CAUSES of

WORLD WAR II

The MAINE Causes of World War One

1. Germany Lost All her Colonies in Africa and Asia

2. Eupen and Malmedy given to Belgium

3. North Schlewig Given to Denmark

4. Alsace/Lorraine was given back to France

5. The Saar Coalfields were given to France for 15 years

6. Rhineland declared a demilitarized zone under French Control

7. The City of Danzig given freedom under the League of Nations

8. West Prussia and Posen were given to Poland

9. Germany and Austria were forbidden to unite

10. Germany to pay Reparations

Effects of the Treaty of Versailles (Signed June 28, 1919 with Germany)

Effects of the Treaty of Versailles (Signed June 28, 1919)

German control of Shandong, China granted to Japan

instead of the Chinese; Britain and France reconfirmed

trade rights in Shanghai

and Canton in China

German Pacific island of Somoa granted to New

Zealand and New Guinea granted to Australia

Russia forced to give independence to the

territories of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,

and Finland, and give back parts of Poland

and Prussia

Effects of the Treaty of St. Germain (Signed on Sep 10, 1919 with Austria)

1. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was dissolved 2. Independence granted to Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia

3. Portions of Tyrol and the Dalmatian Islands granted to Italy

4. Cession of Transylvania to Romania

5. Forbidden from entering into political or economic union with Germany

6. Reduction of the Austrian Army to only 30,000 men

7. Freedom of navigation declared for all nations along the Danub River

8. All railroads in freed regions to be turned over to new nations

9. Austria to pay Reparations

The Effects of the Treaty of Trianon (Signed on Jan 16, 1920 with Hungary)

1. Austro-Hungarian Empire to be dissolved

2. Slovakia and Pressburg given to Csechoslovakia

3. Burgenland in Western Hungary given to Austria

4. Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia given to Yugoslavia

5. Transylvania given to Romania

6. Region of Fiume given to Italy

7. Hungarian Army to be limited to 35,000 men

8. Hungary to pay Reparations

The Effects of the Treaty of Serves (Signed on Aug 10, 1920 with Turkey)

1. The Ottoman Empire was to be dissolved

2. Libya and Eritrea were to remain possessions to Italy

3. Iraq and Palestine would become British Mandates

4. Syria was to become a French Mandate

5. The Kingdom of Hedjaz granted Independence

6. Portions of Anatolia to be ceded to Greece

7. Kudistan to be allowed National Self-determina- tion

8. Sudan to remain as a British Protectorate

9. Sultanate of Oman was a British Protectorate

10. Chad, Niger, Tunisia and Morocco to remain

French protectorates

The Impact of the League of Nations (Established in 1919 during the Treaty of Versailles)

Primary Goals

• to Prevent Future Wars

• to Uphold the Treaty of Versailles (and the associated treaties)

• to Supervise the Disarmament of the Central Powers

• to Promote the Health, Welfare, and Well-being of People around the world

Primary Nations (The Big Five)

• Britain

• France

• Italy

• Japan

• Germany (allowed to join in 1936)

Idea of the League of Nations presented by U.S. President

Primary Methods

• Main Committee maid up of 32

signing nations that would meet

annually to deal with global issues

• The Permanent Member Council

to meet 4-5 Times to handle crisis

The Impact of the League of Nations (Established in 1919 during the Treaty of Versailles)

Major Problems

• The U.S. Congress refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the

League of Nations

• The League of Nations had no legal power or international laws to support

their actions

• The League of Nations had no military power. Member countries were

suppose to provide troops, but none of the countries wanted to risk provoking

an aggressive country

• The League of Nations was unable to act quickly, because member

countries had to set up an travel to an emergency meeting if a crisis arose

Major Failures

• Failed to do anything to prevent or stop Russia’s War with Poland (1920-21)

• Allowed France and Belgium to take control of the German Ruhr Valley (1923)

• Failed to get Japan to return Manchuria to China. Japan left the League (1931)

• Failed to stop Germany’s re-armament program under the Nazi Party (1933)

• Failed to stop the Italy’s invasion and annexation of Abyssinia (1935)

1930 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

$ M

ILLIO

N

Defense Expenditure, 1930 - 1938

Germany

Japan

Britain

USSR

Italy

U.S.

The Effects of Military Buildup

The Effects of Military Buildup

First London Naval Treaty (22 Apr 1930)

• Treaty between Britain, Japan, France, Italy, and the United States

• Agreement to regulate submarine and naval shipbuilding

World Disarmament Conference (1932 - 1933)

• Talks to limit the development of “Offensive Weapons” for use in war

• Talks ended when Adolf Hitler withdrew Germany from the Conference

Second London Naval Treaty (9 Dec 1935 – 25 Mar 1936)

• Conference between Britain, France and the United States

• Agreement to limit the development of Naval Armaments

• Japan withdrew from meeting on January 15, 1936

• Italy and Germany declined to attend the meeting

Anglo-German Naval Agreement (18 Jun 1935)

• Agreement between Britain and Germany to limit the size and number of ships

• Signed without consulting France or Italy

The Rise of Militarist Dictators

Joseph Stalin (1927 – 1939)

• Communist General Secretary

• Purges and Deportations

• Industrialization & Military Build-up

• Police State and Death Squads

• Treaty with Germany

Benito Mussolini (1922 – 1939)

• Head of the Italian Fascist Party

• Created a Police State

• Military Build-up

• Treaty with Germany and Japan

Adolf Hitler (1934 – 1939)

• Chancellor of Nazi Germany

• Re-armament and Military Build-up

• Police State and Death Squads

• Treaty with Japan, Italy, & Russia

Aggressive Pacts and Alliances

Anti-Comintern Pact (25 Nov 1936)

• Agreement between Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan

• Against the growing influences of Communist Russia (Soviet Union)

• Mutual protection if either side was attacked by the Soviet Union

Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (21 Aug 1937)

• Agreement between China and the Soviet Union

• Against the growing threat from Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan

• Contributed to worsening relations between Germany and China

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (24 Aug 1939)

• Agreement between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union

• Renouncing warfare between each other and neutrality if attack by a third party

• Secret treaty dividing Eastern Europe (Poland) between Germany and USSR

Tripartite Pact (27 Sep 1940)

• Established the Axis Alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan

Failed Attempts to Prevent Aggressors

Appeasement in Europe (1936 – 1937)

• German troops entered the established buffer area known as the Rhineland

• France and Britain were un-willing to risk war with Germany

• Agreed to allow Germany to keep the Rhineland if they wouldn’t invade

• Hitler announced plan to absorb / annex Austria and Czechoslovakia

• France and Britain ignored their promise to protect Austrian Independence

• France and Britain believe they can preserve peace by giving into Germany

Isolation in the West and Aid in the Far East (1935 – 1939)

• U.S. Congress decides to stay out of European political problems

• U.S. Promises to remain neutral if war develops in Europe

• U.S. sends military equipment and supplies to China (aid against Japan)

• U.S. imposes economic sanctions against Japan (refused to leave Manchuria)

• U.S. Opened new bases to protect holdings in the Pacific (Philippines and Guam)

• U.S. expanded embargo to include Oil Shipments to Japan (after Invading China)

Effects of Increased Axis Aggressions

• Italy invaded Ethiopia in

October 1935

• Germany invaded Austria

in March 1938

• Germany invaded

Czechoslovakia in Sept 1938

• German Blitzkrieg on Poland

on 1 Sept 1939

• Soviet Union invade Poland

on 17 Sept 1939