.txt

[BRP] The Bordercast Resolution Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks

IETF: draft-ietf-manet-zone-brp-02.txt

[IERP] The Interzone Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks

IETF: draft-ietf-manet-zone-ierp-02.txt

[IARP] The Intrazone Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks

IETF: draft-ietf-manet-zone-iarp-02.txt

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[Conn] Bandyopadhyay, S.; Hasuike, K; A Connection management protocol to support

multimedia traffic in ad hoc wireless networks with directional antenna ; Multimedia

and Expo, 2001. ICME 2001. IEEE International Conference on , 22-25 Aug. 2001

Pages:10371040

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