BURJ KHALIFA

LITERATURE CASE STUDY ON

(HIGH RISE BUILDING)

Submitted By:-

SONAL SHARMA AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF

ARCHITECTURE,JAIPUR

BATCH 11

CASE STUDY – BURJ KHALIFA

CONTENTS

S.NO TOPICS PAGE NO.

GENERAL PARAMETERS

FOUNDATION DESIGN

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

FLOOR DIVISIONS

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

ELEVATORS & LIFTS

HVAC SYSTEM

WIND ENGINEERING SYSTEM

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1

2-3

4-6

7

8-9

10

11

SONAL SHARMA(72)

IV YR SEC B

SEM VII ,BCT

A.S.A

CASE STUDY – BURJ KHALIFA PAGE NO.

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GENERAL PARAMETERS

FORMER NAME - BURJ DUBAI (TALLEST STRUCTURE IN WORLD)

TYPE - MIXED USE SKYSCRAPER

LOCATION – DUBAI ,UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

CONSTRUCTION STARTED –JANUARY 2004

CONSTRUCTION COMPLETED - 2010

TOTAL HEIGHT – 828m

HEIGHT TILL TOP FLOOR -584.5m

TOTAL FLOOR COUNT -163 FLOORS +46 MAINTENANCE LEVELS

IN THE SPIRE + 2 PARKING LEVELS IN BASEMENT =209 FLOORS

TOTAL FLOOR AREA- 309,473 sq m

ARCHITECT – ADRIAN SMITH(At SOM

company,Chicago)

DEVELOPER – EMAAR PROPERTIES

STRUCTURAL ENGINEER- BILL

BAKER(At SOM)

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

MANAGER- TURNER CONSTRUCTION

PROJECT DEVELOPER – MOHAMED ALI

ALABBAR

SONAL SHARMA(72)

IV YR SEC B

SEM VII ,BCT

A.S.A

CASE STUDY – BURJ KHALIFA PAGE NO.

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FOUNDATION DESIGN

•THE TOWER FOUNDATIONS CONSIST OF A PILE SUPPORTED RAFT.

• THE SOLID REINFORCED CONCRETE RAFT IS 3.7 M THICK AND WAS POURED UTILIZING C50 (CUBE

STRENGTH SELF CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE.

•THE RAFT WAS CONSTRUCTED IN 4 SEPARATE POURS (THREE WINGS AND THE CENTER CORE).

•REINFORCEMENT WAS TYPICALLY AT 300MM SPACING IN THE RAFT, AND ARRANGED SUCH THAT

EVERY 10TH BAR IN EACH DIRECTION WAS OMITTED,RESULTING IN A SERIES OF “POUR

ENHANCEMENT STRIPS” THROUGHOUT THE RAFT.

•THE BURJ TOWER RAFT IS SUPPORTED BY 194 BORED CAST-IN-PLACE PILES.

• THE PILES ARE 1.5 METER IN DIAMETER AND APPROXIMATELY 43M LONG WITH A DESIGN CAPACITY

OF 3,000 TONNES EACH.

SONAL SHARMA(72)

IV YR SEC B

SEM VII ,BCT

A.S.A

CASE STUDY – BURJ KHALIFA PAGE NO. 3/11

•THE C60 (CUBE STRENGTH) SCC CONCRETE WAS PLACED BY THE TREMIE METHOD UTILIZING

POLYMER SLURRY.

•THE FRICTION PILES ARE SUPPORTED IN THE NATURALLY CEMENTED CALCISILTITE CONGLOMER

CALCISILTITE FOMIATIONS.

• WHEN THE REBAR CAGE WAS PLACED IN THE PILES, SPECIAL ATTENTION WAS PAID TO ORIENT THE

REBAR CAGE SUCH THAT THE RAFT BOTTOM REBAR COULD BE THREADED THROUGH THE

•NUMEROUS PILE REBAR CAGES WITHOUT INTERRUPTION, WHICH GREATLY SIMPLIFIED THE RAFT

CONSTRUCTION. .

•THE CONCRETE MIX FOR THE PILES WAS A 60 MPA MIX BASED ON A TRIPLE BLEND WITH 25% FLY

ASH, 7% SILICA FUME, AND WATER TO CEMENT RATIO OF 0.32.

•DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF EXTREMELY CORROSIVE GROUND WATER, ANTI-CORROSION MEASURES

(CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM) WAS REQUIRED TO ENSURE THE DURABILITY OF THE

FOUNDATIONS.

•MEASURES IMPLEMENTED INCLUDED SPECIALIZED WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS, INCREASED

CONCRETE COVER, THE ADDITION OF CORROSION INHIBITORS TO THE CONCRETE MIX. STRINGENT

CRACK CONTROL DESIGN CRITERIA, AND CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM UTILIZING TITANIUM

MESH WITH AN IMPRESSED CURRENT.

•TRIPLE LOBED FOOTPRINT OF BUILDING INSPIRED BY A FLOWER.

• ITS REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE MAKES IT STRONGER THAN STEEL-FRAME SKYSCRAPERS.

•ITS "Y" SHAPED IN PLAN - TO REDUCE THE WIND FORCES ON THE TOWER, AS WELL AS TO KEEP THE

STRUCTURE SIMPLE AND FOSTER CONSTRUCTIBILITY.

•TOWER COMPRISES OF 3 ELEMENTS ARRANGED AROUND A CENTRAL BUTTRESS ED CORE.

•EACH WING, WITH ITS OWN HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE CORRIDOR WALLS AND PERIMETER

COLUMNS, BUTTRESSES THE OTHERS VIA A SIX-SIDED CENTRAL CORE, OR HEXAGONAL HUB.

•WHICH RESULTS IN A EXTREMELY STIFF LATERALLY AND TORSIONALLY TOWER.

• A RIGOROUS GEOMETRY IS APPLIED TO THE TOWER THAT ALIGNES ALL THE COMMON CENTRAL

CORE, WALL, AND COLUMN ELEMENTS.

•EACH TIER OF THE BUILDING SETS BACK IN A SPIRAL STEPPING PATTERN UP THE BUILDING.

CASE STUDY – BURJ KHALIFA

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN

SONAL SHARMA

IV YR SEC B

SEM VII ,BCT

• THE SETBACKS ARE ORGANIZED WITH THE TOWER'S GRID, SUCH THAT THE BUILDING STEPPING IS ACCOMPLISHED BY

ALIGNING COLUMNS ABOVE WITH WALLS BELOW TO PROVIDE A SMOOTH LOAD PATH.

•THIS ALLOWS THE CONSTRUCTION TO PROCEED WITHOUT THE NORMAL DIFFICULTIES ASSOCIATED WITH COLUMN

TRANSFERS.

•THE SETBACKS ARE ORGANIZED SUCH THAT THE TOWER'S WIDTH CHANGES AT EACH SETBACK.

• THE ADVANTAGE OF THE STEPPING AND SHAPING IS TO "CONFUSE THE WIND„.

•OUTRIGGERS AT THE MECHANICAL FLOORS ALLOW THE COLUMNS TO PARTICIPATE IN THE LATERAL LOAD RESISTANCE OF

THE STRUCTURE; HENCE, ALL OF THE VERTICAL CONCRETE IS UTILIZED TO SUPPORT BOTH GRAVITY AND LATERAL LOADS.

•THE WALL CONCRETE SPECIFIED STRENGTHS RANGED FROM C80 TO C60 CUBE STRENGTH AND UTILIZED PORTLAND

CEMENT AND FLY ASH.

• THE WALL THICKNESSES AND COLUMN SIZES WERE FINE-TUNED TO REDUCE THE EFFECTS OF CREEP AND SHRINKAGE .

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STEPPING & SHAPING SONAL SHARMA

IV YR SEC B

SEM VII ,BCT

A.S.A

•AT TOP CENTRAL CORE EMERGES AND IS SCULPTED TO FORM A STRUCTURAL STEEL SPIRE

UTILIZING A DIAGONALLY BRACED LATERAL SYSTEM.

•THE STRUCTURAL STEEL SPIRE WAS DESIGNED FOR GRAVITY, WIND, SEISMIC AND FATIGUE.

•THE EXTERIOR EXPOSED STEEL IS PROTECTED WITH A FLAME APPLIED ALUMINUM FINISH WITH

VERTICAL TUBULAR FINS TO WITHSTAND DUBAI‟S EXTREME SUMMER TEMPERATURE.

•THE 5 SETS OF OUTRIGGERS, DISTRIBUTED UP THE BUILDING, TIE ALL THE VERTICAL LOAD

CARRYING ELEMENTS TOGETHER.

•DESIGN INCORPORATES CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL ELEMENTS PARTICULAR TO REGION.

•Y SHAPED PLAN WITH WINGS ALLOWS MAXIMUM OUTWARD VIEWS AND INWARD NATURAL LIGHT.

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STEEL SPIRE

Y- SHAPED PLAN

EXTERIOR STEEL WITH

ALUMINIUM FINISH

SONAL SHARMA

IV YR SEC B

SEM VII ,BCT

A.S.A

CASE STUDY – BURJ KHALIFA PAGE NO.

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FLOOR DIVISIONS

B1-B2 – PARKING & MECHANICAL

GROUND-8th FLOOR -HOTEL

9th-16th –RESIDENTIAL

17th-18th- SERVICE FLOOR

19th- 37th- RESIDENTIAL

38th-39th-HOTEL SUITES

40th-42th –SERVICE FLOOR

43th-SKY LOBBY

44th-72th-RESIDENTIAL

73th-75th-SERVICE FLOOR

76th-SKY LOBBY

77th-108th-RESIDENTIAL

109th-110th- SERVICE FLOOR

111th-121th-CORPORATE SUITES

122th-RESTAURANT

123th- SKY LOBBY

124th-OBSERVATORY

125th-135th-CORPORATE SUITES

136th-138th- SERVICE FLOOR

139th-154th-CORPORATE SUITES

155th- SERVICE FLOOR

156th-159th-COMMUNICATION & BROADCAST

160 & ABOVE –SERVICE FLOORS

SERVICE/MECHANICAL FLOORS

SEVEN DOUBLE STOREY HEIGHT

DISTRIBUTED AROUND EVERY 30 STOREYS .

IT HOUSES THE ELECTRICAL SUB-

STATION,WATER TANKS AND PUMPS,AIR

HANDLING UNITS.

SONAL SHARMA

IV YR SEC B

SEM VII ,BCT

A.S.A

CASE STUDY – BURJ KHALIFA

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FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

•FIRE PROOF CONCRETE AND SILLS ON ELEVATORS USED SO THAT WATER FROM

SPRINKLERS DOES NOT FLOOD THE SHAFT.

•IN CASE OF FIRE DESIGNATED ELEVATORS FEATURE A “LIFEBOAT EVACUATION” MODE

ALLOWING FIRE BRIGADE OR TRAINED STAFF TO TRANSPORT OCCUPANTS FROM UPPER

PORTIONS OF TOWER TO DISCHARGE LEVELS.

•ELEVATORS INCLUDE OPERATING CAPABILITY ON PRIMARY AND EMERGENCY

POWER,WATER RESISTANT EQUIPMENT,MEANS FOR VISUAL INSPECTION OF THE ELEVATOR

SHAFT AND RAISED ELEVATOR DOOR THRESHOLDS ON EACH FLOOR OPENING TO MINIMIZE

THE FLOW OF SPRINKLER WATER INTO SHAFTS.

•THERE IS ALSO A 5,500kg CAPACITY ELEVATOR FOR FIRE FIGHTERS AND BUILDING

SERVICE WORK.

•HIGHLY FIRE RESISTANT WALLS ARE THERE SURROUNDING AL THE STAIRS.

SONAL SHARMA

IV YR SEC B

SEM VII ,BCT

A.S.A

• PRESSURISED AIR- CONDITIONED REFUGE AREAS AT APPROX EVERY 25 FLOORS ARE THERE TO

WAIT SAFELY DURING FIRE ON WAY DOWN STAIRS.

• REFUGE AREAS SEPARATED FROM MAIN STRUCTURE BY 2-HOUR FIRE RESISTANT STRUCTURE.

• MULTI-ALARM SENSORS THAT INCLUDE SMOKE,HEAT AND OTICAL SENSORS ARE LOCATED IN ALL

ROOMS THROUGHOUT THE BUILDING.

• LENGTH OF BUILDING FROM BASEMENT TO LEVEL 160 IS FULLY SPRINKLER-FED.

• A TEAM ONSITE 24 HOURS PRESENT BEEN TRAINED AND BRIEFED TO DO IN CASE OF

EMERGENCIES.

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ELEVATORS AND LIFTS

•BUILDING HAS 57 ELEVATORS AND 8 ESCALATORS.

•ELEVATORS ARE DOUBLE DECK CABS WITH A CAPACITY FOR 12-14 PEOPLE PER CAB.

•SPEED OF ELAVATOR IS 64km/h.

SONAL SHARMA

IV YR SEC B

SEM VII ,BCT

A.S.A

CASE STUDY – BURJ KHALIFA PAGE NO.

10/11

HVAC SYSTEM

•THE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM DRAWS AIR FROM THE UPPER FLOORS WHERE THE

AIR IS COOLER AND CLEANER THAN ON GROUND.

•THE CONDENSATE COLLECTION SYSTEM, WHICH USES THE HOT AND HUMID

OUTSIDE AIR,COMBINED WITH THE COOLING REQUIREMENTS OF THE BUILDING

RESULTS IN CONDENSATION OF MOISTURE FROM AIR.

•THE CONDENSED WATER IS COLLECTED AND DRAINED INTO A HOLDING TANK

LOCATED IN THE BASEMENT CAR PARK.

•THIS WATER IS THEN PUMPED INTO THE SITE IRRIGATION SYSTEM.

•COOLING SYSTEM INCLUDES A SYSTEM BASED ON A THERMAL ICE- STORAGE

FACILITY THAT PRODUCES TONNES OF ICE SLURRY DURING NIGHT.

•USING ALFA LAVAL PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS THE SLURRY BUILT UP IN A TANK

STORE THE COOLING ENERGY THAT IS LATER RELEASED THROUGH THE PIPELINES

TO THE ENTIRE INDOOR AIR CONDITIONING AND TAP WATER NETWORKS.

SONAL SHARMA

IV YR SEC B

SEM VII ,BCT

A.S.A

CASE STUDY – BURJ KHALIFA PAGE NO.

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WIND ENGINEERING SYSTEM

• FOR A BUILDING OF THIS HEIGHT AND SLENDERNESS, WIND FORCES AND THE RESULTING

MOTIONS IN THE UPPER LEVELS BECOME DOMINANT FACTORS IN THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN.

• AN EXTENSIVE PROGRAM OF WIND TUNNEL TESTS AND OTHER STUDIES WERE UNDERTAKEN.

• THE WIND TUNNEL PROGRAM INCLUDED RIGID-MODEL FORCE BALANCE TESTS, A FOIL MULTI

DEGREE OF FREEDOM AERO ELASTIC MODEL STUDIES, MEASUREMENTS OF LOCALIZED PRESSURES,

PEDESTRIAN WIND ENVIRONMENT STUDIES AND WIND CLIMATIC STUDIES.

• WIND TUNNEL MODELS ACCOUNT FOR THE CROSS WIND EFFECTS OF WIND

INDUCED VORTEX SHEDDING ON THE BUILDING.

• THE WIND VORTICES NEVER GET ORGANIZED BECAUSE AT EACH NEW TIER THE WIND ENCOUNTERS

A DIFFERENT BUILDING SHAPE.

SONAL SHARMA

IV YR SEC B

SEM VII ,BCT