From Weathering the Storm: Options for Framing Adaptation and Development (2007)

Case Description ListThe cases included here form the basis for the World Resources Institute (WRI) report Weathering the Storm: Framing for Adaptation and Development. The Online Database version of this data allows you to sort cases by region, country, scale, sector, settlement type, impacts, objective, ‘targetedness', or strategies employed to online database. A link to the Online Database is available at http://www.wri.org/publication/weathering-storm-options-framing-adaptation-and-development

1. RAISING AWARENESS OF RISK THROUGH RADIO DRAMA, AFGHANISTAN (TEARFUND):This is a disaster risk communication project targeting local communities. Disaster risk reduction messages are integrated into the story lines of the very successful BBC educational radio program "New Home, New Life". Objectives of the project are: (1) to raise community awareness of hazards and disaster risks; (2) to promote understanding of hazards and communities' vulnerabilities; and (3) to help communities enhance their capacities to address vulnerabilities. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation_planning/adaptation_list.pl?id_country=1&id_org=&id_level=&id_scope=&id_type=)

2. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE, ARGENTINA (RED CROSS/RED CRESCENT):The Argentine Red Cross is working to reduce the vulnerability of people faced with the effects of climate change in communities where poverty has been gaining ground. To achieve this, several projects are being formulated, with the aim of promoting action on climate change adaptation within the Argentine Red Cross and to implement campaigns linked to the problems caused by climate change and its effects, which will lead to a reduction of vulnerabililtes to poor health and disasters. Strengthening institutions for disaster prevention and health is the key to this, both at central level and in the territorial network of branches of the Argentine Red Cross. Likewise it is intended to develop work plans associated with academic bodies (universities and research centres), departments of the national and/or provincial governments concerned with health, civil protection, social development, education, social services, and others. (http://www.climatecentre.org/downloads/File/articles/Argentine%20Red%20Cross.pdf).

3. RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY IN ISOLATED SETTLEMENTS IN THE PROVINCE OF JUJUY, ARGENTINA (GOVERNMENT OF ARGENTINA):The Argentine Government's installation of renewable energy in scattered rural communities too remote to be connected to the grid is providing many benefits associated with adaptation to climate change. These communities were especially vulnerable to climate change due to the low technological level of their agricultural production, the difficulty of investing in irrigation, the problem of water collection, their isolation from markets, and their low capacity for developing alternative crops. Subsistence activities and commerical agriculture and cattle ranching are all threatened by the potential of climate change to exacerbate preexisting environmental problems such as deforestation, desertification, and soil erosion. The main change brought about by this project was the replacement of fuelwood, kerosone, and candles with solar energy for cooking, lighting, and communications. Benefits included improved availability of lighting, education, communications, crafts, social activities, and security in the streets. All of these results are expected to make the communities better positioned in the event of changes to their local climate and to curtail direct human impact on the environment that can be intensified by climate change. (http://www.cckn.net/pdf/seeing_the_light_dre.pdf)

4. POST-FLOOD REHABILITATION, BANGLADESH (AUTONOMOUS):Communities in Bangladesh recover from floods by mending houses and boats (neighbours help each other); draining floodwater from agriculture land; choosing appropriate rice varieties (late transplanting cultivars) or bringing seedlings from other places; choosing a quick-growing low-cost non-rice minor crop; and skipping, if deemed appropriate, the entire cropping season. Post-flood rehabilitation initiatives by the government of Bangladesh and NGOs include granting relief materials such as food, clothes, house building materials; providing income-generating and rehabilitation activities (food for work programme for roads and other infrastructure); and offering agricultural and extension support in the form of soft loans, seed and fertilizer subsidies, etc. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=160)

5. ENHANCING ADAPTIVE CAPACITY TO PROLONGED FLOOD AND WATER-LOGGING IN A SOUTH CENTRAL FLOODPLAIN, BANGLADESH (SOUTHSOUTHNORTH; SOCIETY FOR WETLAND ECO-RESEARCH):South-Central Bangladesh is prone to extended monsoon flooding and water-logging from the ocean and the Ganges and Januma Rivers. Various climate change studies have revealed that this region will be more prone to flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall and other predicted effects of climate change. Erratic rainfall and temperature fluctuation are hampering crop production and livelihood activities in the area. The project will undertake a variety of strategies in partnership with the Society for Wetland Eco-Research (SWER), including: (a) diversification of agriculture through introducion of new cropping systems such as cultivation of vegetable and

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From Weathering the Storm: Options for Framing Adaptation and Development (2007)

Case Description Listspices on Baira (hydroponics) during flood; (b) promotion of deep water Aman rice varieties and other more suitable crops; (c) increasing water drainage to avoid water logging; (d) homestead-based forestry, horticulture and integrated farming; (e) promotion of livelihoods and small entrepreneurship for the poor, women, and marginal groups through natural resources based activities; (f) promotion of market opportunities in relation to existing and emerging livelihood options and products; (g) promotion of safe drinking water facilities to reduce health risk; and (h) disaster preparedness in relation to prolonged flooding, heavy rainfall, and water logging.(http://www.southsouthnorth.org/country_home.asp?country_id=11#112)

6. LIVELIHOOD ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE IN DROUGHT-PRONE AREAS: DEVELOPING INSTITUTIONS AND OPTIONS, BANGLADESH (FAO AND THE ASIAN DISASTER PREPAREDNESS CENTRE (ADPC)):The project, implemented under the Comprehensive Disaster Risk Management Programme and in close collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), specifically looks at: characterization of livelihood systems; profiling of vulnerable groups; assessment of past and current climate impacts; and understanding of local perceptions of climate impacts, local coping capacities, and existing adaptation strategies. It also is developing a good practice adaptation option menu, evaluating and field testing locally selected options, and introducing long-lead climate forecasting, capacity building and training of DAE extension staff and community representatives. The options in the menu include: (1) improving crop security through agronomical management; (2) improving irrigation efficiency; (3) rainwater harvesting; (4) crop diversification and intensification; (5) promotion of alternative entreprise; and (6) improving access to credit. The next step was working with farmers to test various options, followed by a sound economic and marketing analysis of the successfully tested options. Dissemination and extension strategies being considered include: demonstrations, orientation meetings, field days, farmer field schools, and community rallies. (http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0820e/a0820e00.htm)

7. COMMUNITY ADAPTATION TO SALINITY AND CYCLONES IN THE SOUTHWEST COASTAL REGION, BANGLADESH (SOUTHSOUTHNORTH; CARITAS):In this project, different types of capacity building activities including learning-by-doing type activities are implemented to enhance adaptive capacity of the targeted communities. Capacity building will target the areas of agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture, alternative livelihoods development and small entrepreneurship, access to safe water, and disaster risk reduction. Activities include: (a) diversification of agriculture (Promotion of salt tolerant rice varieties and other crops); (b) homestead-based forestry, horticulture and vegetable cultivation; (c) promotion of integrated rice, shrimp and fish culture; (d) pro-poor brackish water aquaculture; (e) identifcation of livelihood options and activities for women and marginal groups; (f) small entrepreneurship development based on local resources such as bee-keeping; (g) rainwater harvest and sweet water conservation for drinking and domestic; (h) sweet water conservation and efficient use for irrigation to agriculture; (i) preparedness for disaster risk (cyclone, tidal surge and sea level rise) reduction to save lives, properties and household assets; and (j) promotion of coastal afforestation for protection river bank erosion, prevent cyclone damages, etc. (http://www.southsouthnorth.org/country_home.asp?country_id=11#113)

8. PROMOTION OF ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND CLIMATE VARIABILITY, BANGLADESH (IUCN):The principal objective of the current project is to create enabling conditions in Bangladesh for promoting adaptation to climate change and climate variability in national policies and plans and also at the local community level. This includes preparing a set of recommendations to integrate climate change adaptation into various national actions, with a special focus on issues related to coastal zone management. These recommendations will complement the National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA). A network of key stakeholders at the national level will be established. Through this network, issues identified at the local level will be communicated to appropriate national bodies to generate a policy-decision cycle. The network will also contribute to generating discussions and raising awareness at the local level. The project will document local coping mechanisms, analyze the capacity of local institutions, raise awareness through dissemination of information regarding effects of climate change and adaptation possibilities, establish a countrywide Climate Change Adaptation Network, analyze coastal zone management policy, identify recommendation options for adaptation to climate change and climate variability, and organize a final workshop at the national level. The Committee in charge of the project will be drawn from assorted Ministries, including all members of the Bangladesh NAPA Committee. (http://www.nlcap.net/countries/bangladesh/)

9. COMPREHENSIVE DISASTER MANAGEMENT PROGRAM: ESTABLISHING AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO CLIMATE CHANGE RISK MANAGEMENT AT NATIONAL AND LOCAL LEVELS, BANGLADESH (GOVERNMENT OF BANGLADESH):Bangladesh is a disaster prone country due to its geographic location, and climate change will enhance the country’s exposure to climate-related disasters, such as floods, droughts, tropical storms and cyclones. In 2004, the

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From Weathering the Storm: Options for Framing Adaptation and Development (2007)

Case Description ListGovernment of Bangladesh, DFID, and UNDP, started implementation of the Comprehensive Disaster Management Program (CDMP). The CDMP aims to achieve a paradigm shift in national disaster management from a conventional response-and-recovery approach to a more comprehensive risk-assessment-and-reduction approach. For the first time, possible climate change impacts are being included in the risk assessment process and in disaster preparedness and management activities. Integration of climate change into the Comprehensive Disaster Management Program is being achieved through (a) capacity-building of government institutions; (b) climate change modeling; (c) strengthening the knowledge and information basis on climate change; (d) strategies for awareness-raising, advocacy and coordination; and (e) pilot projects to support livelihoods adaptation to climate change in the agricultural sector. (http://www.cdmp.org.bd/)

10. THE REDUCING VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE (RVCC) PROJECT, BANGLADESH (CARE BANGLADESH):This project aims to increase the capacity of Bangladeshi communities in the southwest to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change by improving climate-change related information collection and dissemination from and to all the stakeholders in the region. The climate change information management system will be improved, climate change information wil be disseminated to stakeholders regularly, and collection, preservation, and dissemination between local organizations will be fostered. (http://www.cdpbd.org/rvcc_home.html)

11. FLOOD-RESILIENT AQUACULTURE IN FARIDPUR, BANGLADESH (INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP):The Intermediate Technology Development Group-Bangladesh's needs-assessment in three villages in the Faridpur district looked at fisheries to identify opportunities for interventions that will not only reduce their vulnerability to floods but will improve the food security situation of households at the time of disaster. In the past, villagers incurred losses when fish floated away as floodwater poured into fish ponds. To minimize the knowledge gap, ITDG-B developed and disseminated appropriate flood-friendly fisheries technologies. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=36)

12. CYCLONE PREPAREDNESS PROGRAM, BANGLADESH (BANGLADESH RED CRESCENT SOCIETY):The Bangladesh Red Crescent Society (BDRCS) began efforts in 1965 to establish an early warning system for the residents of the coastal belt to cope with cyclonic winds and storm surges. In the mid-1980’s a complementary disaster preparedness program was initiated to promote community participation in the construction and maintenance of cyclone shelters. The official mandate of the BDRCS as stated in the Standing Orders for Cyclones, Floods and Famine is to complement the government’s efforts in case of emergency relief situations, emphasizing the development of disaster preparedness related plans and programs. The BDRCS Cyclone Preparedness Programme (CPP) covers 11 districts in the coastal areas. Volunteers have been trained to play a crucial role in the dissemination of cyclone warnings, evacuation, rescue, first aid emergency relief and in the usage of radio communication equipment. The CPP relies on technical skills and volunteers’ commitment to ensure that potential victims of an approaching cyclone are given sufficient warning, enabling them to move to safe sites. Meteorological data is collected from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), which issues regular bulletins that are transmitted to the six zonal offices and the 30 upazila (sub-district) offices over high frequency (HF) radio. The upazila office in turn, passes it to unions (village level) through very high frequency (VHF) radios. The unit team spreads out in villages and issues cyclone warnings. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=37)

13. FLOOD-RESISTANT HOUSING IN FARIDPUR, BANGLADESH (INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP):Bangladesh regularly suffers from floods due to its position in the flat delta of three rivers, the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna, damaging houses, which need repair and maintenance on a regular basis. Aiming to improve this situation, a participatory rural appraisal (PRA) studied the local building techniques and materials available in the Faridpur district to develop feasible and cost effective flood resistant housing options for the poor. The PRA identified who is doing what, in order to ensure participation and capacity building of all concerned, including women. The housing improvements identified involved appropriate design, materials (e.g. wood, bamboo, jute stick to increase durability), improvements for wind protection, and plinth protection. Two design workshops were held on appropriate flood-resistant housing options. Both male and female members from vulnerable households as well as local carpenters and masons attended the workshops. A five-member team of architects and engineers contracted by the Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG) Bangladesh facilitated the workshop discussion. Workshop attendees agreed on several structural change that could make houses less vulnerable to damage by flooding. Afterwards, ITDG-B developed an affordable and durable housing model, in collaboration with local masons, carpenters and with the community partners. The project provided technical skill development training to the local masons, carpenters, and the selected households for effective maintenance and further dissemination of the comparatively low cost housing technology to the region. Following the workshop, the group of architects and engineers together with local masons, carpenters and the participating villagers started the

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From Weathering the Storm: Options for Framing Adaptation and Development (2007)

Case Description Listconstruction of the houses. In the first stage of the housing development ITDG-B has provided a total of 24 houses in four villages for the most economicaly vulnerable households. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=35)

14. FLOOD-RESISTANT HOUSING THROUGH MICRO-LOANS, BANGLADESH (GRAMEEN BANK):The Grameen Bank provides small loans, issued without formal collateral, which enable the poor to set up small income-generating businesses and climb out of poverty in flood-prone regions of Bangladesh. The Grameen Bank has developed two standard house designs for which it will provide loans. In many cases the family add their own savings to the loan and are spending up to USD 800-USD 1,000 on their home and its furnishings. The houses vary in appearance throughout the country but have the same basic structural components. There are four reinforced concrete pillars on brick foundations at the corners of the house and six intermediary bamboo or concrete posts, with bamboo tie beams, wooden rafters and purlins supporting corrugated iron roofing sheets. This provides stability in floods and strong monsoon winds, and protection from the heavy rain during the monsoon season. In cases of severe flooding the house can be dismantled and the components stored and reassembled later. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=38)

15. COPING WITH CLIMATE CHANGE, BANGLADESH (OXFAM NETHERLANDS; GANA UNNAYAN KENDRA):This project targets poor communities vulnerable to climate change, by (1) encouraging them to grow fast-growing or water-resistant crop varieties and to store harvest for times of crisis; (2) encouraging women to participate in community groups dedicated to climate change preparedness and adaptation; (3) training community members in disaster coping; (4) making sure vulnerable households have adequate water and sanitation facilities; (5) making sure vulnerable households have enough emergency medicine, food and fodder assistance to survive crises; (6) helping families whose houses have been destroyed to rebuild; and (7) raising awareness of water-borne diseases such as diarrhea and dysentery. (http://www.oxfamnovib.nl/id.html?lang=EN&id=PROJ_DETAIL&pid=BAN-501114-0006018)

16. PREPARING FOR FLOODS, BANGLADESH (OXFAM; LOCAL COMMUNITY):As part of disaster preparedness, Oxfam has built cluster villages in flood-prone areas – small settlements raised more than two meters above the water level in high-risk areas. Elsewhere in the country, land has been set aside for flood shelter so that, when the waters come, hundreds of households can relocate and take their livestock and possessions with them. Rescue boats and lifesaving equipment has been funded. Within small communities, disaster preparedness committees have been given support and training. Individual homesteads have been raised above water level. And funds have been provided for radios, so that news of rising water levels can be spread much more quickly, giving people time to move cattle to higher ground and collect wood and bamboo. (http://www.oxfam.org.uk)

17. PARTICIPATORY CLIMATE RISK ASSESSMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL ADAPTATION ACTION PLANS, BANGLADESH (NORTH SOUTH UNIVERSITY):This project aims to develop a community-driven adaptation plan of action, as well as to facilitate the mainstreaming of climate change adaptation into the sustainable development planning process. Primary beneficiaries will include poor and marginalized farmers, agricultural laborers, landless women, indigenous people, small traders, and students. Through the identification of livelihood vulnerabilities to climate change, climate variability, and other natural hazards, this project will develop strategies to reduce such vulnerabilities identified in the risk assessment process. The project will adhere to the standard community risk assessment procedures of the Ministry of Food and Disaster Management of Bangladesh and its ongoing Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme. Risk communication strategies, materials, and means will be developed to facilitate involvement of government and development agencies and the mainstreaming of climate change adaptation into development planning. A selection of potential adaptation options will be tested at the local level and lessons learned will be shared with local, national, and international stakeholders. As the project aims to implement the activities with the active participation and ownership of the local governments (Union parishad), this process will contribute to the overall development plan of these governments, which, in turn, will contribute to the sustainable development process within those communities. (http://www.acccaproject.org/evolution/modules/knowledgebox/external2/view.php?id=304&kbid=5)

18. BIOGAS ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM POULTRY WASTE, BANGLADESH (MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST):This project consisted of the establishment of a plant to harness biogas from poultry waste for electricity generation. This biogas was used the heat the poultry plant, thus eliminating the need for other sources of energy (a mitigation benefit). If biogas is also used, in the future, to provide electricity to homes and businesses, it can result in improvements to income and quality of life, making communities more resilient to climate change. The Seeing the Light study concludes that "The poultry biofuel case study from Bangladesh is also a profound

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From Weathering the Storm: Options for Framing Adaptation and Development (2007)

Case Description Listillustration of the mitigation-adaptation nexus. The shift to poultry-based protein from fish in Bangladesh is in fact a strategy to adapt to declining fish stocks, which are expected to worsen with climate change. Processing the poultry waste as a biofuel produces a beneficial soil conditioner that reduces a key climate change vulnerability (soil degradation), and is simultaneously a greenhouse gas mitigation activity." (http://www.cckn.net/pdf/seeing_the_light_dre.pdf)

19. SOCIAL FORESTRY (ROADSIDE PLANTATION) PROJECT, BANGLADESH (CARITAS):A social forestry program developed to reforest roadsides can be seen as case of "serendipitous" adaptation. The implementing agency set up groups of community members and provided them with saplings. Reforestation addresses the threat of local climate change by reducing erosion (thereby providing a defense against floods), retaining moisture in soil (thereby helping crops, which in turn helps reduce vulnerability), creating a harvestable forest resource that can be sold of used for fuel, and creating a stock of standing biomass that can be used in the event of a calamity. Secondary social benefits include providing participants with a sense of community and an ability to self-organize, and reversing land degradation. Furthermore, by reducing pressure on unmanaged forests, this project contributes to mitigation of climate change. (http://www.cckn.net/pdf/seeing_the_light_dre.pdf)

20. ENHANCEMENT OF ADAPTIVE CAPACITY OF DROUGHT VULNERABLE COMMUNITY IN NORTH WEST REGION OF BANGLADESH, BANGLADESH (SOUTHSOUTHNORTH; CARITAS):This project has five objectives. The first is to build community partnerships and engage stakeholders in preparing for climate change. To complete this objective, the project will conduct surveys and hold workshops on the topic. The second objective is to identify vulnerable groups and specific vulnerabilities, as well as identifying existing coping strategies and local knowledge that can be drawn on to counter these vulnerabilities. The third objective, building awareness of climate change and adaptation, includes activities dedicated to collecting and sharing information on climate change and potential adaptation actions. The fourth objective is to enhance the adaptive capacity of the communities in several target areas -- agriculture, water conservation, drinking water, and livelihood promotion. In the area of agriculture, the project will explore the options of improving cropping patterns (e.g., use of drought-tolerant crops, crop diversification) and promoting integrated farming (which combines horticulture, vegetable-growing, agro-forestry, and fruit trees). Potential water conservation actions include excavation of ponds, demonstration of good practice for safe drinking water. Drinking water actions may include raising awareness of the importance of this objective as well as exploring alternative water collection techniques (e.g., rain-water gathering). Promotion of livelihoods may focus on fisheries, livestock, and poultry as sources of additional income. The final objective -- technical support, supervision, and monitoring -- involves the gathering and dissemination of climate-related information. (http://www.southsouthnorth.org/country_home.asp?country_id=11#111)

21. BAMBOO DRIP IRRIGATION, BHUTAN (AUTONOMOUS):In this case of autonomous adaptation, bamboo stem is used to store and provide water for mandarin and areca nut plants during the dry season of the year. Mandarin production is severely affected due to shortage of water during the flowering season. Using bamboo for drip irrigation is a modified version of the polythene pipe drip irrigation technology introduced by the Renewable Natural Resources Research Centre in Bajo, Bhutan. This technology requires minimal investment for its set-up. Cash is not required if labour is available within the family or the community. This technology is very cost effective for Bhutanese farmers who have small land holdings and practice subsistence farming. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=21)

22. VILLAGE BAMBOO CONSERVATION REGULATIONS, BHUTAN (AUTONOMOUS):Due to the pressures from increased demand for bamboo resources (over-harvesting) and decreasing stock (as a result of climatic changes), bamboo resources in Eastern Bhutan are declining steadily. Consequently, local people have taken measures to reduce pressures on this important resource, which is used for house construction, agriculture tools, mats, baskets, water/wine/milk/butter containers, and other household items. Some species such as Dendrocalamus hamiltonii are planted in the fields to provide bamboo shoots for household consumption as vegetables. In order to enhance the regeneration of bamboo resources, local regulations are implemented and enforced through village committees. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=25)

23. ENHANCING ADAPTIVE CAPACITY IN SEMI-ARID MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS, BOLIVIA (MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT):The project aims to enhance understanding of the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of local communities in mountain semi-arid regions of Bolivia which are considered vulnerable to climate change due to the precarity of human livelihoods and ecosystem fragility. Mountain regions are providers of major environmental services and support the majority of rural population in Bolivia. In these regions the levels of rural poverty is higher than 70% and even though poverty reduction measures have been carried out, the levels of human vulnerability may be enhanced due to climate change. The project aims to assess and enhance the adaptive capacity of local livelihoods through participatory approaches at the local level by exploring the outstanding vulnerability issues of food systems and human health in selected regions, and by developing adaptation measures. The study will contribute to an

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From Weathering the Storm: Options for Framing Adaptation and Development (2007)

Case Description Listinitial understanding of major climate change and variability risk and trends in mountain regions, develop a cost effective methodology for rapid appraisal and monitoring of climate change vulnerability, initiate adaptation measures in coordination with local stakeholders and contribute to local and national policy making and to the global climate change discussion. Adaptation measures will be designed in consultation with local and national stakeholders with the use of participatory planning tools. The results of the project will be used to complement and supplement current policies and measures carried out at local and national levels. The project will also explore synergies with current policies and measures carried out in the context of watershed management, rural development, and public health. (http://www.nlcap.net/countries/bolivia/)

24. RAINWATER STORAGE IN QHUTHAÑAS (SMALL DAMS), BOLIVIA (AUTONOMOUS):In a case of autonomous adaptation, the Aymaran indigenous people of Bolivia have adopted traditional practices to collect water in the mountains and pampas by constructing small dams called qhuthañas. In Bolivia, droughts affect—at varying levels—at least 40% of its territory. Qhuthañas help prevent and mitigate disasters caused by droughts by collecting and storing rainwater from various places such as mountains and pampas. Water stored in qhuthañas represents a valuable resource for both people and domestic and wild animals, because it allows them to drink water during periods of drought. In addition, qhuthañas serve as thermo-regulators of humidity and diffuse the damaging rays of sunlight which cause skin cancer. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=137)

25. RIO DE JANEIRO'S MUNICIPAL SECRETARIAT OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, BRAZIL (RIO DE JANERIO COMMUNITY REFORESTATION PROJECT):The City of Rio de Janeiro's Municipal Secretariat of Social Development created the Community Reforestation Project in 1986. The project, also referred to as the Paid Self-Help Reforestation Project and the Mutirão Project, aims to control erosion and reduce the associated land slide and flood risks through the reforestation of erosion-prone areas of the city, particularly where favelas (squatter settlements) are located. Furthermore, the project aims to employ local residents and reintroduce native tree species (the best for erosion control) to the hillsides. The individual reforestation projects are carried out on relatively small areas of land, ranging from plots of one hectare to larger parcels of 18 to 30 hectares. In each area to be reforested, the project is implemented over a three to four year period. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=139)

26. IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH PHOTOVOLTAIC WATER PUMPING IN PINTADAS, BRAZIL (SOUTHSOUTHNORTH; CENTRO CLIMA; WOMEN ASSOCIATION OF PINTADAS; CEMINA):This women-led project will address drought in Pintadas, Brazil by improving agricultural productivity and income generation through the use of water pumping. The objective is to install a number of different hydroponic solar powered installations to see their effectiveness as a mitigation and adaptation strategy and to improve rural economic development. (http://www.southsouthnorth.org/country_home.asp?country_id=11#109)

27. MAINSTREAMING ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE INTO WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT, CHINA (MINISTRY OF FINANCE, GOVERNMENT OF CHINA):This project has 3 components: (1) identification and prioritization of adaptation options, which includes the fine-tuning of a hydrology model and its intersection with an agricultural model to predict the impact of climate change, especially water shortage, on farming; (2) demonstration and implementation of adaptation measures through implementation and evaluation of multiple adaptation measures at test sites; (3) mainstreaming adaptation in the national Comprehensive Agricultural Development (CAD) program and institutional strengthening by identifying gaps in the program's current policies, integrating climate change and results from the test sites into the program's rural planning, and information dissemination. (http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P105229)

28. IMPROVING ADAPTABILITY TO SEA LEVEL RISE ON THE TUMACO-PACIFIC COAST AND THE CARTAGENA-CARIBBEAN COAST, COLOMBIA (INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES MARINAS Y COSTERAS; MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES):The objective of this project is to improve adaptability to sea level rise in two vulnerable points (Tumaco-Pacific coast and Cartagena-Caribbean coast) in the Colombian coastal areas. Through identifying, assessing, and implementing adaptation measures, the project will provide a basis for the preparation of a National Policy of Climate Change for the coastal zone sector. After examining vulnerabilities and weighing multiple adaptation strategies, it will design a policy options analysis, evaluating how well existing legislative instruments for the coastal zone can be adapted to climate change. One output of the project will be elaboration and implementation of the National Policy for Adaptation to Climate Change on key socioeconomic sectors in the coastal zone. (http://www.nlcap.net/fileadmin/NCAP/Countries/Colombia/NCAP_workplan_Colombia_summary.01.300106.pdf)

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From Weathering the Storm: Options for Framing Adaptation and Development (2007)

Case Description List

29. DISASTER VULNERABILITY REDUCTION PROJECT - PHASE II, COLOMBIA (GOVERNMENT OF COLOMBIA):This project will: (1) enhance the capacity of the District of Bogota to identify and monitor risks by upgrading hydrologic, seismic, and volcanic detection and forecasting systems, as well as conducting vulnerability assessments that will help it better target its investments and identify potential calamities before they occur; (2) continue the city government’s existing risk reduction efforts to ensure the functioning of critical facilities and lifeline infrastructure in the event of adverse natural or technological catastrophes; (3) strengthen the District Administration’s effectiveness and capacity to prepare for, respond to, and recover from significant emergencies through the provision of training and equipment; (4) increase awareness at the community level about the importance of risk mitigation and disaster preparedness through activities such as education in disaster management and the preparation of emergency response plans; and (5) develop a risk financing strategy for losses arising from natural disasters, which will provide the Municipality of Bogota D.C. with a financial strategy that guarantees the appropriation of resources needed for disaster reconstruction or rehabilitation. (http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P085727)

30. INTEGRATED NATIONAL ADAPTATION PROGRAM, COLOMBIA (CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL):The overarching goal of this project is to support Colombia's efforts to define and implement specific pilot adaptation measures and policy options to meet the anticipated impacts from climate change. Specific actions include: (1) strengthening capabilities to produce and disseminate climate information; (2) ecosystem planning to maintain biodiversity in Las Hermosas Massif; (3) protection of the Amoya watershed as a possible future hydropower source; (4) development of a land-use planning model to reduce impacts from climate change on land degradation; (5) improvement of productive agro-ecosystems and reduction of their socioeconomic vulnerability to GCC impacts; (6) implementation of physical adaptation measures in order to reduce the vulnerability of the Caribbean Insular area, especially with regard to changes in rainfall and temperature and sea-level rise; and (7) implementation of an Integrated Dengue and Malaria Surveillance and Control System to address increased exposure to tropical vector-borne diseases brought about by climate change. (http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P083075&Type=Overview&theSitePK=40941&pagePK=64283627&menuPK=64282134&piPK=64290415)

31. MONITORING AND RESTORING WETLAND, COLOMBIA (WWF):The páramo grasslands of the Northern Andes are fragile ecosystems vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Continued deterioration of these high-elevation wetlands will lead to significant environmental and socioeconomic impacts for downstream water users. This project will develop a pilot vulnerability assessment and adaptation strategy for the Chilí and Anaime páramos in the central Colombian Andes, where rice and coffee are grown and the city of Ibagué is located. These communities depend upon the water provided by these wetlands. Through the combined use of GIS and local ground-truthing, the project is identifying current wetland boundaries and delineating likely changes in hydrology and vegetative cover. Adaptation strategies will be designed and implemented at pilot sites, enabling local communities to monitor the loss of páramo while also testing restoration approaches on degraded areas. These actions will enable communities to improve water conservation, cope with climate change, and maintain natural resource-based livelihoods. (http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/climate_change/problems/global_warming/scientific_proof/ipcc_report/colombia.cfm)

32. COMMUNITY FLOOD PREPAREDNESS TRAINING, COSTA RICA (COSTA RICAN RED CROSS):Following the floods of 2002, the Costa Rican Red Cross initiated a community training program in disaster preparedness and prevention, community first aid, and psychological support. The idea of an early warning system was presented to communities with the understanding that the communities themselves would operate and follow through with the system. Building materials were distributed to support structures such as retaining walls and for repairing drinking-water pipes damaged in the landslide. Meanwhile, local authorities established an emergency committee to coordinate disaster response and rehabilitation activities. This committee convened coordination meetings and followed up on activities in the affected communities. Radio equipment was installed in four centres: the Orosi local emergency committee, a nearby Red Cross base, the national meteorological institute office and the Rio Macho drinking water river authority. A warning siren was installed atop the Costa Rican electricity institute’s communications tower. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=140)

33. BEACH RESTORATION TECHNOLOGY, CUBA (GOVERNMENT OF CUBA):Cuba developed beach restoration technology as an adaptation option. The technology has been implemented in some Cuban beaches, restoring the natural and functional values of the beaches. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation_planning/adaptation_list.pl?id_country=56&id_org=&id_level=&id_scope=&id_type=)

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Case Description List

34. A FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER REDUCTION, CUBA (CUBAN NATIONAL CIVIL DEFENCE):The Framework is an ongoing adaptation strategy that includes prevention, preparedness, response, and restoration. The development of detailed disaster reduction plans at national, local, and institutional levels, and their integration with economic and social development plans, is a key component of this strategy. A very important piece is also the knowledge increase on hazards, vulnerabilities, and risks throughout the results of studies oriented to produce detailed temporal and spatial information. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation_planning/adaptation_list.pl?id_country=56&id_org=&id_level=&id_scope=&id_type=)

35. VACCINATION PROGRAM, CUBA (GOVERNMENT OF CUBA):This ongoing action was not primarily oriented for adaptation to climate change, but the Cuban government has realized that the benefits of the program are crucial to increase the adaptation capacity of the Cuban population. With this program, the government hopes that an important number of the diseases related with climate change influence have been eradicated at national and local levels. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation_planning/adaptation_list.pl?id_country=56&id_org=&id_level=&id_scope=&id_type=)

36. ANALOG FORESTRY IN NUEVO MUNDO, ECUADOR (FURARE):The Analog Forestry Initiative focuses on protection of watersheds, revegetation of the riversides, and adaptation activities such as crop diversification with emphasis on permanent crops. In the forest realm, the project designs Analog Forests using a diversity of species (especially those with broader geographical ranges) capable of supplying the environmental needs of the community in the event of climatic changes. It also establishes tree nurseries as spaces for researching the adaptation of species. In addition, the project targets mitigation of climate change by reducing deforestation in the community, reducing the pressure over the forest remnants, recovering degraded areas in farms, and increasing the vegetation cover in the community’s landscape. (http://www.bothends.org/strategic/localcontributions_Ecuador_en.pdf)

37. DROUGHT-RESISTANT AGRICULTURE, EL SALVADOR (RED CROSS/RED CRESCENT):El Salvador regularly suffers from droughts (particularly in the east) seriously damaging crops including maize, bean, rice, sorghum, and watermelon. In 2002, the Red Cross implemented the Drought Response and Mitigation Project with one overall objective: to increase the capacity of subsistence farmers in the east of the country to better respond to and recuperate from future unfavourable climatic conditions. Specific objectives were to reduce the effects of drought; provide technical assistance to diversify and market crops; improve income and daily diet; improve environmental conditions through reforestation using fruit trees; and acheive integratation of management of plagues and soil conservation measures. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=143)

38. STRATEGY AND MEASURES TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN RURAL AREAS OF THE CENTRAL COASTAL PLAIN OF EL SALVADOR, EL SALVADOR (GOVERNMENT OF EL SALVADOR):The purpose of this project is to strengthen organization and capacities of local rural people to incorporate adaptation to climate change in their socio-economic activities, within a land planning framework for the territory located in the central coastal plain of El Salvador. It will accomplish this objective through 7 lines of action: (1) diversification and incorporation of additional added value to agricultural activities to increase the capacity to cope with climate change; (2) promotion of non-agricultural economic initiatives to decrease impacts associated with agriculture sector-related climatic sensitivity; (3) experimentation, validation, and adoption of processes and technologies to increase the capacity to cope with climate change in agricultural activities; (4) improvement of capacities to manage the local environment, based on the appropriate criteria and indicators related to climate change impacts; (5) improvement of local knowledge of natural systems, including climate sensitivity, to develop criteria and indicators for their restoration and conservation, and to maintain rural livelihoods in the face of climate change impacts; (6) improvement of territory functionality to assure security of rural families and to favor the incorporation of climate change adaptation into local development initiatives; (7) strengthening of the legal and institutional framework at the municipal level, promoting its effective application to support local development and sustainable land management, including adaptation to climate change.

39. COPING WITH DROUGHT AND CLIMATE CHANGE, ETHIOPIA (UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME):The overarching objective of this project is to develop and pilot a range of coping mechanisms for reducing the vulnerability of farmers and pastoralists to future climate shocks. It hopes to (1) improve livelihood strategies and resilience of vulnerable farmers to cope with drought through farming practices (irrigated crop production, commercial agricultural production, crop diversification, livestock production and marketing, grazing land

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Case Description Listmanagement, woodland management and tree farming, production of major crops of the area, improved post harvest storage and processing facilities, water harvesting and management, community seed producer’s networks, community-based safety nets), development of markets for dryland products, and improvement of community-based natural resource management, (2) enhance use of early warning systems in agricultural systems, such as the drought information system, and improve dissemination and education relating to climate change impacts; (3) integrate drought preparedness and mitigation activities across sectors and at various levels of society by developing community drought preparedness plans and strengthening the capacity of stakeholders to implement them. (http://www.gefonline.org/ProjectDocs/Climate%20Change/Ethiopia%20-%20Coping%20with%20Drought%20and%20Climate%20Change/Resubmission%20Ethiopia%20CwD%20Nov%201(2).doc)

40. MONITORING DROUGHT AND FOOD SECURITY, ETHIOPIA (ETHIOPIAN GOVERNMENT):Ethiopia, with the help of the World Food Program, has an early warning system that monitors food shortages and communicates danger of famine. This system has been evolving since 1976. Currently, it is implemented by the Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Committee. The activities performed by this Committee include assessing the adequacy of food to local populations, monitoring the effect of climatic variation on food availability, supplying seed or food where necessary, and communicating the risk of famine to a wide audience through media and other means. (http://iriportal.ldeo.columbia.edu/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_1171_0_0_18/Climate%20and%20Society%20No1_en.pdf)

41. FRIENDS OF THE REEF, FIJI (WWF):The impact of climate change and El Niño is increasingly causing coral reefs to bleach. WWF's Friends of the Reef project is an effort to protect Asia Pacific’s coral reef ecosystems, which are the source of new coral recruits for reefs throughout the region and a source of livelihood for coastal people, especially in the fishery and tourism sectors. Friends of the Reef engages local stakeholders and decision makers in developing, testing, and implementing plans to increase coral reef resilience to major threats in the region, including climate change. This project also aims to increase awareness and advocacy activities by highlighting stories and show-cases from previous, current, and future coral bleaching in major reef countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region then using this information to call for emission reduction in regional countries. Friends of the Reef also provides collaborative management mechanisms, enabling the governments of major reef countries to enhance the management and network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). In Fiji, Friends of the Reef is monitoring coral bleaching in Kabara Island. (http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/asia_pacific/where/indonesia/wwf_indonesia_conservation/bali_barat/the_background/friends_of_the_reef/index.cfm)

42. CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE ON HUMAN HEALTH VULNERABILITY, GHANA (KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY OF GHANA; NORTHUMBRIA UNIVERSITY):The Environmental Protection Agency of Ghana and the School of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, partnered in this project, whose purpose is to develop locally-appropriate and time-sustainable capacity to undertake pre-disaster socioeconomic, technical prevention and adaptation options to reduce the potential adverse impacts of climate change on human health vulnerability in Ghana. The project's objectives are: (1) to build capacity to implement public health interventions to reduce the burdens of malaria, diarrheal diseases, and meningococcal meningitis (by reviewing the current strategies, policies, and measures designed to reduce the burdens of these diseases projecting how climate change could affect the geographic range and incidence of these diseases; identifying, through stakeholder consultations and workshops, locally appropriate adaptations to reduce projected climate change impacts, and identifying indicators of adaptive capacity, including health vulnerabiltiy, governance/policy mechanisms, climate hazards, and stakeholder attitudes);(2) to prioritize climate change adaptation options for the health sector; and (3) to integrate climate change concerns into national and local health policies and measures (by developing a comprehensive climate change adaptation capacity development plan for the health sector and identifying and disseminating lessons learned on national, regional, and global scales). (http://www.acccaproject.org/evolution/modules/knowledgebox/external2/view.php?id=298&kbid=5)

43. CLIMATE CHANGE STUDIES IN GUATEMALA WITH EMPHASIS ON ADAPTATION, GUATEMALA (MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES):A collaborative effort between the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources, consultants, and local NGOs, this project involves: (1) creation of baselines to assess the traditional knowledge and the local perception of climate change, as well as the local changes in adaptation; (2) workshops with key players to validate the results of the baselines; (3) assessment of the adaptation activities implemented by different institutions and communications in direct relation to climate change; (4) training programs on climate change, especially drought, and adaptation; (5) identification and reinforcement of appropriate forestry and agro-forestry projects for participating communities to help to reduce the region’s poverty; (6) training programmes on the implementation of the projects selected in the project’s communities; and (7) selection and completion of priority climate change

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Case Description Liststudies in the areas of the project. (http://www.nlcap.net/fileadmin/NCAP/Countries/Guatemala/NCAP_workplan_Guatemala_summary.01.300106.pdf)

44. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE, GUATEMALA (RED CROSS/RED CRESCENT):The project is aimed at strengthening capacities regarding climate change related risks, implemented in the Department of Chiquimula by the Guatemalan Red Cross with technical and financial assistance from the Netherlands Red Cross. The target is communities in Santa Rosa district. To date, disaster preparedness training has been initiated and the community has participated in the formation of a local disaster reduction committee. (http://www.climatecentre.org/downloads/File/latin_america/Santa%20Rosa%20Guatemala%20ENG.pdf).

45. PLANNING FOR AND ADAPTING TO SEA LEVEL RISE, GUYANA (WORLD BANK):This project has two components. First, to counteract flooding from sea level rise, this project will improve the ability of the Government to manage water levels behind the East Demerara Water Conservancy (EDWC) dam during heavy rains by improving internal water flows in the EDWC and increasing EDWC drainage relief capacity to the Demerara River and eventually the Atlantic Ocean. Second, the project will hold consultations with civil society and the donor community to create consensus around a medium- and long-term intervention strategy to help the country adapt to sea level rise, including the production of a flood event contingency plan. (http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P103539).

46. BUILDING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE THROUGH WATERSHED RESTORATION, INDIA (WATERSHED ORGANISATION TRUST):In the drought-prone regions of Maharashtra State, the Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR) is helping poor communities reclaim degraded lands through the regeneration and sustainable management of watersheds. About 70 percent of Maharashtra’s land area is hot semi-arid to arid, supporting agriculture that is largely dependent upon monsoon rainfall. Precipitation is concentrated in just a few months of the year and is highly variable in frequency, intensity, and geographic coverage. In the dry rainshadow areas, there are no more than 10 days of harvestable rainfall. WOTR was established in 1993 to help villagers eradicate their poverty through watershed regeneration. As the official capacity building organization of the Indo-German Watershed Development Programme (IGWDP), WOTR provides support to Village Self Help Groups (VHSG) and grassroots NGOs in the technical and management aspects of local watershed development projects. (http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2003/envsec_livelihoods_3.pdf).

47. PROMOTING INTEGRATION OF ADAPTATION STRATEGIES INTO DEVELOPMENTAL POLICIES BY EFFECTIVELY COMMUNICATING CLIMATE RISKS AND ADAPTATION MEASURES IN THE BUNDELKHAND REGION, INDIA (SOCIETY FOR DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES; INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL METEOROLOGY):Agriculture is the main source of livelihoods for rural communities in the Bundelkhand region of India. The region however faces a number of natural constraints such as erratic rainfall, low soil fertility, soil erosion, limited irrigation facilities and degraded forests. These constraints adversely affect the agricultural production and livelihoods in the region. In addition, projected water stresses due to climate change are likely to further worsen the situation. In light of these circumstances, this project aims to develop and validate risk communication products to improve the understanding of all concerned stakeholders on scientific, social and policy issues governing the climate change adaptation process at a district level in India. This project will assess the vulnerability of the agricultural and water sectors to current and potential climate change, and test and validate risk communication materials through a multidisciplinary stakeholder engagement process. Once the target audiences are made aware of the climate risks to agriculture and water sectors, consultative methods will be used to identify, prioritize and implement pragmatic adaptation strategies. A pilot adaptation project in one district, an extensive media campaign, policy recommendations, and regional workshops will be used for communicating risks and potential adaptation strategies to stakeholders in order to demonstrate the need to integrate adaptation processes into policies and programs at the state level. (http://www.acccaproject.org/evolution/modules/knowledgebox/external2/view.php?id=302&kbid=5).

48. INDIAN-GERMAN FINANCIAL-COOPERATION PROJECT "CYCLONE SHELTERS IN ORISSA", INDIA (KFW ENTWICKLUNGSBANK):This project has (1) constructed 59 cyclone shelters; (2) helped communities develop a Contingency Plan of their own; (3) enabled individual households to discuss and share best practices to stay prepared for a cyclone;(4) esablished a shelter communities fund through individual household contributions to address the emergency disaster situations, paying premium for the insurance, village development activities, and shelter repairs, and (5) developed audio-visuals on disaster Risk Reduction Measures for awareness-raising and sensitization on the role and responsibilities of target communities and various stakeholders.

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Case Description List(http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/DE_Home/Service/Online_Bibliothek/PDF-Dokumente_KfW_Entwicklungsbank/fz_jb_99_e.pdf).

49. JOHADS (EARTHEN CHECK DAMS) IN RAJASTHAN, INDIA (TARUN BHARAT SANGH):People of Rajasthan construct dams to retain monsoon waters for times of drought. The area suffers frequent droughts, with some villages in recent years getting only a tenth of the “normal” rainfall. To harvest the monsoon waters, people construct small earthen check dams (johads) across seasonally flooded gullies (nalas) which also improve percolation and groundwater recharge. Starting 1984, the last sixteen years have seen the revival of some 3000 johads spread across more than 650 villages in Alwar district, Rajasthan thanks to the NGO “Tarun Bharat Sangh”. This has resulted in a general rise of the groundwater level by almost 6 m and a 33% increase in the forest cover in the area. Five rivers that used to go dry immediately following the monsoon have now become perennial, such as the River Arvari. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=41).

50. PILOT PROJECT ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION FOR SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT, INDIA (GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS, NATIONAL BANK FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT (NABARD), GTZ NRM PROGRAMME):The overall goal of the project is to improve the livelihoods and adaptive capacities of the vulnerable rural communities to the adverse impacts of climate variability and change. The project is conceived of as a pilot project designed to test a two-pronged approach to adaption. The first prong is development and testing of technical adaptation solutions for possible integration into the public watershed and forestry management programs. The second prong of this project's test approach is development and implementation of financial instruments, i.e. micro insurance and weather derivatives for climate risk management. (http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-climate-results-asia.pdf).

51. BRIDGING KNOWLEDGE GAP BETWEEN LOCAL AND EXPERT INTO A PARTICIPATORY DECISION MAKING PROCESS TO ADDRESS CLIMATE THREATS TO COASTAL COMMUNITIES, INDONESIA (SOUTHSOUTHNORTH; LEMBAGA PEDULI ALAM DAN LINGKUNGAN):This project will (a) develop methodologies to facilitate effective communication between local communities and experts in the fields of climate, marine sciences, and agriculture, and (b) generate information regarding climate change vulnerabilities in the coastal area of Pilang. This information will be used to develop adaptation strategies for the target population. The project aims to: (a) obtain comprehensive information on the current vulnerability of local community livelihoods to climate risk; (b) develop future climate vulnerability scenarios; (c) communicate the links between climate risk, natural resources and community livelihoods to the local community and local government; (d) identify and analyse adaptation options to preserve coral ecosystems and community livelihoods, then prioritize them according to the community’s needs; and (e) advocate integration of climate change adaptation strategies (based on participatory community vulnerability assessments) into local, regional and national development policies. (http://www.southsouthnorth.org/country_home.asp?country_id=11#114).

52. FRIENDS OF THE REEF, INDONESIA (WWF):The impact of climate change and El Niño is increasingly causing coral reefs to bleach. WWF's Friends of the Reef project is an effort to protect Asia Pacific’s coral reef ecosystems, which are the source of new coral recruits for reefs throughout the region and a source of livelihood for coastal people, especially in the fishery and tourism sectors. Friends of the Reef engages local stakeholders and decision makers in developing, testing, and implementing plans to increase coral reef resilience to major threats in the region, including climate change. This project also aims to increase awareness and advocacy activities by highlighting stories and show-cases from previous, current, and future coral bleaching in major reef countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region then using this information to call for emission reduction in regional countries. Friends of the Reef also provides collaborative management mechanisms, enabling the governments of major reef countries to enhance the management and network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Friends of the Reef project has been carried out in Bali Barat National Park, Indonesia, as the pilot project site and expanded to other Asia Pacific countries in 2005. The project activities include coral monitoring, marine protection area management, and collaborative multistakeholder involvement aimed to improve livelihood of the local communities. (http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/asia_pacific/where/indonesia/wwf_indonesia_conservation/bali_barat/the_background/friends_of_the_reef/index.cfm).

53. INTEGRATED COMMUNITY BASED RISK REDUCTION (ICBRR)., INDONESIA (RED CROSS/RED CRESCENT; RABOBANK FOUNDATION (NETHERLANDS)):The stated objectives of this project are to develop and strengthen the capacities in two districts of the Jakarta Province, East Jakarta and West Jakarta, to undertake integrated community-based risk reduction activities (including climate change adaptation) and to learn about integrating risk reduction, climate change adaptation, and micro finance in one holistic project. Specific actions at the community level will include community

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Case Description Listorganization and mobilization through Village Committees; the formation and training of volunteer groups, self-help groups, and Community-Based Action Teams dedicated to improving disaster preparedness; community-specific risk mapping; the reactivation of early warning systems; the development of Community Risk Reduction Plans; mass community awareness-raising; teacher education in risk reduction; and establishment of a fund for risk reduction. Microcredit may be available to households in these districts to compliment these activities. (http://www.climatecentre.org/downloads/File/asia_and_pacific/concept%20paper%202007-2008.pdf).

54. LOW-COST LOCALLY-MADE SPRINKLERS, KENYA (AUTONOMOUS):In a case of autonomous adaptation, the demand of small-scale farmers in Kenya for cheap and readily available irrigation technology has led artisans to develop ways to imitate imported sprinklers with improvised materials. Artisans were able to produce an astonishing variety of sprinklers using different materials and technologies and for different purposes. It seems that most began by repairing imported sprinklers and ended up by designing and producing their own. A variety of manufacturing technologies were found, which vary according to the tools, materials and availability of electricity in the workshops, and according to the technical knowledge and background of the artisans. Metal wires, plastic recycled materials and bottle caps joined by strips of old car inner tubes are used in remote areas. Riveting is used in areas where electricity is not available, and simple gas or arc welding is found in workshops close to urban centres. Since these sprinklers can be repaired locally, farmers often choose these locally made sprinklers over imported sprinklers of superior quality. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=130).

55. DROUGHT CYCLE MANAGEMENT, KENYA (ILKERIN LOITA INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME):The Ilkerin Loita Integral Development Programme (ILIDP) is a community organization that has successfully incorporated drought cycle management in all its operations. Started in 1972, ILIDP is owned and run by the Loita Maasai pastoralists of the Narok District, Kenya. It consists of one main centre and six Pastoralists Community Development Associations. ILIDP supports and facilitates initiatives by these community organizations, each of which serves between 2,000 and 4,000 people. In 2000-01, the community associations and their disaster committees carried out all drought-relief and post-relief activities. ILIDP’s role was to link the associations to relief agencies such as World Concern, World Vision, and the World Food Programme. Efforts to prepare for and manage droughts include: digging strategic boreholes; establishing a cereal bank to store surplus grain; linking with credit providers and other development and relief agencies; and organizing livestock offtake and marketing to prepare for drought. Traditionally the Maasai assured their food security by raiding their neighbors’ cattle. ILIDP has encouraged locals to grow grain instead—so the warriors now “raid the earth for sustenance”. As a result, food security has improved in their households by 65%. Strong local organizations are able to adjust their activities to suit the needs at each stage in the drought cycle. They can respond quickly and alert outside organizations (which have slower response times) to the changing situation on the ground. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=114).

56. INTEGRATING CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION INTO PLANNING, KENYA (ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN ARID LANDS PROJECT OF THE GOVERNMENT OF KENYA):This project aims to: (1) improve national and regional coordination for climate risk management, by facilitating cooperation between environmental and disaster-relief arms of the national government; (2) enhance institutional capacity for provision and operationalization of scientific information related to climate risk by evaluating information sources and gaps relating to climate change impacts in vulnerable arid areas and by creating a network of extension agents charged with 'translating' climate information and conducting household surveys to identify vulnerabilities; (3) integrate a long-term climate-risk perspective into local/district planning and investments by identifying implications of climate change for public and private sector investments and planning for income diversification; (4) integrate a long-term climate-risk perspective into the district level through planning for adaptation; (5) promote related public and private investments, for example creating markets for dryland crops; (6) support community-driven initiatives to enhance long-term livelihoods strategies through a Participatory Rural Appraisal-style capacity-building and microfinance; and (7) enhance program management, technical assistance, project and impact monitoring and evaluation, and regional knowledge sharing through creation of a program secretariat in charge of disseminating information. (http://www.gefonline.org/ProjectDocs/Climate Change/Kenya - Adaptation to CC in Arid Lands (KACCAL)/Project Document Final 11-10-06.doc).

57. STRENGTHENING COMMUNITY-BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE-SENSITIVE MALARIA IN THE WESTERN HIGHLANDS, KENYA (THE CENTRE FOR SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS; KENYA MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE; CLARK UNIVERSITY):

The focus of this project is on climate-sensitive epidemic malaria. It aims to create a model of climate-sensitive malaria in Kakamega and Kericho, including the identification of hotspots and unstable areas prone to epidemics, assessment of existing capacity among stakeholders, and the malaria implications of downscaled climate-change scenarios, and to identify possible adaptation strategies that reduce vulnerability to climate-

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Case Description Listsensitive malaria. Identification of risks and capacities will be accomplished through participatory rural appraisal, with the aid of health promoters. This information will then be integrated into a model of the various factors contributing to and controlling the spread of malaria. Based on this model, alternative coping strategies will be compared and appropriate risk communication methods (e.g., radio, meetings) will be selected. (http://www.acccaproject.org/evolution/modules/knowledgebox/external2/view.php?id=284&kbid=5).

58. CAPTURING SEASONAL WATER IN SAND DAMS IN KITUI, KENYA (SASOL FOUNDATION):This project consists of building small sand dams in seasonal rivers. It used a participatory community-based approach to build dams that retain rainwater for use in dry seasons. Participants also planted trees to control runoff and prevent soil erosion. Trees open up the soil, allowing water to be retained in the soil. Vegetables are grown near the sand dam sites. The project also concerns itself with capacity building for community management of the water collected by sand dams. Projected benefits include: a reduction in time and energy spent on water chores; healthier animals that produce more meat and milk due to improved water supply and less energy spent walking to find water; the development of brick-making, which improves the income of the community and housing; the introduction of novel crops that improve income and nutrition; the introduction of trees and tree products such as honey, timber, and fruits, that would widen the community's economic base; and improved hygeine due to availabilty of water. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=170).

59. FLOOD MITIGATION STRUCTURES IN NYANZA, KENYA (KENYAN RED CROSS):This project consists of training communities in flood prevention and protection. Annual flooding in this region destroys livelihoods and increases the occurrence of vector-borne diseases. Communities have learned to drain existing waterways and enlarge riverbeds to prevent flooding, and to dig trenches and dykes (which are strengthened by planting fast-growing trees) around their homes and land to protect themselves when floods occur. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=109).

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From Weathering the Storm: Options for Framing Adaptation and Development (2007)

Case Description List

60. DIVERSIFYING RICE-BASED DIETS DURING FLOODS, LAOS (AUTONOMOUS):In a case of autonomous adaptation, villagers in Attapeu Province, Lao PDR, switch from farming to fishing when the Mekong River floods during August to October. Switching to fishing is a means of both subsistence and income. Many farmers dig small fishponds in the fields. Families tend to eat the smaller fish they have caught, while they try to sell the larger fish. People also rely on the variety of wildlife in forests and wetlands, including crabs, fish, frogs, toads, lizards, snails, and squirrels to complement their diets following floods. Switching to fishing and wild plants and animals is a coping mechanism in that it diversifies people’s predominantly rice-based diet and increases the intake of vitamins and protein. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=65)

61. HELPING ECOSYSTEMS ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE, MADAGASCAR (WWF; CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL):Madagascar’s terrestrial biodiversity is legendary, and the waters surrounding this island nation boast some of the richest arrays of marine biodiversity in the Indian Ocean. Climate change threatens this wealth in myriad ways. On land changing climatic conditions reduce or eliminate habitat for numerous species and bring increasingly severe droughts and floods. The mangrove forests and seagrass beds that line the coasts are susceptible to sea level rise, the unique coral reef ecosystems are vulnerable to warming and changes in water chemistry, and shifting seasonal patterns are impacting the migration routes of many wide-ranging species, including turtles and whales. Because ecosystems on land and sea are linked, WWF in collaboration with Conservation International, will jointly analyze the vulnerability of Madagascar's marine and terrestrial environments to climate change so these impacts can be addressed immediately and in a coordinated way. This project is being undertaken with the direct engagement of Malagasy communities, academics, and government agencies to raise awareness of climate change impacts in the region, learn about local observation and interpretation of climate information, and to build support for adaptation activities. (http://www.worldwildlife.org/climate/adaptation.cfm)

62. DROUGHT INSURANCE, MALAWI (WORLD BANK; NATIONAL SMALLHOLDERS FARMER ASSOCIATION; MALAWI RURAL FINANCE COMPANY; OPPORTUNITY INTERNATIONAL BANKING MALAWI; NATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE; INSURANCE ASSOCIATION OF MALAWI):A project in Malawi used insurance to reduce the vulnerability of farmers to drought. The insurance program is coupled with a loan package for seed and agriculture equipment. Together, these programs aim to help farmers endure drought and restart their farming operations in the case of severe crop loss. (http://iriportal.ldeo.columbia.edu/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_1171_0_0_18/Climate%20and%20Society%20No1_en.pdf)

63. RAISING PREPAREDNESS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE, MALAWI (RED CROSS/RED CRESCENT):This project aims to increase preparedness of communities to deal with climate change impacts. As the first step, the Red Cross held awareness-raising meetings with stakeholders in food security and disaster management, including Malawi Red Cross’ director of programs and Malawi citizens involved with food security and disaster preparedness and response activities. The objectives were: (1) to share the basics of climate change and discuss how it may affect Malawi; (2) discuss challenges and opportunities for integrating the issue of climate change into ongoing Red Cross activities; (3) present the Preparedness for Climate Change Programme and explore options for collaboration between those present; and develop a proposal concerning the use of video tools for climate adaptation. In a separate activity, a Red Cross team visited Kasungu, a region experiencing drought, to ask local farmers about their experiences and needs. Lastly, the Red Cross held a workshop on the impacts of HIV/AIDS on climate-related institutions. (http://www.climatecentre.org/downloads/File/preparing%20malawis%20preparing%20for%20climate%20change%20program%20july%202006.pdf)

64. AUDIOVISUAL TOOLS FOR COMMUNITY-BASED ADAPTATION: BRIDGING THE METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE AND THE RED CROSS' WORK, MALAWI (THE RED CROSS OF MALAWI; METMALAWI; MALAWI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT; INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS):Malawi, which is one of the least developed countries in the world, is vulnerable to climate change-induced increases in extreme events. The communication and use of climate predictions is a crucial challenge for adaptation, particularly among illiterate subsistence farmers. Audiovisual media and participatory communication approaches may assist in meeting that challenge by ensuring that the information is available to all those who could benefit from it. This project aims to strengthen capacity for adaptation in rural Malawi (particularly among smallholder farmers) through the development, testing and dissemination of audiovisual tools to assist in climate change adaptation. Through the use of these innovative approaches, the project will accelerate and enhance the training of Red Cross staff and volunteers in understanding, communicating and utilizing climate predictions, and reduce local communities’ vulnerability to climate change. The Red Cross, MetMalawi, Malawi Institute of Management’s Audiovisual Unit and IIASA’s researchers will create a sustainable partnership for disaster

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From Weathering the Storm: Options for Framing Adaptation and Development (2007)

Case Description Listmanagement and climate adaptation in Malawi, and lay the foundations for scaling up this innovative approach in other developing countries. Outputs will include the production of video tools, posters, and other materials to support adaptation at the community level though a participatory process. The project will also improve institutional cooperation and decision-making processes in order to mainstream the availability of new information about climate risks and adaptation options into existing community programs. (http://www.acccaproject.org/evolution/modules/knowledgebox/external2/view.php?id=294&kbid=5)

65. AGROMETEOROLOGY PROJECT, MALI (MALIAN DIRECTION NATIONALE DE LA MÉTÉOROLOGIE; CENTRE RÉGIONAL DE FORMATION ET D’APPLICATION EN AGROMÉTÉOROLOGIE ET HYDROLOGIE OPÉRATIONNELLE):This project is a collaboration between government agencies, research institutions, media, extension services, and farmers. The actions it takes are to supply farmers with climate-related advice and to teach farmers to gather climate-related data (e.g., using rain gauges) so that they can incorporate climate variability into their decision-making. Advice comes from a multidisciplinary working group composed of meteorologists, representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture, agricultural research institutes, rural development agencies, farmers, and the media. The different members of this group identify the climate-related information they need, obtain this information, develop ways in which this information can be used for capacity building, and disseminate this information to farmers. Two thousand farmers now participate. Bicycles have been provided to 50 farmers to help them report their rain data to regional offices. Farmers have incorporated agrometeorological growing methods into their operations. (http://iriportal.ldeo.columbia.edu/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_1171_0_0_18/Climate%20and%20Society%20No1_en.pdf)

66. CLIMATE ADAPTATION FROM THE BOTTOM-UP: COLLABORATION BETWEEN MALIAN COMMUNITIES AND SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS TO IDENTIFY AND IMPLEMENT RESPONSIVE WATER MANAGEMENT ACTIONS, MALI (SECRETARIAT TECHNIQUE PERMANENT DU CADRE INSTITUTIONNEL DE LA GESTION DES QUESTIONS ENVIRONNEMENTALES; ECOLE NATIONALE D’INGENIEURS DE BAMAKO; INSTITUT D’ECONOMIE RURALE; AUTORITE POUR L’AMENAGEMENT DE TAOOUSSA; SERVICE DE DEVELOPPEMENT INTEGRE; DONKO):At the local communities level, this project encourages discussion about the best method to present information on climate change impacts and risk gained through public-participation-GIS to community members. It also disseminates this information through materials (e.g. posters, videos, etc) and presentations designed to elicit potential adaptation strategies. At the counsel – mayor’s offices level, the project provides information to enable development of informed measures for water management. At the National Policy formulation team level, the project relies on informal discussion to communicate, inform, raise awareness, and highlight potential actions and issues related to water scarcity driven by climate change. (http://www.acccaproject.org/evolution/modules/knowledgebox/external2/view.php?id=290&kbid=5)

67. SENSITISATION ON ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION WITH EMPHASIS ON CLIMATE CHANGE, MAURITIUS (ENVIRONMENT CARE ASSOCIATION):The goal of this project is the overall sensitization of the population to care for the environment and to instill a sense of environmental stewardship. This project consists of three parts. The first part will involve the delivery of about 300 talks/presentations to primary schools, colleges, youth organizations, women organizations, and fisher organizations so as to sensitize them on various topics related to the protection of the environment and the conservation of natural resources, with emphasis on the problems of climate change. The second part will be the dissemination of about 10,000 copies of the booklet entitled "We care for our climate" launched by the World Meteorological Organization for distribution during the talks. The third part will be the organization of a one-day seminar for about 100 people with the objective of promoting the wide use of solar water heaters in residences, hotels, and other buildings. (http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/11569/sensitisation_on_environment_protection_with_emphasis_on_climate_change.html)

68. COMMUNITY-BASED INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT IN FARAFARA OASIS, MIDDLE EAST (INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE):With the lowest volume of annual renewable water resources and of water resources per capita, the Middle East and North Africa is the most water-scarce region in the world. Moreover, rapid population increase, economic growth, rising affluence, urbanization and expansion of irrigated lands are drastically increasing the demand for water, while climate change is negatively affecting the supply. Over the past decade, IDRC and several partners have supported numerous research projects and a network of researchers on water demand management (WDM). This project will promote the implementation of WDM principles and tools in this region and beyond through

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Case Description Listresearch, capacity building, networking, dissemination, and advocacy. (http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-100570-201_101806-1-IDRC_ADM_INFO.html)

69. POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR THE MONGOLIAN RANGELANDS TO CLIMATE CHANGE AT MULTIPLE SCALES, MONGOLIA (NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MONGOLIA; MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT; NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE):The purpose of this project is to develop local adaptation strategies of the coupled social-environmental system to climate change in the Mongolian rangelands. Spatially large landscape is critical in arid lands to offset climate variability. A fragmentation of the cultural landscapes in the arid and semi-arid lands of Mongolia has increased vulnerability. Therefore, this project will try to reinstate traditional land use practices, while supplementing these with knowledge of adaptive land management. Specifically, the project will: (1) add to communities’ and resource managers’ knowledge of adaptive rangeland and water management practices currently in use on lands vulnerable to drying; (2) help communities and local government develop plans to revise the allocation of pastures for seasonal use, hay-making lands, reserve pasture, and sacred lands so as to be compatible with current and expected future climate stresses and with traditional cultural values, (3) help herders and other stakeholders come up with local solutions to improve water security, (4) help stakeholders reach an agreement on a new administrative-territorial unit which incorporates cultural landscape as an adaptation mechanism to climate change. (http://www.acccaproject.org/evolution/modules/knowledgebox/external2/view.php?id=301&kbid=5)

70. COPING WITH DROUGHT AND CLIMATE CHANGE, MOZAMBIQUE (UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME):The objective of the project is to develop and pilot a range of coping mechanisms for reducing the vulnerability of farmers and pastoralists to future climate shocks. Resiliency to drought and climatic variability will be addressed by (1) improving farming practices (increasing quality and improving control of seeds distributed at fairs, intensifying the surveillance of illegal hunting and improper felling of trees, promoting reforestation with native species, providing access to a wider range of certified seeds and other agriculture inputs, provisioning of agriculture technical assistance, encouraging initiation of pisciculture, intensifying control/treatment of Oidium in cashew, and of the post-harvest plague Prostephanus truncatus, encouraging communities to grow drought resistance crops as a strategy to reduce hunger and malnutrition in the future, and applying new agriculture techniques for soil conservation including mulching); (2) increasing the diversity and productivity of livestock (by supporting livestock breeding including, rehabilitating and/or reconstructing infrastructures to water the animals (dams and holes) to guarantee animals watering even during the drought period, and producing and conserving food for the drought season, thus avoiding animal loss during that season and reinforcing food security) (3) assuring access to water (by promoting the use of rainwater for agro and animal husbandry purposes, including the promotion of weirs, supporting the management of existing irrigation systems, reconditioning of damaged water pumps, accompanied by training in management and maintenance aspects, providing small irrigation systems for agricultural activities in the rural areas, and supporting communities in the targeted area in their efforts to construct water dams for small water reservoirs); (4) establishing early warning systems (by organizing and training disaster committees and involving the community radio); (5) developing methodologies to integrate data on climate, hydrology, socio-economic, and ecosystem conditions in decision-making (by raising awareness among local communities, particularly women and children through advocacy, information kits, educational materials, training workshops and establishing drought preparedness plans) and (6) helping community members gain secure land tenure under a 1995 Land Policy (by identifying local opportunities to equitable access to land for the community and by making sure local governments are able to process land tenure applications in a timely and transparent manner). (http://www.gefonline.org/ProjectDocs/Climate%20Change/Mozambique%20-%20Coping%20with%20Drought%20and%20Climate%20Change/Resubmission%20Moz%20CwD%20Nov%201.doc)

71. ZAMBEZI VALLEY MARKET-LED SMALLHOLDER DEVELOPMENT, MOZAMBIQUE (WORLD BANK):The overall project goal of the market-oriented smallholder development project (IDA) is to accelerate agricultural growth and poverty reduction within the Central Region of Mozambique in line with the priorities of Mozambique's Action Plan for the Reduction of Absolute Poverty 2001-2005. The immediate project development objective is to increase the income of smallholder farmers in selected districts by empowering producers and building their organizations, increasing on- and off-farm production and productivity and facilitating access to markets. (http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?projID=2889)

72. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE, MOZAMBIQUE (RED CROSS/RED CRESCENT):This project is aimed to strengthen the community preparedness to climate change impacts. The activities covered are vulnerability and capacity assessment, coordination improvement between stakeholders, awareness raising and integration activities to exisitng Red Cross programs in other issues. The Red Cross held two national workshops for government officials, Red Cross staff, and local community members. The Red Cross also recruited two climate change officers. In the future, the Red Cross plans to conduct a vulnerability assessment and to design awareness tools, among other things. (http://www.climatecentre.org/downloads/File/dealing%20with%20climate%20change%20in%20mozambique%20july%202006.pdf)

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Case Description List

73. INTEGRATING ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE WITHIN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN THE BÚZI RIVER CATCHMENT AREA, MOZAMBIQUE (PRODER (PROGRAMME FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF MOZAMBIQUE)):PRODER has taken several actions in the Buzi district of Mozambique as part of its Disaster and Risk Management. It began by conducting a risk analysis using a combination of on-the-ground interviews and GIS, then followed this assessment with several actions desgined to reduce risk and prepare for disasters, including: (1) establishing a set of regulations for cyclone-proof building and applying these to schools and administrative buildings in order to prove their effectiveness; (2) construction of new settlements on higher grounds for families affected by floods; (3) awareness-raising activities (workshops, radio programs, theater, newspaper articles) targetting both local populations and politicians/decision-makers; (4) creation of local disaster/risk managmement committees (and distribution of emergency materials such as flashlights, life jackets, etc. to these groups); (5) a regional early warning system for floods (where community members gather climate data and measure river levels and communicate this data via radio to a group of volunteers at a designated analysis-forecast center, who analyze it and make any necessary disaster announcements to communities via radio). (http://www.gtz.de/en/themen/umwelt-infrastruktur/umweltpolitik/16057.htm)

74. CLEAN WATER AND ENERGY PROJECT, MOZAMBIQUE (SOUTHSOUTHNORTH; MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HOUSING; GED):The purpose of the present project is to demonstrate the viability and effectiveness of using renewable energy technologies (solar photovoltaic and wind pumping systems) for rural development objectives in contributing to the improvement of water supply coverage for rural communities. Activities will begin with an assessment of the strength of droughts and the relationship of droughts to water supply (conducted by interviewing community members) and a consideration of the potential of groundwater in these areas to alleviate shortages. Then, renewable energy equipment will be installed in locations in 6 provinces, to provide water for 100 families and their animals in each of the provinces. Community members will be trained in operation of this equipment. This project is intended to serve as a pilot project, and if it accomplishes the desired objectives, it will be widely replicated. The hoped-for outcomes include improved water coverage, reductions in poverty, enhancement of social and economic standards, and preservation of the local, national, and global environment. (http://www.southsouthnorth.org/country_home.asp?country_id=11#165)

75. PROTECTING THE MESOAMERICAN REEF, MEXICO, CARRIBEAN (WWF; TNC; CORAL REGIONAL RESOURCE ORGANIZATION):To address the detrimental effects climate change has on regional economies, this project is developing regional adaptation strategies to counter these effects. This includes a case study for how to adapt marine protected area (MPA) network planning elements to encompass facets of bleaching resistance and coral resiliency. The project will initially include consultations with experts to assess how resilience information can be applied to the region. Current tools and methodologies that we can employ include use of existing materials from WWF ("Buying Time: A User's Manual for Building Resilience and Resistance to Climate Change in Natural Systems") and TNC ("Reef Resilience"), as well as the recent "Coral Reef Manager's Guide", created by a consortium of U.S. and Australian governmental, as well as international academic and non-governmental, coral reef managers and scientists. Secondly, the project will field test the conceptual model at selected sites, involving an initial assessment of environmental and physical parameters, a collection of baseline data at these sites for one ‘bleaching season', coral bleaching monitoring during the bleaching season (following the joint Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority/ReefBase/WWF Coral Bleaching Monitoring Protocol) and collection of supporting data from the NOAA Sea Surface Temperature Monitoring System.

76. MAINSTREAMING ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE, CARRIBEAN NATIONS (CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY SECRETARIAT):The overall goal of this project is to facilitate the creation of an enabling environment in the small islands and coastal developing states of the Caribbean Community Secretariat (CARICOM) for climate change adaptation. Objectives include: (a) training nodal sea level monitoring agency staff on climate change aspects, and upgrading stations that generate climate change information; (b) devoping regional capacity on statistical and dynamic downscaling of global climate models and statistically downscaled climate projections for four countries; (c) developing vulnerability/risk assessment and climate change adaptation approaches tailored to the Caribbean countries developed; (d) preparing a Risk Management Guide and Environmental Impact Assessment Sourcebook addressing climate change issues; (e) preparing initial climate change adaptation options for water, agriculture/food security, and health sectors for some countries; (f) developing an integrated regional agenda on climate change; and (g) launching the region-level and national Public Education and Outreach Strategies to generate awareness about climate change. (http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P073389)

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Case Description List

77. INCREASING THE RESILIENCE OF TROPICAL HILLSIDE COMMUNITIES THROUGH FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION, CENTRAL AMERICA (PROGRAMA PARA LA AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE EN LADERAS DE AMERICA CENTRAL):PASOLAC offers technical, methodological, and financial support to more than 50 member organizations that work with local farmers and communities on the hillsides to implement sustainable agriculture practices, particularly Sustainable Soil and Water Management (SSWM) techniques. The program is characterized by a participatory and demand-driven approach, which aims to build capacities and cooperation among member organizations and encourage long-term adoption of SSWM practices by farmers. Through its “pilot actions,” the program is also validating three innovative methodological approaches in carrying out its activities. The first, “Invertir la Mirada,” ensures the active involvement of farmers in the identification and specification of training demands in order to increase the efficiency and quality of technical assistance. The second, “Pago por Servicios Ambientales,” compensates farmers for the maintenance and management of natural resources and services (especially water) through cash or in-kind contributions. The third, “Mercados para Agricultores de Laderas”, aims to insert rural production into the market. To date, PASOLAC has achieved the following: (1) establishment of a network of organizations working on sustainable agriculture and forestry (including agroforestry) on hillsides; (2) validation and implementation of approximately 50 soil and water management techniques by farmers in all three countries; (3) creation of a competitive fund that partially finances project activities that seek to implement SSWM at the farm and local community level; and (4) design and application of tools for participative monitoring, validation, and evaluation, as well as for knowledge transfer. (http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2003/envsec_livelihoods_2.pdf)

78. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION MEASURES IN COASTAL ZONES PROJECT, DOMINICA, ST. LUCIA AND ST. VINCENT & THEGRENADINES (CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY CLIMATE CHANGE CENTRE):The Implementation of Adaptation Measures in Coastal Zones (GEF) Project aims to support efforts by Dominica, Saint Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines to implement specific (integrated) pilot adaptation measures addressing primarily the impacts of climate change on their natural resource base, especially on biodiversity and land degradation along coastal and near-coastal areas. The project also seeks to produce knowledge of global value on how to implement adaptation measures in small island states that can be applied in other countries in the region and the world. The project would support four components, three of which will be prioritized in national adaptation strategies and refined through a series of regional and national consultations. Component 1 identifies, evaluates, selects, and designs priority adaptation measures addressing impacts of climate change on biodiversity and land degradation. Component 2 implements selected adaptation measures designed to address climate impacts on biodiversity and land degradation. This includes supporting the coordination and implementation of pilot adaptation measures in seven sites in the participating countries thereby enhancing the resilience of insular ecosystems with biodiversity assets under threat from climate change. Component 3 strengthens the national capacity to implement multiple multi-lateral environmental agreements. This component finances goods and services required to develop and establish the building blocks for addressing multiple convention objectives as adopted by the three governments and promoted by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and Drought (UNCCD). Component Four funds project management. (http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P090731)

79. MANGROVES AND CORAL REEF CONSERVATION, FIJI, CAMEROON, TANZANIA (WWF):Mangroves are the most degraded forest habitats in the world and climate change threatens to make this situation worse. Rising sea level and increasing storm intensity/frequency make coastal systems extremely vulnerable. WWF is working to develop a generalizable approach to building the resilience of mangrove forests, and by extension associated coastal ecosystems and coral reefs. This project also aims to build the capacity of natural resource managers and communities to assess vulnerability to climate change and to develop management strategies to decrease vulnerability. Initial vulnerability assessments and adaptation planning point to the need for mangrove protection, reforestation with "climate-smart species," integrated land-use and marine planning, as well as promoting technology to reduce overharvest of mangroves. Coordinating the testing of adaptation methods in geographically diverse locations within a common habitat type will help to transfer project results to other conservation efforts around the globe. (http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/climate_change/problems/global_warming/scientific_proof/ipcc_report/cameroon.cfm)

80. ADAPTING TO GLACIAL MELTING IN THE HIMALAYAS, NEPAL, INDIA, CHINA (WWF NEPAL; WWF INDIA; WWF CHINA):Climate change is the main factor responsible for the accelerated glacier retreat in the Himalayas. As this continues, major changes in freshwater flows will have dramatic effects on biodiversity, people, and their livelihoods. Glacial melting leads to an increase in water discharge, which is expected to increase the frequency of catastrophic flooding events such as GLOF. These events can have devastating consequences to infrastructure like bridges, dams and power generation stations, and communities living at downstream. In the long term, there will

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Case Description Listlikely be a tipping point as glacier runoff begins to decrease with ominous implications for freshwater availability in the region, and perennial rivers could change into seasonal streams causing freshwater scarcity in the dry months. In response, this project aims to: (1) validate existing scientific research on climate change and glaciers; (2) monitor glacial retreat and changes in the freshwater regime in the region; (3) develop a predictive model for glacial behavior under different climatic scenarios; (4) develop a freshwater vulnerability assessment for key sectors, communities, and ecosystems; (5) develop community driven management response; and (6) communicate local climate impact stories through the WWF network to raise the urgency for taking action to stop climate change. (http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/asia_pacific/where/nepal/our_solutions/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=NP0898)

81. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION THROUGH SCHOOLS, NEPAL, MALAWI, HAITI, KENYA, GHANA, BANGLADESH, INDIA (ACTION AID INTERNATIONAL):The goal of this project is to reduce people’s vulnerability to natural disasters by contributing to the implementation of the Hyogo framework. The purpose is to make schools in high-risk disaster areas safer, enabling them to act as a locus for disaster risk reduction. The project works in 7 countries in selected districts at high-risk of diverse natural disasters. The main local outputs will include schools in high-risk disaster areas that are safer and communities that are organized around schools for disaster prevention, preparedness, and mitigation. More widely, an effective methodology will be developed that can be replicated in other schools, influencing national level policy and practice in ways that can be easily replicated in other countries and other sectors. Adapting participatory vulnerability analysis for use in schools will be a defining feature of the project, helping to build the awareness and analysis of children, parents, teachers, district officials and agency staff around disaster risk reduction. (http://www.actionaid.org/main.aspx?PageID=212)

82. NEW SEED INITIATIVE FOR MAIZE, SOUTHERN AFRICA (CENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE MEJORAMIENTO DE MAÍZ Y TRIGO, MEXICO):Maize is one of the main staple foods in Southern Africa. However, droughts and poor soil often result in small harvests or even total harvest failure. The New Seed Initiative for Maize in Southern Africa has been developing maize varieties with tolerance to drought, certain diseases and soil lacking in nutrients since 1996. This project is designed to give poor farmers access to seed that is resistant to drought, certain diseases and poor soil, thus increasing food security and creating potential sources of income for smallholder farmers. The new varieties are the result of hybridizing different seed varieties from the CIMMYT (Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo, Mexico) seed bank. Their output is considerably higher than that of the varieties traditionally planted by local smallholders. Every year, researchers located throughout the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region produce between 30 and 40 improved varieties whose harvest yield is then tested "in the field" by local farmers. The project cooperates closely with various maize sector stakeholders, such as government institutions in SADC countries, NGOs and private seed producers. At present, drought-resistant maize varieties derived from the project are being grown on approximately one million hectares of land, resulting in improved food security and a higher income for the farmers from the sale of crop surpluses. These days, most of the project teams which distribute seed are using the newly developed varieties of maize, and new local seed businesses have sprung up, helping to generate local jobs and income. (http://www.sdc.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Maize_initiative)

83. MALARIA EARLY WARNING AND RESPOSE, SOUTHERN AFRICA (NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME):A Monitoring and Early Warning System (MEWS) developed by partners of the Roll Back Malaria initiative in Southern Africa has been implemented by Botswana, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe. The MEWS works by examining the factors that contribute to outbreaks of malaria and planning the response to such outbreaks. Specifically, the MEWS includes vulnerability assessment and monitoring, seasonal climate forecasting, environmental monitoring (e.g., rainfall, temperature, and humidity), and sentinal case surveillance (which detects rises in the number of cases). Though the MEWS was not conceived as an adaptation to climate change per se, a study by Columbia University's International Research Institute for Climate and Society has concluded that "[t]he MEWS approach is strengthening health information and surveillance systems, and this in turn will have benefits for managing other climate-sensitive diseases. Indeed, building public health infrastructure was identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as ‘the most cost-effective and urgently needed adaptation strategy’ in the face of climate change. Thus lessons from MEWS can inform progress in public health services towards meeting the health-related targets of the MDGs [Millennium Development Goals], at the same time as aiding adaptation to climate change (57)." (http://iriportal.ldeo.columbia.edu/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_1171_0_0_18/Climate%20and%20Society%20No1_en.pdf)

84. WEST AFRICA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY PROGRAM, WEST AFRICA (CORAF/WECARD; SENEGAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE; MALI MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE; GHANA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE):

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From Weathering the Storm: Options for Framing Adaptation and Development (2007)

Case Description ListThe objective of the West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAPP) Support Project is to generate and disseminate improved technologies in the participating countries' top priority areas that are aligned with the region's top priorities, as identified by Central Africa Counsel for Agricultural Research (CORAF). These include roots and tubers in Ghana; rice in Mali; and cereals in Senegal. The project has four main components. The first component is enabling conditions for regional cooperation in technology generation and dissemination. This aims at strengthening the mechanisms and procedures for dissemination of technology, so as to allow countries to benefit fully from regional cooperation in technology generation. This component targets: common regulations related to genetic materials, pesticides, and other crop protection products; national registration committees for genetic materials and pesticides in the participating countries; and information system on agricultural technologies and research skills at the regional level. The second project component is the national centers of specialization, which aim at strengthening the alignment of national priorities with regional priorities within participant countries' national agricultural research systems. The third project component is funding of demand-driven technology generation and adoption which aims at strengthening priority-focused, transparent funding mechanisms for demand-driven agricultural R&D within participating countries. The fourth and final component is the project coordination, management, monitoring and evaluation. This aims at establishing an effective coordination, management, and monitoring and evaluation system at the national and regional levels. (http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P094084)

85. RESPONDING TO SHORELINE CHANGE AND ITS HUMAN DIMENSIONS THROUGH INTEGRATED COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT, SENEGAL, CAPE VERDE, GUINEA BISSAU, GAMBIA, MAURITANIA (UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME):This project seeks to implement priority country-driven strategies to adapt to climate-induced coastline erosion within the framework of integrated coastal area management planning, through a combination of demonstration projects, integration of climate change into coastal management policies, capacity building initiatives including training, stakeholder consultations, climate and coastline erosion monitoring mechanisms, as well as the promotion of regional cooperation. In other words, this project is concerned with the maintenance of ecosystem resiliency to climate change along the Canary Current coastline, because of the risk that climate change will undermine conservation efforts intended to sustain fisheries. To address this threat, the project aims to contribute to the improvement of integrated coastal management in light of climate change. The specific actions that it takes in this vein are to conduct country-specific coastal erosion assessments, to consult with stakeholders to identify exitisting strategies and capacities to address the problem of erosion, to select promising strategies from this pool and implement them at pilot test sites, to monitor the results, and to disseminate lessons learned. "Strategies" can include both adaptation actions (e.g., mangrove reforestation) and capacity-buildling (e.g., awareness-raising). Findings from the pilot projects will be used to integrate climate change and adaptation issues into existing coastal management, to develop plans and policies that induce cooperation across sectors, to spur the creation or improvement of national policies that facilitate adaptation to climate change in coastal areas, to enhance regional cooperation in undertaking these challenges, and to establish a clearinghouse to store and disseminate lessons and best practices. (http://www.undp.org/gef/adaptation/projects/06c.htm)

86. MITIGATING THE RISK OF GLACIER LAKE OUTBURST FLOODS, NEPAL (GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL):One of the most dangerous glacial lakes in Nepal is the Tsho Rolpa Lake. At an altitude of about 5000m, the size of this lake increased from 0.23 sq.km. in 1957 to 1.65 sq.km. by 1997. Tsho Rolpa was estimated to store approximately 90-100 million cu.m. in 1997, a situation that called for urgent attention due to the potential for the lake to overflow its banks. Besides the downstream communities, the 60MW Khimti hydropower plant was under threat. To reduce the risk of a glacier lake outburst flood (GLOF), the water level in the lake was lowered by three meters by cutting open channel in the moraine. In addition, a gate was constructed to allow water to be released as necessary. An early warning system was established in 19 villages downstream of the Rolwaling Khola on the Bhote/Tama Koshi River, to give warning in the event of a Tsho Rolpa GLOF. Local villagers have been actively involved in the design of this system and drills are carried out periodically. The risk of GLOF now has been reduced by 20%. The complete prevention of a GLOF at Tsho Rolpa necessitates further reducing the lake water by as much as 17 m. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=72)

87. FLOOD PREPAREDNESS CAPACITY BUILDING IN JALESHWAR, NEPAL (CARE NEPAL; NEPAL RED CROSS SOCIETY):Recently, the Knowledge and Research program from CARE and the Nepal Red Cross Society together with Jaleshwar Municipality began implementing community-based low cost flood risk reduction measures through action planning. The project enhanced the capacity of communities to cope with and manage flood disasters by building institutional capacities through establishing various committees including, Community Based Disaster Management Committee, Disaster Preparedness Subcommittees, First Aid Subcommittees, Disaster Relief Subcommittees, and Coordination Subcommittees. These committees were provided with relevant skills and knowledge to enable them to handle disasters more efficiently and effectively. The project produced two pictorial manuals on how to prepare

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Case Description Listfor floods, which were distributed among the communities. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=67)

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Case Description List

88. EARLY WARNING FOR FLOODS IN CHITWAN, NEPAL (INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP):Chitwan is the most flood prone among the districts of Nepal. People regularly experience losses of land, property and biodiversity as well as food shortages. The Intermediate Technology Development Group implemented a community-based disaster management program in cooperation with DIPECHO (Disaster Preparedness program of the European Commission Humanitarian aid Office) to reduce the impact of floods by strengthening the capacity of local communities to set up early warning systems. Following the initial set up, local communities themselves manage the system. Watchmen stay in towers and observe the level of water in the river during the monsoon period. If water levels approach an alarming height, the watchmen inform the local communities through sirens placed in the towers to warn of impeding floods. If water levels reach a dangerous level, another sound signal is given to alert people to leave their houses and to retreat to a safer place. Display boards are placed in many places instructing people on how to save lives and property. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=67)

89. APPLICATION OF COMMUNITY BASED ADAPTATION MEASURES TO WEATHER RELATED DISASTERS, NEPAL (HIMALAYAN CLIMATE CENTER):Recovery from weather-related disasters is a great challenge for the Nepalese Government and any future increase in these disasters from enhanced climate variability and change will certainly add to this challenge. As is the case in most developing countries, disaster insurance has not been applied in Nepal as an adaptation mechanism to reduce disaster-related vulnerability. However, community-based micro-insurance schemes in the livestock and cash crop sectors have been successfully established in some villages. Furthermore, studies indicate that collective or community-based disaster insurance could be one of the options for post-disaster loss sharing measures in Nepal and has the potential to contribute to poverty alleviation through distributing the impacts of disasters more evenly. This project has the twin goals of initiating a collective disaster insurance scheme in Western Nepal and establishing communication between the National Meteorological Service of Nepal and the Community Based Disaster Preparedness (CBDP) Units. CBDP units exist in many communities throughout Nepal and are organized by the Nepalese Red Cross Society, the leading Nepalese disaster management organization. This organizational structure is based on the philosophy that initial emergency assistance will always come from within the community. Implementing a community disaster insurance scheme will be an important measure to reduce disaster impacts by increasing the economic resilience of the community, while enhanced communication between national weather forecast systems and local community CBDP units will reduce the overall vulnerability to and ultimate loss from disasters. These adaptive measures will assist in achieving some of the development goals of the Nepalese government, including establishing early warning systems throughout the country by 2017, significantly reducing social and economic losses from disasters by 2027 and alleviating poverty. (http://www.acccaproject.org/evolution/modules/knowledgebox/external2/view.php?id=300&kbid=5)

90. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE, NICARAGUA (RED CROSS/RED CRESCENT):The Red Cross of Nicaragua has four strategies to address climate change: (1) increase awareness of climate change and disasters through seminars and informal discussion with stakeholders from the local to national level; (2) work with the Ministry of Education to disseminate information on climate change to teachers and students by integrating the issue in the curricula and in research programmes; (3) raise awareness about the impacts of climate change with community leaders; and (4) improve the Red Cross' capacities in the areas of disaster preparedness and response. (http://www.climatecentre.org/downloads/File/articles/Nicaraguan%20Red%20Cross.pdf)

91. ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN WASPAM, BONANZA, ROSITA AND SANTA TERESA, NICARAGUA (AUTONOMOUS GOVERNMENT OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC REGION (GRAAN); MUNICIPALITIES OF WASPAM, BONANZA, ROSITA AND SANTA TERESA):In 2004, GTZ started a project entitled “Adaptation to Climate Change through Risk Management” with selected rural communities on the south-western Pacific coast and in the autonomous North Atlantic Region with the aim of improving their capacity to adapt to climate change by means of strengthened disaster risk management. The project also sought to integrate this capacity into their planning processes. One part of the project was conducted with indigenous Miskito communities along the Rio Tungky in the Autonomous Region of the North Atlantic. This area is plagued by hurricanes and extreme rainfalls. Floods have especially severe impacts due to the heavy contamination of some of the rivers by gold mining. Consequent mudslides are exacerbated by poor forest management and deforestation. Early warning systems were improved and newly installed in the community of Waspam in the border region next to Honduras as well as in the pacific community of Puerto Cabezas, to allow for fast communication and information among a total of 70 radio stations. The activities included the installation of new equipment and a communication platform as well as hands-on training of about 150 people on how to use a radio transmitter. (http://www.gtz.de/en/themen/umwelt-infrastruktur/umweltpolitik/16057.htm)

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Case Description List

92. NIGER BASIN WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEMS MANAGEMENT PROJECT, NIGER (NIGER BASIN AUTHORITY):The project development objective is to enhance regional coordination, development and sustainability of water resources management in the Niger River Basin. The expected outcomes include: (i) improved institutional coordination for regional management and development of water resources in the Niger River Basin; (ii) improved performance of rehabilitated hydroelectric plants in targeted areas; (iii) improved irrigated agriculture in targeted areas; and (iv) improved watershed management in targeted areas. There are 3 components to the project. Component 1 -- Niger Basin Authority (NBA) institutional strengthening and capacity building -- will enhance the capacity of the NBA and its National Focal Structures including other national institutions involved in implementing the First Phase Project of the Niger Basin Program. Component 2 -- Rehabilitation, optimization and development of regional infrastructure -- will focus on rehabilitating and upgrading the existing large water infrastructure of regional relevance, and supporting the regional planning framework. Component 3 -- Sustainable management of selected degraded ecosystems and rehabilitation of small water infrastructure -- will combine small water infrastructure rehabilitation and ecosystems management in order to support income-generating activities. (http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P093806)

93. SECOND NATIONAL FADAMA DEVELOPMENT PROJECT, NIGERIA (MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT):The World Bank began a project in 1983 that involved installing 15,000 of low-cost shallow tube well technology combined with small engine-driven water pumps, a new technology that soon acquired the name "fadama irrigation". Fadamas -- the hausa name for irrigable land -- are flood plains and low-lying areas underlined by shallow aquifers, found along Nigeria's river systems. In 1992 the Bank prepared a new project which would construct about 50,000 shallow tube wells in Nigeria, would privatize drilling, simplify drilling technology for shallow tube wells, conduct aquifer studies and upgrade irrigation technologies. The irrigation projects aim at increasing crop production through a coordinated approach to rural development. The main elements are improved technology and the means to get it to farmers, increased supplies of farming inputs especially fertilizer, and extensive infrastructure improvements, especially rural roads and water supplies. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=168)

94. WARU WARU IRRIGATION SYSTEM, PERU (CARE PERU):The waru waru restoration project began in 1991 in the southern Andean department of Puno, Peru. The aim is to recover a technology, invented by the Tiahuanaco culture, that fell into disuse around 1100 A.D. Archaeological excavations of raised fields demonstrated that farmers began constructing them by 1000 BC. Waru waru, or raised field, agriculture makes it possible to bring into production the low-lying, floodprone, poorly drained lands found all over the Altiplano. The project involves the restoration of earthworks that are central to the technology. They are made from excavated soil that leaves a depression resulting in canals of like size and depth. When filled with water, the shallow canals ensure a microclimate that acts as a buffer against nighttime frosts and provides moisture during droughts and drainage during the rainy season. The canals also act as barriers to keep out crawling insect pests. The waru waru system provides peasant farmers with greater harvest security and reduces the risks associated with frosts and drought. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=134)

95. MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND UPLAND FARMING, PHILIPPINES (UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BANOS; WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE):Upland farmers and their families, who number about 20 million, comprise the poorest of the poor in the Philippines. Their livelihoods depend on cultivating marginal hilly land areas which are very vulnerable to climate related risks. This project’s overall goal is to promote climate change adaptation by upland farmers in watersheds at the national level in the Philippines. The project will generate a significant amount of information on climate change adaptation for watershed resources and upland farms that will be useful for decision-making by national policy-makers and local stakeholders. Previous studies from the Assessment of Impacts and Adaptation to Climate Change (AIACC) programme have shown that upland farmers have developed various adaptation strategies to cope with the impacts of climate variability. These adaptation strategies could form a strong foundation for exploring viable options for adaptation to climate change. The project will utilize a variety of methods to ensure the delivery of outputs including multi-stakeholder forums and consultations, workshops, focus group discussions, computer modeling, and a review of relevant literature. Based on the assessment of vulnerability and adaptation policies/strategies, climate risks adaptation communication materials will be developed for policy makers, local farmers, and other local stakeholders. It is also expected that the project will contribute to the preparation of the Philippines’ Second National Communication to the UNFCCC. (http://www.acccaproject.org/evolution/modules/knowledgebox/external2/view.php?id=303&kbid=5)

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Case Description List

96. FRIENDS OF THE REEF, PHILIPPINES (WWF):The impact of climate change and El Niño is increasingly causing coral reefs to bleach. WWF's Friends of the Reef project is an effort to protect Asia Pacific’s coral reef ecosystems, which are the source of new coral recruits for reefs throughout the region and a source of livelihood for coastal people, especially in the fishery and tourism sectors. Friends of the Reef engages local stakeholders and decision makers in developing, testing, and implementing plans to increase coral reef resilience to major threats in the region, including climate change. This project also aims to increase awareness and advocacy activities by highlighting stories and show-cases from previous, current, and future coral bleaching in major reef countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region then using this information to call for emission reduction in regional countries. Friends of the Reef also provides collaborative management mechanisms, enabling the governments of major reef countries to enhance the management and network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). In the Phillipines, the WWF project includes coral monitoring in Tubataha National Park and El Nido National Park. (http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/asia_pacific/where/indonesia/wwf_indonesia_conservation/bali_barat/the_background/friends_of_the_reef/index.cfm)

97. EL NIÑO EMERGENCY PROJECT, PHILIPPINES (MINDANAO LAND ACQUISITION HOUSING; OXFAM):In 1998 counterparts of Oxfam Novib set up a joint relief program in response to El Niño. The results include different water management systems in villages on mountain slopes, credit extension and technical support to livelihood projects, rice rations for victim-families living in remote areas. A new relief and rehabilitation project will continue these activities, but will focus not only on natural disasters, but also include the effects of manmade disasters. Relief activities include provision of food and medicines. Rehabilitation includes credit facilities, the construction of storage rooms, training, poultry and seeds, and the development of entrepreneurship. (http://www.oxfamnovib.nl/id.html?lang=EN&id=PROJ_DETAIL&pid=FIL-501437-0001742)

98. MANGROVE RESTORATION IN VAIUSU BAY, SAMOA (N/A):The overall goal of this project is the replanting of the mangrove area along the whole of Vaiusu Bay, as part of a large restoration project, which is intended to cover the neighboring villages of Vaigaga. The specific objectives of the project are: (1) to develop a long-term management plan for the community on ways to sustainably manage their mangrove resources; (2) to replant about 5 acres of mangrove all along Vaiusu Village behind the houses of families in the village residing along the coast; (3) to restor the mangrove ecosystem in the village of Vaiusu and designate a national conservation area for protection; (4) to build capacity and educational awareness programs for the village community; and (5) to develop income-generating activities and marketing trainings for the village people in handicrafts, collecting seashells, fishing, etc. (http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/11284/replanting_of_the_degraded_vaiusu_bay_to_improve_the_mangrove_ecosystem_biodiversity_for_food_securi.html)

99. MANGROVE RESTORATION IN MATAFAA VILLAGE, SAMOA (MATAFA VILLAGE):This project is an effort by the residents of Matafa’a village to conserve the local mangrove ecosystem in response to fears that the growing population of the village will encroach upon the mangrove. The village wishes to protect the mangrove because of its ecological value and its role in protecting the community from strong storm surges. Components of the project include: (1) development of a policy for protection of the mangrove conservation area; (2) an inventory of the biodiversity of the mangrove ecosystem; (4) income-generating programs for the community; (5) capacity-building; (6) conservation of culturally significant sites located in the village that hold strong heritage value to the village people; and (7) development of a management plan for the project and a long term plan for sustainability when the funding assistance completes. (http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/11280/conservation_of_the_last_standing_mangrove_ecosystem_in_matafaa_village_for_its_biodiversity_and_cul.html)

100. RESTORATION OF THE LEPA VILLAGE NATURAL SPRING AND DEVELOPMENT OF A WATER CATCHMENT FOR VILLAGE DRINKING WATER, SAMOA (LEPA - KOMITI TUMAMA):The village of Lepa depends on coastal springs for drinking water. During floods, this water is made dirty and undrinkable, and the residents have no water source. The aim of this project is to help villagers store water during non-flood periods to provide a source of clean drinking water during floods. (http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/11292/restoration_of_the_lepa_village_natural_spring_and_development_of_water_catchment_for_village_drinki.html)

101. UPGRADING A COASTAL SPRING FOR THE VILLAGE OF VAILOA-PALAULI, SAMOA (VAILOA PALAULI - KOMITI A TINA MA TAMAITAI):The village of Vailoa Palauli depends on coastal springs for drinking water. During floods, this water is made dirty and undrinkable, and during droughts, the water source dries up. The residents have no alternative water source.The aim of this project is to help villagers manage water in such a way that they have access to this

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Case Description Listresource regardless of climatic variation. (http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/11288/upgrading_coastal_spring_for_the_village_of_vailoa_palauli.html)

102. ENDA-SYSPRO SUSTAINABLE AGRO-FORESTRY PRACTICE, SENEGAL, (ENDA-SYSPRO (WITHIN ENVIRONNEMENT ET DEVELOPPEMENT DU TIERS MONDE)):A project providing technical advice, organization training, and financial help to farmers can help them adapt to potential climate changes. Under the tutelage of ENDA-SYSPRO, farmers set up co-ops dedicated to agro-forestry. Benefits include reduced soil erosion, reduced need for irrigation, improved soil fertility, increased income opportunities (through agriculture), and improved food security (through crops). (http://www.cckn.net/pdf/seeing_the_light_dre.pdf)

103. THE GERMAN/SENEGALESE PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY PROJECT, AT DIAOULÉ AND NDIÉBEL., SENEGAL, (N/A):The installation of photovolaic solar energy systems in three Senegalese villages led to an increase in local productivity by encouraging people to stay in the villages instead of leaving in search of economic opportunity. Many socio-economic benefits associated with electricity provision were observed, such as improved health services, enhanced livelihood, and educational and cultural opportunities. The use of solar-powered pumps enabled people to remain in the villages and eliminated the need to move cattle to other pastures, thus retaining cattle as a source of fertilizer and improving local agricultural land. These improvements in village welfare translate into decreased vulnerability, and may buffer the villages against the effects of climate change. (http://www.cckn.net/pdf/seeing_the_light_dre.pdf)

104. ADAPTATION BY SMALL SCALE ROOIBIS TEA FARMERS IN WYPPERTHAL AND SUID BOKKEVELD AREAS OF WESTERN AND NORTHERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA (SOUTHSOUTHNORTH; INDIGO DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE):The project aims to support small-scale farmers in the project area in their efforts to adapt their farming practices to anticipated climate change and to enhance their incomes. It also aims to inform policy makers and implementers (at all levels of government), land users, scientists and development facilitators of the causes and impacts of climate change, and of appropriate adaptation measures. Thirdly, it will enable government agencies at all levels (local, provincial and national) to effectively support adaptation to climate change and sustainable resource use in the project area and elsewhere. The project has a special focus on rural women, which it considers to be among the most vulnerable land users. (http://www.southsouthnorth.org/country_home.asp?country_id=11#159)

105. CLIMATE FOR WATER (C4W), SOUTH AFRICA (WATER RESEARCH COMMISSION OF SOUTH AFRICA):Objectives of this project include: (1) identification of the strengths and weaknesses in current climate prediction tools from a water resource management perspective; (2) assessment of the potential for improvement, or improved use, of climate prediction tools through incorporation of newly-gained local and international knowledge of climate variability; (3) identification of crucial knowledge gaps; (4) demonstration of use of improved climate prediction tools for water resource management and transfer of knowledge; (5) identification of longer-term research, capacity-building and/or educational initiatives which would enable water resource managers to derive maximum benefit from climate modelling and prediction tools. These objectives are being fulfilled through focus groups, workshops, and forecast dissemination. (http://www.c4w.org.za/c4w/custom/com/c4w/home/index.jsp)

106. FLOODS FROM THE ROOF OF THE WORLD: PROTECTION THANKS TO APPLIED RESEARCH, NEPAL, BHUTAN, INDIA, PAKISTON, CHINA/ TIBET (INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR INTEGRATED MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT):The project consists of working with participating countries to develop an inventory of glaciers and glacier lakes as well as a GLOF monitoring system. The data gathered is used as the basis for early warning systems. The database is also used to determine the amount of total available water resources the region will have in the future. (http://www.sdc.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Floods_from_the_Roof_of_the_World)

107. PANGU WORK-DISTRIBUTION PRACTICE, SRI LANKA (AUTONOMOUS):The pangu method, practiced in the Anuradhapura District of Sri Lanka, can be help communities adapt to climate change. Based on the traditional system of sharing the work for cleaning and maintaining the irrigation infrastructure, it involves digging and/or desilting the community reservoir, raising or strengthening the bund, clearing the bund of bushes and weeds, cleaning out the canal sand, and carrying out small repairs of the canals in case those are damaged. According to this method, every paddy land owner (of land in the command area of a particular tank) is responsible for cleaning and repairing one section of the bund or canals, allocated to him or her. Participants are paid for their work, either in money or in food, according to the number of sections they have been

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Case Description Listcompleted. The chairman of the Farmers' Organization or the vel vidane administers the system, keeping an attendance list and making the payments. Technical officers of the local government agency involved (might be the Department of Agrarian Services or the Divisional Secretariat) pay a regular visit for supervision of the works. The pangu method creates a sense of ownership and responsibility by involving farmers in both the planning and the implementation stages (as opposed to using contractors). It discourages people from trying to get "a free ride" since each person is clearly accountable for a specific share of the work. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=152)

108. PARTICIPATORY COASTAL ZONE RESTORATION AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT, SRI LANKA (INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT):The project promotes the restoration and sustainable use of ecosystems along the Eastern Coast of Sri Lanka damaged by the Indian Ocean tsunami. It is designed to overcome three key barriers to the restoration of coastal ecosystems and to catalyse a replicable low-cost system. By the end of the project, at least 1,000 ha of coastal lagoons, 75 ha of sand dunes and 250 ha of mangroves will have been rehabilitated and be under sustainable management. (http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?projID=2753)

109. COMMUNITY-BASED RANGELAND REHABILITATION FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION, BARA PROVINCE, SUDAN (UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME):The UNDP/GEF project was initiated in 1992 covering 17 villages. The aim of the project was to implement a simple model of community-based natural resources management to prevent over-exploitation and degradation of marginal lands and rehabilitate rangelands for the purpose of carbon sequestration. The project provided for increasing numbers of livelihood alternatives to diversify local production systems and improve socio-economic conditions. Measures included small scale irrigated vegetable gardens, pest management, improvement of water supply through the construction and management of water wells, forestry/rangelands rehabilitation, windbreak and sand dune stabilization, and tree and shrub planting.The project produced a variety of reported benefits. Human capital for more efficient management of natural resources was increased through training and other capacity building activities. The condition of natural capital was raised by land rehabilitation, better land management, introduction of sheep as replacement for goats, planting of shelterbelts, development of women’s gardens, and changing building practices to conserve wood. Physical capital benefits include improved food storage facilities and increased stores of grain for dry periods. Financial capital was increased by improving access to local and national markets, production of marketable sheep, and greater access to credit through revolving credit funds. Social capital benefits include the formation of community development committees and enhanced living conditions of women through participation in community gardens and other activities. (http://www.aiaccproject.org/working_papers/Working%20Papers/AIACC_WP42_Osman.pdf)

110. KHOR ARBA'AT REHABILITATION PROJECT, SUDAN (SOS SAHEL):The objective of this project was to improve livelihoods and food security by rehabilitation of Khor Arba'at delta, sustainable management of natural resources to meet local needs, equitable water harvesting, and enhancement of grassroots participation in the overall development of the community. It introduced use of micro-catchment water harvesting techniques or contour bunds for planting trees, agricultural extension and training for improved agricultural practice, adult literacy education for women, credit program and training, and formation and training of a community development committee. It also supported local experiments and initiatives such as spreading home gardens, digging wells for irrigation, and establishment of local shops. (http://www.aiaccproject.org/working_papers/Working%20Papers/AIACC_WP42_Osman.pdf)

111. INCREASING HUMAN RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN EL FASHIR, NORTH DARFUR, SUDAN (INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP (ITDG)):A community began a project focused on trus cultivation (a type of traditional water conserving on farmlands), magun cultivation (a type of seed sowing that enables plants to survive in the face of sand encroachment), use of home gardens, and shifting cultivation. Since 1998, the Intermediate Technology Development Group has contributed funds and support for this community project. (http://www.aiaccproject.org/working_papers/Working%20Papers/AIACC_WP42_Osman.pdf)

112. SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS IN THE COASTAL ZONE, SURINAME (MINISTRY OF LABOUR, TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT, AND ENVIRONMENT):The aim of this study is to strengthen the capability of Suriname to deal with the aspects of sea level rise and other relevant aspects of climate change and to contribute to the formulation of national policy and planning, aiming to promote and strengthen sustainable livelihood within the coastal zone. The central theme is therefore the identification of adaptation measures and formulation of national policy and planning. To this end, the project will establish a Climate Change Steering Committee and work towards the following outcomes: (1) reports on climate

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Case Description Listchange for policy makers; (2) reports identifying adaptation measures; (3) a report on financial requirements and financial resources for adaptation in the coastal zone; (4) a capacity needs assessment; (5) a technology needs assessment, (6) a capacity-building plan; and (7) development of a institutional structure for adaptation in the coastal zone. (http://www.nlcap.net/fileadmin/NCAP/Countries/Suriname/NCAP_workplan_Suriname_summary.01.300106.pdf)

113. PARTICIPATORY RURAL ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE, TAJIKISTAN (CARE TAJIKISTAN):This pilot project aims to strengthen institutional and technical capacities to effectively react and adapt to adverse effects of climate change in three villages in different Jamoats (sub district administrative units) in Varzob District in western Tajikistan. The project created an Adaptation Advisory Group in conjunction with Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, and other research institutions in order to develop technologies or adaptation plans. The Adaptation Advisory Group is working with vulnerable households to educate them about concrete adaptation strategies through trainings on natural resource management, productive and sustainable slope management, cold frame management and seedling growing, food storage and processing, and insulation and energy efficiency. The project also partners with local government and non governmental institutions. Fifteen households used the cold frames, making the growing season longer. Training on food preservation improved food security during the winter for 220 families. For energy saving, energy efficient stoves will reduce need for fuel, and improve household heating, and winterization of the village school will conserve energy and improve the educational experience for 87 students. Villagers planted trees in order to stabilize slopes. Furthermore, memorandums of understanding on slope degradation and control of livestock grazing were signed by local government and village authorities. (www.seepnetwork.org/files/4674_file_SEEP_CARE_Tajikistan_.ppt)

114. CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE WATER CRISIS IN CENTRAL ASIA, TAJIKISTAN (OXFAM NETHERLANDS):This project includes (1) the provision of 200 hand pumps, several large pumped water systems, 11 gravity-fed water systems, several rooftop water harvesting systems in schools and over 600 household water storage cisterns, altogether supplying water to 45,000 people in 28 villages; (2) the introduction of new drought-resistant and less water-thirsty plants, rain-fed cultivation technologies, greenhouses and irrigation systems to help agricultural activities withstand drought; (3) the creation of community-based organizations that can not only address ongoing food and income problems, but also serve as key players in emergencies including floods, droughts and landslides; and (4) the launching of a disaster-preparedness program in the 15 most vulnerable villages. At a regional level, Oxfam has begun to address the problem of five central Asian nations sharing common water supplies by encouraging debate among members of local civil society on how Tajikistan can manage its water resources fairly and efficiently, not only at national level but also regionally, with its neighbours. (No longer available. General Oxfam site: http://www.oxfam.org.uk.

115. HIFADHI ARDHI SHINYANGA (HASHI) PROJECT, TANZANIA (MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM):The Shinyanga region in the north of Tanzania is occupied mainly by the agropastoral Sukuma people. The Hifadhi Ardhi Shinyanga (HASHI) project, which means “soil conservation” in Kiswahili, is a government initiative under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. It has been instrumental in reviving the Sukuma people's traditional practice of conservation. Using indigenous knowledge, they are practising a natural resource management system called ngitili - a Sukuma word meaning enclosure. Traditionally ngitili were used to provide animal fodder for very young, old or sick animals unable to follow other animals to grazing lands. Involving the conservation of grazing and fodder lands by encouraging vegetation regeneration and tree planting, ngitili has proven to help protect the environment and improve the livelihoods of communities in the region. The Shinyanga region used to be extensively forested with dense woodland and bushland species. The traditional practice of ngitili was used by people in response to serious fodder shortages caused by the frequent droughts typical in semi-arid areas. The government relocation scheme, together with drought, over-grazing, cash crop cultivation, destruction of forests to wipe out tsetse fly and increased demand for fuel wood, began to reduce land productivity and increase deforestation and soil erosion. The Shinyanga landscape is now changing, thanks to farmers' enthusiasm for agroforestry. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=117)116. SHIFTING OF SHALLOW WATER WELLS AFFECTED BY INUNDATION IN COASTAL REGIONS, TANZANIA (SOUTHSOUTHNORTH; JUMUIYA ENDELEVU BAGAMOYO SOCIETY):Sea level rise threatens water supply in coastal Tanzania due to salinization of the water table. Lack of steady water supply forces women to travel long distances for water, which takes time away from other activities. In other cases, families purchase water, which can be expensive. Farm operations are compromised by inavailability of irrigation. Diseases are more prevalent due to water shortages. The overall objective of this project is to construct new water wells to enable people affected by inundation to have reliable access to clean water for drinking and other development processes in Bagamoyo district. Specific actions include: (a) a survey to identify wells that have been inundated by sea water; (b) chemical testing of these wells to determine the extent of the problem; (c) a survey of alternative water sources available to these communities; (d) rehabilitation of existing wells not overly inundated by sea water; (e) creation of new water sources through drilling of bore-holes; and (f) training in the sustainable use

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Case Description Listof water. Secondary components include the promotion of alternative income strategies to reduce pressure on coastal resources and the promotion of good land management practices. (http://www.southsouthnorth.org/country_home.asp?country_id=11#146)

117. ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AND CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH CLIMATE AND ECOLOGICAL CHANGES TO THE LAKE VICTORIA COMMUNITY, TANZANIA (SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE; NATIONAL FISH FARMING CENTRE):This project aims to implement sustainable adaptation alternatives in the fishing communities of the Lake Victoria region in order to restore food and income generation supporting activities. Through a participatory process with fisher folk and government representatives, this initiative will: (1) highlight sustainability and environmental problems associated with current fishing strategies; (2) provide communities with comprehensive and sustainable methodologies for coping with fish shortages and changes in water level and quality; and (3) introduce fish farming techniques and new groundwater sources through pilot projects as a way of reducing vulnerability to climate and ecological changes. During the 1980s and 1990s, the Lake Victoria region experienced considerable changes in the ecology of its lake and fish populations, an increase of its industrial fishing sector, and more recently a drop in its water levels leading to shortages of clean, potable water. This project will document historical and current adaptation strategies to these stresses. The findings from this research will focus on the identification of environmentally friendly alternatives relating to the fishing industry and potable water access that can easily be adopted by the communities. The project will also explore the introduction of fish farming strategies in order to reduce the dependence of the community on directly harvesting the fish from Lake Victoria, and as a way of reducing vulnerability to climate and ecological changes. (http://www.acccaproject.org/evolution/modules/knowledgebox/external2/view.php?id=297&kbid=5)

118. FORMATION OF WATER USER ASSOCIATIONS AND RIVER NAMWI CATCHMENTS FOR SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION, TANZANIA (MWASHA WATER USER GROUP):This project will use participatory methods in planning and implementation to set up water user groups in charge of assuring operation and maintenance of a sustainable irrigation scheme. The project will train the community in proper water management and operation and maintenance of the irrigation furrow, in agricultural extension and agribusiness skills, and in soil and water conservation. The goal is to assure sufficient water to supply agricultural production and domestic use, thus improving living standards. Lastly, the project will work to increase public awareness of the effects of deforestation, especially near water sources, and of the importance of tree planting for prevention of land degradation. (http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/11331/formation_of_water_user_association_and_river_namwi_catchments_for_sustainable_irrigation_at_mwasha_.html)

119. MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE CHANGE IN INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE PANGANI RIVER BASIN, TANZANIA (UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME):The objective of the project is to prepare water managers and users for changing climatic conditions (especially reduced flows) through provision of technical data, planning, and improved allocation, capacity building and awareness-raising. Specific actions include: (1) conducting an assessment of water flows for the Pangani River; (2) training 10 technicians to understand climate change implications for river flow; (3) establishing a catchment forum to discuss water management and other stakeholder management forums to build awareness and political will to resolve conflicts; (4) promoting basin-level participation in national cilmate change and water management; and (5) developing and disseminating awareness materials on the implications of climate change and various likely river flow scenarios among local authorities, decision makers, communities and the private sector. (http://www.gefweb.org/Documents/Medium-Sized_Project_Proposals/MSP_Proposals/documents/Tanzania-PanganiMainstreaming.pdf)

120. WATER SECTOR SUPPORT PROJECT, TANZANIA (MINISTRY OF WATER):The Water Sector Support Project aims to strengthen sector institutions for integrated water resources management and improve access to water supply and sanitation services. There are 4 components to the project: (1) strengthening institutional capacity for improving the management of water resources by providing logistical and technical assistance for basin institutions and their management systems, support for the planning and preparation of integrated (river and lake) basin development and management plans, and support for the implementation of selected priority water resources investment projects; (2) providing support to all local governments in the scaling up of the provision of rural water and sanitation services; (3) giving support to Dar es Salaam, all regional and district capitals, and gazetted small town utilities in the scaling up of provision of urban water and sanitation services; and (4) providing support for the new role of the Ministry of Water, assistance for sub-sector planning and operational capacities, support to sector coordination and policy re-alignment, and support for sector capacity building. (http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P087154)

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Case Description List

121. PREPARING FOR FLOODS BY DIVERSIFYING LIVELIHOODS, THAILAND (AUTONOMOUS):In a case of autonomous adaptation, communities in the Lower Songkram River Basin have developed a number of coping mechanisms to deal with floods and droughts. One is indigenous forecasting methods (for example, ants removing their eggs from the nest is seen as a sign of rain, and a decrease in mushrooms can signal drought). Another is modification in fishing gear to conform to climate changes (for example, when the water level is high, they use traps or fishing hooks. When it is low, they use mong and uan tap taling, a type of net that is anchored along the riverbank). A third coping strategy is the ability to grow two different types of rice, one for dry seasons and one for wet seasons. A fourth coping strategy is diversification of livelihood (for example, making rice liquor or migrating to Bangkok). (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=77)

122. MANGROVE REFORESTATION AND PROTECTION, THAILAND (DEPARTMENT OF MARINE AND COASTAL RESOURCES):Mangrove forests are located in 23 coastal provinces in Thailand. These forests used to cover 368,000 ha in Thailand in 1961, but the area dropped to 240,000 ha by 2002. The major causes of the loss of mangrove forests are timber and charcoal industries, while some areas were converted for urbanization, agriculture, and aquaculture especially shrimp farms. In 2004, a five-year Action Plan for Mangrove Management in the Gulf of Thailand was established to preserve mangrove forests, as well as to promote the sustainable use of mangrove resources. Following the 2003 tsunami, many local communities are interested in mangrove reforestation as protection against disasters such as storm surges. The Department of Marine and Coastal Resources established a program to conserve and rehabilitate mangrove forests. Four mangrove development stations are located in Trang to support the program’s activities, including reforestation and maintenance of mangroves, provisiong of training to build capacity for community forestry management, building of partnerships between local community members, the government, and NGOs, reduction of illegal wood harvesting and land cultivation. The project will also set up Mangrove Protection Zones, where harvest of wood will be prohibited except in special circumstances. The community is producing mangrove seedlings in its nursery. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=154)

123. FRIENDS OF THE REEF, THAILAND (WWF):The impact of climate change and El Niño is increasingly causing coral reefs to bleach. WWF's Friends of the Reef project is an effort to protect Asia Pacific’s coral reef ecosystems, which are the source of new coral recruits for reefs throughout the region and a source of livelihood for coastal people, especially in the fishery and tourism sectors. Friends of the Reef engages local stakeholders and decision makers in developing, testing, and implementing plans to increase coral reef resilience to major threats in the region, including climate change. This project also aims to increase awareness and advocacy activities by highlighting stories and show-cases from previous, current, and future coral bleaching in major reef countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region then using this information to call for emission reduction in regional countries. Friends of the Reef also provides collaborative management mechanisms, enabling the governments of major reef countries to enhance the management and network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). In Thailand, Friends of the Reef is monitoring coral bleaching in Phuket Island, Hat Noppaatthara/ Phi Phi Island National Park, Mu Ko Surin National Park, Ko Rawi, Ko Adang and Ko Bulonle parks. (http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/asia_pacific/where/indonesia/wwf_indonesia_conservation/bali_barat/the_background/friends_of_the_reef/index.cfm)

124. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO (RED CROSS/RED CRESCENT):The Red Cross of Trinidad and Tobago recently started the RC/RC Climate Centre’s Preparedness for climate change program. The first step was taken in September 2006, when a workshop was held to assess the nationwide threats posed by climate change and identify Red Cross priorities in response. The Ministry of Education, in partnership with the Trinidad and Tobago Red Cross, will develop both a climate change information and activity booklet to be used in schools. To reach children further, the national society will set up school projects, a website and a kids club. For a larger audience it plans to develop information materials such as posters, while it recently published the first findings of an assessment indicating the risks of climate change in the country and the wider Caribbean area. (http://www.climatecentre.org/downloads/File/latin_america/Trinidad%20and%20Tobago.pdf)

125. ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, TUNISIA (MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND WATER RESOURCES (MARH); GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF AGRICULTURAL STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT (DGEDA)):GTZ was the main implementor of this project, which consisted of analysis and development of a report and plan. The Tunisian agencies in charge of the project are the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources and the General Directorate of Agricultural Studies and Development. Over the course of three conferences and 12 working meetings, the three agencies, along with the help of numerous Ministries and NGOs, produced a report on the impacts of climate change on the landscape and human activities, especially agriculture. The final product of the project is a National Adaptation Strategy containing detailed proposals and criteria for the authorities on adaptation

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Case Description Listto climate change and the specific measures which must now be implemented. Some of the measures the Strategy recommends are appointment of an interministerial National Climate Council to improve the coordination of measures for adaptation to climate change; promotion of interdisciplinary climate research and development of appropriate training programmes; broader-based collection of climate and water resource data to improve the quality of forecasting; better enforcement of existing water and agricultural ordinances; introduction of insurance services for climate-related damage in agriculture, with a particular focus on small farmers; assistance with the restructuring of farms that are affected by climate change; and development of a climate label for agricultural products which are particularly resilient to the impacts of climate change. (http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-climate-results-maghreb.pdf)

126. NEW ZEALAND' PACIFIC ACCESS CATEGORY (PAC) IMMIGRATION POLICY, TUVALU (GOVERNMENTS OF TUVALU AND NEW ZEALAND):Tuvalu is the first country in which residents have been forced to evacuate because of rising sea levels. Nearly 3000 Tuvaluans have already left their homelands. In support of their crisis, the New Zealand government has established an immigration program called the Pacific Access Category, which currently sees seventy-five residents migrate to NZ each year. The PAC also allows 75 citizens of Kiribati, 250 citizens of Tonga, and 250 citizens of Fiji to emigrate to New Zealand each year. (http://www.foe.org.au/resources/publications/climate-justice/CitizensGuide.pdf)

127. GOAT BREEDING IN MOROTO AND NAKAPIRIPIRIT, UGANDA (KARAMOJA AGROPASTORAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME):The Karamoja Agro-pastoral Development Programme (KADP) implements an agro-pastoral development program in the semi-arid Moroto and Nakapiripirit districts in Karamoja, North East Uganda. The most viable economic activities are extensive livestock keeping and growing of seasonal crops to supplement livestock and livestock products. During drought, Karamojong women, children and old people are often left for months at a time without animals to provide them with milk. Thus, the KADP started a breeding and propagation centre to produce crossbred dairy goats. Each woman was given a goat, trained by a veterinarian and an agronomist and has access to animal health services. The women make hay and plant fodder for their goats. They zero-graze the animals and provide them with supplementary feed. They collect extra fodder and store it for when feed is scarce. After the project implementation, the amount of milk produced has risen, and the project is being extended to other villages. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=35)

128. MAINSTREAMING ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS, UGANDA (WORLD VISION; DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGY):The Radio and Internet Project (RANET) implemented in Nakasongola district by World Vision and the Department of Meteorology enhanced collection and dissemination of early warning and climate information at the local level through radio and internet. Using a computer connected to the internet, the project provided timely information on climate and other development information for the people in the district. Through established channels of communication, the project then disseminated climate information to local farming communities in a timely manner. Local communities in 17 parishes of the district benefited from this effort. The information enabled the local population to prepare for potential droughts and to take the climate forecast into account when making decsions. More farmers in Nakasongola started preparing their land for cropping in advance banking on predictions received through RANET, whereas in the past, almost all farmers waited for rains before starting land preparation. This change improved productivity of crops and livestock. (http://www.acts.or.ke/pubs/monographs/pubs/ecopolicy15.pdf)

129. PREPARING FOR THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, VIETNAM (RED CROSS/RED CRESCENT):Capitalizing on its vast network of trainers throughout Vietnam, the Red Cross integrated a climate change and adaptation unit into its disaster preparedness training modules. One component of this project was awareness-raising about the impacts of climate change on livelihoods and the need to be prepared to adapt. This was accomplished by encouraging NGOs to make climate change impacts part of their focus, and by producing two documentaries that were broadcast on national television. The Red Cross also integrated the theme of climate change impacts into its participatory community assessments, which resulted in the identification of community-specific vulnerabilities and solutions to them. In some cases, these solutions (e.g., loud speaker systems for early warning, construction of dams and tree barriers as defense for agricultural land against winds and salt water intrusion) were implemented. Based on this pilot project, the Red Cross has decided to focus efforts on mangrove restoration and afforestation as a strategy to both ameliorate climate change impact and simultaneously generate funds through the UNFCCC Clean Development Mechanism to finance disaster preparedness. (http://www.climatecentre.org/downloads/File/asia_and_pacific/Vietnam%20February%202007.pdf)

130. PREPARING FOR THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN HUONG RIVER BASIN AND THE COASTAL PHU VANG DISTRICT, VIETNAM (INSTITUTE OF METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY):

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Case Description ListThe focus of this project is on combining a participatory approach and water modeling. The main objective of the project is to strengthen the capacity of the sectors, institutions, and Vietnamese people to adapt and respond to the climate change impacts. It aims to reduce their vulnerability to climate change and disasters by raising their understanding and preparedness to foresee impacts and minimize losses. This objective will be accomplished by undertaking completion of specific objectives: (1) to combine water flow modeling for an entire river basin with participatory management tools for a coastal commune; (2) to study existing and future climate change impacts on water resources in the river basin and understand how poor people’s livelihoods strongly depend on climate and water resource changes; (3) to improve awareness, build a pro-active attitude, and foster preparedness regarding climate change and its impacts among all related stakeholders, especially the most vulnerable communities and individuals; (4) to assess, prioritize and improve the existing adaptation measures with stakeholders’ participation; and (5) to prepare and develop, with stakeholder participation, the optimal feasible adaptation plan and policy at the district level with a view to replicate it at provincial and national levels. The outputs of the project are in the form of data and models, a vulnerability assessment, and a stakeholder action plan for Phu Vang district with information about all possible stakeholders, their interrelationship, and potential obstacles and solutions. (http://www.nlcap.net/countries/vietnam/)

131. ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE USING AGROBIODIVERSITY RESOURCES IN THE RAINFED HIGHLANDS, YEMEN (REPUBLIC OF YEMEN):This project will directly target the top two of the four articulated priorities in Yemen's National Adaptation Plan of Action, namely: (1) improving community resilience to climate change through the development of sustainable rural livelihoods; and (2) improving agricultural production under erratic rains and changing climatic conditions. This project intends to enhance coping strategies for adaptation to climate change for farmers who rely on rainfed agriculture in the Yemen highlands, through the conservation and utilization of biodiversity important to agriculture (particularly the local land races and their wild relatives) and associated local traditional knowledge. In terms of its overall strategic approach, the project seeks to integrate adaptation to climate change with the conservation and utilization of agrobiodiversity resources by: (1) bringing together local/traditional knowledge, particularly that of female farmers, with modern farming techniques and practices; (2) developing vulnerability profiles at the appropriate (community/district/governorate) level for target species/varieties, and (3) developing adequate and appropriate coping mechanisms as well as policy, institutional, and technology options. (http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P103922)

132. ADAPTATION OF WATER MANAGEMENT TO CLIMATE CHANGE, YEMEN (MINSITRY OF WATER RESOURCES AND THE ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY):The Netherlands Climate Change Studies Assistance Programme (NCSSAP) in Yemen will compliment Yemen's National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA). Whereas the NAPA focuses on physical adaptation measures, the NCCSAP will concentrate more on social-based adaptation to climate change. Both programs are located within the Climate Change Unit of the Environmental Protection Authority, which operates under the newly created Ministry for Water and Environment. The main focus is water management. In this area, the project will (1) perform a survey of end water use in an urban area that will be used to illustrate options for a more demand-side led focus on urban water management (to replace the supply-side water planning currently in place); (2) evaluate small scale, traditional or indigenous technologies and techniques (e.g., dew harvesting) in both agriculture and urban households; and (3) work with national and other water institutions to negotiate feasible strategies for demand-based water planning. Other activities include: (1) the Women and Environment Unit's training and communication sessions with rural women to gauge their awareness of climate change and train them in adaptation. (http://www.nlcap.net/fileadmin/NCAP/Countries/Yemen/NCAP_workplan_Yemen_summary.01.300106.pdf)

133. IMPROVING WATER EFFICIENCY IN MUDZI AND GWANDA, ZIMBABWE (INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES (ZIMBABWE)):In 1993, the Community Drought Mitigation project embarked on providing technical support to farmers to improve their crop production while conserving soil and water. A number of demonstrations were conducted. In one, water use efficiency was improved by planting crops in furrows with crop residue between them to improve soil aggregation and to reduce surface sealing (upon decomposition, nutrients are released to the soil and water retention by the soil is greatly improved). Another experimented with intercropping (intercropping is more advantageous when nutrient and moisture stresses are more prevalent). In other demonstrations, efforts were made to decrease runoff and soil erosion through gully reclamation (small wells were constructed for proper drainage of the field and to provide water for livestock and wildlife). Agroforestry demonstrations focused on the technique of intercropping annual species, where deep-rooted trees tap more moisture from a lower depth during the dry season, thus increasing the overall productivity per unit of land. (http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=120)

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Case Description List

134. COPING WITH DROUGHT AND CLIMATE CHANGE, ZIMBABWE (UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME):This project aims to: (1) promote sustainable livelihoods for drylands (through irrigated crop production, crop diversification, small livestock production and marketing, grazing management, woodland management, wildlife management and ecotourism, production of small grains, improved post-harvest storage and processing facilities, water harvesting and management, community seed producers' networks, community-based safety nets, training of communities in pasture management and establishment of fodder banks, training of communities in commercial seed production, and facilitation of community-based natural resource management to preserve wetlands and forests that provide important ecosystem services such as buffering); (2) enhance use of early warning systems (though establishment of drought information systems and awareness-raising education); and (3) integrate climate risk management across sectors, institutions and society (including preparation of a community-based drought mitigation and preparedness plan and a catchment management plan that will ensure sustained supply of water from the rivers that the community depends on). (http://www.gefonline.org/ProjectDocs/Climate%20Change/Zimbabwe%20-%20Coping%20with%20Drought%20and%20Climate%20Change/Resubmission%20Zim%20CwD%20Nov%201.doc)

135. WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT IN TEMARURU AND DUMBAMWE, ZIMBABWE (ZIMBABWE ENERGY RESEARCH ORGANIZATION):A wind turbine installed in a village in Zimbabwe may help decrease vulnerability and improve villagers' ability to cope with the effects of climate change. A study of the project concluded that "[i]n this case study, small-scale windpower eases water resource stress and contributes to climate change adaptation in two ways: (1) by providing energy for water pumping in otherwise energy-deprived areas, and (2) by easing fuelwood consumption in households whose livelihood opportunities have expanded with electrification." (http://www.cckn.net/pdf/seeing_the_light_dre.pdf)

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