Categorize organisms below:Categorize organisms below:

DogDog CatCat Cat fishCat fish

LionLion WolfWolf Apple treeApple tree

DandelionsDandelions LizardLizard

SharkShark MouseMouseDeerDeer

TaxonomyTaxonomy

TaxonomyTaxonomy

ClassificationClassification and and namingnaming of living things of living things

1700’s: Carolus Linnaeus1700’s: Carolus Linnaeus

Grouped organisms in Grouped organisms in hierarchical categorieshierarchical categories based based on on structuralstructural similarities. similarities.

Devised a 2-part system to Devised a 2-part system to give organisms a give organisms a scientific scientific namename..

Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

2 – part naming system.2 – part naming system.

11stst part: part: Genus (generic)Genus (generic)

22ndnd part: part: species (specific)species (specific)

Written in Written in italicsitalics and genus is and genus is capitalizedcapitalized..

Example: humans- Example: humans- Homo sapienHomo sapien

Modern Linnaean SystemModern Linnaean System

DDomainomainKKingdomingdomPPhylumhylumCClasslassOOrderrderFFamilyamilyGGenusenusSSpeciespecies

““KKingingPPhilliphillipCCameameOOververFFororGGoodoodSSoup”oup”

HumansHumansEukaryaEukarya

AnimaliaAnimalia

ChordataChordata

MammaliaMammalia

PrimataPrimata

HomindaeHomindae

HomoHomo

SapienSapien

Homo sapienHomo sapien

DandelionsDandelionsEukaryaEukaryaPlantaePlantaeMagnoliophytaMagnoliophytaMagnoliopsidaMagnoliopsidaAsteralesAsteralesAsteraceaeAsteraceaeTaraxacumTaraxacumOfficinaleOfficinale

Taraxacum officinaleTaraxacum officinale

3 Domains3 Domains

1.1. ArchaeaArchaea

2.2. Bacteria Bacteria

3.3. EukaryaEukarya

6 Kingdoms6 Kingdoms

1.1. ArcheabacteriaArcheabacteria

2.2. EubacteriaEubacteria

3.3. ProtistaProtista

4.4. FungiFungi

5.5. PlantaePlantae

6.6. AnimaliaAnimalia

ArcheabacteriaArcheabacteria

Prokaryotic cellsProkaryotic cells

Heterotrophic and autotrophic Heterotrophic and autotrophic by chemosynthesisby chemosynthesis

EubacteriaEubacteria

ProkaryoticProkaryotic

UnicellularUnicellular

Heterotrophic and autotrophic Heterotrophic and autotrophic by photosynthesis and by photosynthesis and chemosynthesischemosynthesis

ProtistaProtista

EukaryoticEukaryotic

Mostly unicellular, few Mostly unicellular, few multicellularmulticellular

Not fungus, plant, or animalNot fungus, plant, or animal

Examples: ameoba, Examples: ameoba, parameciumparamecium

FungiFungi

Eukaryotic Eukaryotic

Unicellular or MulticellularUnicellular or Multicellular

Heterotrophs that absorb Heterotrophs that absorb rather than ingestrather than ingest

Examples: mushrooms, Examples: mushrooms, mildews, moldmildews, mold

PlantaePlantae

Eukaryotic Eukaryotic MulticellularMulticellularPhotosynthetic Photosynthetic Develop from embryosDevelop from embryosExample: mosses, ferns, Example: mosses, ferns, flowering plantsflowering plants

AnimaliaAnimalia

EukaryoticEukaryoticMulticellularMulticellularHeterotrophsHeterotrophsDevelop from embryosDevelop from embryosExamples: birds, mammals, Examples: birds, mammals, reptilesreptiles

Dichotomous KeyDichotomous Key

Used to classify and identify Used to classify and identify organisms based on observable organisms based on observable characteristics, such as characteristics, such as structure and behavior.structure and behavior.

Lists specific characteristics in Lists specific characteristics in opposing pairs.opposing pairs.

Phylogenic TreePhylogenic Tree

represents the represents the hypotheseshypotheses of of the the evolutionaryevolutionary relationships relationships between groups of organisms.between groups of organisms.

CladogramCladogram

a a phylogenicphylogenic tree that compares tree that compares shared and derived characteristics.shared and derived characteristics.

Shared characteristicShared characteristic: feature : feature that that allall members of a group have. members of a group have.

Derived characteristicDerived characteristic: feature : feature that that evolvedevolved only with the specific only with the specific group.group.

A. What characteristics does a A. What characteristics does a cladogram compare?cladogram compare?

Homologous structuresHomologous structures

Embryological featuresEmbryological features

Molecular similaritiesMolecular similarities

B. What do cladograms assume?B. What do cladograms assume?

That organisms that share That organisms that share derived characteristics, derived characteristics, inherited them from a common inherited them from a common ancestor.ancestor.

C. What do cladograms show?C. What do cladograms show?

Which organisms shared a Which organisms shared a more recent common more recent common ancestor, NOT “who ancestor, NOT “who evolved from whom”evolved from whom”

D. Do cladograms show definitive, D. Do cladograms show definitive, proven evolutionary relationships?proven evolutionary relationships?

No, it shows a hypothesis and No, it shows a hypothesis and can be modified as discoveries can be modified as discoveries are made.are made.

How to read a cladogram:How to read a cladogram:

OutgroupOutgroup: : first group; does not first group; does not share any features with the rest share any features with the rest of the groupsof the groups..

Nodes:Nodes: represent a common represent a common ancestorancestor..

Branches:Branches: trace new derived trace new derived characteristicscharacteristics..