ČASOPIS ZA MAŠINSKO INŽINJERSTVO JOURNAL OF …

ČASOPIS ZA MAŠINSKO INŽINJERSTVOJOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GODINA /VOLUME/ 17 | BROJ /NUMBER/ 3-4 | JULI - DECEMBAR /JULY - DECEMBER/ 2020.

ISSN 1512-5173 (štampano izdanje)ISSN 2637-1510 (online izdanje)

http://www.mf.unze.ba/masinstvo

81

ISSN 1512-5173 (štampano izdanje)ISSN 2637-1510 (online izdanje)

http://www.mf.unze.ba/masinstvo

MAŠINSTVOČASOPIS ZA MAŠINSKO INŽENJERSTVO

JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGGODINA (VOLUME) 17, BROJ (NUMBER) 3-4, ZENICA, JULI - DECEMBAR /JULY - DECEMBER/ 2020.

Osnivač i izvršni izdavač (Founder and Executive Publisher):Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Zenici / Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of University of ZenicaFakultetska 1, 72000 Zenica Bosna i Hercegovina / Bosnia and Herzegovina Tel.: + 387 32 449 134; 32 449 128 Fax: + 387 32 246 612 E-adrese: [email protected] [email protected]

Glavni i odgovorni urednik (Editor-in-Chief): dr. sc. Fuad Hadžikadunić

Urednički odbor (Editorial Board):dr. sc. Malik Čabaravdić (B&H), dr. sc. Sabahudin Jašarević (B&H), dr. sc. Safet Brdarević (B&H), dr. sc. Jože Duhovnik (Slovenija/Slovenia), dr. sc. Milan Rackov (Srbija/Serbia), dr. sc. Milan Jurković (Hr-vatska/Croatia), dr. sc. Sabahudin Ekinović (B&H), dr. sc. Nedeljko Vukojević (B&H), dr. sc. Darko Pet-ković (B&H), dr. sc. Ibrahim Plančić (B&H), dr. sc. Gheorge I. Gheorge (Rumunija/Romania), dr. sc. Alojz Ivanković (Irska/Ireland), dr. sc. Joan Vivancos (Španija/Spain), dr. sc. Ivo Čala (Hrvatska/Croatia), dr. sc. Slavko Arsovski (Srbija/Serbia), dr. sc. Albert Weckenmann (Njemačka/Germany), dr. sc. Marinko Aleksić (Crna Gora/Montenegro), dr. sc. Rainer Lotz-ien (Njemačka/Germany).

Recenzentski odbor (Review Committee):dr. sc. Malik Čabaravdić, dr. sc. Ibrahim Plančić, dr. sc. Nedeljko Vukojević, dr. sc. Amra Talić-Čikmiš, dr. sc. Safet Isić, dr. sc. Fuad Hadžikadunić, dr. sc. Mus-tafa Imamović, dr. sc. Mustafa Hadžalić, dr. sc. Fuad Klisura, dr. sc. Kasim Bajramović, dr. sc. Sabahudin Jašarević, dr. sc. Milan Rackov, dr. sc. Nusret Ima-mović, dr. sc. Marinko Aleksić

Časopis izlazi tromjesečno. (The journal is published quarterly).

Lektura (Copy-editing and Proofreading): Lamija Subašić

Tehnički urednici (Technical Editors): mr. Emir Đulić, Emir Čaplja

Štampa (Print): Štamparija Fojnica d.o.o. Fojnica

Uređenje zaključeno (Preparation ended on): 31.12.2020.

Časopis je evidentiran u evidenciji javnih glasila pri Mi-nistarstvu nauke, obrazovanja, kulture i sporta Fede-racije Bosne i Hercegovine pod brojem 651. Časopis u pretežnom iznosu finansira osnivač i izda-vač. Časopis MAŠINSTVO u pravilu izlazi u četiri broja godišnje. Rukopisi se ne vraćaju.

Časopis objavljuje naučne i stručne radove i informaci-je od interesa za stručnu i privrednu javnost iz oblasti mašinstva i srodnih grana vezanih za područje primje-ne i izučavanja mašinstva.

Posebno se obrađuju sljedeće tematike: > tehnologija prerade metala, plastike i gume, > projektovanje i konstruiranje mašina i postrojenja, > projektovanje proizvodnih sistema, > energija, > održavanje sredstava za rad, > kvalitet, efikasnost sistema i upravljanje proizvod-

nim i poslovnim sistemima, > informacije o novim knjigama, > informacije o naučnim skupovima i > informacije s Univerziteta.

The journal is registered in the list of public journals at the Ministry of Science, Education, Culture and Sport of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina under No. 651.The journal is mostly financed by its founder and pub-lisher. The journal MAŠINSTVO is generally published four times a year. Manuscripts are not returned.

The journal publishes scientific and professional pa-pers and information of interest to the professionals and industry subjects in the field of mechanical engi-neering and branches related to the field of applica-tion and study of mechanical engineering.

The following topics are treated in particular: > metal, plastic and rubber processing technology, > design and construction of machines and facili-

ties, > design of production systems, > energy, > maintenance of means for working, > quality, system efficiency and management of

production and business systems, > information on new books, > information on scientific conferences and > information from the University.

82

RIJEČ UREDNIKA

Poštovane kolegice i kolege,iako su određene aktivnosti za pripremu štampanja ovog broja provedene u planiranim rokovima, do kraja decem-bra 2020. godine, početak 2021. godine donio je nešto neočekivano -‘face to face’ susret s koronavirusom, te pro-longiranje izdavanja ovog broja časopisa. Navedeni ‘susret’ je nužno postavio jedan jedini prioritet, a to je očuvanje života i zdravlja. Nasreću, bilo je ipak moguće nastaviti aktivnosti na pripre-mi za štampanje i pred čitaocima se nalazi broj koji sadrži četiri rada iz određenih tematskih oblasti istraživanja au-torâ.Ovaj broj časopisa MAŠINSTVO nudi Vam radove iz pri-mijenjenih istraživanja iz oblasti mehaničkih ispitivanja, primjene planiranog eksperimenta u oblasti mehanike pločastih uzoraka, primjene QFD metode u konkretnom proizvodnom okruženju, te primjene standardne metodo-logije u analizama korištenjem uređaja za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda. U cilju predstavljanja naučno-istraživačkih i stručnih kapa-citeta časopis slijedi nove trendove i prakse u multidiscipli-narnim područjima.Također, donosi informaciju o planiranoj 12. naučno-struč-noj konferenciji ‘KVALITET 2021’, koju toplo preporučuje-mo kao još jedan značajan projekt Mašinskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Zenici i priliku za izlaganje naučno-istraži-vačkih i stručnih rezultata istraživanja iz određenih temat-skih oblasti.U posebnim odjeljcima nastavlja se tradicija prezentacija naučno-istraživačkih i privrednih kapaciteta iz okruženja.

S poštovanjem,

Fuad Hadžikadunić, glavni i odgovorni urednik

SADRŽAJ

1. ANALIZA AKSIJALNIH ISPITIVANJA UZORAKA TRAKA TRAKASTIH TRANSPORTERA

Ilanković,N.;Živanić,D.;Katona,M. …83

2. PLANIRANJEEKSPERIMENTAIMATEMATIČKIMODELČVRSTOĆENASAVIJANJEPLOČEODMASIVNOGDRVETA

Hurem,N.;Hodžić,D. …93

3. PRIMJENAQFDMETODENAPRIMJERUIZRADEKUPAONIČKOGNAMJEŠTAJAUFRAMINId.o.o.VITEZ

Jašarević,S.;Lisica,A.;Lemeš,S.;Pašalić-Medarić,A…103

4. UZIMANJEUZORAKAIPRAĆENJEFIZIČKO-HEMIJSKIHPROCESANAUREĐAJUZAPREČIŠĆAVANJEOTPAD-NIHVODA Terzić,M. …117

INFORMACIJE …123

UPUTSTVO ZA AUTORE …125

INTRODUCTION BY THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Dear colleagues,Although certain activities regarding preparation of this issue were carried out in due time, by the end of De-cember 2020, the beginning of 2021 brought something unexpected - we met ‘face to face’ with the coronavi-rus, what prolonged the publication of this issue. Such a ‘meeting’ has necessarily set a single priority – pres-ervation of life and health. Fortunately, it was still pos-sible to execute the relevant activities on preparing for printing, and now the readers have an issue that offers four papers from certain thematic areas of the authors’ researches. This issue of the journal MAŠINSTVO brings papers from applied researches in the field of mechanical testing, application of the planned experiment in the field of plane sample mechanics, application of QFD method in a specific production environment, and application of standard methodology in analyses using wastewater treatment plants.In order to present scientific-research and professional capacities, the journal follows new trends and practices in multidisciplinary areas. Also, it contains the information about the scheduled 12th Scientific-Professional Conference “QUALITY 2021”, which I warmly recommend as another important project of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of University of Zenica and as the opportunity for presenting the scientific-re-search and professional research results in certain the-matic areas.Special sections traditionally continue to present scientif-ic-research and economic capacities from the surrounding areas.

Sincerely, Fuad Hadžikadunić, Editor-in-Chief

CONTENTS

1. ANALYSIS OF AXIAL TESTS OF CONVEYOR BELT SAMPLES

Ilanković,N.;Živanić,D.;Katona,M. …83

2. DESIGNOFEXPERIMENTANDMATHEMATICALMODELOFBENDINGSTRENGTHOFSOLIDWOODPANEL

Hurem,N.;Hodžić,D. …93

3. APPLICATIONOFQFDMETHODINTHECASEOFBATHROOMFURNITUREINFRAMINILTD.VITEZ

Jašarević,S.;Lisica,A.;Lemeš,S.;Pašalić-Medarić,A…103

4. TESTSAMPLINGANDMONITORINGOFPHYSICAL-CHEMICALPROCESSESWITHWASTEWATERTREATMENTDEVICE

Terzić,M. …117

INFORMATION …123

INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS …125

Mašinstvo 3-4 (17), 83 – 91, (2020) N. Ilanković et al.: ANALYSIS OF AXIAL TESTS …

3

ANALYSIS OF AXIAL TESTS OF CONVEYOR BELT SAMPLES

ANALIZA AKSIJALNIH ISPITIVANJA UZORAKA TRAKA TRAKASTIH TRANSPORTERA

Nikola Ilanković, Dragan Živanić, Mirko Katona University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Republic of Serbia Ključne riječi: aksijalna ispitivanja, traka trakastog transportera Keywords: axial tests, conveyor belt Paper received: 17.11.2020. Paper accepted: 17.12.2020.

Stručni članak REZIME Kako trake trakastih transportera predstavljaju ključni element transportera, veoma je bitno da one budu proizvedene u skladu sa važećim standardima i kasnije ispitane kako bi se potvrdili nazivni parametri. U ovom radu su prikazane četiri vrste aksijalnog ispitivanja uzoraka trakastih transportera. Opisani su potrebni ambijentalni uslovi za ispitivanja i potreban ispitni uređaj. Dat je pregled ispitivanja, gde je navedeno kako se ispitivanje vrši i objašnjeno je kako da se tumače dobijeni rezultati.

Professional paper

SUMMARY As conveyor belts are the key element of conveyors, it is very important that they are manufactured in accordance with applicable standards and later tested in order to confirm nominal parameters. In this paper, four types of axial testing of conveyor belt samples are presented. The required ambient test conditions and the required test device are described. An overview of tests is given where it is stated how tests are performed and it is explained how to interpret the obtained results.

1. INTRODUCTION Conveying is a mean of continuous transport without stopping during loading and unloading of material. It has an important role in the industry - production lines in factories, transport of ore in mines, material feeding, etc. There is a large number of devices for continuous transport, and the most common among them is the belt conveyor. For this type of conveyor, the load bearing and pulling element is the belt, which is therefore the most responsible, but individually the most expensive element of the conveyor [1 - Živanić script]. The belt consists of three layers, Fig. 1, - the upper protective rubber layer (1), the middle bearing layer – the core which consists of plies (2), which can be made of textile fibers, synthetic fibers or can be made of steel ropes and the lower protective rubber layer (3).

Figure 1. Sample of a conveyor belt

The basic parameter on the basis of which the design of belt conveyors is done is the required material transport capacity, which can be presented as the mass or volume capacity, according to [2]. After receiving the information about the required capacity of the conveyor, the first element that should be calculated is the conveyor belt. After completing the calculation of the belt conveyor, information is obtained about the necessary parameters of the belt - its width, number of plies, strength of plies to tear (tensile strength), material of plies, thickness of rubber layers, etc. According to [3 - DIN 22102], manufacturers of conveyor belts are obliged to state on each belt the information about the manufacturer, material of plies, tensile strength of plies, number of plies, special features of the belt if it has one and the identification number of the belt. In order for the data about the tensile strength of plies to be reliable, the manufacturers have to test samples of belts through a number of experiments. The topic of this paper will be axial testing of conveyor belt samples.

83


3

ANALYSIS OF AXIAL TESTS OF CONVEYOR BELT SAMPLES

ANALIZA AKSIJALNIH ISPITIVANJA UZORAKA TRAKA TRAKASTIH TRANSPORTERA

Nikola Ilanković, Dragan Živanić, Mirko Katona University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Republic of Serbia Ključne riječi: aksijalna ispitivanja, traka trakastog transportera Keywords: axial tests, conveyor belt Paper received: 17.11.2020. Paper accepted: 17.12.2020.

Stručni članak REZIME Kako trake trakastih transportera predstavljaju ključni element transportera, veoma je bitno da one budu proizvedene u skladu sa važećim standardima i kasnije ispitane kako bi se potvrdili nazivni parametri. U ovom radu su prikazane četiri vrste aksijalnog ispitivanja uzoraka trakastih transportera. Opisani su potrebni ambijentalni uslovi za ispitivanja i potreban ispitni uređaj. Dat je pregled ispitivanja, gde je navedeno kako se ispitivanje vrši i objašnjeno je kako da se tumače dobijeni rezultati.

Professional paper

SUMMARY As conveyor belts are the key element of conveyors, it is very important that they are manufactured in accordance with applicable standards and later tested in order to confirm nominal parameters. In this paper, four types of axial testing of conveyor belt samples are presented. The required ambient test conditions and the required test device are described. An overview of tests is given where it is stated how tests are performed and it is explained how to interpret the obtained results.

1. INTRODUCTION Conveying is a mean of continuous transport without stopping during loading and unloading of material. It has an important role in the industry - production lines in factories, transport of ore in mines, material feeding, etc. There is a large number of devices for continuous transport, and the most common among them is the belt conveyor. For this type of conveyor, the load bearing and pulling element is the belt, which is therefore the most responsible, but individually the most expensive element of the conveyor [1 - Živanić script]. The belt consists of three layers, Fig. 1, - the upper protective rubber layer (1), the middle bearing layer – the core which consists of plies (2), which can be made of textile fibers, synthetic fibers or can be made of steel ropes and the lower protective rubber layer (3).

Figure 1. Sample of a conveyor belt

The basic parameter on the basis of which the design of belt conveyors is done is the required material transport capacity, which can be presented as the mass or volume capacity, according to [2]. After receiving the information about the required capacity of the conveyor, the first element that should be calculated is the conveyor belt. After completing the calculation of the belt conveyor, information is obtained about the necessary parameters of the belt - its width, number of plies, strength of plies to tear (tensile strength), material of plies, thickness of rubber layers, etc. According to [3 - DIN 22102], manufacturers of conveyor belts are obliged to state on each belt the information about the manufacturer, material of plies, tensile strength of plies, number of plies, special features of the belt if it has one and the identification number of the belt. In order for the data about the tensile strength of plies to be reliable, the manufacturers have to test samples of belts through a number of experiments. The topic of this paper will be axial testing of conveyor belt samples.

84


4

2. BELT SAMPLING AND REQUIRED CONDITIONS FOR TESTING

Before it is possible to perform experimental tests, it is necessary to take proper samples of the belt. The sampling scheme is determined according to [3 - DIN 22102] which is shown in Fig. 2:

Figure 2. Sampling scheme on the conveyor

belt

The number of samples depends on the length of the belt, which is determined according to [4 - ISO 282]. Table 1 shows the number of samples depending on the total length of the belt: Table 1. Number of samples depending on the

total length of the belt

Total length of the conveyor belt [m]

Number of

samples L ≤ 500 1

500 < L ≤ 1000 2 1000 < L ≤ 2000 3 2000 < L ≤ 3500 4 3500 < L ≤ 5000 5 5000 < L ≤ 7000 6

7000 < L ≤ 10 000 7 Note: It is necessary to take one additional sample for each 5000 m if the length of the belt is over 10 000 m.

In order for the tests to be valid, it is necessary to have a certain time interval between the production of the belt and the test itself. Also, it is necessary to respect atmospheric conditions that are required for the results to be adequate. These parameters are determined according to [5 - ISO 18573]. For all types of tests, it takes 24 hours between the production of the belt and sampling. On the

other hand, the time between production and testing should not exceed 3 months. Regarding atmospheric conditions, there are 5 combinations that allow proper testing of samples and they are shown in Table 2:

Table 2. Required atmospheric conditions

Temperature [°C]

Relative humidity

[%]

1 Atmospheric conditions A 20 ± 2 65 ± 5

2 Atmospheric conditions B 23 ± 2 50 ± 5

3 Atmospheric conditions C

(tropical) 27 ± 2 65 ± 5

4

Atmospheric conditions D (only temp.

control)

23 ± 2 or 20 ± 2 /

5

Atmospheric conditions E (only temp.

control, tropical)

27 ± 2 /

3. THE DEVICE FOR AXIAL TESTING

OF CONVEYOR BELT SAMPLES The device for axial testing of samples of conveyor belts should work on the principle of constant speed of elongation (CRE) of the sample, or on the principle of constant speed of movement (CRT) of the jaws. The device must be capable of stretching the belt sample at a speed of 100 ± 10 mm / min. It needs to be designed according to [6 - ISO 7500-1]. The drive of the device is usually electric, but it can be hydraulic and possibly manual for measurements of a lower accuracy class. The stretching of the belt sample can be performed in several ways, among which the stretching by means of a threaded spindle stands out. In order to measure the force acting on the sample, the device should have a force sensor (loading cell), Fig. 3a. The loading cell must be mounted on the device so it transmits only the axial force. This is achieved by applying joint connections between the load cell and one of the jaws, as well as between the loading cell and the construction of the device. In order to measure the elongation of the belt sample, the device should have a displacement sensor, Fig. 3b, which must be in constant contact with the


5

belt sample. Also, the device should be able to graphically record the results during the test.

Figure 3. Examples of required sensors

Jaws of the device should be designed to prevent movement of the belt sample during the test and therefore it is necessary to use jaws with a serrated surface shown in Fig. 4.

Figure 4. Recommended design of serrated

jaws

Before using the device, it is necessary to calibrate the force and displacement measuring system for each force and displacement range which will be used. The calibration of the force and displacement measuring system is performed using instruments to confirm the specified values. Calibration of the displacement measuring system is performed using the etalon, while calibration of the force measuring system is performed according to [7 - ISO 376]. It is possible to use weights of known masses or instruments to exercise known forces. The class of the instrument for realizing the known force must be of a better accuracy class than the device being calibrated. An example of a device for testing samples of conveyor belts is given in Fig. 5, where 1

indicates the measuring force transmitter, 2 is the upper jaw, while 3 indicates the belt sample. The maximum force that the load cell can bear must be 25% greater than the maximum force that the load cell will be loaded with during the test, while the displacement sensor must be able to move at least 100 mm with an accuracy of at least 0.1 mm.

Figure 5. INSTRON 5960 series device


OF CONVEYOR BELT SAMPLES There are 4 types of axial tests of conveyor belts samples – determination of tensile strength and elongation of the belt sample; determination of elastic and permanent deformation of the belt sample and modulus of elasticity; determining the resistance to separation of the belt sample layers and determining the maximum force that can be withstood by the connection of the ends of the belt sample. It is possible to use the device described in the previous chapter for all tests. 4.1. Determination of tensile strength and

elongation of the belt sample The tensile strength and elongation of the belt sample are determined according to [8 - ISO 283]. This test is used to determine the tensile strength of the belt sample in the longitudinal and transverse direction of the sample and elongation of the sample under the action of the reference force - one tenth of the nominal tensile strength of the belt multiplied by the width of the belt sample in the narrowest part expressed in millimeters.

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4

2. BELT SAMPLING AND REQUIRED CONDITIONS FOR TESTING

Before it is possible to perform experimental tests, it is necessary to take proper samples of the belt. The sampling scheme is determined according to [3 - DIN 22102] which is shown in Fig. 2:

Figure 2. Sampling scheme on the conveyor

belt

The number of samples depends on the length of the belt, which is determined according to [4 - ISO 282]. Table 1 shows the number of samples depending on the total length of the belt: Table 1. Number of samples depending on the

total length of the belt

Total length of the conveyor belt [m]

Number of

samples L ≤ 500 1

500 < L ≤ 1000 2 1000 < L ≤ 2000 3 2000 < L ≤ 3500 4 3500 < L ≤ 5000 5 5000 < L ≤ 7000 6

7000 < L ≤ 10 000 7 Note: It is necessary to take one additional sample for each 5000 m if the length of the belt is over 10 000 m.

In order for the tests to be valid, it is necessary to have a certain time interval between the production of the belt and the test itself. Also, it is necessary to respect atmospheric conditions that are required for the results to be adequate. These parameters are determined according to [5 - ISO 18573]. For all types of tests, it takes 24 hours between the production of the belt and sampling. On the

other hand, the time between production and testing should not exceed 3 months. Regarding atmospheric conditions, there are 5 combinations that allow proper testing of samples and they are shown in Table 2:

Table 2. Required atmospheric conditions

Temperature [°C]

Relative humidity

[%]

1 Atmospheric conditions A 20 ± 2 65 ± 5

2 Atmospheric conditions B 23 ± 2 50 ± 5

3 Atmospheric conditions C

(tropical) 27 ± 2 65 ± 5

4

Atmospheric conditions D (only temp.

control)

23 ± 2 or 20 ± 2 /

5

Atmospheric conditions E (only temp.

control, tropical)

27 ± 2 /


OF CONVEYOR BELT SAMPLES The device for axial testing of samples of conveyor belts should work on the principle of constant speed of elongation (CRE) of the sample, or on the principle of constant speed of movement (CRT) of the jaws. The device must be capable of stretching the belt sample at a speed of 100 ± 10 mm / min. It needs to be designed according to [6 - ISO 7500-1]. The drive of the device is usually electric, but it can be hydraulic and possibly manual for measurements of a lower accuracy class. The stretching of the belt sample can be performed in several ways, among which the stretching by means of a threaded spindle stands out. In order to measure the force acting on the sample, the device should have a force sensor (loading cell), Fig. 3a. The loading cell must be mounted on the device so it transmits only the axial force. This is achieved by applying joint connections between the load cell and one of the jaws, as well as between the loading cell and the construction of the device. In order to measure the elongation of the belt sample, the device should have a displacement sensor, Fig. 3b, which must be in constant contact with the


5

belt sample. Also, the device should be able to graphically record the results during the test.

Figure 3. Examples of required sensors

Jaws of the device should be designed to prevent movement of the belt sample during the test and therefore it is necessary to use jaws with a serrated surface shown in Fig. 4.

Figure 4. Recommended design of serrated

jaws

Before using the device, it is necessary to calibrate the force and displacement measuring system for each force and displacement range which will be used. The calibration of the force and displacement measuring system is performed using instruments to confirm the specified values. Calibration of the displacement measuring system is performed using the etalon, while calibration of the force measuring system is performed according to [7 - ISO 376]. It is possible to use weights of known masses or instruments to exercise known forces. The class of the instrument for realizing the known force must be of a better accuracy class than the device being calibrated. An example of a device for testing samples of conveyor belts is given in Fig. 5, where 1

indicates the measuring force transmitter, 2 is the upper jaw, while 3 indicates the belt sample. The maximum force that the load cell can bear must be 25% greater than the maximum force that the load cell will be loaded with during the test, while the displacement sensor must be able to move at least 100 mm with an accuracy of at least 0.1 mm.

Figure 5. INSTRON 5960 series device


OF CONVEYOR BELT SAMPLES There are 4 types of axial tests of conveyor belts samples – determination of tensile strength and elongation of the belt sample; determination of elastic and permanent deformation of the belt sample and modulus of elasticity; determining the resistance to separation of the belt sample layers and determining the maximum force that can be withstood by the connection of the ends of the belt sample. It is possible to use the device described in the previous chapter for all tests. 4.1. Determination of tensile strength and

elongation of the belt sample The tensile strength and elongation of the belt sample are determined according to [8 - ISO 283]. This test is used to determine the tensile strength of the belt sample in the longitudinal and transverse direction of the sample and elongation of the sample under the action of the reference force - one tenth of the nominal tensile strength of the belt multiplied by the width of the belt sample in the narrowest part expressed in millimeters.

86


6

The tensile strength of the belt [N / mm] is a quantity that shows how much force the belt can withstand before it breaks. It is calculated by dividing the maximum force [N] recorded during the test by the width [mm] of the test sample in the narrowest part. The elongation of the belt sample under the action of the reference force [%] is calculated according to the expression:

𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 =100(𝐿𝐿𝑅𝑅 − 𝐿𝐿1)

𝐿𝐿1 (1)

where: • 𝐿𝐿2 – sample length under the action of

the breaking force; • 𝐿𝐿1 – initial sample length.

The elongation of the belt sample under the action of the breaking force [%] is calculated according to the expression:

𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 =100(𝐿𝐿2 − 𝐿𝐿1)

𝐿𝐿1 (2)

where: • 𝐿𝐿2 – sample length under the action of

the breaking force; • 𝐿𝐿1 – initial sample length.

In order for the results to be valid, for all three types of experiments it is necessary to test three samples and express the mean value of the obtained results. The test is performed by placing the belt sample in jaws of the testing device and stretching it to the desired limits depending on the type of test. An example of a belt sample elongation test at the breaking point is shown in Fig 6.

Figure 6. Belt sample test procedure

There are four types of samples that depend on the tensile strength of the belt, i.e. of the nominal tensile strength of the sample. Samples A, B and C are used arbitrarily when the tensile strength of the belt is less than 2000 N/mm, while sample D is used when the tensile strength of the belt is greater than 2000 N/mm.

The samples are shown in Figure 6. The reference lines marked in the figure (1) represent the lines between which the sample should be free, i.e. jaws should be placed up to those lines.

Figure 7. A, B, C and D belt samples

4.2. Determination of elastic and

permanent deformation of the belt sample and modulus of elasticity

Testing of elastic and permanent deformation of the belt sample and modulus of elasticity is performed according to [9 - ISO 9856]. As for light conveyor belts, they are tested according to [10 - EN 873]. The test is performed by stretching the belt sample. The force with which the sample is stretched depends on the tensile strength of belt sample plies. Prior to the start of the test, the sample has to be loaded with a force of 0,5% (2) of the nominal tensile strength of the sample multiplied by the width at its narrowest point. During the test, it is necessary for the test device to act on the sample in the range

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between the upper and lower reference forces where the event changes with a frequency of 0.1 Hz. The upper reference force FU [N] should be equal to 10% of the nominal tensile strength of the belt sample multiplied by the width at the narrowest part, while the lower reference force FL [N] should be equal to 2%. It is necessary to perform a graphical recording of the 1st and 200th test cycle (1), as shown in Fig. 8.

Figure 8. Graphic recording of the test result

From the obtained graph it is necessary to read the value ΔF - force range, as well as the values Δlp - permanent elongation, and Δle - elastic elongation. The percentage of permanent elongation of the belt sample is calculated according to:

𝜀𝜀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =∆𝑙𝑙𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑙0

∙ 100 (3)

The percentage of elastic elongation of the belt sample is calculated according to:

𝜀𝜀𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =∆𝑙𝑙𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑙0

∙ 100 (4)

where: • 𝑙𝑙0 – initial sample length.

The modulus of elasticity of the belt sample is calculated according to:

𝑀𝑀 = ∆𝐹𝐹𝜀𝜀𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

∙ 100 or 𝑀𝑀 = ∆𝐹𝐹∙𝑒𝑒0∆𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

(5)

In order for the results to be valid, it is necessary to test three samples and express the mean value of the obtained results. The elastic deformation test of a belt sample is shown in Fig. 10.

Figure 10. Elastic deformation test of a belt

sample 4.3. Determining the resistance to

separation of belt sample layers Determination of the resistance of the belt sample to separation of belt layers is performed according to [11 - ISO 252]. It is not possible to use this test on light conveyor belts as described in [12 - ISO 21183]. There are two ways in which this test can be performed - methods A and B. According to method A, it is necessary to separate the upper protective rubber layer (1) from the rest of the sample at one end of the sample so that the jaw can accept the sample, Figure 10. It is necessary for one jaw to grab the rubber layer and the other jaw to grab the rest of the sample. The sample is then stretched and the force required to separate the layers by an additional 100 mm is recorded. It is then necessary to repeat the procedure for each subsequent ply until the middle of the sample is reached. Next, it is necessary to put another sample in the jaw and start from the lower protective rubber layer (2) and repeat the procedure until the middle of the sample is reached. Separation of the layers should occur between them, if it happens that during the separation a layer begins to split inwards, such a phenomenon should be noted because it is an indicator of the inadequate connection between the layers. Method A is shown in Fig. 11.

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Figure 11. Method A shown on a sample of 5

plies

According to method B, the same steps are performed at the beginning as with method A. The difference is that the individual plies are not separated, but 2 by 2 plies are separated, Fig. 12.

Figure 12. Method B shown on a sample of 5

plies In both methods, it is necessary to find the mean value of the force at which layers separate. Also, it is necessary to note the minimum value of the force at which the separation occurs. Obtained results are evaluated according to [13 - ISO 6133]. The

mean adhesion [N / mm] is obtained as the quotient of the mean force [N] recorded and the sample width [mm]. The minimum adhesion is obtained as the quotient of the minimum value of the force [N] that was recorded and the width of the sample [mm]. According to [3 - DIN 22102], the value of adhesion (resistance to separation) should be close to the values shown in Table 3:

Table 3. Adhesion values Adhesion [N/mm]

Between plies

Between plies and rubber covers

Cover thickness [mm] 0,8 - 1,5 above 1,5

5 3,5 4,5

Adhesion values obtained by the test may be at most 1 N/mm less than values given in the table in order to be able to claim that the belt is adequately manufactured. Maximum adhesion values may be 16 N/mm for belts with a tensile strength less than or equal to 1250 N/mm and 20 N/mm for belts with a tensile strength greater than 1250 N/mm. The testing procedure is shown in Fig. 13:

Figure 13. Test of resistance to layer

separation of a belt sample

4.4. Determining the maximum force that can be withstood by the connection of ends of the belt sample

There are three ways to connect ends of the belt:

• vulcanization (hot joining) - used for belts with textile or synthetic plies, with

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Figure 11. Method A shown on a sample of 5

plies

According to method B, the same steps are performed at the beginning as with method A. The difference is that the individual plies are not separated, but 2 by 2 plies are separated, Fig. 12.

Figure 12. Method B shown on a sample of 5

plies In both methods, it is necessary to find the mean value of the force at which layers separate. Also, it is necessary to note the minimum value of the force at which the separation occurs. Obtained results are evaluated according to [13 - ISO 6133]. The

mean adhesion [N / mm] is obtained as the quotient of the mean force [N] recorded and the sample width [mm]. The minimum adhesion is obtained as the quotient of the minimum value of the force [N] that was recorded and the width of the sample [mm]. According to [3 - DIN 22102], the value of adhesion (resistance to separation) should be close to the values shown in Table 3:

Table 3. Adhesion values Adhesion [N/mm]

Between plies

Between plies and rubber covers

Cover thickness [mm] 0,8 - 1,5 above 1,5

5 3,5 4,5

Adhesion values obtained by the test may be at most 1 N/mm less than values given in the table in order to be able to claim that the belt is adequately manufactured. Maximum adhesion values may be 16 N/mm for belts with a tensile strength less than or equal to 1250 N/mm and 20 N/mm for belts with a tensile strength greater than 1250 N/mm. The testing procedure is shown in Fig. 13:

Figure 13. Test of resistance to layer

separation of a belt sample

4.4. Determining the maximum force that can be withstood by the connection of ends of the belt sample

There are three ways to connect ends of the belt:

• vulcanization (hot joining) - used for belts with textile or synthetic plies, with


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one, two or more plies, as well as for belts where steel ropes are used as plies;

• adhesive (cold bonding) - used for belts with textile or synthetic plies, with two or more plies;

• mechanical – it is considered as a temporary connection.

First two ways of connecting belt ends are tested according to [14 - PN-C-94147], while the third way of connecting belt ends is tested according to [15 - ISO 1120]. When testing connections formed by vulcanization and adhesion, the tensile strength of the joint, the delamination strength of an adhesive joint and the shear strength of an adhesive joint are examined. The belt sample is placed in jaws of the test device and the sample is stretched until the joint breaks. Then the tensile strength of the joint is calculated as the quotient of the measured force [N] and the width of the sample [mm]. It is not necessary to prepare a sample for this test, i.e. it is possible to test rectangular samples with a minimum width of 100 mm. According to [3 - DIN 22102], the percentage of loss of tensile strength of joints in relation to the tensile strength of the belt is shown in Table 4. Table 4. Percentage of loss of tensile strength of

joints in relation to the tensile strength of the belt

Number of plies The loss of tensile strength at joints of

belt ends [%] 1 0,2 2 0,21) 0,52) 3 0,33 4 0,25 5 0,2

1) combination with reinforcement interlayer and 2-step joint

2) without reinforcement interlayer

In order for results to be valid, it is necessary to test three samples and express the mean value of obtained results. Testing of the vulcanized joint of the belt sample is shown in Fig. 14.

Figure 14. Vulcanized belt joint test

When testing mechanical joints, the test differs in two cases - when testing joint where a pin is used and the joint where a pin is not used, Fig. 15.

Figure 15. Mechanical joints

In both cases, the test is performed by the testing device as it stretches the belt sample until the joint breaks. The difference is that when testing samples where a pin is used in the connection joint, one belt sample is used and its lower end is placed in the fixed jaw, while the upper end with a mechanical joint is placed in an attachment placed in the movable jaw, Fig. 16. The sample has to be of full thickness and of minimum length of 100 mm plus the length required to accept the sample into the jaw. The width of the joint should be at least 100 mm. The width of the belt sample should be at least 150 mm.

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Figure 16. Test scheme of the sample with a pin in the joint: 1 – the movable jaw, 2 - jaw axis, 3

- attachment for accepting mechanical connections in the jaw, 4 - pin, 5 - half of the

mechanical coupling, 6 - step of the mechanical coupling, 7 – the belt sample, 8 - joint width, 9 -

the fixed jaw, 10 - belt sample width

When testing a sample where a pin is not used in the joint, two samples of the belt that are connected mechanically are used. The end of one sample is placed in the fixed jaw, while the end of the other sample is placed in the movable jaw. Both samples should be of full thickness, minimum length of 100 mm plus the length required to accept the sample into jaws and a width of 150 mm. The width of the joint should be at least 100 mm. It is necessary to note the value of the force at which the joint is broken. After that, the tensile strength of the joint should be expressed as the quotient of the recorded value of the force [N] and the joint width [mm]. In order for the results to be valid, it is necessary to examine three samples and express the mean value of obtained results. Fig. 17 shows the test of the sample where the joint was made with a pin.

Figure 17. Test of the mechanical joint of

conveyor belts where the pin is used

5. CONCLUSION The role of the belt conveyor is to ensure continuous flow of material. The key element of the conveyor is the belt, which has a dual role - as a load bearing and as a pulling element. To be able to fulfill its role, the belt must be designed and manufactured in accordance with standards from that area. Also, belt samples should be tested in accordance with tests mentioned in previous chapters in order to confirm nominal characteristics or to find defects that occurred during manufacturing. This paper can serve as a basis for the design of the device for axial testing of conveyor belt samples. It has been shown that the testing device should be able to incessantly apply tension to the belt sample. The value of the tension depends on the type of testing that is conducted and the tensile strength of plies. The deformation of the sample has to be measured during the test. Also, the drive of the device should have a braking system that reacts when the testing sample breaks in order to prevent unwanted behavior of the device. Finally, all test values that are gathered during the test have to be displayed live, but also they have to be stored so they can be analyzed later. 6. REFERENCES [1] Živanić, Dragan. Neprekidni i automatizovani transport. Novi Sad: University of Novi Sad, 2019. [2] Katona, Mirko. Projekat uređaja za ispitivanje transportnih traka. Master thesis. Novi Sad: University of Novi Sad, 2020. [3] DIN 22102, 2014. [4] ISO 282, 1992.

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Figure 16. Test scheme of the sample with a pin in the joint: 1 – the movable jaw, 2 - jaw axis, 3

- attachment for accepting mechanical connections in the jaw, 4 - pin, 5 - half of the

mechanical coupling, 6 - step of the mechanical coupling, 7 – the belt sample, 8 - joint width, 9 -

the fixed jaw, 10 - belt sample width

When testing a sample where a pin is not used in the joint, two samples of the belt that are connected mechanically are used. The end of one sample is placed in the fixed jaw, while the end of the other sample is placed in the movable jaw. Both samples should be of full thickness, minimum length of 100 mm plus the length required to accept the sample into jaws and a width of 150 mm. The width of the joint should be at least 100 mm. It is necessary to note the value of the force at which the joint is broken. After that, the tensile strength of the joint should be expressed as the quotient of the recorded value of the force [N] and the joint width [mm]. In order for the results to be valid, it is necessary to examine three samples and express the mean value of obtained results. Fig. 17 shows the test of the sample where the joint was made with a pin.

Figure 17. Test of the mechanical joint of

conveyor belts where the pin is used

5. CONCLUSION The role of the belt conveyor is to ensure continuous flow of material. The key element of the conveyor is the belt, which has a dual role - as a load bearing and as a pulling element. To be able to fulfill its role, the belt must be designed and manufactured in accordance with standards from that area. Also, belt samples should be tested in accordance with tests mentioned in previous chapters in order to confirm nominal characteristics or to find defects that occurred during manufacturing. This paper can serve as a basis for the design of the device for axial testing of conveyor belt samples. It has been shown that the testing device should be able to incessantly apply tension to the belt sample. The value of the tension depends on the type of testing that is conducted and the tensile strength of plies. The deformation of the sample has to be measured during the test. Also, the drive of the device should have a braking system that reacts when the testing sample breaks in order to prevent unwanted behavior of the device. Finally, all test values that are gathered during the test have to be displayed live, but also they have to be stored so they can be analyzed later. 6. REFERENCES [1] Živanić, Dragan. Neprekidni i automatizovani transport. Novi Sad: University of Novi Sad, 2019. [2] Katona, Mirko. Projekat uređaja za ispitivanje transportnih traka. Master thesis. Novi Sad: University of Novi Sad, 2020. [3] DIN 22102, 2014. [4] ISO 282, 1992.


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[5] ISO 18573, 2012. [6] ISO 7500-1, 2018. [7] ISO 376, 2011. [8] ISO 283, 2015. [9] ISO 9856, 2016. [10] EN 873, 1996. [11] ISO 252, 2011. [12] ISO 21183, 2018. [13] ISO 6133, 2015. [14] PN-C-94147, 1997. [15] ISO 1120, 2012. Corresponding author: Nikola Ilanković University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Republic of Serbia Email: [email protected] Phone: +381631815275

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Mašinstvo 3-4 (17), 93 – 102, (2020) N. Hurem et al.: DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT…

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PLANIRANJE EKSPERIMENTA I MATEMATIČKI MODEL ČVRSTOĆE NA SAVIJANJE PLOČE OD MASIVNOG DRVETA

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT AND MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF

BENDING STRENGTH OF SOLID WOOD PANEL

Nedim Hurem Damir Hodžić University of Bihać Ključne riječi: eksperiment, model, sila, čvrstoća, masivno drvo, gustoća, debljina Keywords: Experiment, model, force, strength, solid wood, density, thickness Paper received: 23. 11. 2020. Paper accepted: 15. 12. 2020.

Originalni naučni članak REZIME Cilj rada je prikazati dovoljno adekvatan i tačan matematički model sile loma ploče od masivnog drveta. U tu svrhu planiran je i urađen eksperiment sa trinaest ponavljanja. Ulazne veličine koje su se varirale na tri nivoa su gustoća drveta i debljina ploče. Pošto centralni kompozitni plan sa trinaest ponavljanja eksperimenta podrazumijeva i četiri ponavljanja na rubnim područjima, uzete su još dvije gustoće drveta i dvije debljine ploče. Sila je mjerena na način da su vlakna ploče paralelna sa smjerom savijanja ploče. Mjerenja su urađena u laboratoriju Tehničkog fakulteta u Bihaću. Signifikantnost koeficijenata modela određena je pomoću softvera R, a rezultati su prikazani pomoću softvera Design Expert.

Original scientific paper

SUMMARY The aim of this paper is to present a sufficiently adequate and accurate mathematical model of the breaking force of a solid wood panel. For that purpose, an experiment with thirteen repetitions was designed and done. The input sizes that varied on three levels are the density of the wood and the thickness of the solid wood panel. Since the central composite plan with thirteen repetitions of the experiment also includes four repetitions in the marginal areas, two more wood densities and two solid wood panel thicknesses were taken. The force was measured in such a way that the plate fibers were parallel to the bending direction of the plate. The measurements were made in the laboratory of the Technical Faculty in Bihać. The significance of the model coefficients was determined using the R software and the results were presented using the Design Expert software.

1. UVOD Prednosti masivnih drvnih ploča su: mala težina, velika čvrstoća, laka obrada, atraktivne boje i različite teksture. Ugodne su na dodir, djeluju toplo, dobar su izolator toplote i elektriciteta, imaju dobra akustična svojstva, te velike mogućnosti oblikovanja i dužine elemenata. Veoma značajne prednosti drveta kao materijala zasnivaju se na činjenici da je lako dostupan, ekološki prihvatljiv i obnovljiv materijal. Osim ovih prednosti, drvo ima i svoje nedostatke koje je potrebno upoznati, da bi se uspješno otklonili. To su: greške u drvetu, truhljenje, utjecaj insekata i gljiva, anizotropnost, higroskopnost, zavisnost mehaničkih osobina od sadržaja vode u drvetu, utezanje i bubrenje, te zapaljivost.

1. INTRODUCTION The advantages of solid wood panels are: low weight, high strength, easy processing, attractive colours and different textures. It is pleasant to the touch, warmly acting, a good insulator of heat and electricity, has good acoustic properties, and great design possibilities and lengths of elements. Significant advantages of wood are based on the fact that it is an easily accessible, environmentally friendly and renewable material. In addition to these advantages, wood also has its disadvantages that need to be addressed in order to successfully eliminate them. These are: wood defects, rot, the influence of insects and fungi, anisotropy, hygroscope, the dependence of mechanical properties on the water content in wood, shrinkage, swelling and flammability.

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PLANIRANJE EKSPERIMENTA I MATEMATIČKI MODEL ČVRSTOĆE NA SAVIJANJE PLOČE OD MASIVNOG DRVETA

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT AND MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF

BENDING STRENGTH OF SOLID WOOD PANEL

Nedim Hurem Damir Hodžić University of Bihać Ključne riječi: eksperiment, model, sila, čvrstoća, masivno drvo, gustoća, debljina Keywords: Experiment, model, force, strength, solid wood, density, thickness Paper received: 23. 11. 2020. Paper accepted: 15. 12. 2020.

Originalni naučni članak REZIME Cilj rada je prikazati dovoljno adekvatan i tačan matematički model sile loma ploče od masivnog drveta. U tu svrhu planiran je i urađen eksperiment sa trinaest ponavljanja. Ulazne veličine koje su se varirale na tri nivoa su gustoća drveta i debljina ploče. Pošto centralni kompozitni plan sa trinaest ponavljanja eksperimenta podrazumijeva i četiri ponavljanja na rubnim područjima, uzete su još dvije gustoće drveta i dvije debljine ploče. Sila je mjerena na način da su vlakna ploče paralelna sa smjerom savijanja ploče. Mjerenja su urađena u laboratoriju Tehničkog fakulteta u Bihaću. Signifikantnost koeficijenata modela određena je pomoću softvera R, a rezultati su prikazani pomoću softvera Design Expert.

Original scientific paper

SUMMARY The aim of this paper is to present a sufficiently adequate and accurate mathematical model of the breaking force of a solid wood panel. For that purpose, an experiment with thirteen repetitions was designed and done. The input sizes that varied on three levels are the density of the wood and the thickness of the solid wood panel. Since the central composite plan with thirteen repetitions of the experiment also includes four repetitions in the marginal areas, two more wood densities and two solid wood panel thicknesses were taken. The force was measured in such a way that the plate fibers were parallel to the bending direction of the plate. The measurements were made in the laboratory of the Technical Faculty in Bihać. The significance of the model coefficients was determined using the R software and the results were presented using the Design Expert software.

1. UVOD Prednosti masivnih drvnih ploča su: mala težina, velika čvrstoća, laka obrada, atraktivne boje i različite teksture. Ugodne su na dodir, djeluju toplo, dobar su izolator toplote i elektriciteta, imaju dobra akustična svojstva, te velike mogućnosti oblikovanja i dužine elemenata. Veoma značajne prednosti drveta kao materijala zasnivaju se na činjenici da je lako dostupan, ekološki prihvatljiv i obnovljiv materijal. Osim ovih prednosti, drvo ima i svoje nedostatke koje je potrebno upoznati, da bi se uspješno otklonili. To su: greške u drvetu, truhljenje, utjecaj insekata i gljiva, anizotropnost, higroskopnost, zavisnost mehaničkih osobina od sadržaja vode u drvetu, utezanje i bubrenje, te zapaljivost.

1. INTRODUCTION The advantages of solid wood panels are: low weight, high strength, easy processing, attractive colours and different textures. It is pleasant to the touch, warmly acting, a good insulator of heat and electricity, has good acoustic properties, and great design possibilities and lengths of elements. Significant advantages of wood are based on the fact that it is an easily accessible, environmentally friendly and renewable material. In addition to these advantages, wood also has its disadvantages that need to be addressed in order to successfully eliminate them. These are: wood defects, rot, the influence of insects and fungi, anisotropy, hygroscope, the dependence of mechanical properties on the water content in wood, shrinkage, swelling and flammability.

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Cilj eksperimentalnog istraživanja je ispitati signifikantnost uticajnih parametara masivne drvne ploče, konkretno njene gustoće (ρ) i debljine (d) na njenu čvrstoću na savijanje paralelno s protezanjem drvnih vlakanaca, te analizirati eksperimentalne podatake s aspekta mogućeg postizanja veće čvrstoće na savijanje, a da se pri tom ne ugrozi kvalitet pločastog materijala i da se smanje ukupni troškovi proizvodnje. Na osnovu eksperimentalnih rezultata, odnosno maksimalne sile savijanja u četiri tačke, shodno standardu BAS EN 789 potrebno je izvršiti modeliranje uticajnih parametara na maksimalnu silu loma (Fmax), [2,3]. 2. PLANIRANJE EKSPERIMENTA Eksperimentalna istraživanja vezana za ovaj rad bazirana su na mjerenju maksimalne sile naprezanja na savijanje do momenta loma masivne ploče, izrađene u pet različitih debljina i od pet vrsta drveta: smrče, topole, bukve, jasena i hrasta, koji su prethodno obrađeni u čiste obratke i nakon toga izrezane u dimenzije proba shodno standardu BAS EN 789, [4]. Masivne ploče su proizvedene na osnovu dužinskog spajanja čistih obradaka pomoću klinastog spoja u potrebnu dimenziju dužine ploče, a nakon toga su širinski spajane u potrebnu širinu formata masivne ploče. Izrada čistih obradaka, operacija glodanja klinastog spoja, te dužinsko i širinsko spajanje u format ploče je rađeno u „Rosewood“ d.o.o Visoko, kao i izrezivanje potrebnih proba u smjeru protezanja drvnih vlakanaca, odnosno okomito na protezanje drvnih vlakanaca iz formata ploče 1800 (mm) x 1200 (mm) x d (mm). Mjerenje sadržaja vlage, određivanje gustoće drveta i testiranje proba na čvrstoću savijanja do maksimalne sile loma urađeno je na Tehničkom fakultetu Univerziteta u Bihaću. U eksperimentu su korišteni čisti obratci smrče debljine 20 mm, topole debljine 18 mm i 22 mm, bukve debljine 16 mm, 20 mm i 24 mm, hrasta debljine 18 mm i 22 mm i jasena debljine debljine 20 mm, različitih dimenzija po dužini i širini. Vlažnost uzoraka je mjerena električnim vlagomjerom na površini koja se obrađivala. Određivanje gustoće drveta (zapreminske mase) rađeno je po standardu BAS EN 13061-2:2016, gdje su uzete male probe dimenzija 30 x 30 x d mm.

The aim of the experimental research is to examine the significance of the influenced parameters of solid wood board, specifically its density (ρ) and thickness (d) on its bending strength in parallel with the stretching of wood fibers and the analysis of experimental data from the aspect of possible higher bending strength, while not compromising the quality of the plate material and reducing the total cost of production. Based on the experimental results, i.e. the maximum bending force at four points, in accordance with the standard BAS EN 789, modelling of the influencing parameters to the maximum fracture force (Fmax) has to be done, [2,3]. 2. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT Experimental research related to this work is based on measuring the maximum bending stress forced up to the moment of fracture of a solid board, made in five different thicknesses and five types of wood: spruce, poplar, beech, ash and oak, previously processed into clean workpieces and thereafter cut into sample dimensions according to BAS EN 789, [4]. Solid boards are produced on the basis of longitudinal joining of clean workpieces by means of a wedge joint in the required dimension of the board length, and then they are widthwise joined to a flat joint in the required width of solid board format. Production of clean workpieces, wedge milling operation, and length and width joining in the format of the board was done in "Rosewood" d.o.o. Visoko, as well as cutting the necessary tests in the direction of stretching wood fibers, or perpendicular to the stretching of wood fibers from the plate format 1800 (mm) x 1200 (mm) x d (mm). Measurement of moisture content, determination of wood density and testing of tests for bending strength up to the maximum fracture force was done at the Technical Faculty of the University of Bihać. The experiment used pure specimens of 20 mm thick spruce, 18 mm and 22 mm thick poplar, 16 mm, 20 mm and 24 mm thick beech, 18 mm and 22 mm thick oak and 20 mm thick ash, of different dimensions in length and width. The humidity of the samples was measured with an electric hygrometer, on the surface which was treated. Determination of wood density (bulk density) was done according to the standard BAS EN 13061-2: 2016, where small samples of dimensions 30 x 30 x d mm were taken.


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Ispitne metode za određivanje mehaničkih osobina kao i dimenzija, sadržaja vlage i gustoće drveta ispitivanih uzoraka određene su prema BAS EN 789:2004 (slika 1). Metode pomoću ovog standarda se primjenjuju na pločaste konstrukcije na bazi drveta, te lijepljenog laminiranog drveta sa stalnim presjecima. Ispitivanja se moraju provoditi u uvjetima gdje je T=20oC pri relativnoj vlažnosti 65%.

Test methods for determining the mechanical properties as well as the dimensions, moisture content and wood density of the tested samples are determined according to BAS EN 789: 2004 (Figure 1). Methods using this standard are applied to wood-based panel constructions and glued laminated wood with permanent cross-sections. The tests must be carried out under conditions where T = 20 oC at a relative humidity of 65%.

Slika 1. Skica eksperimenta na savijanje prema standardu BAS EN 789, [4]

Figure 1. Arrangement for bending test according to BAS EN 789 standard, [4] U toku testiranja proba na čvrstoću savijanja konstantne su bile slijedeće veličine:

- širina proba b = 300 mm, - dužina proba l = 32 d + 300 mm, - brzina savijanja v = 7 mm/min, - vlažnost drveta u = 8 %.

Probe su izrezivane iz masivnih drvnih ploča formata 1800 x 1200 mm u debljinama:

- ploča od bukve debljine 16 mm, - ploča od topole debljine 18 mm, - ploča od bukve debljine 20 mm, - ploče od smrče debljine 20 mm, - ploča od jasena debljine 20 mm, - ploče od hrastovine debljine 22 mm, - ploča od bukve debljine 24 mm.

Iz ovih ploča su sa različitih mjesta izrezivane standardne probe podužno na protezanje vlakana (13 kom.). Kad je u pitanju bukva, iz dvije masivne ploče debljine 20 mm izrezano je 5 proba dimenzija 980 x 300 x 20 mm, iz jedne masivne ploče debljine 16 mm izrezana je 1 proba, te iz jedne masivne ploče debljine 24 mm izrezana je 1 proba. Rezanje je izvršeno također prema standardu BAS EN 789 (slika 2).

During the bending strength tests, the following values were constant:

- sample width b = 300 mm, - sample length l = 32 d + 300 mm, - bending speed v = 7 mm/min, - wood humidity u = 8%.

The samples were cut from solid wood panels of 1800 x 1200 mm in thicknesses:

- 16 mm thick beech board, - 18 mm thick poplar board, - 20 mm thick beech board, - 20 mm thick spruce boards, - 20 mm thick ash board, - 22 mm thick oak boards, - 24 mm thick beech board.

From these plates, standard probes were cut longitudinally to stretch the fibers (13 pcs). In the case of beech, 5 samples measuring 980 x 300 x 20 mm were cut from two 20 mm thick solid boards, 1 sample was cut from one 16 mm thick solid board, and 1 sample was cut from one 24 mm thick solid board. The cutting was also done according to the standard BAS EN 789 (Figure 2).

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Cilj eksperimentalnog istraživanja je ispitati signifikantnost uticajnih parametara masivne drvne ploče, konkretno njene gustoće (ρ) i debljine (d) na njenu čvrstoću na savijanje paralelno s protezanjem drvnih vlakanaca, te analizirati eksperimentalne podatake s aspekta mogućeg postizanja veće čvrstoće na savijanje, a da se pri tom ne ugrozi kvalitet pločastog materijala i da se smanje ukupni troškovi proizvodnje. Na osnovu eksperimentalnih rezultata, odnosno maksimalne sile savijanja u četiri tačke, shodno standardu BAS EN 789 potrebno je izvršiti modeliranje uticajnih parametara na maksimalnu silu loma (Fmax), [2,3]. 2. PLANIRANJE EKSPERIMENTA Eksperimentalna istraživanja vezana za ovaj rad bazirana su na mjerenju maksimalne sile naprezanja na savijanje do momenta loma masivne ploče, izrađene u pet različitih debljina i od pet vrsta drveta: smrče, topole, bukve, jasena i hrasta, koji su prethodno obrađeni u čiste obratke i nakon toga izrezane u dimenzije proba shodno standardu BAS EN 789, [4]. Masivne ploče su proizvedene na osnovu dužinskog spajanja čistih obradaka pomoću klinastog spoja u potrebnu dimenziju dužine ploče, a nakon toga su širinski spajane u potrebnu širinu formata masivne ploče. Izrada čistih obradaka, operacija glodanja klinastog spoja, te dužinsko i širinsko spajanje u format ploče je rađeno u „Rosewood“ d.o.o Visoko, kao i izrezivanje potrebnih proba u smjeru protezanja drvnih vlakanaca, odnosno okomito na protezanje drvnih vlakanaca iz formata ploče 1800 (mm) x 1200 (mm) x d (mm). Mjerenje sadržaja vlage, određivanje gustoće drveta i testiranje proba na čvrstoću savijanja do maksimalne sile loma urađeno je na Tehničkom fakultetu Univerziteta u Bihaću. U eksperimentu su korišteni čisti obratci smrče debljine 20 mm, topole debljine 18 mm i 22 mm, bukve debljine 16 mm, 20 mm i 24 mm, hrasta debljine 18 mm i 22 mm i jasena debljine debljine 20 mm, različitih dimenzija po dužini i širini. Vlažnost uzoraka je mjerena električnim vlagomjerom na površini koja se obrađivala. Određivanje gustoće drveta (zapreminske mase) rađeno je po standardu BAS EN 13061-2:2016, gdje su uzete male probe dimenzija 30 x 30 x d mm.

The aim of the experimental research is to examine the significance of the influenced parameters of solid wood board, specifically its density (ρ) and thickness (d) on its bending strength in parallel with the stretching of wood fibers and the analysis of experimental data from the aspect of possible higher bending strength, while not compromising the quality of the plate material and reducing the total cost of production. Based on the experimental results, i.e. the maximum bending force at four points, in accordance with the standard BAS EN 789, modelling of the influencing parameters to the maximum fracture force (Fmax) has to be done, [2,3]. 2. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT Experimental research related to this work is based on measuring the maximum bending stress forced up to the moment of fracture of a solid board, made in five different thicknesses and five types of wood: spruce, poplar, beech, ash and oak, previously processed into clean workpieces and thereafter cut into sample dimensions according to BAS EN 789, [4]. Solid boards are produced on the basis of longitudinal joining of clean workpieces by means of a wedge joint in the required dimension of the board length, and then they are widthwise joined to a flat joint in the required width of solid board format. Production of clean workpieces, wedge milling operation, and length and width joining in the format of the board was done in "Rosewood" d.o.o. Visoko, as well as cutting the necessary tests in the direction of stretching wood fibers, or perpendicular to the stretching of wood fibers from the plate format 1800 (mm) x 1200 (mm) x d (mm). Measurement of moisture content, determination of wood density and testing of tests for bending strength up to the maximum fracture force was done at the Technical Faculty of the University of Bihać. The experiment used pure specimens of 20 mm thick spruce, 18 mm and 22 mm thick poplar, 16 mm, 20 mm and 24 mm thick beech, 18 mm and 22 mm thick oak and 20 mm thick ash, of different dimensions in length and width. The humidity of the samples was measured with an electric hygrometer, on the surface which was treated. Determination of wood density (bulk density) was done according to the standard BAS EN 13061-2: 2016, where small samples of dimensions 30 x 30 x d mm were taken.


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Ispitne metode za određivanje mehaničkih osobina kao i dimenzija, sadržaja vlage i gustoće drveta ispitivanih uzoraka određene su prema BAS EN 789:2004 (slika 1). Metode pomoću ovog standarda se primjenjuju na pločaste konstrukcije na bazi drveta, te lijepljenog laminiranog drveta sa stalnim presjecima. Ispitivanja se moraju provoditi u uvjetima gdje je T=20oC pri relativnoj vlažnosti 65%.

Test methods for determining the mechanical properties as well as the dimensions, moisture content and wood density of the tested samples are determined according to BAS EN 789: 2004 (Figure 1). Methods using this standard are applied to wood-based panel constructions and glued laminated wood with permanent cross-sections. The tests must be carried out under conditions where T = 20 oC at a relative humidity of 65%.

Slika 1. Skica eksperimenta na savijanje prema standardu BAS EN 789, [4]

Figure 1. Arrangement for bending test according to BAS EN 789 standard, [4] U toku testiranja proba na čvrstoću savijanja konstantne su bile slijedeće veličine:

- širina proba b = 300 mm, - dužina proba l = 32 d + 300 mm, - brzina savijanja v = 7 mm/min, - vlažnost drveta u = 8 %.

Probe su izrezivane iz masivnih drvnih ploča formata 1800 x 1200 mm u debljinama:

- ploča od bukve debljine 16 mm, - ploča od topole debljine 18 mm, - ploča od bukve debljine 20 mm, - ploče od smrče debljine 20 mm, - ploča od jasena debljine 20 mm, - ploče od hrastovine debljine 22 mm, - ploča od bukve debljine 24 mm.

Iz ovih ploča su sa različitih mjesta izrezivane standardne probe podužno na protezanje vlakana (13 kom.). Kad je u pitanju bukva, iz dvije masivne ploče debljine 20 mm izrezano je 5 proba dimenzija 980 x 300 x 20 mm, iz jedne masivne ploče debljine 16 mm izrezana je 1 proba, te iz jedne masivne ploče debljine 24 mm izrezana je 1 proba. Rezanje je izvršeno također prema standardu BAS EN 789 (slika 2).

During the bending strength tests, the following values were constant:

- sample width b = 300 mm, - sample length l = 32 d + 300 mm, - bending speed v = 7 mm/min, - wood humidity u = 8%.

The samples were cut from solid wood panels of 1800 x 1200 mm in thicknesses:

- 16 mm thick beech board, - 18 mm thick poplar board, - 20 mm thick beech board, - 20 mm thick spruce boards, - 20 mm thick ash board, - 22 mm thick oak boards, - 24 mm thick beech board.

From these plates, standard probes were cut longitudinally to stretch the fibers (13 pcs). In the case of beech, 5 samples measuring 980 x 300 x 20 mm were cut from two 20 mm thick solid boards, 1 sample was cut from one 16 mm thick solid board, and 1 sample was cut from one 24 mm thick solid board. The cutting was also done according to the standard BAS EN 789 (Figure 2).

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Slika 2. Shema rezanja proba, [4] Figure 2. Example of cutting schedule, [4]

Ispitivanje čvrstoće na savijanje izvršeno je u laboratoriju Tehničkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Bihaću na mašini SIL-50KNAG, proizvođača Shimadzu (slika 3.).

The bending strength test was performed in the laboratory of the Technical Faculty of Bihać on the machine SIL-50KNAG, manufactured by Shimadzu (Figure 3).

Slika 3. Savijanje ploče prema standardu BAS EN 789 Figure 3. Bending of wood according to BAS EN 789

Kod centralnog plana eksperimenta sa 2 faktora može se koristiti eksperiment sa 8 ili 13 ponavljanja. U ovom slučaju odabran je plan eksperimenta sa 13 ponavljanja od kojih su 5 u centralnoj tački. Ulazni parametri su zadani prema tabeli 1, [5].

With a central 2-factor experiment plan, an experiment with 8 or 13 replicates can be used. In this case, an experimental design with 13 replicates, of which 5 are in the central point, has been chosen. The input parameters are set according to Table 1, [5].

Tabela 1 Vrijednosti ulaznih faktora eksperimenta Table 1 Values of experimental input factors

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Slika 2. Shema rezanja proba, [4] Figure 2. Example of cutting schedule, [4]

Ispitivanje čvrstoće na savijanje izvršeno je u laboratoriju Tehničkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Bihaću na mašini SIL-50KNAG, proizvođača Shimadzu (slika 3.).

The bending strength test was performed in the laboratory of the Technical Faculty of Bihać on the machine SIL-50KNAG, manufactured by Shimadzu (Figure 3).

Slika 3. Savijanje ploče prema standardu BAS EN 789 Figure 3. Bending of wood according to BAS EN 789

Kod centralnog plana eksperimenta sa 2 faktora može se koristiti eksperiment sa 8 ili 13 ponavljanja. U ovom slučaju odabran je plan eksperimenta sa 13 ponavljanja od kojih su 5 u centralnoj tački. Ulazni parametri su zadani prema tabeli 1, [5].

With a central 2-factor experiment plan, an experiment with 8 or 13 replicates can be used. In this case, an experimental design with 13 replicates, of which 5 are in the central point, has been chosen. The input parameters are set according to Table 1, [5].

Tabela 1 Vrijednosti ulaznih faktora eksperimenta Table 1 Values of experimental input factors


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Nakon što je urađen eksperiment na svih 13 proba dobiveni su rezultati sile loma ploča prema tabeli 2.

After the experiment was performed on all 13 tests, the results of plate fracture force were obtained according to the Table 2.

Tabela 2. Eksperimentalne vrijednosti sile loma ploče Table 2. Experimental values of fracture force

Nakon što su eksperimentalni rezultati dobiveni, može se pristupiti obradi matematičkog modela. Dobit će se metodom analize varijanse i utvrđivanjem signifikantnosti uticajnih parametara. Uticajni parametri su ulazni faktori, gustoća drveta i debljina ploče, te interakcija između ta dva faktora. Tabela analize varijanse (ANOVA) prikazana je u tabeli 3, [6].

Once experimental results have been obtained, the processing of the mathematical model could be proceeded. It could be obtained by the method of analysis of variance and by determining the significance of the influential parameters. Influential parameters are input factors, wood density and board thickness, and the interaction between these two factors. The variance analysis table (ANOVA) is shown in Table 3, [6].

Tabela 3. Analiza varijanse za model sile loma ploče od drveta Table 3. Analysis of variance for the fracture force model of wood panels

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Signifikantnost parametara može se odrediti pomoću Fisherovog koeficijenta F ili parametra p. Fisherov izračunati broj se upoređuje sa tabličnim i, ako je veći, parametar je signifikantan za unaprijed definirani nivo signifikantnosti. Pomoću parametra p može se odrediti signifikantnost parametara koristeći softver R. Naredbom 1-pf (koeficijent F, stepen slobode parametra, stepen slobode greške) dobiveni su brojevi kako je prikazano u slijedećem kodu, [2,7]. > 1-pf(16.29,1,10) [1] 0.0023761 > 1-pf(3.44,1,10) [1] 0.0933194 > 1-pf(9.72,2,10) [1] 0.0045217 > 1-pf(1.8,6,4) [1] 0.29634 > 1-pf(1.8,6,4) [1] 0.29634 Prva tri reda koda predstavljaju ulazne faktore A i B, te ukupan model. Dobiveni brojevi su manji od 0,1 što znači da su ulazni parametri i ukupan model signifikantni za nivo signifikantnosti α = 0,1. Zadnji red predstavlja odstupanje od modela koje je veće od 0,1 što znači da odstupanje nije signifikantno, pa je prema tome model adekvatan za primjenu. Na kraju, konačan izraz modela za određivanje sile loma ploče kod koje je paralelno protezanje drvnih vlakana je u obliku:

The significance of the parameters can be determined using the Fisher coefficient F or the parameter p. The Fisher calculated number is compared with the tabular one and if it is higher, the parameter is significant for a predefined level of significance. Using the parameter p, the significance of the parameters using the software R can be determined. With the command 1-pf (coefficient F, degree of freedom of the parameter, degree of freedom of error) numbers as shown in the following code are obtained, [2,7]. > 1-pf(16.29,1,10) [1] 0.0023761 > 1-pf(3.44,1,10) [1] 0.0933194 > 1-pf(9.72,2,10) [1] 0.0045217 > 1-pf(1.8,6,4) [1] 0.29634 > 1-pf(1.8,6,4) [1] 0.29634 First three lines of code represent the input factors A and B and the overall model. The numbers we obtained are less than 0,1 what means that the input parameters and the overall model are significant for the significance level α = 0,1. The last row represents a deviation from the model that is greater than 0,1 what means that the deviation is not significant and therefore the model is adequate for application. Final expression of the model for determining the fracture force of a board, in which the stretching of wood fibers are parallel, is as follows:

𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −21,97 + 0,029𝜌𝜌 + 0,53𝑏𝑏 (1) Nakon dobivanja jednačine modela korisno je provjeriti homogenost disperzija eksperimenta u tački ponavljanja pomoću Cochranovog kriterija, te adekvatnost modela određivanjem koeficijenta višestruke regresije. Provjera homegonosti disperzija po kriteriju Cochrana pokazala je da je Cochranov koeficijent modela Kh = 0,533, što je manje od tablične vrijednosti za prikazani centralni plan eksperimenta, koja iznosi Kt = 0,544, pa se može zaključiti da je disperzija rezultata eksperimenta u tački ponavljanja eksperimenta homogena. Vrijednost koeficijenta regresije modela izračunata je I iznosi 𝑅𝑅 =0,9288, znači da linearni model sile loma ploče opisuje tačnost rezultata eksperimenta sa 92,88%, što je vrlo dobra tačnost modela.

After obtaining the model equation, it is useful to check the homogeneity of the dispersions of the experiment at the point of replication using the Cochran criterion and the adequacy of the model by determining the multiple regression coefficient. Checking the homogeneity of dispersions according to the Cochran criterion showed that the Cochran coefficient of the model Kh = 0.533, which is less than the tabular value for the presented central plan of the experiment which is Kt = 0.544, so it can be concluded that the dispersion of experimental results is homogeneous. The value of the regression coefficient of the model was calculated and is R = 0.9288, which means that the linear model of the plate fracture force describes the accuracy of the experimental results with 92.88%, which is a very good accuracy of the model.


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Nakon što je dobivena jednačina modela mogu se prikazati i uporediti rezultati sile loma dobivene eksperimentom i modelom, tabela 4.

After obtaining the equation of the model, the results of the fracture force obtained by the experiment and the model can be shown and compared, Table 4.

Tabela 4. Uporedni prikaz eksperimentalnih i modelskih rezultata sile loma Table 4. Comparative presentation of experimental and model results of fracture force

3. REZULTATI I DISKUSIJA Za potrebe ovog rada i potvrđivanje dobivenih statističkih rezultata korišten je softverski paket Design Expert. To je komercijalni softver koji služi za planiranje eksperimenta i optimizaciju rezultata, te statističku obradu i vizualni prikaz. Pomoću dijagrama poremećaja mogu se uporediti efekti svih ulaznih faktora u određenoj tački eksperimentalnog prostora. Slika 4 prikazuje dijagram poremećaja ulaznih faktora modela za centralnu tačku.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION For the purposes of this paper and to confirm the obtained statistical results, Design Expert software package is used. It is commercial software used for experiment planning and optimization of results, as well as statistical processing and visual display. Using perturbation plot, the effects of all input factors at a given point in the experimental space can be compared. Figure 4 shows a perturbation plot of the input factors of the model for centre point.

Slika 4. Dijagram poremećaja ulaznih faktora Figure 4. Perturbation plot of input factors

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Nakon što je dobivena jednačina modela mogu se prikazati i uporediti rezultati sile loma dobivene eksperimentom i modelom, tabela 4.

After obtaining the equation of the model, the results of the fracture force obtained by the experiment and the model can be shown and compared, Table 4.

Tabela 4. Uporedni prikaz eksperimentalnih i modelskih rezultata sile loma Table 4. Comparative presentation of experimental and model results of fracture force

3. REZULTATI I DISKUSIJA Za potrebe ovog rada i potvrđivanje dobivenih statističkih rezultata korišten je softverski paket Design Expert. To je komercijalni softver koji služi za planiranje eksperimenta i optimizaciju rezultata, te statističku obradu i vizualni prikaz. Pomoću dijagrama poremećaja mogu se uporediti efekti svih ulaznih faktora u određenoj tački eksperimentalnog prostora. Slika 4 prikazuje dijagram poremećaja ulaznih faktora modela za centralnu tačku.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION For the purposes of this paper and to confirm the obtained statistical results, Design Expert software package is used. It is commercial software used for experiment planning and optimization of results, as well as statistical processing and visual display. Using perturbation plot, the effects of all input factors at a given point in the experimental space can be compared. Figure 4 shows a perturbation plot of the input factors of the model for centre point.

Slika 4. Dijagram poremećaja ulaznih faktora Figure 4. Perturbation plot of input factors

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Na dijagramima na slici 5. prikazana je zavisnost izlazne vrijednosti modela, sile loma od ulaznih veličina, gustoće drveta i debljine ploče. Na apscisi ulaznih veličina minimalna vrijednost prikazana je sa „-1“, a maksimalna vrijednost ulazne veličine sa „+1“. Sa dijagrama se može vidjeti da vrijednost sile loma zavisi značajnije od gustoće drveta, odnosno da vrijednosti sile loma brže rastu kako se gustoća povećava.

The diagrams in Figure 5 show the dependence of the output value of the model, the fracture force on the input quantities, wood density and plate thickness. On the abscissa of the input quantities, the minimum value is shown with "-1" and the maximum value of the input quantity with "+1". It can be seen from the diagram that the value of the fracture force depends more significantly on the density of the wood, i.e. that the values of the fracture force grow faster as the density increases.

a) b) Slika 5. Zavisnost sile loma od ulaznih veličina eksperimenta, a) gustoća, b) debljina Figure 5. Dependence of the fracture force on the input parameters, a) density, b) thickness

Zavisnost sile loma od međusobne interakcije ulaznih veličina može se grafički prikazati i pomoću konturnog dvodimenzionalnog dijagrama, slika 6a., kao i pomoću trodimenzionalnog prikaza, slika 6b.

The dependence of the fracture force on the interaction of the input quantities can be graphically represented by a contour two - dimensional diagram, Figure 6a, as well as by a three-dimensional representation, Figure 6b.

Slika 6. Frafički konturni prikaz, a) dvodimenzionalni, b) trodimenzionalni Figure 6. Graphical contour representation, a) two-dimensional, b) three-dimensional


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Grafički je moguće prikazati i raspored eksperimentalnih i modelskih vrijednosti sile loma, slika 7. Ovaj dijagram pomaže da se otkriju stanja eksperimenta u kojima izlazne vrijednosti nemaju dobra poklapanja s eksperimentalnim veličinama.

It is possible to graphically show the distribution of experimental and model values of the fracture force of Figure 7. This diagram helps detecting experimental states in which the output values do not match well with the experimental quantities.

Slika 7. Raspored eksperimentalnih i modelskih vrijednosti sile loma Figure 7. Distribution of experimental and model values of fracture force

Prema teoriji, tačke podataka treba da su ravnomjerno raspodijeljene u odnosu na liniju koja bi trebalo da je pod uglom od 45°. U primjeru linearnog modela izlazne veličine parametra sile loma kod ploče s paralelnim protezanjem vlakana na horizontalnoj osi su eksperimentalne, a na vertikalnoj modelske vrijednosti i raspored modelskih vrijednosti u odnosu na eksprimentalne je dobar. 4. ZAKLJUČAK Nakon dobivenih rezultata eksperimenta, te modela sile loma može se zaključiti da je dobiveni model dovoljno dobar i adekvatan za prikazane početne uslove, koji definišu gustoću drveta odnosno debljinu masivne ploče drveta. Disperzija rezultata u tački ponavljanja eksperimenta je homogena, a adekvatnost modela izračunata pomoću koeficijenta višestruke regresije je preko 90 %, te se može zaključiti da je model vrlo dobar i adekvatan. Vrijednost sile loma ploče od masivnog drveta zavisi i od gustoće drveta i od debljine ploče. S porastom obje vrijednosti raste i veličina sile loma, s tim da je rast veći kako raste gustoća materijala, što znači da je ovaj parameter više uticajan u modelu.

According to the theory, the data points should be evenly distributed in relation to the line, which should be at an angle of 45°. In the example, the output magnitudes of the fracture force parameter in a plate with parallel fiber stretching on the horizontal axis are experimental and, on the vertical, the model values and the distribution of model values in relation to the experimental ones is good. 4. CONCLUSION After obtaining the results of experiment and the breaking force model, it can be concluded that the obtained model is good enough and adequate for the presented initial conditions, which define the density of wood or the thickness of solid wood panel. The dispersion of the results at the point of repeating the experiment is homogeneous and the adequacy of the model calculated using the multiple regression coefficient is over 90% and it can be concluded that the model is very good. The value of the breaking force of a solid wood board depends on both the density of the wood and the thickness of the board. As both values increase, so does the magnitude of the fracture force, but the growth increases as the material density increases, which means this parameter is more influential in the model.

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Na dijagramima na slici 5. prikazana je zavisnost izlazne vrijednosti modela, sile loma od ulaznih veličina, gustoće drveta i debljine ploče. Na apscisi ulaznih veličina minimalna vrijednost prikazana je sa „-1“, a maksimalna vrijednost ulazne veličine sa „+1“. Sa dijagrama se može vidjeti da vrijednost sile loma zavisi značajnije od gustoće drveta, odnosno da vrijednosti sile loma brže rastu kako se gustoća povećava.

The diagrams in Figure 5 show the dependence of the output value of the model, the fracture force on the input quantities, wood density and plate thickness. On the abscissa of the input quantities, the minimum value is shown with "-1" and the maximum value of the input quantity with "+1". It can be seen from the diagram that the value of the fracture force depends more significantly on the density of the wood, i.e. that the values of the fracture force grow faster as the density increases.

a) b) Slika 5. Zavisnost sile loma od ulaznih veličina eksperimenta, a) gustoća, b) debljina Figure 5. Dependence of the fracture force on the input parameters, a) density, b) thickness

Zavisnost sile loma od međusobne interakcije ulaznih veličina može se grafički prikazati i pomoću konturnog dvodimenzionalnog dijagrama, slika 6a., kao i pomoću trodimenzionalnog prikaza, slika 6b.

The dependence of the fracture force on the interaction of the input quantities can be graphically represented by a contour two - dimensional diagram, Figure 6a, as well as by a three-dimensional representation, Figure 6b.

Slika 6. Frafički konturni prikaz, a) dvodimenzionalni, b) trodimenzionalni Figure 6. Graphical contour representation, a) two-dimensional, b) three-dimensional


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Grafički je moguće prikazati i raspored eksperimentalnih i modelskih vrijednosti sile loma, slika 7. Ovaj dijagram pomaže da se otkriju stanja eksperimenta u kojima izlazne vrijednosti nemaju dobra poklapanja s eksperimentalnim veličinama.

It is possible to graphically show the distribution of experimental and model values of the fracture force of Figure 7. This diagram helps detecting experimental states in which the output values do not match well with the experimental quantities.

Slika 7. Raspored eksperimentalnih i modelskih vrijednosti sile loma Figure 7. Distribution of experimental and model values of fracture force

Prema teoriji, tačke podataka treba da su ravnomjerno raspodijeljene u odnosu na liniju koja bi trebalo da je pod uglom od 45°. U primjeru linearnog modela izlazne veličine parametra sile loma kod ploče s paralelnim protezanjem vlakana na horizontalnoj osi su eksperimentalne, a na vertikalnoj modelske vrijednosti i raspored modelskih vrijednosti u odnosu na eksprimentalne je dobar. 4. ZAKLJUČAK Nakon dobivenih rezultata eksperimenta, te modela sile loma može se zaključiti da je dobiveni model dovoljno dobar i adekvatan za prikazane početne uslove, koji definišu gustoću drveta odnosno debljinu masivne ploče drveta. Disperzija rezultata u tački ponavljanja eksperimenta je homogena, a adekvatnost modela izračunata pomoću koeficijenta višestruke regresije je preko 90 %, te se može zaključiti da je model vrlo dobar i adekvatan. Vrijednost sile loma ploče od masivnog drveta zavisi i od gustoće drveta i od debljine ploče. S porastom obje vrijednosti raste i veličina sile loma, s tim da je rast veći kako raste gustoća materijala, što znači da je ovaj parameter više uticajan u modelu.

According to the theory, the data points should be evenly distributed in relation to the line, which should be at an angle of 45°. In the example, the output magnitudes of the fracture force parameter in a plate with parallel fiber stretching on the horizontal axis are experimental and, on the vertical, the model values and the distribution of model values in relation to the experimental ones is good. 4. CONCLUSION After obtaining the results of experiment and the breaking force model, it can be concluded that the obtained model is good enough and adequate for the presented initial conditions, which define the density of wood or the thickness of solid wood panel. The dispersion of the results at the point of repeating the experiment is homogeneous and the adequacy of the model calculated using the multiple regression coefficient is over 90% and it can be concluded that the model is very good. The value of the breaking force of a solid wood board depends on both the density of the wood and the thickness of the board. As both values increase, so does the magnitude of the fracture force, but the growth increases as the material density increases, which means this parameter is more influential in the model.

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5. LITERATURA / REFERENCES [1] Gurda, Safet. Tehnologija drveta, skripta, Univerzitet u Sarajevu, Šumarski fakultet,1999 [2] Montgomery, D.C. Design and Analysis of Experiment, Arizone State University, John Wiley and Sons, 2015 [3] Jurković, Milan. Matematičko modeliranje inženjerskih procesa i sistema, Univerzitet u Bihaću, Mašinski fakultet, 1999. [4] Hodžić, Damir i Džanić, Amel Planiranje eksperimenta, Univerzitetski udžbenik, Univerzitet u Bihaću, 2020. [5] BAS EN 789 standard, Konstrukcije od drveta – Postupci ispitivanja – Određivanje mehaničkih svojstava ploča od drveta, 2005. [6] Hurem Nedim, Hodžić, Damir i Hodžić, Atif: Application of Comparative Experiment in Analysis of Wood Strength, International Conference of Applied Science ICAS 2020, May 2020, Hunedoara Romania [7] Lawson, John. Design and Analysis of Experiment with R, Chapman and Halls CRC, 2017. [8] Elmasa Aldžić, Atif Hodžić i Damir Hodžić: Planiranje eksperimenta i određivanje modela parametra hrapavosti obrađene površine drveta, 33. međunarodni kongres o procesnoj industriji Procesing 2020, Društvo za procesnu tehniku SMEITS, Beograd, septembar 2020. [9] Damir Hodžić i Fadil Islamović: Factorial ANOVA Experimental Design in R, 9th International Scientific Conference on Defensive Technologies – OTEH 2020, Beograd, 15. oktobar 2020. Corresponding author: Damir Hodžić University of Bihać, Faculty of Technical Engineering Email: [email protected] Phone: + 387 61 795094

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5. LITERATURA / REFERENCES [1] Gurda, Safet. Tehnologija drveta, skripta, Univerzitet u Sarajevu, Šumarski fakultet,1999 [2] Montgomery, D.C. Design and Analysis of Experiment, Arizone State University, John Wiley and Sons, 2015 [3] Jurković, Milan. Matematičko modeliranje inženjerskih procesa i sistema, Univerzitet u Bihaću, Mašinski fakultet, 1999. [4] Hodžić, Damir i Džanić, Amel Planiranje eksperimenta, Univerzitetski udžbenik, Univerzitet u Bihaću, 2020. [5] BAS EN 789 standard, Konstrukcije od drveta – Postupci ispitivanja – Određivanje mehaničkih svojstava ploča od drveta, 2005. [6] Hurem Nedim, Hodžić, Damir i Hodžić, Atif: Application of Comparative Experiment in Analysis of Wood Strength, International Conference of Applied Science ICAS 2020, May 2020, Hunedoara Romania [7] Lawson, John. Design and Analysis of Experiment with R, Chapman and Halls CRC, 2017. [8] Elmasa Aldžić, Atif Hodžić i Damir Hodžić: Planiranje eksperimenta i određivanje modela parametra hrapavosti obrađene površine drveta, 33. međunarodni kongres o procesnoj industriji Procesing 2020, Društvo za procesnu tehniku SMEITS, Beograd, septembar 2020. [9] Damir Hodžić i Fadil Islamović: Factorial ANOVA Experimental Design in R, 9th International Scientific Conference on Defensive Technologies – OTEH 2020, Beograd, 15. oktobar 2020. Corresponding author: Damir Hodžić University of Bihać, Faculty of Technical Engineering Email: [email protected] Phone: + 387 61 795094

Mašinstvo 3-4 (17), 103 – 116, (2020) S. Jašarević et al.: APPLICATION OF QFD METHOD…

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PRIMJENA QFD METODE NA PRIMJERU IZRADE KUPAONIČKOG NAMJEŠTAJA U FRAMINI d.o.o. VITEZ

APPLICATION OF QFD METHOD IN THE CASE OF BATHROOM

FURNITURE IN FRAMINI LTD. VITEZ

Jašarević Sabahudin1, Alan Lisica2, Samir Lemeš1 Ajla Pašalić-Medarić2 1University of Zenica, Polytechnic Faculty 2University of Zenica, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Keywords: kvalitet, konstruisanje, razvoj proizvoda, QFD metoda Ključne riječi: quality, design, product development, QFD method Paper received: 22.12.2020. Paper accepted: 30.12.2020.

Stručni članak REZIME U današnje vrijeme, svaki novi proizvod je na iskušenju, slobodno možemo reći na rubu propasti, te je vrlo važno smanjiti troškove njegove proizvodnje. Troškove jednostavno možemo smanjiti degradacijom kvaliteta proizvoda. Međutim, ako to ne želimo, moguće je okrenuti se prema primjeni novih znanja i spoznaja, koje omogućuju bolje iskorištavanje resursa firme, smanjuju vrijeme plasiranja proizvoda na tržište i čak poboljšavaju kvalitet proizvoda. Jedan od generatora potencijalno velikih troškova je upravo proces konstruisanja, ili proces razvoja proizvoda u najužem smislu. Vrlo je moguće da se u procesu konstruisanja mnoge informacije izgube neposredno nakon dobivanja odgovarajućeg rješenja. Kako bi se to izbjeglo, potrebno je na neki način bilježiti nastale probleme, ideje za njihovo rješavanje, te ostale argumente koji proizađu prilikom rada u konstrukcijskom timu i osmišljavanja rješenja za nastale probleme. Cilj ovog rada jeste da prikaže jednu od metoda koja u suštini predstavlja sistemsku tehniku utvrđivanja potreba i zahtjeva kupca na temelju koje će se osnovati i izraditi proizvod. Tehnika QFD koristi se za identifikaciju osnovnih potreba i zahtjeva kupaca. Nakon što su potrebe i zahtjevi kupaca prikupljeni treba ih sistematizirati prema zahtjevima tehnike. Velik broj podataka i informacija proizašlih iz intervjua, raznih dokumenata, te istraživanja tržišta, mora se sažeti odnosno smanjiti do te mjere da do izražaja dođu ključne potrebe i zahtjevi kupaca. U radu je dat primjer korištenja QFD metode na izradi kupaoničkog namještaja u firmi Framini d.o.o. Vitez (B&H).

Professional paper

SUMMARY Nowadays, every new product is tempted, we can freely say it is on the edge of the downfall, and it is very important to reduce its production costs. We can simply reduce costs by degrading product quality. However, if we do not want it, it is possible to turn to the application of new knowledge and knowledge that will enable better resource utilization, reduce product placement time and even improve product quality. One of the generators of potentially large costs is just the process of designing, or the product development process in the strictest sense. It is very possible that a lot of information is lost in the process of constructing immediately after having obtained the appropriate solution. In order to avoid it, somehow it is necessary to note the problems that arise, the ideas for their solution, and other arguments that arise when working in the construction team and developing solutions to the problems that arise. The aim of this paper is to present one of the methods which essentially represent a systematic technique for determining the needs and customer requirements on which to base and produce the product. The QFD technique is used to identify basic needs and customer requirements. After the needs and customer requirements are collected, they are systematized according to the requirements of the technique. A large amount of data and information derived from interviews, various documents, and market research has to be summarized or reduced to the extent that the key needs and customer requirements are expressed. This paper brings an example of using the QFD method for making bathroom furniture in the company Framini d.o.o. Vitez (B&H).

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1. UVOD Kvalitet je danas prerastao, iz objekta kontrole, u strateški cilj svake organizacije, postao je glavni nositelj konkurentnosti koji proizlazi iz važnosti stvaranja što veće vrijednosti za potrošače. Sistemskim i kontinuiranim upravljanjem kvalitetom stvara se pretpostavka za povećanje korisnosti proizvoda i usluga, a također je važan faktor koji potrošačima osigurava povoljnije uslove poput cijene, bolje i fleksibilnije usluge i svih ostalih faktora koji su važni iz perspektive potrošača. Takav pristup će organizaciji omogućiti dugoročno stabilan rast i razvoj poslovanja te porast profitabilnosti. Organizacija može računati na rast ukoliko uspije zadovoljiti prvenstveno potrebe potrošača, ali i svih ostalih zainteresiranih strana – zaposlenika, vlasnika, dobavljača i društva u cjelini. Potrošači kvalitet doživljavaju kao subjektivnu dimenziju i kada donose odluke o kupnji ravnaju se prema nivou kvaliteta primjerenog svojim mogućnostima i očekivanjima. Kvalitet je osobina, vrijednost, sposobnost zadovoljavanja potreba i očekivanja potrošača, prikladnost za upotrebu. Potrošači ocjenjuju proizvod prema njegovim osobinama, cijeni, pouzdanosti, izgledu, prema imidžu koji prati proizvod, ali i prema nekim posebnim pogodnostima koje mogu uživati koristeći određeni proizvod, poput besplatnih uzoraka ili besplatne dostave. Sve to predstavlja kvalitet iz perspektive potrošača. Međutim, postoji i druga strana, ona koja taj proizvod osmišljava, dizajnira, proizvodi – proizvođači. Proizvođači su svjesni da, ako žele produžiti svoj vijek trajanja i rasti na tržištu, moraju biti sposobni odgovoriti zahtjevima kupaca te proizvesti upravo onakav proizvod kakav to očekuje njihov kupac. [1] Svakom je proizvođaču cilj opstati na tržištu, a opstanak itekako zavisi od zadovoljenja potreba potrošača, zato su dizajniranje, oblikovanje i sam proces proizvodnje aspekti kvaliteta iz gledišta proizvođača. Kada se uzmu u obzir sva ograničenja tržišta i mnoštvo konkurenata, jasno je da je na plećima proizvođača sve teži zadatak. U mnoštvu ponuda nije lahko zadovoljiti (i zadržati) kupca koji očekuje bolje usluge, bolje proizvode, niže cijene, fleksibilnost, dostupnost. Možemo reći da su upravo to ključni razlozi zbog kojih je došlo do promjene pristupa kvalitetu. Prema tome, kvalitet je postao filozofija upravljanja i strateški cilj svake organizacije. Dakle, kvalitet je sastavni dio poslovanja u svim dijelovima organizacije, a glavni cilj je stvaranje

1. INTRODUCTION Nowdays, quality has transformed from a control object into a strategic goal for any organization, and has become the main attribute of competitiveness which originates from the importance of creating the highest value for consumers. Systematic and continuous quality management creates a precondition for increasing the usefulness of products and services, and is also an important factor that provides consumers with more favorable conditions such as price, better and more flexible services and all other factors that are important from the perspective of consumers. Such approach will enable the organization to achieve long-term stable growth and business development and increase of profitability. An organization can achieve growth if it can, primarily, meet the needs of consumers, but also all other stakeholders - employees, owners, suppliers and society as a whole. Consumers perceive quality as a subjective dimension, and when making decisions about purchasing, they behave according to the level of quality appropriate to their abilities and expectations. Quality is the characteristic, value, ability to satisfy the needs and expectations of the consumer, the suitability for use. Consumers evaluate the product according to its characteristics, cost, reliability, appearance, according to the image accompanying the product, but also according to some special benefits that can be enjoyed using a particular product, such as free samples or free delivery. All this represents quality from a consumer perspective. However, there is also other side, the one that creates, designs and produces the product. Manufacturers are aware that, if they want to extend their lifetime and market growth, they must be able to respond to customers' demands and produce exactly the kind of product their customer expects. [1] Each producers aim is to survive on the market, and survival depends largely on satisfying the needs of consumers, and therefore the design, creation and production process itself are aspects of quality from the manufacturer point of view. When considering all market constraints and number of competitors, it is clear that manufacturers have an increasingly difficult task on their shoulders. In a multitude of offerings, it is not easy to satisfy (and retain) a customer who expects better services, better products, lower prices, flexibility, availability. We can say that these are the key reasons that led to the change in an approach to quality. Accordingly, quality has become the management philosophy and strategic goal of each organization. Therefore, quality is an integral part of the business in all parts of the organization, and the

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1. UVOD Kvalitet je danas prerastao, iz objekta kontrole, u strateški cilj svake organizacije, postao je glavni nositelj konkurentnosti koji proizlazi iz važnosti stvaranja što veće vrijednosti za potrošače. Sistemskim i kontinuiranim upravljanjem kvalitetom stvara se pretpostavka za povećanje korisnosti proizvoda i usluga, a također je važan faktor koji potrošačima osigurava povoljnije uslove poput cijene, bolje i fleksibilnije usluge i svih ostalih faktora koji su važni iz perspektive potrošača. Takav pristup će organizaciji omogućiti dugoročno stabilan rast i razvoj poslovanja te porast profitabilnosti. Organizacija može računati na rast ukoliko uspije zadovoljiti prvenstveno potrebe potrošača, ali i svih ostalih zainteresiranih strana – zaposlenika, vlasnika, dobavljača i društva u cjelini. Potrošači kvalitet doživljavaju kao subjektivnu dimenziju i kada donose odluke o kupnji ravnaju se prema nivou kvaliteta primjerenog svojim mogućnostima i očekivanjima. Kvalitet je osobina, vrijednost, sposobnost zadovoljavanja potreba i očekivanja potrošača, prikladnost za upotrebu. Potrošači ocjenjuju proizvod prema njegovim osobinama, cijeni, pouzdanosti, izgledu, prema imidžu koji prati proizvod, ali i prema nekim posebnim pogodnostima koje mogu uživati koristeći određeni proizvod, poput besplatnih uzoraka ili besplatne dostave. Sve to predstavlja kvalitet iz perspektive potrošača. Međutim, postoji i druga strana, ona koja taj proizvod osmišljava, dizajnira, proizvodi – proizvođači. Proizvođači su svjesni da, ako žele produžiti svoj vijek trajanja i rasti na tržištu, moraju biti sposobni odgovoriti zahtjevima kupaca te proizvesti upravo onakav proizvod kakav to očekuje njihov kupac. [1] Svakom je proizvođaču cilj opstati na tržištu, a opstanak itekako zavisi od zadovoljenja potreba potrošača, zato su dizajniranje, oblikovanje i sam proces proizvodnje aspekti kvaliteta iz gledišta proizvođača. Kada se uzmu u obzir sva ograničenja tržišta i mnoštvo konkurenata, jasno je da je na plećima proizvođača sve teži zadatak. U mnoštvu ponuda nije lahko zadovoljiti (i zadržati) kupca koji očekuje bolje usluge, bolje proizvode, niže cijene, fleksibilnost, dostupnost. Možemo reći da su upravo to ključni razlozi zbog kojih je došlo do promjene pristupa kvalitetu. Prema tome, kvalitet je postao filozofija upravljanja i strateški cilj svake organizacije. Dakle, kvalitet je sastavni dio poslovanja u svim dijelovima organizacije, a glavni cilj je stvaranje

1. INTRODUCTION Nowdays, quality has transformed from a control object into a strategic goal for any organization, and has become the main attribute of competitiveness which originates from the importance of creating the highest value for consumers. Systematic and continuous quality management creates a precondition for increasing the usefulness of products and services, and is also an important factor that provides consumers with more favorable conditions such as price, better and more flexible services and all other factors that are important from the perspective of consumers. Such approach will enable the organization to achieve long-term stable growth and business development and increase of profitability. An organization can achieve growth if it can, primarily, meet the needs of consumers, but also all other stakeholders - employees, owners, suppliers and society as a whole. Consumers perceive quality as a subjective dimension, and when making decisions about purchasing, they behave according to the level of quality appropriate to their abilities and expectations. Quality is the characteristic, value, ability to satisfy the needs and expectations of the consumer, the suitability for use. Consumers evaluate the product according to its characteristics, cost, reliability, appearance, according to the image accompanying the product, but also according to some special benefits that can be enjoyed using a particular product, such as free samples or free delivery. All this represents quality from a consumer perspective. However, there is also other side, the one that creates, designs and produces the product. Manufacturers are aware that, if they want to extend their lifetime and market growth, they must be able to respond to customers' demands and produce exactly the kind of product their customer expects. [1] Each producers aim is to survive on the market, and survival depends largely on satisfying the needs of consumers, and therefore the design, creation and production process itself are aspects of quality from the manufacturer point of view. When considering all market constraints and number of competitors, it is clear that manufacturers have an increasingly difficult task on their shoulders. In a multitude of offerings, it is not easy to satisfy (and retain) a customer who expects better services, better products, lower prices, flexibility, availability. We can say that these are the key reasons that led to the change in an approach to quality. Accordingly, quality has become the management philosophy and strategic goal of each organization. Therefore, quality is an integral part of the business in all parts of the organization, and the


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vrijednosti za potrošača, zadovoljavanje njegovih potreba svođenjem nedostataka na nulu. „Kvalitet je postao integralnim dijelom proizvodnje i poslovanja poduzeća u cjelini, podrazumijeva aktivno sudjelovanje u stvaranju promjena od postojećeg stanja kvaliteta prema krajnjem dugoročnom (trajnom) cilju, a svodi se na proizvodnju proizvoda / pružanje usluga, u skladu s potrebama, željama i prohtjevima potrošača, bez nedostataka.“ [1] S obzirom da se proizvod izrađuje za potrošače koji će ga u konačnici koristiti, vrlo je važno da se taj proizvod ili usluga prilagodi stvarnim potrebama i očekivanjima potrošača. To je kvalitet koji percipira potrošač - kvalitet iz aspekta potrošača. Oblikovanje i proces proizvodnje proizvoda su aspekti kvaliteta s gledišta proizvođača. Stoga je moguće definisati kvalitet kao: kvalitet dizajna / konstrukcije (s obzirom na proces njegova nastajanja) i kvalitet konformnosti (usklađenosti sa specifikacijom, konstrukcijskim rješenjem). Zadovoljstvo kupca se postiže kroz dvije komponente: osobine proizvoda i oslobođenost od nepotpunosti. Osobina proizvoda prvenstveno utječe na prihod od prodaje, dok oslobođenost od nepotpunosti prvenstveno utječe na smanjenje troškova kroz eliminaciju škarta. 2. ALATI I METODE ZA UPRAVLJANJE

KVALITETOM Alati i metode praktične su tehnike, vještine, sredstva ili mehanizmi koje je moguće primijeniti za rješavanje specifičnih zadaća i problema vezanih za sisteme upravljanja kvalitetom. Alati i metode služe kao pomoć u dostizanju određenog cilja u sistemskom pristupu djelovanja ili istraživanja. U svakom sistemu upravljanja kvalitetom postoji više primjenjivih alata i metoda koje se koriste u zavisnosti od mogućnosti organizacije. Preduslovi uspješne primjene metoda i alata za upravljanje kvalitetom su u punoj potpori uprave, obrazovanju, velikoj potrebi za korištenjem alata ili metoda, definisanim ciljevima upotrebe. Jedna od tih metoda (neki je zovu i tehnikom) jeste i QFD metoda (Quality Function Deployment) koju u [2] opisuju da služi za „razvoj ili redizajn proizvoda zasnovan na zahtjevima kupaca, promoviše višefunkcionalni timski rad i konkuretni inženjering u organizaciji, te skraćuje vrijeme razvoja proizvoda.“

main goal is to create value for consumers, by meeting their needs by reducing defects to zero. "Quality has become an integral part of the production and business operating of the enterprise as a whole, it implies an active participation in the creation of changes from the existing quality condition towards the ultimate long-term goal, and it comes down to the production of products / provision of services, in accordance with the needs, wishes and desires of consumers, without flaws. " [1] Considering that the product is made for consumers who will, ultimately, use it, it is very important that product or service is adapted to the actual needs and expectations of the consumer. It is a quality perceived by the consumer - quality from the consumer's point of view. The design and process of product manufacturing are aspects of quality from the point of view of the manufacturer. Therefore, it is possible to define the quality as: quality of design / construction (with regard to the process of its creation) and conformity quality (compliance with the specification, construction solution). Customer satisfaction is achieved through two components: product features and freedom from incompleteness. Product property primarily affects sales revenue, while exemption from incompleteness primarily affects cost savings by eliminating scrap. 2. QUALITY MANAGEMENT TOOLS

AND METHODS Tools and methods are practical techniques, skills, means or mechanisms that can be applied to solve specific tasks and problems related to quality management systems. Tools and methods serve to help achieve a particular goal in a systemic approach to action or research. In each quality management system, there is a number of applicable tools and methods that are used depending on the organization's ability. Prerequisites for successful application of quality management methods and tools are full support of management, education, great need for using tools or methods, defined goals of use. One of these methods (some call it a technique) is QFD method (Quality Function Deployment) described in [2] as "Product development or redesign based on customer requirements. It promotes multifunctional team work and competitive engineering and reduces product development time."

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3. NASTANAK QFD METODE Tokom pedesetih godina Japan je osjetio teškoće pri plasmanu svojih proizvoda zbog njihovog inferiornog kvaliteta u poređenju sa konkurencijom, na prvom mjestu iz SAD-a. To je navelo poznate teoretičare i praktičare kvaliteta da razviju nove filozofije i pristupe, ali i metode i tehnike, kao odgovor na novonastalu situaciju, istovremeno i sami radeći na njenoj primjeni. Krajem šezdesetih i početkom sedamdesetih godina prošlog vijeka u Japanu su počeli razvijati pristup za uočavanje potreba korisnika kroz proces dizajna i kroz dizajn proizvodnih sistema, tako da najveći broj istraživanja i najznačajniji rezultati dolaze upravo iz Japana. Dr. Yoji Akao je razvio ’’hinshitsu kino tenkai’’, tj. ’’Quality Function Deployment’’ od 1965. do 1967. u saradnji sa dr. Shigeru Mizunom. [3] Značajnu ulogu imaju i ostali eksperti za kvalitet kao što su dr. Fukuhara, Katsuyoshi Ishihara, Kiyotaka Oshiumi, Yasushi Furukawa, Akira Takayanagi. Oni su razvili alate i tehnike za QFD i organizovali ih u sveobuhvatan sistem da bi obezbijedili kvalitet i zadovoljstvo kupaca prilikom korištenja novih proizvoda ili usluga. Značajna istraživanja u Japanu su rađena u kompanijama kao što su Matsushita Electric Industry, Mitsubishi Heavy Industry (MHI) - brodogradilište, Toyota Auto Body za razvoj novih kombija, Honda, Sony, Japan Business Consultants, Ohfuji, Noda, Ogino, Kaneko i dr. Primjenu QFD metode u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama je promovisao dr. Akao početkom osamdesetih godina prošlog vijeka. Značajna istraživanja su realizovali American Society of Quality Control, Bob King iz GOAL/QPC – Masačusetske konsultantske organizacije, Larry Sullivan iz American Supplier Institute, Don Clausing iz kompanije Xerox, Glenn H. Mazur iz QFD Instituta, Harold M. Ross iz kompanije General Motors (Ford), John Hauser iz Hauser & Clausing. Metodu su primenjivale i druge kompanije kao što su Motorola, IBM, Procter & Gamble, Hewlett-Packard, AT&T, Cadillac, Chrysler, Florida Power, GE, NASA Langley Research, Kimberly-Clark. [4] U Evropu QFD stiže krajem osamdesetih kada je dr. Akao počeo saradnju sa kompanijom Galgano & Associati iz Italije. Istraživanja su rađena i u predstavništvu American Supplier Institute u UK, Univerzitetu Limerick u Irskoj koja je provodio Ian Ferguson, Univerzitetu Linkoping i Univerzitetu Karlstad u Švedskoj, Univerzitetu Cologne i QFD Institutu (QFD ID) u Njemačkoj i organizacijama kao što su Volvo, Saab, Philips & VDT, Rover, Alitalia i dr.

3. QFD METHOD OCCURRANCE During the 1950s, Japan experienced difficulties in seling its products due to their inferior quality compared to competition, in the first place from the United States. This led well-known theorists and quality practitioners to develop new philosophies and approaches, but also methods and techniques, in response to the new situation, at the same time working on their own on its application. At the end of the 1960s and early 1970s, Japan began to develop approaches to identify users' needs through the design process and through the design of production systems, so that largest number of surveys and the most significant results come from Japan. Dr Yoji Aka has developed a "hinshitsu kino tank", i.e. Quality Function Deployment from 1965 to 1967 in collaboration with Dr Shigeru Mizun. [3] Other quality experts, such as Dr Fukuhara, Katsuyoshi Ishihara, Kiyotaka Oshiumi, Yasushi Furukawa, Akira Takayanagi, have played a significant role. They have developed tools and techniques for QFD and have organized them into a comprehensive system to ensure quality and customer satisfaction when using new products or services. Significant researches were done in Japan in companies such as Matsushita Electric Industry, Mitsubishi Heavy Industry (MHI) - shipyard, Toyota Auto Body for the development of new vans, Honda, Sony, Japan Business Consultants, Ohfuji, Noda, Ogino, Kaneko and others. The application of the QFD method in the United States was promoted by Dr Aco in the early 1980s. Significant researches were carried out by American Society of Quality Control, Bob King of GOAL / QPC - Massachusetts Consulting Organization, Larry Sullivan of American Supplier Institute, Don Clausing from Xerox, Glenn H. Mazur of QFD Institute, Harold M. Ross of General Motors (Ford), John Hauser, Hauser & Clausing. The method was also used by other companies such as Motorola, IBM, Procter & Gamble, Hewlett-Packard, AT & T, Cadillac, Chrysler, Florida Power, GE, NASA Langley Research, Kimberly-Clark. [4] In Europe, QFD arrived at the end of the 1980s when Dr Akao began collaborating with Galgano & Associati from Italy. Research was also conducted at the American Supplier Institute in the UK, Limerick University in Ireland by Ian Ferguson, Linkoping University and Karlstad University in Sweden, Cologne University and QFD Institute (QFD ID) in Germany and organizations such as Volvo, Saab, Philips & VDT, Rover, Alitalia and others.

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3. NASTANAK QFD METODE Tokom pedesetih godina Japan je osjetio teškoće pri plasmanu svojih proizvoda zbog njihovog inferiornog kvaliteta u poređenju sa konkurencijom, na prvom mjestu iz SAD-a. To je navelo poznate teoretičare i praktičare kvaliteta da razviju nove filozofije i pristupe, ali i metode i tehnike, kao odgovor na novonastalu situaciju, istovremeno i sami radeći na njenoj primjeni. Krajem šezdesetih i početkom sedamdesetih godina prošlog vijeka u Japanu su počeli razvijati pristup za uočavanje potreba korisnika kroz proces dizajna i kroz dizajn proizvodnih sistema, tako da najveći broj istraživanja i najznačajniji rezultati dolaze upravo iz Japana. Dr. Yoji Akao je razvio ’’hinshitsu kino tenkai’’, tj. ’’Quality Function Deployment’’ od 1965. do 1967. u saradnji sa dr. Shigeru Mizunom. [3] Značajnu ulogu imaju i ostali eksperti za kvalitet kao što su dr. Fukuhara, Katsuyoshi Ishihara, Kiyotaka Oshiumi, Yasushi Furukawa, Akira Takayanagi. Oni su razvili alate i tehnike za QFD i organizovali ih u sveobuhvatan sistem da bi obezbijedili kvalitet i zadovoljstvo kupaca prilikom korištenja novih proizvoda ili usluga. Značajna istraživanja u Japanu su rađena u kompanijama kao što su Matsushita Electric Industry, Mitsubishi Heavy Industry (MHI) - brodogradilište, Toyota Auto Body za razvoj novih kombija, Honda, Sony, Japan Business Consultants, Ohfuji, Noda, Ogino, Kaneko i dr. Primjenu QFD metode u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama je promovisao dr. Akao početkom osamdesetih godina prošlog vijeka. Značajna istraživanja su realizovali American Society of Quality Control, Bob King iz GOAL/QPC – Masačusetske konsultantske organizacije, Larry Sullivan iz American Supplier Institute, Don Clausing iz kompanije Xerox, Glenn H. Mazur iz QFD Instituta, Harold M. Ross iz kompanije General Motors (Ford), John Hauser iz Hauser & Clausing. Metodu su primenjivale i druge kompanije kao što su Motorola, IBM, Procter & Gamble, Hewlett-Packard, AT&T, Cadillac, Chrysler, Florida Power, GE, NASA Langley Research, Kimberly-Clark. [4] U Evropu QFD stiže krajem osamdesetih kada je dr. Akao počeo saradnju sa kompanijom Galgano & Associati iz Italije. Istraživanja su rađena i u predstavništvu American Supplier Institute u UK, Univerzitetu Limerick u Irskoj koja je provodio Ian Ferguson, Univerzitetu Linkoping i Univerzitetu Karlstad u Švedskoj, Univerzitetu Cologne i QFD Institutu (QFD ID) u Njemačkoj i organizacijama kao što su Volvo, Saab, Philips & VDT, Rover, Alitalia i dr.

3. QFD METHOD OCCURRANCE During the 1950s, Japan experienced difficulties in seling its products due to their inferior quality compared to competition, in the first place from the United States. This led well-known theorists and quality practitioners to develop new philosophies and approaches, but also methods and techniques, in response to the new situation, at the same time working on their own on its application. At the end of the 1960s and early 1970s, Japan began to develop approaches to identify users' needs through the design process and through the design of production systems, so that largest number of surveys and the most significant results come from Japan. Dr Yoji Aka has developed a "hinshitsu kino tank", i.e. Quality Function Deployment from 1965 to 1967 in collaboration with Dr Shigeru Mizun. [3] Other quality experts, such as Dr Fukuhara, Katsuyoshi Ishihara, Kiyotaka Oshiumi, Yasushi Furukawa, Akira Takayanagi, have played a significant role. They have developed tools and techniques for QFD and have organized them into a comprehensive system to ensure quality and customer satisfaction when using new products or services. Significant researches were done in Japan in companies such as Matsushita Electric Industry, Mitsubishi Heavy Industry (MHI) - shipyard, Toyota Auto Body for the development of new vans, Honda, Sony, Japan Business Consultants, Ohfuji, Noda, Ogino, Kaneko and others. The application of the QFD method in the United States was promoted by Dr Aco in the early 1980s. Significant researches were carried out by American Society of Quality Control, Bob King of GOAL / QPC - Massachusetts Consulting Organization, Larry Sullivan of American Supplier Institute, Don Clausing from Xerox, Glenn H. Mazur of QFD Institute, Harold M. Ross of General Motors (Ford), John Hauser, Hauser & Clausing. The method was also used by other companies such as Motorola, IBM, Procter & Gamble, Hewlett-Packard, AT & T, Cadillac, Chrysler, Florida Power, GE, NASA Langley Research, Kimberly-Clark. [4] In Europe, QFD arrived at the end of the 1980s when Dr Akao began collaborating with Galgano & Associati from Italy. Research was also conducted at the American Supplier Institute in the UK, Limerick University in Ireland by Ian Ferguson, Linkoping University and Karlstad University in Sweden, Cologne University and QFD Institute (QFD ID) in Germany and organizations such as Volvo, Saab, Philips & VDT, Rover, Alitalia and others.


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Prve primjene QFD metode bile se vezane samo za projektovanje, tj. razvoj novih proizvoda, ali se danas ona primjenjuje u sve više funkcija unutar preduzeća. 4. RAZVIJANJE FUNKCIJE

KVALITETA – QFD QFD predstavlja skraćenicu engleskog naziva "Quality Function Deployment", koji se bukvalno prevodi "raspoređivanje funkcije kvaliteta", ali se u stručnim krugovima najčešće pod QFD podrazumijeva ''planiranje kvaliteta usmjerenog ka zahtjevima kupaca - korisnika". Ime QFD izražava njegovu pravu svrhu, a to je zadovoljenje kupaca (Quality) prevođenjem njihovih potreba u dizajn i obezbjeđivanjem da sve organizacione jedinice (Function) rade zajedno kako bi se sistematski razbile njihove aktivnosti u finije i finije detalje koji mogu da se kvantifikuju i kontrolišu (Deployment). Dr Yoji Akao definiše QFD kao “metod za razvoj kvaliteta u dizajnu koji ima za cilj da zadovolji potrošača i da zatim prevede zahtjeve kupaca u ciljeve dizajna i glavne tačke obezbjeđenja kvaliteta koji će se koristiti tokom proizvodnje”. Osnovni je zadatak, dakle, postići vrijednost razumijevanjem želja i potreba kupca i potom ta očekivanja realizovati kroz proces razvoja. Ovo uključuje identifikovanje informacije od kupca primjenom odgovarajućih marketinških tehnika za istraživanje tržišta, tako da se istaknu ključne potrebe i zahtjevi kupca, njenu primjenu u procesu proizvodnje i u procesu kontrole proizvodnje, odnosno planiranje resursa, izvršilaca i procesa, kao i predviđanje potencijalnih neusaglašenosti i preventivnih mjera kako bi krajnji proizvod (izlaz iz procesa) bio usaglašen s projektovanim kvalitetom [5]. U toku korištenja QFD metoda je evoluirala i mijenjala se, tako da danas postoje različiti pristupi i načini korištenja. Najpoznatiji je sistem matrica “The Matrix of Matrices”, koji se najčešće koristi u Japanu i dijelu SAD-e, i četiri faze matrica ’’The Four Phases of Matrices’’, koji se primjenjuje uglavnom u SAD-u i Evropi. Četiri faze matrica, “The Four Phases of Matrices”, razvio je dr. Fukuhara u Japanu i kasnije ga je Američki institut za nabavku (American Supplier Institute) prenio u SAD. Ovakav pristup počinje razvojem tzv. kuće kvaliteta, “House of Quality”, prve matrice u kojoj se zahtjevi korisnika prenose u karakteristike proizvoda/usluge bitne za njegov razvoj.

The first applications of QFD method were related only to the design, i.e. development of new products, but today it is applied to more and more functions within the company. 4. QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT

- QFD QFD is the abbreviation for the English phrase Quality Function Deployment, and professional circles under QFD usually think of "quality planning focused on customer requirements." QFD's name expresses its true purpose, and this is customer satisfaction (quality) by translating their needs into design and ensuring that all organizational units work together to systematically break down their activities into finer and finer details that can be quantified and controlled (Deployment). Dr Yoji Akao defines QFD as a "quality development method in a design aimed at satisfying consumers and then translating customer requirements into the design goals and the main quality assurance points to be used during production". The basic task, therefore, is to create value by understanding the wishes and needs of the customer and then realize these expectations through the process of development. This includes identifying information from the customer using appropriate marketing techniques for market research by highlighting the key needs and requirements of the customer, its application in the production process and in the production control process, i.e. planning resources, executors and processes, as well as redistributing potential disturbances and preventive measures so that the final product (output from the process) is compatible with the expected quality. [5] During the use of the QFD method, it evolved and changed, so today there are different approaches and ways of using it. The most famous is "The Matrix of Matrices", which is most commonly used in Japan and in a part of the United States, and there are also four stages of the matrix, "The Four Phases of Matrices", mainly applied in the US and Europe. Four phases of the matrix, was developed by Dr Fukuhara in Japan and later transferred to the US by the American Supplier Institute. This approach begins with the development of the so-called "House of Quality", i.e. the first matrix in which user requests are transferred to the characteristics of the product / service essential for its development.

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Zatim se u drugoj matrici karakteristike proizvoda prenose u karakteristike dijelova proizvoda, u trećoj matrici se dijelovi povezuju s planiranjem procesa, a u četvrtoj se planiranje procesa povezuje sa planiranjem proizvodnje, slika 1. [2] Korištenjem ove četiri matrice, zahtjevi korisnika se na ovaj način prenose u zahtjeve za dizajn proizvoda i u samu proizvodnju. Treba naglasiti da se u okviru četiri faze ne vrši samo prenos iz jedne u drugu već i da se u svakoj fazi vrši rangiranje elemenata matrice i da se samo oni koje su značajni prenose u sljedeće matrice. Pored ova dva najznačajnija, kombinacijom QFD metode sa nekim drugim metodama nastaju različiti načini primjene. [6] Na slici 1. su prikazane četiri faze QFD metode koje omogućuju:

- Pretvaranje zahtjeva kupca u karakteristike proizvoda,

- Pretvaranje karakteristika proizvoda / usluge u karakteristike komponenti,

- Pretvaranje karakteristika komponenti u tehnologiju (procese),

- Pretvaranje procesa u radne upute.“[2]

Then in the second matrix, the product characteristics are transferred to the characteristics of product parts. In the third matrix, the parts are connected with the process planning, and in the fourth, process planning is associated with the production planning, Figure 1. [2] By using these four matrices, user requirements are thus transferred to requirements for product design and manufacturing. It should be emphasized that within the four phases not only the transfer from one to the other is carried out, but also that at each stage the ranking of the elements of the matrix is carried out and that only those that are significant are transferred to the following matrices. In addition to these two most important, different modes of application are created by combining the QFD method with some other methods. [6] In Figure 1, four phases of the QFD method are shown which enable:

• Converting customer requests into product characteristics,

• Converting product/service characteristics into components characteristics,

• Converting component characteristics into technology (processes),

• Converting the process into work instructions. . [2]

Slika 1. Faze u QFD metodi [2] Figure 1. Phases in QFD method [2] 5. USLOVI ZA PRIMJENU I KORISTI

OD PRIMJENE QFD METODE Okruženje u kome se primjenjuje metoda bi trebalo da je slično onom za implementaciju TQM-a, što prije svega podrazumijeva podršku najvišeg rukovodstva, organizacionu kulturu i timski rad. Ovo je jedan od glavnih razloga zbog kojih se metoda najčešće i najuspješnije primjenjuje u organizacijama u Japanu, a u manjoj mjeri u SAD-u i Evropi.

5. REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICATION AND BENEFITS FROM THE APPLI-CATION OF THE QFD METHOD

The environment in which the method is applied should be similar to the implementation of the TQM, which primarily implies the support of the top management, organizational culture and team work. This is one of the main reasons why the method is most often and most successfully applied in organizations in Japan, and to a lesser extent in the US and Europe.

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Zatim se u drugoj matrici karakteristike proizvoda prenose u karakteristike dijelova proizvoda, u trećoj matrici se dijelovi povezuju s planiranjem procesa, a u četvrtoj se planiranje procesa povezuje sa planiranjem proizvodnje, slika 1. [2] Korištenjem ove četiri matrice, zahtjevi korisnika se na ovaj način prenose u zahtjeve za dizajn proizvoda i u samu proizvodnju. Treba naglasiti da se u okviru četiri faze ne vrši samo prenos iz jedne u drugu već i da se u svakoj fazi vrši rangiranje elemenata matrice i da se samo oni koje su značajni prenose u sljedeće matrice. Pored ova dva najznačajnija, kombinacijom QFD metode sa nekim drugim metodama nastaju različiti načini primjene. [6] Na slici 1. su prikazane četiri faze QFD metode koje omogućuju:

- Pretvaranje zahtjeva kupca u karakteristike proizvoda,

- Pretvaranje karakteristika proizvoda / usluge u karakteristike komponenti,

- Pretvaranje karakteristika komponenti u tehnologiju (procese),

- Pretvaranje procesa u radne upute.“[2]

Then in the second matrix, the product characteristics are transferred to the characteristics of product parts. In the third matrix, the parts are connected with the process planning, and in the fourth, process planning is associated with the production planning, Figure 1. [2] By using these four matrices, user requirements are thus transferred to requirements for product design and manufacturing. It should be emphasized that within the four phases not only the transfer from one to the other is carried out, but also that at each stage the ranking of the elements of the matrix is carried out and that only those that are significant are transferred to the following matrices. In addition to these two most important, different modes of application are created by combining the QFD method with some other methods. [6] In Figure 1, four phases of the QFD method are shown which enable:

• Converting customer requests into product characteristics,

• Converting product/service characteristics into components characteristics,

• Converting component characteristics into technology (processes),

• Converting the process into work instructions. . [2]

Slika 1. Faze u QFD metodi [2] Figure 1. Phases in QFD method [2] 5. USLOVI ZA PRIMJENU I KORISTI

OD PRIMJENE QFD METODE Okruženje u kome se primjenjuje metoda bi trebalo da je slično onom za implementaciju TQM-a, što prije svega podrazumijeva podršku najvišeg rukovodstva, organizacionu kulturu i timski rad. Ovo je jedan od glavnih razloga zbog kojih se metoda najčešće i najuspješnije primjenjuje u organizacijama u Japanu, a u manjoj mjeri u SAD-u i Evropi.

5. REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICATION AND BENEFITS FROM THE APPLI-CATION OF THE QFD METHOD

The environment in which the method is applied should be similar to the implementation of the TQM, which primarily implies the support of the top management, organizational culture and team work. This is one of the main reasons why the method is most often and most successfully applied in organizations in Japan, and to a lesser extent in the US and Europe.


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Bitni su uslovi, tj. faktori uspjeha, i obuka za primjenu metode, razumijevanje pojmova koji se koriste u primjeni, pravilna primjena faza i koraka metode, donošenje odluka na osnovu zahtjeva korisnika. Koristi od primjene su mnogobrojne i u kvalitativnom i u kvantitativnom smislu. Najbitnije koristi su:

• postizanje unapređenja orijentacije ka korisnicima/kupcima (minimiziranje pogrešne interpretacije zahtjeva korisnika i potreba za izmjenama, pojačavanje veza sa korisnicima, povećanje zadovoljstva korisnika, smanjenje broja žalbi);

• efektivniji razvoj proizvoda/usluga (kraći razvojni ciklus, smanjenje troškova razvoja i proizvodnje, smanjenje izmjena projektovanja) i

• unapređenje komunikacije i promocija timskog rada (uključivanje zaposlenih iz različitih procesa, unapređenje interne i eksterne komunikacije, sistematizacija dokumentacije i mogućnost primjene u budućim postupcima, unapređenje organizacione kulture). [2]

6. PRIMJENA QFD METODE NA

PRIMJERU KUPAONIČKOG NAMJEŠTAJA FIRME FRAMINI D.O.O.

Faza I: Planiranje proizvoda = Glas kupca => Karakteristike proizvoda Faza I je faza od izuzetne važnosti, jer se dokumentuju zahtjevi kupca, ulazni podaci, mogućnosti, vrši se analiza potražnje na tržištu, planiranje proizvoda koji odgovara zahtjevima kupca i potražnji na tržištu, te utvrđivanje kritične karakteristike ciljanog proizvoda, kao i tehnička mogućnost da se prevedu zahtjevi kupca u mjerljiv parametar. Prikupljanje i mogućnost da se prevedu ulazni parametri koji dolaze od kupca, a koji vrlo često nisu tehnički mjerljivi, u tehnički mjerljive podatke od krucijalnog je značaja za uspješno provođenje kompletnog QFD procesa. [7] (Slika 2.) Međutim, mi smo u ovoj prvoj fazi uporedili analizu proizvoda namijenjenog za bosanskohercegovačko tržište i vanjsko tržište. Analiza je pokazala da je proizvod namijenjen za vanjsko tržište skuplji zbog dimenzija, materijala i dodatnih dijelova koji se ugrađuju u proizvod radi sigurnosti i praktičnosti. Na slici 3. prikazan je proizvod koji je namijenjen za bh. tržište (a) i vanjsko tržište (b).

Essential requirements, i.e. success factors, include training in applying the method, understanding the terms used in the application, correct application of phases and method steps, decision making based on user requirements. Benefits of application are numerous in both qualitative and quantitative terms. The most important benefits are: • Enhancing orientation towards user /

customers (minimizing misinterpretation of user requirements and changing needs, enhancing customer relationships, increasing customer satisfaction, reducing complaints);

• more effective product/service development (shorter development cycle, reduced development and production costs, reduced design changes) and

• improvement of communication and pro-motion of team work (inclusion of employees from different processes, improvement of internal and external communication, systematization of documentation and the possibility of applying in future procedures, improvement of organizational culture). [2]

6. QFD METHOD APPLICATION IN THE

EXAMPLE OF THE BATHROOM FURNITURE OF COMPANY FRAMINI LTD.

Phase I: Product Planning = Voice of the customer => Product Characteristics Phase I is a phase of great importance because it documents customer requirements, input data, capabilities, market demand analysis, product planning that meets customer requirements and market demand, and determines the critical characteristics of the target product as well as the technical ability to translate customer requirements in a measurable parameter. The collection and the ability to translate the input parameters that come from the customer, which are often not technically measurable, into technically measurable data is of crucial importance for the successful implementation of the complete QFD process. [7] (Figure 2) However, in this first phase, we compared the analysis of products intended for the B&H market and the external market. The analysis has shown that the product intended for the external market is more expensive due to dimensions, materials and additional parts that are incorporated into the product for safety and convenience. Figure 3 shows a product that is intended for the B&H market (a) and the external market (b).

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U lijevoj koloni, u polju ŠTA, bilježe se svi zahtjevi koje definiše kupac/korisnik, a koje proizvod treba da zadovolji. Nakon toga, u polju KAKO, definišu se karakteristike proizvoda koje su značajne za zadovoljenje zahtjeva kupaca, koji su prethodno uneseni u polje ŠTA. Nakon toga se određene obrade ovih podataka iz polja KAKO prve ''kuće'' prenose u polje ŠTA druge ''kuće". Dakle, određene su funkcionalne osobine proizvoda: dostupnost sirovina, funkcionalnost, materijal, dimenzije, mehanizam, dodaci (police, opruge, otvori, nosači), sigurnost, praktičnost, prilagodljivost uslovima, pouzdanost. Najvišom se pokazala korelacija između Glasa kupca (eng. Voice of Customer, VOC) i funkcionalnih osobina proizvoda kod: materijala (620), prilagodljivost uslovima (487,1) i dostupnost sirovina (405). Ovo su karakteristike na kojima se treba temeljiti razvoj proizvoda odnosno način na koji će firma pružiti svoje usluge da bi zadovoljila očekivanja kupaca.

In the left column, in the WHAT field, all the requirements defined by the customer / user, which the product should satisfy, are recorded. After that, in the HOW field, the product characteristics that are significant for satisfying customer requests, previously entered in the WHAT field, are defined. After that, certain procesed data from the first "house", field HOW TO, are transferred to the WHAT field of the second "house". So, the functional features of the product are determined: availability of raw materials, functionality, material, dimensions, mechanism, accessories (shelves, springs, holes, supports), safety, practicality, adaptability to conditions, reliability. The highest correlation between the Voice of Customer (VOC) and the functional features of the product is found in: materials (620), adaptability to conditions (487.1) and availability of raw materials (405). These are the characteristics on which the development of the product should be based, or the way in which the company will provide its services in order to meet customer expectations.

Slika 2. QFD Faza I Figure 2. QFD Phase I

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1 2 3 4 51 9 9,8 10 Dimensions A B2 9 9,8 10 Material A B3 9 8,82 9 PRODUCT Color A B4 9 9,8 10 Design A B5 9 9,8 10 Durable product A B6 9 9,8 10 Quality A B7 9 8,82 9 PRICE Low product price AB8 1 7,9 8 Stability of price AB9 9 7,9 8 Short delivery time AB

10 1 8,82 9 DELIVERY Without demage AB11 9 8,82 9 Delivery accuracy AB

100,1 102 ABTarget or limit valueDifficulty (0-10) 10 10 9 9 9 8 10 9 9 10 93Max relationship value 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 9 9Weight / Importance 405 177,4 620 285,2 302,9 252,8 201,9 85,26 487,1 247,9 3065Relative weight 13,2 5,79 20,22 9,3 9,88 8,25 6,58 2,9 15,89 8,08

Product analysis for the BiH market and for the external market

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Slika 3. Izgled proizvoda a) za domaće tržište; b) za vanjsko tržište Figure 3. Product a) for domestic market; b) for external market

Faza II: Razvoj proizvoda = Karakteristike proizvoda/usluge => Karakteristike dijelova Tokom ove faze se kreira osnovni koncept proizvoda-specifikacije dijelova i sve se dokumentuje. Specifikacije proizvoda, koje se dokumentuju u ovoj fazi moraju sadržavati definisane zahtjeve kupca koji se dalje razvijaju tokom sljedeće faze planiranja procesa. Za cjeloukupan rad tokom vođenja QFD procesa bitno je da je uključen jedan tim od prve do zadnje faze. Na taj način se subjektivni kriteriji svode na minimum [7]. Cilj ove faze je locirati kritične dijelove ili sklopove proizvoda, zatim zabilježiti kritične karakteristike proizvoda, te uspostaviti vezu između kritičnih dijelova/ sklopova i zahtjevanih karakteristika. Za sve karakteristike proizvoda, upisane u polju “ŠTA”, utvrđuju se, u polju “KAKO”, kritični dijelovi proizvoda, tačnije karakteristike kritičnih dijelova proizvoda, koji su značajni za ostvarenje prethodnih karakteristika proizvoda. Druga faza se izrađuje po potrebi, a s ciljem sužavanja problema, ako se proizvod može podijeliti na sastavne dijelove. U drugoj fazi QFD analize, prethodno utvrđene funkcionalne karakteristike proizvoda pretvaramo u projektne karakteristike. Najvažnijim funkcionalnim karakteristikama dodjeljujemo najveće prioritete (10). Najveća korelacija u ovoj fazi se pokazala kod: Moguća izrada elemenata s posebnim specifikacijama (801,96), kombinovanje elemenata različitog kvaliteta (728,1), razvoj proizvoda (717,72), primjenjivost kod kupca (696,66), moguća standardna proizvodnja (611,3).

Phase II: Product development = Product / service characteristics => Parts characteristics During this phase, the basic concept of the product - specifications of parts are created and everything is documented. Product specifications documented at this stage must include defined customer requirements that are further developed during the next phase of the process planning. For the overall operation during the QFD process, it is important that a one team from the first to the last phase is involved. In this way, the subjective criteria are reduced to a minimum [7]. The aim of this phase is to locate critical parts or product assemblies, then to record critical product characteristics, and establish a link between critical parts/assemblies and required characteristics. For all product characteristics, entered in the "WHAT" field, in the field "HOW", critical parts of the product are determined, more precisely the characteristics of critical parts of the product, that are important for achieving the previous characteristics of the product. The second phase is developed as needed, with the aim of narrowing the problem if the product can be divided into components. In the second phase of the QFD analysis, the previously determined functional characteristics of the product are transformed into design characteristics. The most important functional characteristics are assigned the highest priority (10). The largest correlation in this phase was shown in: Possibility of production of elements with special specifications (801.96), combination of elements of different quality (728.1), standard

a) b)

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Slika 3. Izgled proizvoda a) za domaće tržište; b) za vanjsko tržište Figure 3. Product a) for domestic market; b) for external market

Faza II: Razvoj proizvoda = Karakteristike proizvoda/usluge => Karakteristike dijelova Tokom ove faze se kreira osnovni koncept proizvoda-specifikacije dijelova i sve se dokumentuje. Specifikacije proizvoda, koje se dokumentuju u ovoj fazi moraju sadržavati definisane zahtjeve kupca koji se dalje razvijaju tokom sljedeće faze planiranja procesa. Za cjeloukupan rad tokom vođenja QFD procesa bitno je da je uključen jedan tim od prve do zadnje faze. Na taj način se subjektivni kriteriji svode na minimum [7]. Cilj ove faze je locirati kritične dijelove ili sklopove proizvoda, zatim zabilježiti kritične karakteristike proizvoda, te uspostaviti vezu između kritičnih dijelova/ sklopova i zahtjevanih karakteristika. Za sve karakteristike proizvoda, upisane u polju “ŠTA”, utvrđuju se, u polju “KAKO”, kritični dijelovi proizvoda, tačnije karakteristike kritičnih dijelova proizvoda, koji su značajni za ostvarenje prethodnih karakteristika proizvoda. Druga faza se izrađuje po potrebi, a s ciljem sužavanja problema, ako se proizvod može podijeliti na sastavne dijelove. U drugoj fazi QFD analize, prethodno utvrđene funkcionalne karakteristike proizvoda pretvaramo u projektne karakteristike. Najvažnijim funkcionalnim karakteristikama dodjeljujemo najveće prioritete (10). Najveća korelacija u ovoj fazi se pokazala kod: Moguća izrada elemenata s posebnim specifikacijama (801,96), kombinovanje elemenata različitog kvaliteta (728,1), razvoj proizvoda (717,72), primjenjivost kod kupca (696,66), moguća standardna proizvodnja (611,3).

Phase II: Product development = Product / service characteristics => Parts characteristics During this phase, the basic concept of the product - specifications of parts are created and everything is documented. Product specifications documented at this stage must include defined customer requirements that are further developed during the next phase of the process planning. For the overall operation during the QFD process, it is important that a one team from the first to the last phase is involved. In this way, the subjective criteria are reduced to a minimum [7]. The aim of this phase is to locate critical parts or product assemblies, then to record critical product characteristics, and establish a link between critical parts/assemblies and required characteristics. For all product characteristics, entered in the "WHAT" field, in the field "HOW", critical parts of the product are determined, more precisely the characteristics of critical parts of the product, that are important for achieving the previous characteristics of the product. The second phase is developed as needed, with the aim of narrowing the problem if the product can be divided into components. In the second phase of the QFD analysis, the previously determined functional characteristics of the product are transformed into design characteristics. The most important functional characteristics are assigned the highest priority (10). The largest correlation in this phase was shown in: Possibility of production of elements with special specifications (801.96), combination of elements of different quality (728.1), standard

a) b)

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Dakle, analiza je pokazala da bi trebalo proizvoditi proizvod koji ima veliku primjenu kod kupca, sa mogućnošću raznih kombinacija materijala. Samim tim se pravi ravnoteža između želje kupca i cijene koštanja. Određuju se prioriteti, prati se razvoj proizvoda. Slika 4 pokazuje detalje druge faze.

production possibility (717.72), product development (696.66), the applicability of the product to the customer (611.34). Therefore, the analysis has shown that there should be produced a product which has a great customer usability, with the possibility of various combinations of materials. Therefore, there is a balance between the customer wishes and the cost. Priorities are being determined, product development is monitored. Figure 4 shows the details of the second phase.

Slika 4. QFD Faza II (vlastito istraživanje) Figure 4. QFD Phase II (own research)

Faza III: Razvoj procesa = Karakteristike dijelova = Karakteristični parametri procesa Tokom ove faze potrebno je izraditi dijagram toka procesa proizvodnje kao i dokumentovati parametre procesa, odnosno, njegove ciljne vrijednosti. Vrši se utvrđivanje kritičnih procesa i tokova procesa, te po potrebi treba unaprijediti proizvodnu opremu, utvrditi parametre kritičnog procesa. Za postizanje definisanih proizvoda/ poluproizvoda propisuje se tehnologija izrade (planiranje procesa). Za sve kritične dijelove proizvoda i njihove karakteristike, upisane u polje ŠTA, utvrđuju se, u polju KAKO, kritični

Phase III: Process development = Parts characteristics = Characteristic process parameters During this phase, it is necessary to create a flowchart of the production process as well as to document the parameters of the process, that is, its target values. The critical processes and process flows are established, and if necessary, the production equipment will be improved and the parameters of the critical process determined. To achieve defined products / semi-products, the production technology (process planning) is prescribed. For all critical parts of the product

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1 9 13 10 Availability of material 2 9 5,8 10 Functionality3 9 20 10 Material4 9 9,3 9 Dimensions5 9 9,9 9 Mechanism6 9 8,3 8 Accessories7 9 6,6 8 Safety8 9 2,9 9 Practicality9 9 16 9 Reliability

10 9 8,1 10 Adaptability100

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Difficulty (0-10) 10 9 8 9 10 7 8 8 8 8Max relationship value 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9Weight / Importance 696,66 611,34 717,72 397,92 136,17 164,43 801,96 262,62 728,1 548,55 5065,5Relative weight 13,75 12,06 14,17 7,8 2,68 3,2 15,8 5,18 14,3 10,8


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procesi, tj. operacije/zahvati, sa njihovim parametrima, kojima se ostvaruju kritične karakteristike dijelova proizvoda. Kritični procesi sa njihovim parametrima se prenose u polje ŠTA četvrte "kuće''.

and its characteristics, entered in the WHAT field, in the field HOW, critical processes, i.e. operations / procedures, with their parameters, which achieve critical characteristics of parts of the product, are determined. Critical processes with their parameters are transferred to the WHAT field of the fourth "house".

Slika 5. QFD Faza III (vlastito istraživanje)

Figure 5. QFD Phase III (own research) Slika 5. pokazuje detalje treće faze QFD metode. Projektne osobine proizvoda se pretvaraju u karakteristične parametre procesa. Analiza je pokazala da su ključni procesi: izrada protota, tzv. pull projekti, prodaja i testiranje. Faza 4: Planiranje proizvodnje = Karakteristični parametri procesa => Postupci => Kontrola kvaliteta procesa Tokom planiranja procesa proizvodnje moraju se definisati vrijednosti odnosno indikatori koji će se pratiti tokom produkcionog procesa. Također, tokom ove faze se definišu krizna mjesta i djelovanja da se izbjegnu nepravilnosti. Utvrđuju se postupci kontrole kvaliteta do nivoa instrukcija i uputa za rad [7]. Dakle, vrši se ocjenjivanje karakteristika kritičnih dijelova proizvoda i procesa, zatim se uspostavlja metoda kontrole proizvoda i procesa, uspostavlja se nadzor te metode testiranja i praćenje parametara proizvoda i procesa.

Figure 5 shows the details of the third phase of the QFD method. Project properties of products are transformed into characteristic process parameters. The analysis has shown that key processes are: prototyping, pulling projects, sales and testing. Phase 4: Production planning = Characteristic process parameters => Procedures => Process quality control During the production process planning, there have to be defined the values or indicators which will be monitored during the production process. Also, during this phase, crisis locations and activities are defined to avoid irregularities. Quality control procedures are determined up to the level of instructions and directions for work. Therefore, an assessment of characteristics of critical parts of products and processes is carried out, then a method of control of products and processes is established, monitoring of the method of testing and monitoring of parameters of products and processes is established.


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10 3 10,8 10 3 years warranty


Difficulty (0-10) 10 9 9 9 10 10 10Max relationship value 9 9 9 9 9 9 9Weight / Importance 470,98 283,69 409,94 328,94 235,8 108,27 303,11 2140,73Relative weight 22 13,25 19,14 15,36 11,01 5,06 14,16


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procesi, tj. operacije/zahvati, sa njihovim parametrima, kojima se ostvaruju kritične karakteristike dijelova proizvoda. Kritični procesi sa njihovim parametrima se prenose u polje ŠTA četvrte "kuće''.

and its characteristics, entered in the WHAT field, in the field HOW, critical processes, i.e. operations / procedures, with their parameters, which achieve critical characteristics of parts of the product, are determined. Critical processes with their parameters are transferred to the WHAT field of the fourth "house".

Slika 5. QFD Faza III (vlastito istraživanje)

Figure 5. QFD Phase III (own research) Slika 5. pokazuje detalje treće faze QFD metode. Projektne osobine proizvoda se pretvaraju u karakteristične parametre procesa. Analiza je pokazala da su ključni procesi: izrada protota, tzv. pull projekti, prodaja i testiranje. Faza 4: Planiranje proizvodnje = Karakteristični parametri procesa => Postupci => Kontrola kvaliteta procesa Tokom planiranja procesa proizvodnje moraju se definisati vrijednosti odnosno indikatori koji će se pratiti tokom produkcionog procesa. Također, tokom ove faze se definišu krizna mjesta i djelovanja da se izbjegnu nepravilnosti. Utvrđuju se postupci kontrole kvaliteta do nivoa instrukcija i uputa za rad [7]. Dakle, vrši se ocjenjivanje karakteristika kritičnih dijelova proizvoda i procesa, zatim se uspostavlja metoda kontrole proizvoda i procesa, uspostavlja se nadzor te metode testiranja i praćenje parametara proizvoda i procesa.

Figure 5 shows the details of the third phase of the QFD method. Project properties of products are transformed into characteristic process parameters. The analysis has shown that key processes are: prototyping, pulling projects, sales and testing. Phase 4: Production planning = Characteristic process parameters => Procedures => Process quality control During the production process planning, there have to be defined the values or indicators which will be monitored during the production process. Also, during this phase, crisis locations and activities are defined to avoid irregularities. Quality control procedures are determined up to the level of instructions and directions for work. Therefore, an assessment of characteristics of critical parts of products and processes is carried out, then a method of control of products and processes is established, monitoring of the method of testing and monitoring of parameters of products and processes is established.


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10 3 10,8 10 3 years warranty


Difficulty (0-10) 10 9 9 9 10 10 10Max relationship value 9 9 9 9 9 9 9Weight / Importance 470,98 283,69 409,94 328,94 235,8 108,27 303,11 2140,73Relative weight 22 13,25 19,14 15,36 11,01 5,06 14,16


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Za propisane tehnologije izrade pišu se proizvodna uputstva (instrukcije za planiranje proizvodnje). Za sve kritične procese, upisane u polje ŠTA, utvrđuju se, u polju KAKO, mjere koje treba preduzeti, odnosno postupci kontrole kvaliteta, da bi se proces poboljšao te samim tim odvijao sa sigurnošću odnosno sa što manje nedostataka. Četvrta faza je faza planiranja proizvodnje. U ovoj fazi se utvrđeni procesi pretvaraju u radne upute. U ovoj zadnjoj fazi su odabrana tri procesna koraka, a to su: tzv. push projekti (projekti koji idu proaktivno od organizacije prema kupcima), tzv. pull projekti (projekti koje kupci traže od organizacije), proces prodaje, prikazano u tabeli 1. Za ova tri procesna koraka su odabrane kontrolne tačke, kontrolne metode i ključni pokazatelji performansi kako bi se ostvarili odgovarajući ciljevi. Dakle, ostvarivanje svih ključnih pokazatelja performansi će osigurati da krajnji cilj postane stvarnost.

For the prescribed production technologies, the production instructions and directions are written (production planning). For all critical processes, entered in the WHAT field, in the field HOW, the measures to be taken are established, i.e. the quality control procedures, in order to improve the process, so that it is carried out with certainty and with as few shortcomings as possible. The fourth phase is the stage of production planning. At this stage, the established processes are transformed into working instructions. In this final phase, three process steps are selected: push projects (pro-active projects by the organization towards customers), pull projects (projects that customers require from the organization), the sales process, shown in Table 1. In order to achieve the desired goals, for these three process steps are selected control points, control methods and key performance indicators. Thus, the achievement of all key performance indicators will ensure that the ultimate goal becomes a reality.

Tabela 1. QFD Faza IV (vlasito istraživanje)

Osobine procesa /Kritični procesni koraci

Kontrolne tačke Kontrolna metoda Ključni pokazatelji performansi

Izrada prototipa x x x

Push projekti

- Validacija, odjel prodaje - Prezentacija kupcu - Broj prihvaćenih projekata - Lab. testiranje kod kupca - Industrijska proba kod kupca - Realizacija prodaje

- Analiza tržišta - Broj projekata - Broj projekata, MG, vol. - Broj projekata, MG, vol. - Broj projekata, MG, vol. - Realizirana MG, vol, - WIN rate

x 25% više predstavljenih pro. 18% više prihvaćenih pro. 13% više prihvaćenih pro. 10% više prihvaćenih pro. 5% rast prodaje iz push pro

Pull projekti



x 25% više predstavljenih pro. 18% više prihvaćenih pro. 13% više prihvaćenih pro. 10% više prihvaćenih pro. 10% rast prodaje iz push projekata

Testiranje X x X Proizvodnja X x X Nabava X X X

Prodaja

Volumen prodaje Kontribucijska marža WIN rate Prodaja po aplikaciji Prodaja po tržištima Segmentacija kupaca

Sedmični izvještaj Mjesečni izvještaj Kvartalna kalkulacija Kvartalna kalkulacija Mjesečna kalkulacija Broj posjeta ključnim kupcima

22% rast prodaje, volumen 10% rast kontribucijske marže 15% realiziranih projekata 5% rast prodaje po alokaciji 5% rast prodaje po tržištu 12 posjeta ključnim kupcima, 6 osnovnim kupcima

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Za propisane tehnologije izrade pišu se proizvodna uputstva (instrukcije za planiranje proizvodnje). Za sve kritične procese, upisane u polje ŠTA, utvrđuju se, u polju KAKO, mjere koje treba preduzeti, odnosno postupci kontrole kvaliteta, da bi se proces poboljšao te samim tim odvijao sa sigurnošću odnosno sa što manje nedostataka. Četvrta faza je faza planiranja proizvodnje. U ovoj fazi se utvrđeni procesi pretvaraju u radne upute. U ovoj zadnjoj fazi su odabrana tri procesna koraka, a to su: tzv. push projekti (projekti koji idu proaktivno od organizacije prema kupcima), tzv. pull projekti (projekti koje kupci traže od organizacije), proces prodaje, prikazano u tabeli 1. Za ova tri procesna koraka su odabrane kontrolne tačke, kontrolne metode i ključni pokazatelji performansi kako bi se ostvarili odgovarajući ciljevi. Dakle, ostvarivanje svih ključnih pokazatelja performansi će osigurati da krajnji cilj postane stvarnost.

For the prescribed production technologies, the production instructions and directions are written (production planning). For all critical processes, entered in the WHAT field, in the field HOW, the measures to be taken are established, i.e. the quality control procedures, in order to improve the process, so that it is carried out with certainty and with as few shortcomings as possible. The fourth phase is the stage of production planning. At this stage, the established processes are transformed into working instructions. In this final phase, three process steps are selected: push projects (pro-active projects by the organization towards customers), pull projects (projects that customers require from the organization), the sales process, shown in Table 1. In order to achieve the desired goals, for these three process steps are selected control points, control methods and key performance indicators. Thus, the achievement of all key performance indicators will ensure that the ultimate goal becomes a reality.

Tabela 1. QFD Faza IV (vlasito istraživanje)

Osobine procesa /Kritični procesni koraci

Kontrolne tačke Kontrolna metoda Ključni pokazatelji performansi

Izrada prototipa x x x

Push projekti



x 25% više predstavljenih pro. 18% više prihvaćenih pro. 13% više prihvaćenih pro. 10% više prihvaćenih pro. 5% rast prodaje iz push pro

Pull projekti



x 25% više predstavljenih pro. 18% više prihvaćenih pro. 13% više prihvaćenih pro. 10% više prihvaćenih pro. 10% rast prodaje iz push projekata

Testiranje X x X Proizvodnja X x X Nabava X X X

Prodaja

Volumen prodaje Kontribucijska marža WIN rate Prodaja po aplikaciji Prodaja po tržištima Segmentacija kupaca

Sedmični izvještaj Mjesečni izvještaj Kvartalna kalkulacija Kvartalna kalkulacija Mjesečna kalkulacija Broj posjeta ključnim kupcima

22% rast prodaje, volumen 10% rast kontribucijske marže 15% realiziranih projekata 5% rast prodaje po alokaciji 5% rast prodaje po tržištu 12 posjeta ključnim kupcima, 6 osnovnim kupcima


35

Table 1. QFD Phase IV (own research) Process charac./ Critical process steps

Control points Control method Key performance indicators

Prototyping x X x

Push projects

- Sales department validation - Presentation to the customer - Number of accepted projects - Lab. testing at the customer - Industrial test at the customer - Realization of sales

- Market analysis - The number of projects - Number of projects, MG, vol. - Number of projects, MG, vol. - Number of projects, MG, vol. - Realized MG, vol, - WIN rate

x 25% more presented projects 18% more accepted projects 13% more accepted projects 10% more accepted projects 5% sales growth from push projects

Pull projects

- Validation by sales department - Presentation to the customer - A number of accepted projects - Lab. testing at the customer - Industrial testing at the customer - Realization of sales

- Market analysis - Number of projects - Number of projects, MG, vol. - Number of projects, MG, vol. - Number or projects, MG, vol. - Implemented MG, vol. - WIN rate

x 25% more presented projects 18% more accepted projects 13% more accepted projects 10% more accepted projects 10% sales growht from push projects

Testing X X X Production X X X Procurement X X X

Sales

Volume of sales WIN rate receipts Sales by application Sales by market Segmentation of customers

Weekly report Monthly report Quarterly calculation Quarterly calculation Monthly calculation Number of visits to key customers

22% sales growth, volume 10% increase in the contribution margin 15% of implemented projects 5% growth in sales by application 5% growth in sales by market 12 visits to key customers, 6 to core customers

7. ZAKLJUČAK Kupci subjektivno vrednuju proizvode i usluge. Oni ocjenjuju upotrebljivost i vrijednost dopadljivosti. Zapravo ocjenjuju vrijedi li proizvod, odnosno je li ono što dobivaju njegovim korištenjem “pokriva” cijenu koju moraju platiti da bi ga imali. Dakle, pitanje je hoće li određeni proizvod svojom korisnošću, dizajnom, privlačnošću uvjeriti kupca da za njega plati određenu cijenu. Najvažnije karakteristike kvaliteta za potrošače su funkcionalnost, pouzdanost i trajnost. To se i očituje u definiciji kvaliteta, koja kaže da je kvalitet zapravo usklađenost proizvoda sa zahtjevima kupaca, te sposobnost i prikladnost za upotrebu. Kvalitet procesa neke firme direkno je vezan za poslovanje te firme. Poboljšanjem kvaliteta procesa direktno utječemo na napredak poslovanja odnosno na poboljšanje proizvodnosti, ekonomičnosti i rentabilnosti.

7. CONCLUSION Customers subjectively value products and services. They assess the usability and value of admiration. Whether the product is valid, or whether the benefits obtained by using the product cover the price they have to pay in order to have a particular product. So, the question is whether a particular product will, by its usefulness, design, and attractiveness, convince the customer to pay a certain price for it. The most important quality characteristics for consumers are functionality, reliability and durability. This is also reflected in the definition of quality that says quality is in fact compliance of products with customer requirements, and ability and suitability for use. The quality of a company's process is directly related to the business of that company. By improving the quality of the process, we directly influence the progress of our business, that is,

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Na osnovu toga može se reći da ulaganjem u programe poboljšanja kvaliteta osiguravamo rast proizvodnosti, smanjujemo troškove kvaliteta, a samim time se dobiva jači tržišni položaj. Na osnovu analize koju smo koristili kroz ovaj rad možemo reći da bi svaka organizacija trebalo da proizvodi proizvod koji je lahko primjenjiv kod kupca, da organizacija treba biti uključena u čitav proces razvoja, te da bi proizvodi trebalo da su primjenjivi u više aplikacija, ali isto tako složenog sastava kako kupac ne bi mogao naći zamjenu te koristiti drugi proizvod. Preduslov za opstanak na tržištu jeste povećanje kvaliteta i produktivnosti rada, uz istovremeno smanjenje troškova i povećanje izvoza. Kroz QFD metodu su utvrđeni zahtjevi kupaca koji su prevedeni u karakteristike proizvoda te potrebne procese koji će osigurati najučinkovitije predstavljanje tih proizvoda na tržištu.

improvement of productivity, economy and profitability. Based on this, it can be said that by investing in quality improvement programs, we ensure productivity growth, we reduce quality costs and, therefore, obtain a stronger market position. Based on the analysis we have used in this paper, we can say that each organization should produce a product that can be used by the customer, that an organization should be involved in the entire development process, and that products should be available for multiple applications, but also composition of the product should be complex so that customer could not find a replacement and use another product. The precondition for survival in the market is to increase the quality and labor productivity, while at the same time reducing costs and increasing exports. Through the QFD method, customers' requirements have been identified and translated into product characteristics and the necessary processes that will ensure the most effective representation of these products on the market.

8. LITERATURA - REFERENCES [1] H. Skoko: Upravljanje kvalitetom, Sinergija

d.o.o., Zagreb, 2000. [2] T. Baković: Alati i metode za upravljanje

kvalitetom, Zagreb, 2013. http://web.efzg.hr/dok/TRG/tbakovic/6.%20Alati%20i%20metode%20za%20upravljanje%20kval-V2.pdf, pristup 10.11.2020.

[3] Mizuno, S. and Y. Akao, : QFD: The Customer-Driven Approach to Quality Planning and Development, Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, Japan, available from Quality Resources, One Water Street, White Plains NY, 1994.

[4] Madzik, P.; Lysa, L.; Budaj P.: Determining the Importance of Customer Requirements in QFD – A New Approach based on Kano Model and its Comparation with Other Methods, Quality Quality - Access to Success Vol. 20; No. 168; pp 3-15, Februar 2019

[5] Hauser, J. R.; D. Clausing.: The House of Quality, The Harvard Business Review, May-June, No. 3, pp. 63-67, 1988

[6] Andre, P.M.; Karanović Tomašev, D.; Dimitrijević, LJ.: Application of QFD Method in Developing Management System Implementation Process, Festivak kvaliteta 2010, 19-21 maj 2010, Kragujevac, Srbija, ISBN 978-86-86663-52-8

[7] Hasanić, S.: Istraživanje uticajnih faktora na kvalitet proizvodnje ljepljenih drvenih masivnih ploča u BiH, Magistarski rad, Mašinski fakultet u Zenici

Corresponding author: Sabahudin Jašarević University of Zenica, Polytechnic Faculty, Zenica, Fakultetska 1, BiH Email: [email protected]

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36

Na osnovu toga može se reći da ulaganjem u programe poboljšanja kvaliteta osiguravamo rast proizvodnosti, smanjujemo troškove kvaliteta, a samim time se dobiva jači tržišni položaj. Na osnovu analize koju smo koristili kroz ovaj rad možemo reći da bi svaka organizacija trebalo da proizvodi proizvod koji je lahko primjenjiv kod kupca, da organizacija treba biti uključena u čitav proces razvoja, te da bi proizvodi trebalo da su primjenjivi u više aplikacija, ali isto tako složenog sastava kako kupac ne bi mogao naći zamjenu te koristiti drugi proizvod. Preduslov za opstanak na tržištu jeste povećanje kvaliteta i produktivnosti rada, uz istovremeno smanjenje troškova i povećanje izvoza. Kroz QFD metodu su utvrđeni zahtjevi kupaca koji su prevedeni u karakteristike proizvoda te potrebne procese koji će osigurati najučinkovitije predstavljanje tih proizvoda na tržištu.

improvement of productivity, economy and profitability. Based on this, it can be said that by investing in quality improvement programs, we ensure productivity growth, we reduce quality costs and, therefore, obtain a stronger market position. Based on the analysis we have used in this paper, we can say that each organization should produce a product that can be used by the customer, that an organization should be involved in the entire development process, and that products should be available for multiple applications, but also composition of the product should be complex so that customer could not find a replacement and use another product. The precondition for survival in the market is to increase the quality and labor productivity, while at the same time reducing costs and increasing exports. Through the QFD method, customers' requirements have been identified and translated into product characteristics and the necessary processes that will ensure the most effective representation of these products on the market.

8. LITERATURA - REFERENCES [1] H. Skoko: Upravljanje kvalitetom, Sinergija

d.o.o., Zagreb, 2000. [2] T. Baković: Alati i metode za upravljanje

kvalitetom, Zagreb, 2013. http://web.efzg.hr/dok/TRG/tbakovic/6.%20Alati%20i%20metode%20za%20upravljanje%20kval-V2.pdf, pristup 10.11.2020.

[3] Mizuno, S. and Y. Akao, : QFD: The Customer-Driven Approach to Quality Planning and Development, Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, Japan, available from Quality Resources, One Water Street, White Plains NY, 1994.

[4] Madzik, P.; Lysa, L.; Budaj P.: Determining the Importance of Customer Requirements in QFD – A New Approach based on Kano Model and its Comparation with Other Methods, Quality Quality - Access to Success Vol. 20; No. 168; pp 3-15, Februar 2019

[5] Hauser, J. R.; D. Clausing.: The House of Quality, The Harvard Business Review, May-June, No. 3, pp. 63-67, 1988

[6] Andre, P.M.; Karanović Tomašev, D.; Dimitrijević, LJ.: Application of QFD Method in Developing Management System Implementation Process, Festivak kvaliteta 2010, 19-21 maj 2010, Kragujevac, Srbija, ISBN 978-86-86663-52-8

[7] Hasanić, S.: Istraživanje uticajnih faktora na kvalitet proizvodnje ljepljenih drvenih masivnih ploča u BiH, Magistarski rad, Mašinski fakultet u Zenici

Corresponding author: Sabahudin Jašarević University of Zenica, Polytechnic Faculty, Zenica, Fakultetska 1, BiH Email: [email protected]

Mašinstvo 3-4 (17), 117 – 122 (2020) M. Terzić: UZIMANJE UZORAKA I PRAĆENJE …

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UZIMANJE UZORAKA I PRAĆENJE FIZIČKO-HEMIJSKIH PROCESA NA UREĐAJU ZA PREČIŠĆAVANJE OTPADNIH VODA

TEST SAMPLING AND MONITORING OF PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL

PROCESSES WITH WASTEWATER TREATMENT DEVICE

Stručni rad Muamer Terzić

Federalna uprava za inspekcijske poslove, Fehima ef. Čurčića 6, Sarajevo, BiH Ključne riječi: prečišćavanje otpadnih voda, norme, procedure Keywords: wastewater treatment, norms, procedures Paper received: 23.12.2020. Paper accepted: 30.12.2020.

REZIME Rezultati praćenja fizikalno - hemijskih parametara otpadne vode su prikazani u ovom radu. Uz ove parametre praćen je i protok otpadne vode koja dolazi na uređaj. Dobiveni rezultati analizirani su na način da su uspoređene minimalne, maksimalne i srednje vrijednosti na ulazu i izlazu, na tromjesečnom i godišnjem nivou. Sve promjene uočene putem uzimanja uzoraka tehnoloških otpadnih voda u smislu da fluent ne obezbjeđuje zahtijevani kvalitet moraju se uvažiti i izvršiti izmjene u tehničkih rješenjima u projektnoj dokumentaciji i kod sistema prečišćavanja. Izračunate su vrijednosti opterećenja s raspršenom tvari i opterećenja s organskom tvari koje potvrđuju da su za opterećenje uređaja važni i protok i koncentracija.

Professional paper SUMMARY

This paper presents the results of physical - chemical wastewater parameters monitoring. In addition to these parameters, the flow of wastewater coming to the device was monitored. The obtained results were analyzed by comparing the minimum, maximum and mean values at the input and output on a quarterly and annual basis. All changes observed through sampling of technological wastewater in the sense that the fluent does not provide the required quality must be taken into account and changes made to the technical solutions in the project documentation and treatment system. The values of the load with the dispersed substance and the load with the organic substance were calculated, which confirmed that both the flow and the concentration were important for the load of the device.

1. UVOD Naglim porastom standarda stanovništva, kao i povećavanjem postojećih i izgradnjom novih industrijskih kapaciteta, povećava se potrošnja vode, a smanjuju se rezerve čiste vode u prirodi. Zbog toga je nužno potrebna izgradnja postrojenja za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda. Uspješan rad postrojenja za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda zasniva se na kontinuiranom praćenju fizikalnih, kemijskih i bioloških parametara. U ovom radu analizirani su parametri otpadne vode na ulazu i izlazu iz uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda. Proračunom potrebnih količina vode za nesmetan rad postrojenja definira se tehničko-tehnološko rješenje sistema prikupljanja, prečišćavanja i ispuštanja prečišćenih oborinskih onečišćenih voda u recipijentu sa svim potrebnim proračunima. Monitoring otpadnih voda vrši se u skladu sa Uredbom o uslovima ispuštanjima otpadnih voda u okoliš i sisteme javne kanalizacije, [1, 2].

1. INTRODUCTION The water consumption has increased and the reserves of clean water in nature decreased by the sudden increase in the population standard, as well as by the increase of the existing and the construction of new industrial capacities. Therefore, it is necessary to build wastewater treatment plants. The successful operation of a wastewater treatment plant is based on continuous monitoring of physical, chemical and biological parameters. In this paper, the parameters of wastewater at the inlet and outlet of wastewater treatment plants are analyzed. By calculating the required quantities of water for the smooth operation of the plant, it defines the technical and technological solution of the system of collection, treatment and discharge of purified rainwater in the recipient with all necessary calculations. Wastewater monitoring is performed in accordance to the Regulation on wastewater public sewers, [1, 2].

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Uzorkovanje otpadnih voda vrši se za vrijeme tehnoloških procesa na kontrolnom mjestu izravno prije ispuštanja otpadnih voda u okoliš ili sistem javne kanalizacije prema važećim standardima.

Sampling of wastewater is performed during technological processes at the control point immediately before the discharge of wastewater into the environment or public sewer system according to applicable standards.

2. TEHNIČKI OPIS Mjerenje količina tehnoloških otpadnih voda, kao i uzimanje uzoraka za ispitivanje njihovog fizičko-hemijskog sastava, obavljat će se na mjestima ispusta u okoliš kako bi se mogle pratiti prosječne i maksimalne vrijednosti. Da bi se obezbijedila jednostavna inspekcija i mjerenje ukupne količine otpadnih voda, kao i jednostavno uzorkovanje otpadih voda, svako pravno lice iz industrijske i privredne djelatnosti dužno je da na svakom priključku tehnoloških otpadnih voda na javni kanalizacijski sistem, na mjestu ispusta u okoliš, pravi revizioni šaht odgovarajućih dimenzija, slika 1. Uzimanje uzoraka i mjerenje protoka vrši se u toku 24 sata pri čemu se zahvataju kompozitni jednosatni uzorci koji se uzimaju automatskim uređajem za uzorkovanje ili ručno, [3]. Ispitivanje otpadnih voda obavezno će obuhvatati sljedeće parametre:

2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION Measurement of technological wastewater quantities as well as sampling for testing their physical-chemical composition will be performed at the places of discharge into the environment in order to be able to monitor average and maximum values. In order to ensure simple inspection and measurement of the total amount of wastewater as well as simple sampling of wastewater, each legal entity performing industrial and commercial activities is obliged to make an appropriate inspection manhole of adequate dimension at each connection point of technological wastewater to the public sewerage system, Fig. 1. Sampling and flow measurement are performed within 24 hours, taking composite one-hour samples with an automatic sampling device or manually, [3]. Wastewater testing will necessarily include the following parameters:

- mjerodavni protok, temperatura, - pH vrijednost, - boja, - sadržaj otopljenog kisika, - BPKs, - HPK, - suspendirane materije, - taložne materije, - elektroprovodljivost, - ukupne suspendirane materije, - amonijački azot, - ukupni N, - ukupni P, - test toksičnoti, kao i sve ostale parametre specifične za industriju čije se otpadne vode ispituju. Maksimalni dozvoljeni broj uzoraka koji mogu da ne zadovolje Uredbu o uslovima ispuštanja otpadnih voda u okoliš i sisteme javne kanalizacije su: - za 4-7 uzoraka godišnje dozvoljeno

odstupanje je kod 1 uzorka, - za 8-16 uzoraka godišnje dozvoljeno je

odstupanje kod 2 uzorka.

- relevant flow, temperature, - pH value, - color, - dissolved oxygen content, - BPKs, - HPK, - suspended matter, - sediments, - electrical conductivity, - total suspended matter, - ammoniacal nitrogen, - total N, - total P, - toxicity test, as well as all other parameters specific to the industry whose wastewater is being tested. The maximum number of samples that may not meet the Regulation on the conditions of discharge of wastewater into the environment and public sewerage systems are: - for 4-7 samples per year the allowed deviation

is 1 sample, - for 8-16 samples per year, a deviation of 2

samples is allowed.

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Slika 1. Revizioni šaht odgovarajućih dimenzija

Figure 1. Inspection manhole of appropriate dimensions 3. REZULTATI ISPITIVANJA KVANTITETA I KVALITETA OTPADNIH VODA Za provedbu analize fizikalno-kemijskih pokazatelja kvaliteta vode uzeti su uzorci otpadne vode na ulazu i izlazu iz centralnog uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadne vode. Automatski uzorkivač sadrži 12 posuda za čuvanje 24-satnog kompozitnog uzorka otpadne vode, a automatika i doziranje uzoraka otpadne vode proporcionalna je protoku, s obzirom na to da je pumpa povezana s mjeračem protoka. Rezultati ispitivanja otpadne vode prikazane su u Izvještaju br. 1 (Tabela 1.) sa datim graničnim vrijednostima za ispuštanje otpadne vode u okoliš ili sistem javne kanalizacije. Shodno rezultatima provedene inspekcije potvrđuje se da je analiza otpadne vode rađena u skladu s Uredbom o uslovima ispuštanja otpadnih voda u okoliš i sistem javne kanalizacije. Prema navedenom izvještaju parametri kvaliteta otpadne vode zadovoljavaju kriterije navedene u Uredbi, [2]. 4. TOKSIČNOST PO PROBIT ANALIZI Svrha ovoga testa je odrediti akutnu letalnu toksičnost tvari za ribe u slatkoj vodi. Kao pomoć u odabiru najprikladnije ispitne metode (statička, polustatička ili protočna) poželjno je imati informacije o topljivosti u vodi, pritisku pare, hemijskoj stabilnosti, konstantama disocijacije i biorazgradivosti tvari u mjeri u kojoj je to moguće, kako bi se osigurala zadovoljavajuća stabilnost koncentracija ispitivane tvari u razdoblju ispitivanja.

3. RESULTS OF WASTEWATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY TESTING To perform the analysis of physical-chemical water quality indicators, wastewater samples were taken at the inlet and outlet of the central wastewater treatment plant. The automatic sampler contains 12 containers for storing a 24-hour composite wastewater sample, and the automation and dosing of wastewater samples is proportional to flow, since the pump is connected to a flow meter. The results of the wastewater test are presented in Report No. 1, Table 1. with the given limit values for the discharge of wastewater into the environment or the public sewerage system. Pursuant to the results of the inspection, it can be confirmed that the analysis of wastewater was performed in accordance with the Regulation on the conditions of discharge of wastewater into the environment and the public sewerage system. According to the report, wastewater quality parameters meet the criteria specified in the Regulation, [2]. 4. TOXICITY AFTER PROBIT ANALYSIS The purpose of this test is to determine the acute lethal toxicity of a substance to freshwater fish. To assist in selecting the most appropriate test method (static, semi-static or flow-through), it is desirable to have information on water solubility, vapor pressure, chemical stability, dissociation constants and biodegradability of the substance as far as possible, to ensure satisfactory stability of concentrations test substances during the test period.

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Tabela 1. Izvještaj br. 1 / Table 1. Report no. 1

Parametar/Parameters Jedinice/ Units Metod/Method

Granična vrijednost/Limit value

Rezultat* Result

Površinska vodna

tijela/Surface water bodies

Javna kanalizacija/Public sewer

Temperatura/Temperature ˚C BAS DIN 38404-4:20102) 30 - 14,3 pH vrijednost/value pH jedinica/units BAS EN ISO 10523:2013 6,5 -9.0 - 7,02 Ukupne suspendovane materije/ Total suspended substances mg/l BAS EN 872:2006 35 - 15

Taložive materije/ Sedimentary substances ml/l/h EPA 2540F:2011

0,5 - 0,1

Hemijska potrošnja kisika, HPK-Cr/ Chemical oxygen demand mgO2/l

Standard method 5220C APHA-AWWA-

WEF:2011 100 (400)** - 25,6

Test toksičnosti/Toxicity test % otp. vode u

razblaženju/w.w. in dilution

BAS EN ISO 6341:2014 > 50 % - 55,89

SPECIFIČNI PARAMETRI/SPECIFIC PARAMETERS Amonijak/Ammonia mg/l BAS ISO 7150:2002 30(100)** - 0,01 Nitrati/Nitrates mg/l BAS ISO 7890-3:2000 5 - 2,30 Fosfor /Phosphorus, P mg/l BAS ISO 6878:2006 2 - 0,29 Mineralna ulja/Mineral oils mg/l ASTM D7678-171) 10 - 0,00

Fluoridi/Fluorides mg/l BAS EN ISO 10304-1:2010 1) 20(50)** - <0,1

Slobodni hlor/Free chlorine mgCl2/l BAS EN ISO 7393-

2:20031) 0,5 - 0,03

Adsorbilni organski ugljik (AOX)/Adsorbable organic carbon mgCl/l BAS EN ISO 9562:20061) 1 - /

Cijanidi ukupni/Cyanides total mg/l APHA Method 45001) 0,2 - 0,3

Sulfidi/Sulfides mg/l BAS ISO 10530:20021) 1 - 0,10

Aluminij /Aluminum, Al mg/l Standard method 3111(B)

APHA-AWWA-WEF:20111)

3 - 0,03

Arsen /Arsenic, As mg/l Standard method 3113(B)


0,1 - 0,001

Barij /Barium, Ba mg/l Standard method 3113(B)


2 0,00

Olovo /Lead, Pb mg/l BAS ISO 8288:20023) 0,5 - 0,01

Kadmij /Cadmium, Cd mg/l Standard method 3113(B)


0,1(0,2)** - 0,001

Hrom ukupni/Chrome total, Cr mg/l Standard method 3111(B)

APHA-AWWA-WEF:2011

0,5 - 0,04

Hrom/Chrome VI, Cr6+ mg/l BAS ISO 11083:20021) 0,1 - /

Nikl/Nickel, Ni mg/l BAS ISO 8288:20023) 0,5 - 0,00

Bakar/Copper, Cu mg/l BAS ISO 8288:2002 0,5 - 0,03

Srebro/Silver, Ag mg/l Standard method 3113(B)


0,1 - 0,00

Kalaj/Tin, Sn mg/l Standard method 3113(B)


2 - 0,00

Cink/Zinc, Zn mg/l BAS ISO 8288:2002 2 - 1,62

Željezo/Iron, Fe mg/l Standard method 3111(B)


3 - 0,00

Protok/Flow, Q m3/dan/day Internal method RU 806541471) 143,7

Napomena: Metod nije akreditiran kod Instituta za akreditiranje BiH – BATA. Metod se izvodi na terenu akreditiran kod Instituta za akreditiranje BiH – BATA. Rezultat analize je izvan područja standardne metode. * podaci preuzeti od Ispitnog laboratorija Kakanj ** granične vrijednosti se razlikuju u zavisnosi od postupka prerade i obrade

metala

Notes: The method is not accredited by the BiH Accreditation Institute - BATA. The method is performed in the field accredited by the Institute for Accreditation of BiH - BATA. The result of the analysis is outside the scope of the standard method. * data taken from the Kakanj Testing Laboratory ** limit values differ depending on the metal processing and treatment

process


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Kod planiranja ispitivanja i tumačenja rezultata potrebno je uzeti u obzir i dodatne informacije (npr. strukturna formula, stupanj čistoće, vrsta i postotak značajnih nečistoća, prisutnost i količine dodataka-aditiva). Rezultati testa toksičnosti po Probit analizi prikazani su u Tabeli 1.

Additional information (e.g. structural formula, degree of purity, type and percentage of significant impurities, presence and amounts of additives) should be taken into account when the test and interpretation of results are planned. The results of the toxicity test according to the Probit analysis are shown in Table 2.

Tabela 2. Rezultati testa toksičnosti po Probit analizi Table 2. The results of the toxicity test according to the Probit analysis

Koncentracija, C %/

Concentration Log (C %)

Mobilne jedinke/ Mobile units

Imobilne jedinke/

Immobile units

Proporcija Proportion

Korekcija/ Correction Probit (P)

Kontrola/Control 0 20 0 0

45 1.653 17 3 0.15 0.150 3.964 48 1.681 14 6 0.30 0.300 4.476 52 1.716 12 8 0.40 0.400 4.747 56 1.748 10 10 0.50 0.500 5.000 60 1.778 8 12 0.60 0.600 5.253

Log10: 1,747 EC50: 55,89

Slika 2. Grafički prikaz testa toksičnosti po Probit analizi

Figure 2. Graphical representation of the toxicity test according to Probit analysis S aspekta tehničkih rješenja u projektnoj dokumentaciji, pogodnom kombinacijom prikazanih hemijskih i fizičko-hemijskih postupaka tretmana otpadnih voda i na osnovu dobijenih rezultata vode, koja je prošla prikazani opisani tretman, dobija se zadovoljavajući kvalitet prečišćene vode koja se, prema važećoj zakonskoj regulativi u Bosni i Hercegovini, može ispuštati kako u gradski kanalizacioni sistem, tako i u površinske tokove, [4-6]. Na ovaj način, sa prikazanog aspekta odgovornost prema životnoj sredini je ispunjena.

From the point of technical solutions in project documentation, a suitable combination of chemical and physical-chemical wastewater treatment procedures, and based on the obtained results of water that has undergone the described treatment, a satisfactory quality of treated water is obtained which, according to the current legislation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, can be discharged both into the city sewage system and into surface streams, [4-6]. In this way, from the presented aspect the responsibility towards the environment is fulfilled.

y = 9,7587x - 12,0523,50

4,00

4,50

5,00

5,50

1,63 1,68 1,73 1,78 1,83

Prob

it (Im

obili

zacij

a/Im

mob

iliza

tion)

Log (Koncentracija/Concentration %)

121


40

Tabela 1. Izvještaj br. 1 / Table 1. Report no. 1

Parametar/Parameters Jedinice/ Units Metod/Method

Granična vrijednost/Limit value

Rezultat* Result

Površinska vodna

tijela/Surface water bodies

Javna kanalizacija/Public sewer

Temperatura/Temperature ˚C BAS DIN 38404-4:20102) 30 - 14,3 pH vrijednost/value pH jedinica/units BAS EN ISO 10523:2013 6,5 -9.0 - 7,02 Ukupne suspendovane materije/ Total suspended substances mg/l BAS EN 872:2006 35 - 15

Taložive materije/ Sedimentary substances ml/l/h EPA 2540F:2011

0,5 - 0,1

Hemijska potrošnja kisika, HPK-Cr/ Chemical oxygen demand mgO2/l

Standard method 5220C APHA-AWWA-

WEF:2011 100 (400)** - 25,6

Test toksičnosti/Toxicity test % otp. vode u

razblaženju/w.w. in dilution

BAS EN ISO 6341:2014 > 50 % - 55,89

SPECIFIČNI PARAMETRI/SPECIFIC PARAMETERS Amonijak/Ammonia mg/l BAS ISO 7150:2002 30(100)** - 0,01 Nitrati/Nitrates mg/l BAS ISO 7890-3:2000 5 - 2,30 Fosfor /Phosphorus, P mg/l BAS ISO 6878:2006 2 - 0,29 Mineralna ulja/Mineral oils mg/l ASTM D7678-171) 10 - 0,00

Fluoridi/Fluorides mg/l BAS EN ISO 10304-1:2010 1) 20(50)** - <0,1

Slobodni hlor/Free chlorine mgCl2/l BAS EN ISO 7393-

2:20031) 0,5 - 0,03

Adsorbilni organski ugljik (AOX)/Adsorbable organic carbon mgCl/l BAS EN ISO 9562:20061) 1 - /

Cijanidi ukupni/Cyanides total mg/l APHA Method 45001) 0,2 - 0,3

Sulfidi/Sulfides mg/l BAS ISO 10530:20021) 1 - 0,10

Aluminij /Aluminum, Al mg/l Standard method 3111(B)


3 - 0,03

Arsen /Arsenic, As mg/l Standard method 3113(B)


0,1 - 0,001

Barij /Barium, Ba mg/l Standard method 3113(B)


2 0,00

Olovo /Lead, Pb mg/l BAS ISO 8288:20023) 0,5 - 0,01

Kadmij /Cadmium, Cd mg/l Standard method 3113(B)


0,1(0,2)** - 0,001

Hrom ukupni/Chrome total, Cr mg/l Standard method 3111(B)

APHA-AWWA-WEF:2011

0,5 - 0,04

Hrom/Chrome VI, Cr6+ mg/l BAS ISO 11083:20021) 0,1 - /

Nikl/Nickel, Ni mg/l BAS ISO 8288:20023) 0,5 - 0,00

Bakar/Copper, Cu mg/l BAS ISO 8288:2002 0,5 - 0,03

Srebro/Silver, Ag mg/l Standard method 3113(B)


0,1 - 0,00

Kalaj/Tin, Sn mg/l Standard method 3113(B)


2 - 0,00

Cink/Zinc, Zn mg/l BAS ISO 8288:2002 2 - 1,62

Željezo/Iron, Fe mg/l Standard method 3111(B)


3 - 0,00

Protok/Flow, Q m3/dan/day Internal method RU 806541471) 143,7

Napomena: Metod nije akreditiran kod Instituta za akreditiranje BiH – BATA. Metod se izvodi na terenu akreditiran kod Instituta za akreditiranje BiH – BATA. Rezultat analize je izvan područja standardne metode. * podaci preuzeti od Ispitnog laboratorija Kakanj ** granične vrijednosti se razlikuju u zavisnosi od postupka prerade i obrade

metala

Notes: The method is not accredited by the BiH Accreditation Institute - BATA. The method is performed in the field accredited by the Institute for Accreditation of BiH - BATA. The result of the analysis is outside the scope of the standard method. * data taken from the Kakanj Testing Laboratory ** limit values differ depending on the metal processing and treatment

process


41

Kod planiranja ispitivanja i tumačenja rezultata potrebno je uzeti u obzir i dodatne informacije (npr. strukturna formula, stupanj čistoće, vrsta i postotak značajnih nečistoća, prisutnost i količine dodataka-aditiva). Rezultati testa toksičnosti po Probit analizi prikazani su u Tabeli 1.

Additional information (e.g. structural formula, degree of purity, type and percentage of significant impurities, presence and amounts of additives) should be taken into account when the test and interpretation of results are planned. The results of the toxicity test according to the Probit analysis are shown in Table 2.

Tabela 2. Rezultati testa toksičnosti po Probit analizi Table 2. The results of the toxicity test according to the Probit analysis

Koncentracija, C %/

Concentration Log (C %)

Mobilne jedinke/ Mobile units

Imobilne jedinke/

Immobile units

Proporcija Proportion

Korekcija/ Correction Probit (P)

Kontrola/Control 0 20 0 0

45 1.653 17 3 0.15 0.150 3.964 48 1.681 14 6 0.30 0.300 4.476 52 1.716 12 8 0.40 0.400 4.747 56 1.748 10 10 0.50 0.500 5.000 60 1.778 8 12 0.60 0.600 5.253

Log10: 1,747 EC50: 55,89

Slika 2. Grafički prikaz testa toksičnosti po Probit analizi

Figure 2. Graphical representation of the toxicity test according to Probit analysis S aspekta tehničkih rješenja u projektnoj dokumentaciji, pogodnom kombinacijom prikazanih hemijskih i fizičko-hemijskih postupaka tretmana otpadnih voda i na osnovu dobijenih rezultata vode, koja je prošla prikazani opisani tretman, dobija se zadovoljavajući kvalitet prečišćene vode koja se, prema važećoj zakonskoj regulativi u Bosni i Hercegovini, može ispuštati kako u gradski kanalizacioni sistem, tako i u površinske tokove, [4-6]. Na ovaj način, sa prikazanog aspekta odgovornost prema životnoj sredini je ispunjena.

From the point of technical solutions in project documentation, a suitable combination of chemical and physical-chemical wastewater treatment procedures, and based on the obtained results of water that has undergone the described treatment, a satisfactory quality of treated water is obtained which, according to the current legislation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, can be discharged both into the city sewage system and into surface streams, [4-6]. In this way, from the presented aspect the responsibility towards the environment is fulfilled.

y = 9,7587x - 12,0523,50

4,00

4,50

5,00

5,50

1,63 1,68 1,73 1,78 1,83

Prob

it (Im

obili

zacij

a/Im

mob

iliza

tion)

Log (Koncentracija/Concentration %)

122


42

6. ZAKLJUČAK Ispitivanjem kvaliteta i kvantiteta otpadnih voda može se zaključiti da izmjereni parametri zadovoljavaju granične vrijednosti emisije otpadnih voda koji se ispuštaju u prirodne recipijente u skladu s Uredbom o uslovima ispuštanja otpadnih voda u okoliš i sisteme javne kanalizacije. Shodno članu 22. stav 2. spomenute Uredbe za parametre, čije su izmjerene vrijednosti veće od propisanih, isti ne smije odstupati za više od 50% a za suspendovane materije za 100%, te se konstatuje da izmjerena vrijednost cijanida koja je prekoračila dozvoljenu vrijednost zadovoljava navedeni uslov. Mjerenjem i određivanjem protoka otpadnih voda utvrđeno je da je monitoring potrebno raditi osam puta godišnje u skladu s Uredbom o uslovima ispuštanja otpadnih voda u okoliš i sistem javne kanalizacije. Općenito se može zaključiti da sve promjene uočene putem uzimanja uzoraka tehnoloških otpadnih voda, kada efluent ne obezbjeđuje kvalitet, traže da se izvrše izmjene u tehničkim rješenjima u projektnoj dokumentaciji i sistemu prečišćavanja. Korisnik objekta je dužan, putem laboratorija ovlaštenog od Federalnog ministarstva poljoprivrede, vodoprivrede i šumarstva, nastaviti redovno ispitivanja kvaliteta otpadnih voda, uzimanjem uzoraka efluenta iz revizionog šahta za monitoring u skladu s Uredbom o uslovima ispuštanja otpadnih voda u okoliš i sisteme javne kanalizacije. REFERENCES [1] Zakon o vodama („Službene novine

Federacije BiH“, broj 70/06), [2] Uredba o uslovima ispuštanjima otpadnih

voda u okoliš i sisteme javne kanalizacije (Sl. novine FBiH br. 26/20).

[3] Zakon o zaštiti okoliša („Službene novine Federacije BiH“, br.: 33/03, 38/09),

[4] Zakon o prostornom planiranju i korištenju zemljišta na nivou Federacije BiH („Službene novine Federacije BiH“, br.: 2/06,72/07, 32/08, 4/10,13/10, 45/10), kanalizacije („Službene novine Federacije BiH“, br.: 101/15, 1/16),

6. CONCLUSION By examining the quality and quantity of wastewater, it can be concluded that the measured parameters meet the emission limit values of wastewater discharged into natural recipients in accordance with the Regulation on the conditions of wastewater discharge into the environment and public sewerage systems. Pursuant to Article 22, Paragraph 2 of the Regulation mentioned, for parameters whose measured values are higher than prescribed, it may not deviate by more than 50% and for suspended meters by 100%, and it is concluded that the measured value of cyanide exceeding the permitted value satisfies the specified condition. By measuring and determining the flow of wastewater, it was determined that monitoring should be done eight times a year in accordance with the regulation on the conditions of wastewater discharge into the environment and the public sewerage system. In general, it can be concluded that any changes observed through the sampling of technological wastewater when the effluent does not provide quality, changes must be made in the technical solutions in the project documentation and treatment system. The user of the facility is obliged, through a laboratory authorized by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Water Management and Forestry, to continue regular testing of wastewater quality, by taking effluent samples from the inspection manhole for monitoring in accordance with the Regulation on wastewater discharge and public sewerage systems. [5] Pravilnik o uvjetima za određivanje zona

sanitarne zaštite i zaštitnih mjera za izvorišta voda koja se koriste ili planiraju da koriste za piće („Službene novine Federacije BiH“, broj 51/02),

[6] Pravilnik o načinu obračunavanja, postupku i rokovima za obračunavanje i plaćanje i kontroli izmirivanja obaveza na osnovu opće vodne naknade.

Corresponding author: Dr. sc. Muamer Terzić Federalna uprava za inspekcijske poslove Fehima ef. Čurčića 6, Sarajevo, BiH Email: [email protected] Phone: +387 62 928 058

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)( 214

iiiiiii rxqxpwfwO ++== (1)

2)( 2ii

iyoE −

= (2)

( )22

2

2 nn

n

sssG

++= (3)

(Notice: If you convert and save your document as a MS Word 2010 file and then add equations to it, you will not be able to use previous versions of MS Word to change any of the new equations.). Figures and tables are numbered with Arabic numerals (1 ÷ n). In the text, a figure or table is referenced by its number (e.g. in Fig. 1, in Tab. 1, etc.).

Figure 1 The texts within formulas (only for authors from the former Yugoslavia)

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Figure 2 Simplified musculoskeletal model of an arm


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47

)( 214

iiiiiii rxqxpwfwO ++== (1)

2)( 2ii

iyoE −

= (2)

( )22

2

2 nn

n

sssG

++= (3)

(Notice: If you convert and save your document as a MS Word 2010 file and then add equations to it, you will not be able to use previous versions of MS Word to change any of the new equations.). Figures and tables are numbered with Arabic numerals (1 ÷ n). In the text, a figure or table is referenced by its number (e.g. in Fig. 1, in Tab. 1, etc.).

Figure 1 The texts within formulas (only for authors from the former Yugoslavia)


Figure 2 Simplified musculoskeletal model of an arm


When reference to literature is made, the publication number from the bibliography in square brackets is used like "... in [7] the authors showed ...". In the bibliography, literature is cited in accordance with examples given in the section titled Style Citation Guide. 2. COPYRIGHT TRANSFER AGREEMENT Copyright assignment. The author hereby assigns to the journal "Mašinstvo" the copyright in the above article, throughout the world, in any form, in any language, for the full

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Co-authorship. If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.


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1.1. Subtitle 1 (Writing Instructions) (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Bold)

The text of the paper is arranged in sections and when necessary into subsections. Sections are marked with one Arabic numeral and subsections with two Arabic numerals, e.g. 1.1., 1.2., 1.3., etc. When a subsection is arranged into smaller parts, all are marked with three Arabic numerals, e.g. 1.1.1., 1.1.2., etc. Further divisions are not allowed. The text has to be organized in the following order: Title of the paper (up to 15 words). Paper should have a concise but informative title that clearly reflects the subject of the paper. Authors' full names (stated without ranks and academic titles). Summary - Abstract (up to 150 words) should present a brief and factual account of content and conclusions of the paper, and an indication of the relevance of the new material presented. Title and abstract in Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (B/C/S) only for authors from the former Yugoslavia. An alphabetic list of keywords in English and in (B/C/S) is needed. Keywords normally originate from the title and from the abstract. Introduction should state the reason for the work, with brief reference to previous work on the subject. It informs about the applied method and its advantages. Central part of the paper may be arranged in sections. Complete mathematical procedures for formula derivations should be avoided. The necessary mathematical descriptions may be given in an appendix. Authors are advised to use examples to illustrate the experimental procedure, applications or algorithms. In general, all the theoretical statements have to be experimentally verified. In Conclusions all the results are stated, and all the advantages of the used method are pointed out. The limitations of the method should be clearly described as well as the application areas. Bibliography should be given at the end of the article and numbered in square brackets in order of appearance of references in the text. Corresponding authors' full names should be followed by the name and address of the institution in which the work was carried out. A List of used symbols and theirs SI units is optional after the bibliography.

1.1.1. Subtitle 2 (Preparation of Manuscript) (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Bold)

The paper should be written using Latin characters. Greek letters may be used for symbols. The volume of the article is limited to 10 pages (A4 format). That includes blanks and equivalent number of characters covered by figures and tables. Number of pages must be even. The text should be sent to the Editorial Board using email. For the text preparing should be used only MS Word for Windows respectively *.doc, *.docx (Word Document) or *.rtf (Rich Text Format) format of records. The text has to be prepared in accordance with this template. The Editorial Board may exceptionally request the CD-ROM with recorded articles and figures and tables. In that case the figures (drawings, diagrams and photographs) should be submitted stored on the CD-ROM in JPG/JPEG, PNG, TIF (TIFF Bitmap) or BMP (Windows Bitmap) format, min. resolution of 300 dpi. Each figure should be labelled in the same way in both the paper and recorded format (e.g. fig-1.JPG). If figures are inserted into the text, their resolution must be of min. 300 dpi. Latin or Greek characters in italics are used for physical symbols and normal characters for measuring units and numerical values. Text in figures is also written with normal letters. Character size is to be chosen on the basis of the following criterion: after expected figure size reduction, a capital Latin character should be about 2 mm high (no less than 6pt). All figures in the Journal will be printed in black and white technique. Coloured figures will be seen only in the PDF format on the website http://www.mf.unze.ba Tables are created with the word processing program. Each table is positioned in the desired place in the text. In the case of decimal numbers, use comas (e.g. 0,253) and use a small gap to separate the thousands (e.g. 25.000, but not in the case of 1500). The texts under figures and table titles are in English language and in B/C/S for authors from the former Yugoslavia. Section titles and titles of subsections are typed in small letters only in English language. Equations are numbered with Arabic numerals in parenthesis at the right margin of the text. In the text an equation is referenced by its number in parenthesis like "... from Eq. (3) follows ...". Create equations with MS Word Equation Editor (some examples are given below).

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Figure 3 Page setup (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Italic)

Figure X Photography resolution of 300 dpi (min.) (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Italic) 3. PUBLICATION ETHICS AND PUBLICATION MALPRACTICE STATEMENT The publication of an article in a peer reviewed journal is an essential model for our journal "Mašinstvo". It is necessary to agree upon standards of expected ethical behaviour for all parties involved in the act of publishing: the author, the journal editor, the peer reviewer and the publisher. Publication decisions. The editor of the "Mašinstvo" is responsible for deciding which of the articles submitted to the Journal should be published. The editor may be guided by the policies of the Journal's Editorial Board and constrained by such legal requirements as shall then be in force

regarding libel, copyright infringement and plagiarism. The editor may confer with other editors or reviewers in making this decision. Fair play. An editor at any time evaluate manuscripts for their intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the authors. Confidentiality. The editor and any editorial staff must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the corresponding author, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher, as appropriate. Disclosure and conflicts of interest. Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted manuscript must not be used in an editor's own research without the written consent of the author. Contribution to editorial decisions. Peer review assists the editor in making editorial decisions and through the editorial communications with the author may also assist the author in improving the paper. Acknowledgement of sources. Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also call to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper of which they have personal knowledge.

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Table 1 Table titles (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Normal)

Engineering stress

σe / MPa

Engineering plastic strain εe,pl / %

True stress σt / MPa

True plastic strain εt,pl / %

250,0 0,00 250,8 0,00 250,0 0,21 250,8 0,21 285,7 1,35 290,0 1,34 322,7 2,13 330,1 2,10 358,4 3,06 370,0 3,00 393,1 4,35 411,0 4,24 423,6 6,05 450,1 5,85 449,7 8,76 490,1 8,36 457,0 15,79 530,1 14,59 467,9 21,58 570,0 19,45 475,0 29,77 617,5 25,94

(Style in table: Times New Roman, 11pt, Normal) 4. CONCLUSION Paper manuscripts, prepared in accordance with the Instructions for Authors, are to be submitted to the Editorial Board of the "Mašinstvo" journal. Manuscripts and the CD-ROM are not returned to authors. When prepared for printing, the text may undergo small alternations by the Editorial Board. Papers not prepared in accordance with the Instructions shall be returned to the first author. When there are several authors, the first author will be contacted. The Editorial Board shall accept the statements made by the first author.

5. STYLE CITATION GUIDE Bibliography (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Normal) The following recommendations are from The Chicago Manual of Style, University of Chicago Press, 15th ed., 2003. For further information and examples of additional types of sources, please visit http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org In the bibliography, please state your sources in accordance with the exmaples given below. Also, indent the second and subsequent lines. Online sources that are analogous to print sources (such as articles published in online journals, magazines, or newspapers) should be cited similarly to their print counterparts but with the addition of a URL. Some publishers or disciplines may also require an access date. For online or other electronic sources that do not have a direct print counterpart (such as an institutional website or a weblog), give as much information as you can in addition to the URL. Books One author [1] Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. Two authors [2] Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar. Primate Conservation Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Four or more authors [3] Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. Editor, translator, or compiler instead of author [4] Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951. Chapter, essay or other part of a book [5] Wiese, Andrew. “‘The House I Live In’: Race, Class, and African American Suburban Dreams in the Postwar United States.” In The


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Figure 3 Page setup (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Italic)

Figure X Photography resolution of 300 dpi (min.) (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Italic) 3. PUBLICATION ETHICS AND PUBLICATION MALPRACTICE STATEMENT The publication of an article in a peer reviewed journal is an essential model for our journal "Mašinstvo". It is necessary to agree upon standards of expected ethical behaviour for all parties involved in the act of publishing: the author, the journal editor, the peer reviewer and the publisher. Publication decisions. The editor of the "Mašinstvo" is responsible for deciding which of the articles submitted to the Journal should be published. The editor may be guided by the policies of the Journal's Editorial Board and constrained by such legal requirements as shall then be in force

regarding libel, copyright infringement and plagiarism. The editor may confer with other editors or reviewers in making this decision. Fair play. An editor at any time evaluate manuscripts for their intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the authors. Confidentiality. The editor and any editorial staff must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the corresponding author, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher, as appropriate. Disclosure and conflicts of interest. Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted manuscript must not be used in an editor's own research without the written consent of the author. Contribution to editorial decisions. Peer review assists the editor in making editorial decisions and through the editorial communications with the author may also assist the author in improving the paper. Acknowledgement of sources. Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also call to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper of which they have personal knowledge.

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New Suburban History, edited by Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue, 99–119. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. Books published electronically If a book is available in more than one format, you should cite the version you consulted, but you may also list the other formats, as given below. [6] Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/. Also available in print form and as a CD-ROM. Journals Scholarly journal (show volume & date) [7] Smith, John Maynard. “The Origin of Altruism.” Nature 393 (1998): 639–40. Popular magazine article (show date alone) [8] Martin, Steve. “Sports-Interview Shocker.” New Yorker, May 6, 2002. Article in an online journal, magazine or newspaper Add the article’s URL to the basic citation. However, for articles accessed through a third-party database (e.g., JSTOR), list the URL of the “main entrance” page of the database instead of the individual article, e.g. http://www.jstor.org/ or http://muse.jhu.edu/ If an access date is required by your discipline, include it parenthetically at the end of the citation. [9] Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A. Whooley. "Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy: Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Trial." Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (February 6, 2002), http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo. Websites Websites may be cited in running text (“On its website, the Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees states . . .”) instead of in an in-text citation, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography or reference list as well. The

following examples show the more formal versions of the citations. If an access date is required by your discipline, include it parenthetically at the end of the citation, as in the example below. [10] Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000–2010: A Decade of Outreach.” Evanston Public Library. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (accessed June 1, 2005). Corresponding author: Name and surname Institution Email: [email protected] Phone: + xxx xx xxxxxx (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Bold)

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Preduzeće FEMA Group osnovano je 2020. godine sa sjedištem na adresi Zmaja od Bosne b.b.- In-dustrijska zona, Zenica. Preduzeće je namjenski projektovano za djelatnosti proizvodnje i montaže čeličnih proizvoda. Firma je u potpunosti opremlje-na za kompletan proces prizvodnje i montažu uz stručan kadar sastavljen od inžinjera, atestiranih zavarivača, profesionalnih bravara, montera, limara i farbara.

FEMA Group je specijalizirano preduzeće za dje-latnosti prodaje, proizvodnje, montaže, remonta i održavanja čeličnih konstrukcija, procesne opreme, industrjskih cjevovoda, rudarske opreme i industrij-skih armatura. Preduzeće je također implementira-lo sistem osiguranja kvaliteta ISO 9001 i posjeduje certifikate EN3834-2, EN1090-1 i EN1090-2.

FEMA Group posjeduje 4 proizvodne hale pod jed-nim krovom ukupne površine cca 15000 m2. Tako-đer hale su snabdjevene sa kranovima nosivosti 10 tona i 4 tone.

FEMA groupZmaja od Bosne b.b.Zenica, 72000

NAŠE USLUGEPROIZVODNJAOsnovna delatnost firme je izrada i montaža čelič-nih konstrukcija, montažnih hala, skladišta, ma-gacina, nadstrešnica, montaža krovnih i fasadnih panela i limarski radovi. Konstrukcije za objekte (montažne hale, manji objekti, nadstrešnice...) i ostale proizvode izrađujemo od najkvalitetnih ate-stiranih materijala.

PROJEKTOVANJENudimo izradu idejnih i glavnih projekata, izvodjač-kih projekata, izrada elaborata energetske efika-snosti, kao i 3D vizualizaciju objekata. Projektova-nje vašeg čeličnog montažnog objekta prepustite našem kvalitetnom konsultantskom i projektant-skom timu, koji svojim klijentima pruža kompletnu profesionalnu podršku kroz sve faze, od procesa projektovanja, do izgradnje objekta.

MONTAŽAKonstrukcije su montažno demontažne, spajanje čelične konstrukcije vrši se vijčanom vezom na licu mesta ili varovima. Posedujemo sljedeću opremu za proces montaže: kamion, auto dizalicu, platfor-mu makazastu do 10m, zglobnu hidrauličnu plat-formu i veći broj dostavnih vozila da se što brže izvrši montaža.

Email: [email protected]: +387 62 494 856Telefon: +387 61 130 108 fema-group-zenica.com

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