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is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of
organismsBiological classification is
a form of scientific taxonomy
I. How classification beganA.) Organizing items can help you:
a.) understand them better
b.) find them
ex.) CD or DVD collection,
Sneakers and
clothing in your closet
B.) Biologists want a better understanding of organisms to organize them.
TOOLS SCIENTIST TOOLS SCIENTIST USE TO USE TO ORGANIZEORGANIZE
CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATIONGrouping of Grouping of objects or objects or information based information based on similaritieson similarities
TAXONOMYTAXONOMYTaxo Taxo = arrange= arrangeNomy Nomy = ordered = ordered knowledge knowledge
The National Science Foundation’s “Tree of Life” project estimates that
there could be anywhere from 5 million to 100 million species on the planet, but science has only identified
about 2 million.
Think about an elephant. Develop a mental image of it. How would you describe it to someone who has never seen one? Take a moment to consider carefully . . .
Not surprisingly, biologists also classify organisms into different categories mostly by judging degrees of
apparent similarity and difference that they can see. The assumption is that the greater the degree of
physical similarity, the closer the biological relationship.
Modern biological classification is based on the work of Carolus
Linnaeus, who grouped species according to
shared physical characteristics
Similarities in structure
Similarities in chemical and genetic makeup
(similar proteins, similar DNA)
Similarities in the stages of
development of embryos
7 Levels of Classification
Linnaeus’s system of classification
http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/Six_Kingdoms/Index.htm
http://www.bionet-intl.org/opencms/opencms/caseStudies/default.jsp
Classification
• Linnaeus system contains levels.
• It’s a hierarchical system meaning they arraigned from largest or the most general to the smallest or most specific.
Using Linnaeus's Idea of a hierarchical system
• Arrange these categories from the largest and most general to smallest and most specific:
– United states– New York State– North America– Nassau County– 230 Poppy Ave.– Franklin Square
– Planet Earth
Answer:
Planet Earth
North America
United states
New York State
Nassau County
Franklin Square
230 Poppy Ave.
The 7 levels of Classification• KingdomKingdom = = KingKing
• PhylumPhylum = = PhillipPhillip
• ClassClass == CameCame
• Order Order = = OverOver
• Family Family == FromFrom
• GenusGenus = = Germany Germany • Species Species == SkippingSkipping
Each of these levels is called a taxa.
Kingdom
Species
ClassOrderFamilyGenus
Phylum
Kingdom Phylum
Class Order
Family Genus
Species
Largest groups
Smallest groups and most
closely related to each other
Kings
Play
Chess
On
Fine
Green
Stools
King
Philip
Came
Over
From
Germany
Skipping
Naming organisms
Before Linnaeus developed his naming system, plants and animals were named by a series of Latin words that described the physical appearance of the organism. This was very confusing. For example, let’s look at the first name of the honey bee.
Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris utrinque margine ciliatus. This means “fuzzy bee, light gray middle, brown body, smooth hind legs that have a small bag edged with tiny hairs.” Linnaeus named it Apis mellifera which means “honey-bearing bee.”
is the formal system of naming specific species
Binomial nomenclature
each species name is in Latin and has two parts
Homo sapiens
Two-word naming system
genus specific epithet
Group of Describes similar
characteristic of species species
Binomial nomenclaturecontinued…
Examples
Genus specific epithet
Homo sapiens = humans
* Homo means “Same” homology
* Sapiens means “wise”
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammal
Order Primate
Family Homoide
Genus Homo
Species sapiens
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Cordata
Class Mammalia
Order Carnivora
Family Canidae
Genus Canis
Species Lupus (the wolf)
Canis lupus
Procyon lotor
Drosophila melanogaster
http://www.curioustaxonomy.net/puns/puns.html
Kingdom• Is the largest and most abundant catergory • There are five (5) kingdoms :
1. Plantae (Plants)2. Animalia (Animals)3. Fungi4. Protista (Protists)5. Monera
Phylum
• Includes many different organisms that share important characteristics
• Division of a Kingdom
Class
• Division of phylum
Order
• Division of a Class
Family• Division of a order
Genus: division of a family
Species: Most specific and is a division of genus
These organisms can interbreed (reproduce)
Summary
• 1. Which is th e
Do you recall:
• When Linnaeus developed his system of classification, there were only two kingdoms, Plants and Animals.
• But the use of the microscope led to the discovery of new organisms and the identification of differences in cells. A two-kingdom system was no longer useful.
Today the system of classification includes Five kingdoms.
• Five Kingdoms:– Plants– Animals– Protists– Fungi– Monera
How are organism placed into their kingdoms?
• Cell type, complex or simple
(prokaryotic or eukaryotic)
• Their ability to make food
(nutrition)
• The number of cells in their body
(multi cellular of unicellular)
Plant Kingdom
• Examples : flowering plant mosses, and ferns.
• Cell Type: Eukaryotes
• They are Producers so they make their own food (Autotrophic nutrition)
• They are all multicellular
More about Plant kingdom
• over 250,000 species
• Is the second largest kingdom
• Plant species range from the tiny green mosses to giant trees
Without plants, life on Earth would not exist!
• Plants feed almost all the heterotrophs (organisms that eat other organisms) on Earth. WOW!
Animal Kingdom
• Contain : is the largest kingdom with over 1 million known species.
• Cell Type: Eukaryotes
• They rely on other organisms for their food (heterotrophs )
• They are all multicellular
More about Animal kingdom• Members of the animal
kingdom are found in the most diverse environments in the world.
Protista Kingdom
• Contain : Slime molds and algae • Cell Type: Eukaryotes
• Some rely on other organisms for their food (heterotrophs) and some make their own food (autotrophs)
• Most are unicellular and multicellular
More about Protists
• Sometimes called the odds and ends kingdom because its members are so different from one another. Approx 250,000 species
• include all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, not animals, not plants and not fungi.
Fungi Kingdom • Contain : Mushrooms, mold and mildew
• Cell Type: Eukaryotes
• fungi cannot make their own food, most get it from decaying soil. (heterotrophs)
• They are all multicellular
More about Fungi
• Some fungi taste great and
others can kill you!
• Only about 200,000 species of fungi have been described of the estimated 1-1.5 million species
Monera Kingdom • Contain : True bacteria and blue-green
algae.
• Cell Type: Prokaryotic
• Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
• They are all Unicellular
More about Monera
• 10,000 species• grow practically everywhere, including your mouth
and digestive tract, the root nodules of legumes and the sun-baked boulders of arid deserts