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Chapter – V
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
5.1 Introduction
In the previous chapter an attempt is made to analyse the progress and
performance of contemporary women development programmes in Karnataka.
This chapter deals with the impact of government sponsored programmes on
socio-economic status of the tribal community in Chitradurga District. A detailed
filed study analysis has been presented in this chapter. Hence this chapter is
considered as the core chapter of the present study.
5.2 Profile of Case Study Area
The study area Chitradurga located at a distance of 202 kms Northwest of
Bangalore, in the heart of the Deccan Plateau, Chitradurga is recognized as the
land of valour and chivalry. The chitradurga district headquarters town,
Chitradurga owes its name to “Chitrakaladurga,” or “Picturesque castle”. This is a
massive fortress on top of granite hills that rises dramatically from the ground.
Archaeological remains found in the area, trace its history to the 3nd millennium
B.C also.
Generally Chitradurga district covers a geographical area of 8388 sq.kms
and comprises six taluks. It has been receives low to moderate rainfall and is one
of the drought prone districts in the state. And Normal annual rainfall varies
between 668mm in Holalkere in western part to 457mm in Chellakere, in the
north-eastern part. Major part of the district lies in Krishna basin and is drained by
Vedavathi River system. In Chtradurga the reservoir is built across the Vedavathi
River near Vanivilaspura, in Hiriyur taluk. The canal network provides irrigation
facilities to the farmers in Hiriyur taluk and for a few villages situated outside the
taluk limit as well. The other streams are Janagahalli, Chikhagari, Swarnamukhi,
Garain and Nayakanahalli halla in the district.
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In this district agriculture is mainly dependent on the timely and
adequate rainfall in the district. So, the district is drained mainly by the
Vedavathi River. Across Vedavathi river and its tributaries, the following
irrigation projects are commissioned; (1) Vanivilas Sagara, (2) Gayathri
Reservoir, (3) Rangayanadurga Reservoir and (4) Narayanapura Anicut. In
addition to the above, there are about 300 tanks in the district providing
irrigation facilities to small stretches of lands. The area is generally gently
sloping from southwest to east. The drainage density varies from 0.72 to 1.70
km/km2 and general ground elevation ranges from about 500 m amsl to 800 m
ams also.
Here, a rock cut edict of Emperor Ashoka, near Bharamagiri reveals that
Chitradurga was part of the Mauryan Empire dating to the 3rd century B.C. After
the fall of the Mauryans, this land was under the rule of royal dynasties like the
Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas and Hoysalas. Then it really achieved eminence, as a
feudatory state of the Vijayanagar Empire, under the dynastic rule of the Nayakas
or “Paleyars”, known for their heroic exploits. The most eminent of the feudatory
chieftains, was Madakari Nayaka, who after the fall of the Vijayanagar Empire,
declared his suzerainty and consolidated his power. The hill fortress built by the
Nayakas during the Vijayanagar era, became their stronghold later. In 1779, the
fort was captured by Haider Ali, who along with his son Tipu Sultan was
responsible for its expansion and strengthening the district. Then Tipu Sultan’s
defeat by the British, the fort came under the rule of the Royal Mysore family as
well.
The district Chitradurga features bold rock hills and picturesque valleys,
huge towering boulders in unimaginable shapes. This is known as the "stone
fortress" (Kallina Kote). The district landscape looks much like a mischievous
giant's playground, with boulders thrown around, forming silhouettes against the
sky. According to a story in the Epic Mahabharatha, a man-eating gaint named
Hidimbasura lived on the Chitradurga hill and was a source of terror to everyone
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around. When the Pandavas came with their mother Kunti in the course of their
exile, Bhima had a duel with Hidimba. Hidimba was slain by Bhima and peace
returned to the area. Legend has it the boulders were part of the arsenal used during
that duel. So, the boulders on which major part of the city rests belong to the oldest
rock formation in the country.
Sri.Thimmana Nayaka a chieften under the Vijayanagar Empire rose to the
rank of governor of Chitradurga as a reward for his excellence in military
achievements, from the Vijayanagara ruler. This was the beginning of the rule of
the Nayakas of Chitradurga. His son Obana Nayaka is known by the name
Madakari Nayaka 1588 CE. Madakari Nayaka's son Kasturi Rangappa 1602
succeeded him and consolidated the kingdom to rule peacefully. As he had no
heirs to succeed him, his adopted son, the apparent heir was enthroned but was
killed in few months by the Dalavayis in the district.
And Sri.Chikkanna Nayaka1676 the brother of Madakari Nayaka II sat on
the throne and his brother succeeded him with the title Madakari Nayaka III in
1686. The unwillingness of Dalawayis to accept Madakari Nayaka III's rule gave
an opportunity to one of their distant relatives, Bharamappa Nayaka to ascend the
throne in 1689. The king is known as the greatest of the Nayaka rulers. Somehow,
the subjects of Chitradurga did not experience a good reign of the successive rulers
as they ruled on the throne for very brief periods. The Hiri Madakari Nayaka IV
1721, Kasturi Rangappa Nayaka II 1748, Madakari Nayaka V 1758 ruled this area
but there is not much to mention of their rule in Chitradurga district.
The Chitradurga district is hilly, with lots of forts and villages. The district
is bounded by Tumkur District to the southeast and south, Chikmagalur District to
the southwest, Davanagere District to the west, Bellary District to the north, and
Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh state to the east. Davanagere District was
formerly part of Chitradurga. The district is divided into Six taluks, namely
Chitradurga, Hiriyur, Hosadurga, Holalkere, Challakere and Molakalmuru. It is
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rich in mineral deposits, including gold prospecting at Halekal, Kotemardi or
Bedimaradi, etc., and open cast copper mines at Ingaldhal. Table 5.1 gives us
profile of Chitradurga district.
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Table – 5.1
Profile of Chitradurga District - At a Glance
Items Person/ Male/
Female
Chitradurga District
Molakalmuru Challakere Chitradurga Holalkere Hosadurga Hiriyur
Population Total Person 1517896 126742 332718 376506 197766 219445 264719 Male 776,221 65187 171337 193371 100809 111339 135178
Female 741,675 61555 162381 183135 96957 108106 129541
Population Rural Person 1243,658 112609 283651 251336 183192 196957 215913 Male 635442 57842 145160 129259 93218 99732 110231
Female 608216 54767 138491 122077 89974 97225 105682
Population Urban Person 274238 14133 49067 125170 14574 22488 48806 Male 140779 7345 25177 64112 7591 11607 24947
Female 133459 6788 23890 61058 6983 10881 23859 Decimal Population Growth Rate
(1991-2001) 15.6 22.4 19.1 16.9 10.4 9.8 15.7
Area (Sq.Kms) 8440.00 738.45 2016.89 1359.87 1088.48 1324.13 1692.08 Density of Population
(Persons/Sq.Kms) 180 172 165 277 182 166 156
Sex Ratio(No.of Females per 1000 Males)
955 944 933 947 962 971 958
Sex Ratio(0-6 age-group) 946 943 945 947 935 969 940 Literacy
Rate(population aged 7 Years and
above)
Person 64.5 52.6 58.9 71.8 68.0 65.0 63.2 Male 74.7 65.0 70.0 80.5 78.4 75.1 73.5
Female 53.8 39.5 47.2 62.6 57.4 54.7 52.5
135
155
Percentage of Urban population to total Population
18.1 11.2 14.7 33.2 7.4 10.2 18.4
Percentage of Total Population
Main Workers Person 37.9 37.2 39.7 34.9 38.3 39.0 39.3 Male 51.5 47.8 50.4 50.3 53.0 55.9 51.5
Female 23.8 25.9 28.4 18.7 23.1 21.5 26.6
Marginal Workers Person 9.6 7.7 9.8 7.1 15.4 10.7 8.5 Male 5.5 4.8 5.6 4.5 8.4 4.5 5.9
Female 13.9 10.9 14.2 9.9 22.7 17.1 11.2
Non-Workers Person 52.4 55.1 50.5 57.9 46.3 50.3 52.2 Male 43.0 47.4 43.9 45.2 38.6 39.6 42.6
Female 62.3 63.3 57.4 71.4 54.2 61.4 62.1 Percentage Among Total Workers
Cultivators Person 38.4 30.5 35.9 32.3 49.2 48.1 35.5 Agricultural
Labour Person 33.4 40.2 38.6 29.3 34.3 27.1 33.6
Household Industr Person 3.3 7.2 4.5 1.7 1.8 2.2 4.5 Other Workers Person 24.8 22.1 21.0 36.7 14.7 22.6 26.4 Percentage of
Scheduled Castes Person 22.2 19.8 21.8 22.6 24.7 18.9 24.0
Percentage of Scheduled Tribes
Person 17.5 35.3 28.5 16.3 11.6 7.7 9.6
Number of Villages
1,059 89 195 190 202 225 158
Number of Towns 6 1 1 1 1 1 1
Source: District at a Glance
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Chitradurga district, which accounts for 88 per cent of oilseeds area in
the district. Here the crop is predominantly rainfed in kharif and a smaller
percentage of irrigated rabi groundnut is produced. The performance trends in
the district shows that it is predominantly area led growth contributing to
production. The violent fluctuations in production are evident from the scatter
plots. The 1983-93 periods witnessed impressive growth rates in both area and
production, thanks to the technology mission on oilseeds. The dismal
performance for the period 1994-2004 calls for strategic interventions to
augment productivity. The details of normal and actual area coverage of crops
in Chitradurga district from 2008-09 to 2011-12 are presented in table 5.2.
Table – 5.2
The Normal and Actual Area Coverage of Crops in
Chitradurga District
Crops
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
*Normal Area
Area sown
Col.3 as % of Col. 2
Area sown
Col.5 as % of Col. 2
**Norm a lArea
Area sown
Col.8 as % of Col. 7
Area sown
Col.10 as % of Col. 7
Groundnut 154991 152552 98 161775 104 155108 88901 57 144112 93
Maize 41049 51809 126 44901 109 42748 58606 137 62091 145
Ragi 62727 38663 62 56056 89 63702 32469 51 57318 90
Sunflower 17073 27605 162 35921 210 14694 34248 233 44383 302
Source: District At a Glance.
The general area cultivated in comparison to normal area in Chitradurga
district reveals that in three out of four years there was shortfall in area sown.
As against this, the crops like maize and sunflower have shown impressive
changes in area sown. The baseline survey reveals interesting results with
respect to household and ground nut crop dynamics at the micro level. The
reasons for cultivating ground nut crop are presented in the form of garret
scores. The farmers reported that higher income; fodder/animal consumption
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and home consumption requirements as the top three reasons in that order for
ground nut cultivation in the district.
It may be noted here that patches of land in the district have the soil
structure exclusively suitable for groundnut production and farmers would raise
the crop on such patches in the field. So, suitability of the crop to the soil
conditions on the farm alas is one of the major reasons for growing the crop..
Thus, the specific reasons for ground nut crop cultivation shows that this crop
has no other alternative or substitute as it is the most suitable crop from the
point of income, domestic needs and soil sustainability. Ever since the Fifth
Five Year Plan India has been initiating and operationalising a series of tribal
development strategies and programmes/schemes. So in most parts of India,
the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes continue to be victims of social
inequality and economic deprivation (GoK, 2009). Hence more rigorous
measures are required for them to realize equality with the rest of the
population. It is observed that most of the projects launched during and after
the Fifth Five Year Plan have deviated either from their original objectives or
have simply met with catastrophic results (HDR, 2008). This report examines
the critical gaps, issues and challenges involved in the implementation of the
projects and schemes at cutting edge level or towards the delivery system
effectiveness. Even for Kerala, the Planning Commission of India emphasized
that: ‘any attempt to launch further development programmes among adivasis
should take into account the outcomes of the large number of projects already
implemented in the state, particularly those that are launched during and after
the Fifth Plan Period’. It is again underlines the emphasis and need for a well
defined domain of public service delivery system. In other words, a process of
governance having direct effect on the distribution of services, ensuring life
chances, the government’s performance, and political legitimacy. In this
backdrop, it is pertinent to look into the socio-economic advancement of the
scheduled tribes in Karnataka with special reference to Chitradurga district.
5.3 Socio-Economic Profile of the Respondents in Chitradurga District
158
Socio-economic profile of the respondents in the study area is presented
here. The list of the sample taluks and their respective villages and number of
respondents selected for a sample study in Chitradurga district is presented in
the following table.
Table – 5.3
Coverage of Sample Respondents in the Selected Taluks in Chitradurga
District
Sl. No.
Name of the Taluk No. of Beneficiaries
1. Challakere Taluk 150
2. Chitradurga Taluk 150
Grand Total 300
5.4 The Age Structure of Respondents in the Study Area
As per social science research age strcutre of the respondents is also
important variable. Age has been an important factor in the development of
rural community through government programmes in the state. As per the
Opaler, “In India high aged people are given more importance in comparison to
less aged people. So the opportunities in larger numbers are obtained by them.
We have obtained the age of the respondents for the study, because age has a
direct relationship with the proper utilization of the benefits of the government
programmes. Experience and knowledge increases with the increase in the age.
The details of the age groups of respondents are presented in Table-5.4.
Table – 5.4
Age Structure of Respondents in the Study Area
Sl. No.
Age Structure
Frequency Percentage
1 20-30 Years 80 26.67% 2 31-40 Years 155 51.67% 3 41-50 Years 40 13.33% 4 51-60 Years 23 7.67% 5 More than 60 Years 02 0.66%
159
Total 300 100%
Source: Field Study
Graph – 5.1
Age Structure of Respondents in the Study Area
Source: Table 5.4
It is evident from the Table -5.4 that the age group of the respondents
under study contains 51.67% respondents in 31 to 40 years and 26.67%
respondents in the age group of 20 to 30 years, 13.33% respondents in 41 to 50
years, 7.67% respondents in 51 to 60 years and 0.66% respondents in more
than 60 years of age group also. It is found in the study area.
It can be rightly said on the basis of the data obtained for the study that
high percentage of tribal women young respondents benefited from government
programmes for their upliftment. From the above table we can say that, young
people, instead of older-ones, are getting more and more opportunities from the
programmes implemented by the Government of Karnataka.
5.5 The Educational Status of Respondents in the Study area
Generally, education is an important factor for development in any
modern society. Education leaves a multi faceted and deep influence on the
26.67%
51.67%
13.33%
7.67%
0.66%
20-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 More than 60
160
personality. The education awakens new arousal in the personality and at the
same time it also infuses qualities of thoughtful stubbornness, sharp thinking,
ambition etc. Traditionally in Indian society educating girls is not being given
any importance and attention. Even today also there is complete absence of the
higher educated women in the village communities.
At present context there is awareness for education in rural leadership
and also participation in government programmes. Now there is an increasing
tendency among the residents of the villages that they accept only the educated
leadership. So they do not accept the traditional, dictatorial and orthodox
leadership because educated leader influences the villagers by their intellectual
superiority, knowledge. Pradipto Rai also considers that there is always greater
participation by highly educated persons in rural leadership to obtain benefits
from the government programmes also. The analysis of educational status of
the respondents in Chitradurga district is presented in Table - 5.5.
Table – 5.5
Educational Status of Respondents in the Study Area
Sl. No.
Educational Status of the respondents
Number of Respondents
Percentage
1 Literates 59 19.67%
2 Primary education 80 26.67%
3 Middle education 62 20.67%
4 Higher education 30 10.00%
5 Intermediate 25 8.33%
6 Degree 15 5.00%
7 Illiterates 29 9.66%
Total 300 100%
Source: Field Study.
161
Graph – 5.2
Educational Status of Respondents in the study area
Source: Table- 5.5
We can found from the table – 5.5 that in the respondents under study
90.34% have received education of one or the other level while 9.66%
respondents are illiterate, 19.67% were only literate, 26.67% of respondents
have studied upto primary school level, 20.67% of the respondents have
studied upto middle school level, 18.33% of respondents have passed the high
school and intermediate examinations, 5.0% respondents are highly educated
and they have obtained graduation degree also.
On the basis of the facts known from the study, it can be said that a
majority of the respondents are literate. The educational background of the
respondents of the area understudy is by and large normal. It is not sufficient to
make the roots of democracy strong and to make use of the programmes for the
right purpose in a right time for the upliftment of the tribal women in the study
area Chitradurga district.
5.6 Occupation of the Respondents in the Study Area
We have also collected the information about the occupation of the
19.67%
26.67%
20.67%
10.00%
8.33%
5.00% 9.66%
Only Literate Primary School Middle School High School
PUC Graduate Illiterate
162
respondents. Data in table-5.6 indicates that equal percent (30.00%) of women
beneficiaries were agricultural labour and house wife, followed by 21.67 per
cent were Agriculture, 8.67% laundry and 8.33% of beneficiaries were weaving
respectively while 1 per cent of women beneficiaries were sheep rearing. It can
be observed in Challakere taluk, 36.67 per cent of women beneficiaries belong
to Agricultural labour followed by 23.33 per cent were Agriculture, equal per
cent (16.67 %) of were weaving and dairy activity respectively, 2 per cent of
women beneficiaries were sheep rearing and 5.00 per cent of women
beneficiaries were House wife as per the study.
And in Chitradurga taluk, it was observed that, half of the respondents
were House wife, followed by 23.33 per cent of women beneficiaries were
Agricultural labour, 20 per cent were agriculture and 1.33 per cent of women
beneficiaries has taken up laundry in the study area.
Table – 5.6
Occupation of the Respondents in the Study Area
Details of Occupation
Challakere Taluk (150)
Chitradurga Taluk (150)
Total (300)
No % No % No %
Sheep rearing activity
3 2.00 - - 3 1.00
Agril. Labourers
55 36.67 35 23.33 90 30.00
Agriculture sector
35 23.33 30 20.00 65 21.67
Housewife activity
8 5.00 83 55.33 91 30.33
Weaving activity
25 16.67 - - 35 8.33
163
Source: Field Study.
Graph – 5.3
Occupation of the Respondents in the Study Area
Source: Table – 5.6
5.7 Family Type and Family Size of the Respondents in Study Area
Here we have made an attempt to analyse the family type and sixe of the
respondents. It is found from table-5.7 that 50 per cent of women beneficiaries
belonged to Nuclear families and 50 per cent to joint families. It was observed
in Challakere taluk 33.33 per cent of women beneficiaries belonged to nuclear
families and 66.67 per cent to joint families in the study area. In Chitradurga
taluk majority (66.66%) of women beneficiary’s belonged to nuclear families
and 33.34 per cent to joint families in the study area.
And it can be observed from table-5.7 that 56 per cent of women
beneficiaries belonged to small family (< 5 members) 44 per cent to big family
1
30
21.67
30.33
8.33
8.67
Sheep rearing Agril. Labour Agriculture Housewife Weaving Laundry
Laundry work
24 16.00 2 1.33 26 8.67
Total 150 100 150 100 300 100
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(> 5 member). Regarding family size of respondents of Challakere taluk it was
observed that 58.67 per cent of respondents belonged to small (< 5 members)
and 41.33 per cent were revealed big (> 5 members), it can be observed from
the study.
And in Chitradurga taluk it was observed that 53.33 per cent of
respondents belonged to small (< 5 members) and 46.67 per cent were
belonged to big (> 5 member). As in Chitradurga taluk it was observed that
53.33 per cent of respondents belonged to small (< 5 members) and 46.67 per
cent of respondents big (> 5 members). The details can be had from the table.
Table – 5.7
Family Type and Family Size of the Respondents in the Study Area
Source: Field Survey.
5.8 Land Holding of the Respondents in the Study Area
We have also made an attempr to gather the information about the land
holding. Most of the respondents were small farm (36.67 %) while 28.33 per
Family Type and Size of the
respondents
Challakere taluk (150)
Chitradurga taluk (150)
Total (300)
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Joint family of the
respondents 100 66.67 50 33.34 150 50.00
Nuclear family
50 33.33 100 66.66 150 50.00
Small (< 5 members)
only 88 58.67 80 53.33 168 56.00
Big (> 5 members)
only 62 41.33 70 46.67 132 44.00
165
cent of respondents were belonged to marginal farm followed by 22.67 per cent
of respondents land less and 12.33 per cent of women beneficiaries’ semi
medium and regarding land holding of respondents of Challakere taluk it was
observed that 48.67 per cent of respondents availed small farm followed by
25.33 per cent of women beneficiaries were land less, 20.00 per cent of women
beneficiaries were marginal and 6 per cent of women beneficiaries belong to
semi-medium land holding in the study area.
And in Chitradurga taluk, it was observed that 36.67 per cent of women
respondents belong to marginal. And 24.67 per cent of women respondents
were small farm followed by 20.00 per cent of women respondents belong to
land less and 18.30 per cent of women respondents were semi-medium land
holding.The details are presented in the table.
Table – 5.8
Land Holding of the Respondents in Study Area
Source: Field Survey.
Details of Land holdings
Challakere Taluk (150)
Chitradurga Taluk (50)
Total Respondents (300)
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Land less only 38 25.33 30 20.00 68 22.67
Marginal (0.1-2.5 acres) only
30 20.00 55 36.67 85 28.33
Small farm (2.51-5.0 acres) only
73 48.67 37 24.67 110 36.67
Semi-medium farmers(5.01-
10.0 acres) 9 6.00 28 18.67 37 12.33
166
Graph – 5.4
Land Holding of the Respondents in the Study Area
Source: Table – 5.8
5.9 Awareness of Various Income Generating Activities By Swa-Shakti
Beneficiaries in the Study Area
Researcher is made an attempt to collect the information about the
awareness of various incomes generating activites in the study area. The data in
Table-5.9 revealed the awareness of self help groups members about different
income generating activities in Chitradurga district. The activity wise results
are presented here below..
5.9.1 Livestock Production in the Study Area
Livestock production in the study area is presented here below. The data
in table-5.9 revealed that cent-percent of self help group members were aware
of dairy (100%), sheep and goat rearing (100%) enterprise followed by poultry
(20.67). In Challakere taluk, it was observed that all the Self help group
members were aware of dairy (100%) sheep and goat rearing (100%) followed
by poultry (30.00%) enterprises in the case study area.
22.67
28.33
36.67
12.33
Land less Marginal (0.1-2.5 acres)
Small farm (2.51-5.0 acres) Semi-medium (5.01-10.0 acres)
167
And in Chitradurga taluk, it was observed that majority of self help
group member were aware of dairy (100%) and sheep and goat rearing (100%)
followed by poultry (13.34%) enterprises observed from the study.
5.9.2 Home Made Products in the Study Area
Home made products in the study area are presented here below. The
data in table-5.9 revealed that cent-percent of self help group member were
aware papad making (100%) enterprise, followed by pickle making (98.33%),
bakery (97.50%), roti making (96.67%), vermicelli (89.17%), chutney
(52.50%) and masala powder (22.50%). In Challakere taluk, it was observed
that all the self help groups members were aware of papad making (100%)
enterprise followed by pickle making (96.67%), bakery (95.00%), roti making
(93.33%), vermicelli (78.33%) chutney (50.00%) and masala powder (13.33%)
also.
And in Chitradurga taluk, it was observed that all the self help groups
members were aware of pickle making (100%), papad making (100.00%),
bakery (100%), roti making (100.00%) and vermicelli (100.00%) enterprise
followed by chutney (55.00%) and masala powder (31.67%) found from the
study.
5.9.3 Service Activities among the Respondents in the study area
Service activities among the respondents are presented here. The results
in the Table-5.9 revealed that majority of member were not aware of radio and
television repair, shamiyana, and catering service (100%). In Challakere taluk,
it was observed that majority of self help groups members were not aware of
radio and television, shamiyana and catering service (100%). In Chitradurga
taluk, it was observed that majority of self help groups members were not
aware of radio and television repair, shamiyana and catering service (100%) in
the case study area.
168
5.9.4 Other
It is evident from the study that awareness has been created among the
respondents about income generating activities. The Table-5.9, revealed that
majority of SHGs members were aware of leaf plate making (52.5%)
enterprise, followed tailoring (39.17%), and broomstick making (15.0%)
weaver (8.33%), and decorative items (2.50%) and rope making (1.67%) as we
found.
Table-5.9
Awareness about Various Income Generation Activities by Swa-Shakti
Self Help Group members in the Study Area
Sl. No.
Income Generating Activities
Challakere (150) Chitradurga (150) Total (300)
Aware Not aware Aware Not aware Aware Not aware
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
A Livestock Activity
1 Dairyactivity 60 100.0 - - 60 100.0 - - 120 100.0 - -
2 Sheep rearing activity
60 100.0 - - 60 100.0 - - 120 100.0 - -
3 Goat rearing
activity 60 100.0 - - 60 100.0 - - 120 100.0 - -
4 Poultry
business 18 30.0 42 70.0 8 13.34 52 86.6
6 26
20.67 94 78.35
B Home made products
1 Pickle making business
58 96.6 7 2 3.33 60 100.0 - - 118 98.33 2 1.67
2 Papad
making activty
60 100.0 - - 60 100.0 - - 120 100.0 - -
3 Bakery
business 57 95.00 3 5.00 60 100.0 - - 117 97.50 3 2.50
4 Roti activity 56 93.33 4 6.67 60 100.0 - - 116 96.67 4 3.33
5 Chutney busness
30 50.00 30 50.00 33 55.0 27 45.00 63 52.5 57 47.50
6 Vermicelli
activity 47 78.33 13 21.67 60 100.0 - - 107 89.17 13 10.83
7 Masala 8 13.33 52 86.67 19 31.67 41 68.33 27 22.5 93 77.50
169
powder business
C Service activities
Radio & TV repair,
shamiyana,
catering service activity
- - 60 100.0 - - 60 100.0 - - 120 100.0
D Other income generating activity
1. Broom stick
making activity
8 13.33 52 87.67 10 16.67 50 83.33 18 15.00 102 85.00
2. Leaf plate
making activity
21 35.00 39 65.00 42 70.00 18 30.00 63 52.5 57 47.50
3. Rope
making activity
2 3.33 58 96.67 - - 60 100.0 2 1.67 118 98.33
4. Weaving activity
10 16.67 50 83.33 - - 60 100.0 10 8.33 110 91.67
5. Embroidery
activity 1 1.67 59 98.33 - - 60 100.0 1 0.83 119 99.17
6. Tailoring activity
15 25.0 45 75.00 32 53.33 28 46.67 47 39.1 7
72 60.83
7. Decorative
items 1 1.67 59 98.33 2 3.33 58 96.67 3 2.50 117 97.50
E Collection of forest products
1. Honey activity
43 71.6 6
17 28.34 13 21.67 47 78.33 56 46.67 64 53.33
2. Fruits
business 19 31.67 41 68.33 28 46.67 32 53.33 47 39.16 73 60.84
3. Gum activity 16 26.67 44 73.33 23 38.33 37 61.67 39 32.5 81 67.5
4. Fuel 41 68.33 19 31.67 39 65.00 21 35.00 80 66.67 40 33.33
F. Others (specify)
Vegetable vending activity
7 11.6 7
53 88.33 17 28.33 43 71.67 24 20.00 96 80.0
Source: Field Survey.
The ancestor occupation of the tribal community in Challakere, Sira,
Pavagada and Hiriyur taluks was the leaf plate making. Majority of the tribal
170
community especially Kadu Golla, Beda, and Bestha communities were mainly
depends upon leaf plate making activity. In Challakere taluk, it was observed
that majority of self help groups members were aware of leaf plate making
(35.00%) enterprise followed by tailoring (25.0%), weaver (16.67%),
broomstick making (13.33%), rope making (3.33%) and embroidery,
decorative items (1.67%). In Chitradurga taluk, it was observed that majority of
self help groups members were aware of leaf plate making (70.0%) enterprises,
followed by tailoring (53.33%), broomstick making (16.67%) and decorative
items (3.33%) respectively.
5.9.5 Collection of Forest Products
Collection of forest products is an important occupation of the tribal
community.The data in the table-5.9 indicates that majority of self help groups
members were aware of fuel (66.67%) enterprise, followed by honey (46.67%),
fruits (39.16%) and gum (32.5%). In Challakere taluk, it was observed that
majority of self help groups members were aware of honey (71.66%)
enterprise, followed by fuel (68.33%), fruits (31.67) and gum (26.67%). In
Chitradurga taluk, it was observed that majority of self help groups members
were aware of fuel (65.00%) enterprise, followed by fruits (46.67%), gum
(38.33%) and honey (21.67%) found from the study area.
5.9.6 Vegetable Vending Activity among the Tribals
In recent days tribal community also started the vegetable vending
activity since it is more profitable activity. It can be observed from the table-
5.9 that considerable number of self help groups members was aware of
vegetable vending (20.00%) only. In Challakere taluk, it was observed that
considerable number of self help groups members was aware of vegetable
vending (11.67%) only. In Chitradurga taluk, it was observed that considerable
number of self help groups members was aware of vegetable vending (28.33%)
only in both the taluks of the study area.
171
5.10 Analysis of the Income Generating Activities Adopted By Swa-
Shakti Beneficiaries in the Study Area
Income generating activites adopted Swa-shakti self help groups members
An attempt is made in this part is to collect the data about Income
activites. The data in Table-5.10 revealed that a considerable percentage of self
help groups members adopted sheep/goat rearing (31.67%), enterprise,
followed by dairy (30.83%), vegetable vending (12.5%), weaving (8.33%),
bakery (8.33%) and leaf plate making (8.33%). In Challakere taluk it was
observed that nearly one third self help groups members adopted sheep/goat
rearing (30.33%) enterprise followed by dairy (28.33%), weaving (16.67%),
bakery (16.67%) and vegetable vending (8.33%). Similarly, in Chitradurga
taluk it was observed that one third of self help group members adopted
sheep/goat rearing (33.33%) enterprise followed by dairy (33.33%), leaf plate
making (16.67%) and vegetable vending (16.67%) from the study area.
Table – 5.10
Income Generating Activities Adopted by Swa-Shakti Self Help group
Members in the Study Area
Sl. No.
Income activities Challakere
(150) Chitradurga
(150) Total (300)
No. % No. % No. % 4 Bakery activity 10 16.67 - - 10 8.33 2 Dairy activity 17 28.33 20 33.33 37 30.83 5 Leaf plate making activity - - 10 16.67 10 8.33
1 Sheep and goat rearing activity
18 30.33 20 33.33 38 31.67
6 Vegetable vending activity 5 8.33 10 16.67 15 12.5 3 Weaving activity 10 16.67 - - 10 8.33 Total 60 100.0 60 100.0 120 100.00
Source: Field Survey.
Graph – 5.5
Income Generating Activities Adopted by Swa-Shakti self help group
Members in the Study area
172
Source : Table – 5.10
5.11 Organisational Participation in the Study Area
An attempt is made here to give the information about organization
participation. The data from table - 5.11 revealed that cent-percent of the
respondents were members of cooperative society and also self help groups.
Thus, only 5.67 per cent of respondents were members of gram panchayat and
13.3 per cent of respondents were office bearers of cooperative society followed
by 5 per cent of respondents were office bearers of slef help group Majority of
respondents (91.67%) had participated regularly in different percentage of
respondents (8.33%) had participated in occasionally. Hence, 91 per cent of
respondents participated occasionally in cooperative society and only 9.33 per
cent of the respondents participated regularly. However six per cent of
respondents participated regularly in different activities of gram panchayats in
both the taluks of Chitradurga district.
Table- 5.11
Organizational Participation in the study area
Sl. No.
Organization
Total Respondents
Member Office bearer
Participation
No % No % Regular Occasional Never
No % No % No %
31.67
30.83
8.33
8.33
8.33
12.5Sheep and goat rearing
Dairy
Weaving
Bakery
Leaf plate making
Vegetable vending
173
1. Gram Panchayat 17 5.67 - - 18 6 - - - -
2. Co-operative
Societies 150 100 15 5 28 9.33 273 91 - -
3. Self help Groups 150 100 40 13.3 275 91.67 25 8.33 - - 4. Mahila Sanghas - - - - - - - - - -
Source: Field Survey.
5.12 Extension Participation of the respondents in the study area
Extension participation is another aspect of measuring the empowerment of
women. Here, an attempt is made to collect the information about the extension
participation of women. It was observed from table-5.12 that cent-percent of
respondents had attended the extension programmes such as training, group
meeting, exhibition and exposure trip under Swa-shakti yojana in Chitradurga
district. Thus, cent per cent of respondents had regularly participated in group
meeting, followed by 82.67 per cent and 50.00 per cent of respondents had
regularly participated in training and exhibition respectively. So there was meager
per cent of respondents (1%) participated regularly in exposure trip. Hence, half of
the respondents had occasionally participated in exhibition, followed by 40.00 per
cent of respondents in exposure trip; where as only 16.67 per cent of respondents
had participated occasionally in training. Hence cent per cent of respondents had
not participated in field day, field trip, Krishimela and study tour, followed by
83.00 per cent of the respondents in exposure trip whereas very meager per cent of
respondents (1%) never participated in training programme in the study area.
Table-5.12
Extension Participation of respondents in the Study Area
Sl. No.
Activities
Total Respondents Regular particiap
tion
Occasional particiaptio
n
Never particpated
No. % No. % No. %
3. Exhibition activity
- - 145 48.33 155 51.67
8. Exposure Trip activity
3 1 120 40 28 9.33
4. Field Day - - - - 300 100
174
activity
5. Field Trip activity
- - - - 300 100
2. Group Meeting 300 100 - - - - 6. Krishimela - - - - 300 100
7. Study Tour activity
- - - - 300 100
1. Training activity
248 82.67 50 16.67 3 1
Source: Field Survey.
Graph – 5.6
Extension Participation of respondents in the Study area
Source : Table – 5.12
5.13 Mass Media Participation of respondents
In recent days mass media participation of the respondents also
considerd as another instrument for measuring empowerment of women. The
data presented in table-5.13 reveals that mass media participation of women in
Chitradurga district in radio listening was a major one, as majority of
respondents (71.67%) were regularly listening women’s programme followed by
film songs (66%) and rural programme (61.67%). Whereas, 28.33 per cent of
respondents were regularly listening child programme followed by news (4.33%)
and drama (2.50%). Thus, majority of respondents (97.33%) were occasionally
listening drama followed by news (95.67%) and child programme (71.67%).
Whereas, 38.33 per cent of respondents were occasionally listening rural
10
51.67
100
100
100
100
9.33
Training
Group Meeting
Exhibition
Field Day
Field Trip
Krishimela
Study Tour
Exposure Trip
175
programme followed by film songs (34%) and women’s programmes (28.33%)
also.
And in television viewing 35.00 per cent of respondents were regularly
viewing serials followed by film songs (29.33%), agril/rural programme
(19.33%), women’s programme (18.33%) and child programme (11.67%).
Whereas, there was less per cent of respondents regularly viewing drama and
news as 8.33 per cent and 6 per cent, respectively. And then 35.00 per cent of
respondents were occasionally viewing the news followed by drama (33.33%),
child programme (30.00%), agril/rural programme (24.33%) women’s
programme (23.33%), film/songs (21.67%) and serials (7.67%), respectively.
however, more than half of the respondents never viewed news (59%),
women’s programme (58.33%), child programme (58.33%), serials (57.33%)
and agril/rural programme (56.34%), respectively. And around half of the
respondents never viewed drama (58.34%) and films/songs (49%),
respectively. With regard to news paper subscription, only 0.83 per cent of
respondents were regular subscribers and 6.67 per cent of respondents were
occasional subscribers where as 12.67 per cent of respondents were non-
subscribers but they were occasional readers. Thus 87.33 per cent of
respondents were non-subscribers and also non-readers, found from the case
study area.
Table – 5.13
Mass Media Participation of the respondents in the study area
Sl. No.
Schemes
Total respondents Regular
participation Occasional
participation Never
participated No. % No. % No. %
Radio listening
4. Child
programmes 85 28.33 215 71.67 0 0
6 Drama
programme 8 2.67 292 97.33 0 0
5 Films/Songs 198 66 102 34 0 0
176
1. News listening 13 4.33 287 95.67 0 0
3. Rural
programmes 185 61.67 115 38.33 0 0
2. Women’s
programmes 215 71.67 85 28.33 0 0
TV viewing
4 Agril/rural
programmes 58 19.33 73 24.33 169 56.34
5 Child
programmes 35 11.67 90 30 175 58.33
7 Drama
programmes 25 8.33 100 33.33 175 58.34
6 Films/Songs
listening 88 29.33 65 21.67 147 49
1 News listening 18 6 105 35 177 59 3 Serials watching 105 35 23 7.67 172 57.33
2 Women’s
programmes 55 18.33 70 23.33 175 58.33
News paper 1 Subscriber 3 1 20 6.67 277 92.33 2 Non-subscriber - - 38 12.67 262 87.33
Source: Field Survey.
5.14 Income Status of the Respondents in Pre-SHG and Post-SHG Stage
in the study area
Here an attempt is made to collect the daa about the income status. The SHG
members involved in activities which yield income to them. The income of the
respondents in pre-SHG and post-SHG stage is analysed in table -5.14.
Table – 5.14
Income Status of the Respondents in Pre-SHG and Post-SHG Stage
Monthly Income Pre-Self help group Post- Self help group No income 46 (15.33) Nil
Up to Rs.1000 87 (29.00) 102 (34) Rs.1001-1500 117 (39.00) 113 (37.67) Rs.1501-2000 50 (16.67) 66 (22.00)
Rs.Above 2000 Nil 19 (6.33) Total income 300 (100) 300 (100)
Source: Field Survey.
It is observed from the above Table -5.14 that before joining self help
177
group 15.33 percent of the respondents were no income and none of the
respondent had income more than Rs.2000/-. But after joining self help group
there is no respondent without any income and 6.33 percent of the respondents
crossed their income level above Rs.2000/-. And 113 of the respondents out of
300 representing 37.67 percent have monthly income of Rs.1001-1500 after
joining the group in Chitradurga district.
5.15 Social Impact of self help groupActivities on the Respondents in the
study area
The social impacts of self help group activities on the respondents in the
study are are presented. Efforts were made to assess the social impact of the
respondents during the Pre-self help group and Post-self help group stage and
the data relating in this regard is presented in Table -5.15.
Table -5.15
Social Impact of the Respondents in the study area
Details of Social Impact Pre- Self help group Stage
Post- Self help group Stage
Active Institutional participation 51(17.00) 160(53.33)
Active participation in organized activities
15 (5.00) 189 (63.00)
Active participation in social service activities
30 (10.00) 101 (33.67)
Awareness regarding new Government schemes
60(20.00) 280(93.33)
Better contact with outsiders 15 (5.00) 162 (54.00)
Better schooling of the children 83 (27.67) 214(71.33)
Better standard of living in the life 49(16.33) 128(42.67)
Equally participated with husband in family decisions in the society
88 (28.33) 161 (53.67)
Gained Self dependence in the soceity 95 (31.67) 201(67.00)
Level of Literacy 46 (15.33) 271(90.33)
Progress in inter-personal relationships 112(37.33) 232(77.33)
Respect of Socially recognition in the society
76(25.33) 198 (66.00)
Source: Field Survey.
Graph – 5.7
Social Impact of the Respondents (Multiple Responses) in the Study area
Source : Table – 5.15
The above Table – 5.15 clearly indicates that, on the issue of recognition
respondents stated that after joining the group many people have come to know
about them and their activity and show more interest in interacting with the
respondents. And more than fifty percent i.e. 53.67 percent of the women
respondents felt that they were equally take important decisions and issues
connecting with their family with their husbands. After joining the group 90.33
percent of the respondents have immense their literacy and with this literacy
the respondents were able to provide better schooling and better health to their
children. So the study disclosed that the participation of the women
respondents in social services like raising funds for girl’s marriage, settling
family disputes, encouraging people to send their children to schools etc. have
increased. After joining the groups, 67 percent and 77.33 percent of the
respondents were felt self dependent and improved their inter-personal
relationship. The respondents were more aware of the new developmental
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179
schemes introduced by the government. A huge number respondent i.e. 93.33
percent had opined that they were aware about the various developmental
programmes such as the LIC scheme for the poor, NREGA etc. Their standard
of living had also increased from 16.33 percent to 42.67 percent after joining
the group. They were now improved their houses, sanitation conditions etc. and
better access to medical facilities after joining the group in both the taluks of
the study.
5.16 Economic Impact of self help group activities on the Respondents in
the study area
Economic impact of SHG activities are presented here. An effort were
also made to access the economic impact of the respondents through
microfinance and the data relating in this regard is presented and analysed in
Table -5.16.
Table -5.16
Economic Impact of the Respondents in the Study area
Economic Impact of the respondents Pre- Self help group Stage
Post- Self help group Stage
Asset creation in the society 43(14.33) 157(52.33)
Better access to the credit facility in the society
37 (12.33) 251(83.67)
Better access/control of financial resources & households
53(17.67) 200(66.67)
Economically independent in the socity 38(12.67) 130(43.33)
Improved the food consumption pattern 73(24.33) 227(75.67)
Increased savings motivation 57(19.00) 204(68.00)
Minimized family dependence to money lenders in the areas
281(93.67) 89(29.67
Minimized family indebtedness 213(71.00) 101(33.67)
Source: Field Survey.
It has been observed from the above Table-5.16 that 83.67 per cent of
the respondents were better access to the credit facilities after joining the group
180
which was only 12.33 per cent before joining the group. Family dependence on
moneylenders was also reduced from 93.67 percent to 29.67 percent after
joining the group. After joining the group the number of respondents had also
increased their savings from 19 percent to 68 percent. The Economic
independence from the family members, relatives etc. was also found to be
encouraging as 43.33 percent of the respondents were feeling economically
independent. The results of the study indicate that 66.67 percent of the
respondents were better control of their financial resources and households and
with this financial control they were improved their food consumption pattern
also. 52.33 percent of the respondents felt that they were able to create assets
under various schemes of microfinance in order to empower the tribal women.
5.17 Benefits derived from the Income Generating Activity by the
Respondents in the study area
The benefits derived from the income generating activities by the
respondents are analysed in Table -5.17. The benefits includes both monetory
and non-monetory benefits. The details are very impressive in the study area.
Table – 5.17
Benefits derived from the Income Generating Activity by the Respondents
in the study area
Details of Benefits
Parametres Frequency
(No.) Percentage
a) Monetary benefits ( Rs./month)
Rs.300 to Rs.1500 218 72.67 Rs.1501 to Rs.3000 69 23.00
>3000 6 2.00
b) Non-monetary benefits
Increased communication ability 288 96.00 Increased confidence level 252 84.00 Respect from the society 230 76.67
Respect from the family members 202 67.33 Enhanced household consumption
of products 188 62.67
Source: Field Survey.
It has been observed from the Table -5.17 that 72.67 per cent of the
181
respondents had opined about their low incremental income which came upto
Rs.1,500, while 23 per cent had medium income in the range of Rs.1,500 to
Rs.3,000 and only 2 per cent had high incremental income of more than
Rs.3,000. Vast majority of the respondents felt that their communication ability
was increased, followed by increase in their confidence level (84%). And the
76.67 and 67.33 per cent of respondents opined that they were respected by
society and family members, respectively. Further, the 62.67 per cent of the
respondents opined that household consumption of products has been enhanced
during the study period in Chitradurga district.
5.18 Problems faced by the Respondents in functioning of the Self Help
Groups in the study area
Problems faced by the respondents are presented here. An effort is also
made to identify the types of problems that were faced by the respondents in
the study area. The data relating to this regard is presented and analysed in
Table-5.18.
Table -5.18
Type of Problems faced by the Respondents in the study area
Details of the Problems Frequency Percentage Establishing the activity problem 124 41.33 Formulation of group problem 124 41.33 Ilack accounts keeping 206 68.67 Inequality in issuing loans 110 36.67 Lack of guidance and support from supporting agency
80 26.67
Lack utilization of funds 214 71.33 Marketing problems 58 19.33 Misunderstanding among group members 172 57.33 Non-cooperation of banks 55 18.33 Poor output from the group activity 61 20.33 Pressure from the family to go for loan 116 38.67 Problem of Excessive stress and tension in women 242 80.67 Problem of High rate of interest 51 17.00 Problem of Lack of support from family members 77 25.67 Problem of Running the groups 86 28.67 Problem of Too many formalities in banks 133 44.33 Problem of training programmes 107 35.67
182
Repayment of loan problem 76 25.33
Source: Field Survey.
It can be observed from the above Table-5.18 it has been found that the
majority of the respondents i.e., 80.67 percent had stress and tension because of
the dual responsibility of the group as well as of home. And by playing the dual
role, one as a homemaker and the other in the group, they were facing problems
in maintaining a balance between these two roles. And improper utilization of
funds was also another problem faced by the respondents as 71.33 percent of
the respondents had complained about that. Another problem faced by the self
help group members (68.67 percent) was the improper recording of accounts.
That was because of lack of training programmes organized for the groups at
regular intervals as there were 35.67 percent of the respondents had complained
about that. 38.67 percent of the respondents said that their families pressurized
them into taking loans for family needs and when the members were taking
loans for consumption purposes rather than starting an economic activity, it
affects the repayment of the loan 26.67 percent of the respondents had
problems with the promoting agencies, as they did not guide them properly
36.67 percent of the respondents felt that there was an inequality in issuing the
loans. It is found from the field study.
The study result also revealed that 20.33 percent of the respondents had
a problem of poor output from the selected economic activity due to lack of
raw materials, lack of required skill in the particular activity and problems
relating to marketing of the output produced. They had good produce but did
not have a proper market to sell it so that they can earn enough money 18.33
percent of the respondents said that bank employees were not always
cooperating; they were rude to the members 17 percent of the respondents felt
that some banks were charging higher interest rate than the usual rate for the
self help group members. Too many formalities were the main reasons for
difficulties faced by the respondents in operation with the banks as 44.33
183
percent of the respondents were reported in this regard in both the taluks of
Chitradurga district.
5.19 Success Stories of Tribal Community
CASE – 1 : Village Gollanakatte, Challakere Taluk Empowerment
Through Stitching and Papad Making
Here an attempt is made to present the success stories. Ramakka 29 is a
resident of Gollanakatte village. Ramakka belongs to a tribal family. Ramakka
belonged to a very poor family and depends on daily wages for livelihood.
Ramakka is now a mother of an illegitimate baby girl born out of Ramakka
love affair with a tribal boy, who impregnated her but never married. Ramakka
teen age pregnancy dragged the whole family in mud and even villagers
excommunicated with the family. Ramakka was abandoned by her family but
Ramakka gave birth to her fatherless child, because of Ramakka decision her
whole family was asked to go out of the village, somehow the family managed
to stay in the outskirts of the village. Ramakka joined the training institute and
learnt sewing and stitching in the training programme organized by the State
Bank of Mysore in Challakere. Ramakka underwent a 48 day training where
the group of trainees not only learnt the skill of stitching and tailoring but
communication, marketing and decision making skills also. Focusing on
individual development the institution also offered as a part of the training
module topics like personal hygiene and sanitation, stress management and
interpersonal relationships. The State Bank of Mysore distributed sewing
machines to all the women who successfully completed their 48 days training
to start their livelihood security.
Ramakka earned her living by stitching blouses and frocks for the tribal
women and children. She also learnt the Papad making from the locally
available product. Ramakka with the help of three other friends tried to
convince other women of her village to join the training institute and earn some
money for their living. They were successful in it and today under their
184
guidance total 10 self help groups are formed. This has brought a change in
lives of these women today there are economically independent. This
comprehensive training increased the confidence of these women and
immediately after completing the course, they started a small tailoring unit. She
shared that villagers from the nearby areas also come to get their clothes
stitched with them. Ramakka e expressed her happiness and said she feels
empowered and confident. They are now proud to be able to stand on their feet.
As people in the area celebrate Tribal fare in a big way, these women got good
offers for stitching clothes and their skill and adherence to time pleased the
people of the area so their business improved within no time. In just two
months they were able to do a business worth Rs 15,000 which increased their
confidence. Recently, the two tribal welfare residential schools of that area
agreed to give them orders for stitching the school uniforms for 600 children.
This is how this poor tribal girl is now economically independent to educate
Ramakka girl child also. This clearly indicates that the programme
implemented by the government has helped the tribal women to become
economically independent and ultimately get empowered.
CASE-2: Village- Gosikere, Challakere Taluk
Empowerment through Farm Forestry
Doddakka is also a tribal women from Gosikere village. Doddakka had
no means of livelihood before she undergone training in farm forestry.
Doddakka had been an extension volunteer (EV) where the Farm Forestry
advisory Service provided her with information and advice about growing
commercial trees on farms, with an emphasis on integrating trees into farming
systems, to maximize total productivity and enhance sustainability. She was
promoted to become a master extension volunteer (MEV) and was also
successful in mobilizing her fellow women. Furthermore she has been
successful in helping women realize their urgent needs like those of fire wood
and timber for house construction. Consequently, women have been able to
express their need and have been acting on pre emptive ways of avoiding the
crisis.
185
Doddakka is a success story of farm forestry programme in her village
Gosikere by virtue of this
training she has received and the
confidence she has gained
confidence and decision making
is also quite possible due to the
programme. It is evident from
this success story in Chitradurga
District.
Conclusion
It is clear from the study that the disadvantaged groups, tribal
community, are expected to get the benefits of advancement in ICT and service
delivery management in improving their living conditions. The participatory
development process through panchayaths and self help groups can improve
the efficiency with which they can deliver services to this outlier community.
The overall effectiveness of decentralization and empowerment of panchayaths
and self help groups largely depend on their capability to deliver services to the
people in time at the standard quality and with prudence, at the same time in a
people friendly manner. The new paradigm for the tribal development can be
envisaged where formulation of programmes/schemes, implementation,
monitoring and evaluation be made in consonance with the felt needs and
involvement of tribal people in support of responsive, transparent, accountable
public service delivery system. And a combined and honest initiative of Grama
Panchayath and respective panchayaths can bring forth a system of public
delivery system ensuring a reasonable and quality service to the disadvantaged
tribal community in overcoming the present issues and challenges involved in
the implementation of tribal specific schemes and projects. This process of
devolution of functions, functionaries, finance and service delivery would help
to include the excluded in its larger perspective of a nation’s development and
its outreach. It would become another set model of Karnataka in the realm of
186
development experience of tribal women.
