Carotenoid(Master Seminars)

8/2/2019 Carotenoid(Master Seminars)

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Importance of carotenoids in

coloration and health

management of ornamental fishes.

Presented by:

Precious SutingM.F.Sc 2nd yr


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Background:

Ornamental fishes form an important commercialcomponent of aquaculture that provides for aestheticrequirement and upkeep of the environment.

Have an Immense commercial value in the exporttrade world over.

They are characterized by a wide diversity of colourpatterns and success in the ornamental fish trade isvery much dependent on the vibrant colour of thefish.


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Introduction:

Colour is one of the major factors, which determinesthe price of aquarium fish in the world market.

The World trade of the ornamental fish is estimatedto the tune ofUS$ 4.5 billion.

Annual growth rate 10%. Color of the ornamental fishes fades slowly under

intensive culture condition.

Fish do not synthesise carotenoids, so they needdietary carotenoid for the coloration.

Hence a direct relationship between Carotenoids andpigmentation exist.


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Carotenoids: Carotenoids are group of over 800 natural fat soluble

pigment that are primarily produce in phytoplankton, algaeand plants.

Carotenoids are the primary source of pigmentation in

ornamental tropical fish, responsible for various colourslike yellow, red and other related colours.

They are absorbed in animal diets, sometimes transformed

into other carotenoids and incorporated in tissues.

Also play an important role in the health by acting asbiological antioxidants.


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Fish feeds contain carotene to enhance the

color of ornamental fish.

Astaxanthin powder (extract from rose)

M-Color contains spirulina that brings

out the reds in ornamental fish


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Group of Carotenoids Carotenes (purely hydrocarbon & no oxygen)

Xanthophylls ( contain oxygen)

The carotene groups includes alpha, beta &

gamma carotene, whereas xanthophylls includes

astaxanthin and zeaxanthin.


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Source of Carotenoids

Carotenoids derive from natural sources contain

mixture of several Carotenoids like:

-carotene, -carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein,

cryptoxanthin, etc

whereas, Synthetic processes provide only specific

carotenoids like:

-carotene

Natural ultra marine

pigmentSynthetic pigment


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Natural carotenoids

Plant based carotenoids

Marigold 7,000mg/kg

Chlorella 4,000mg/kg

Yeast 1,000mg/kg

Sea weed 390-900mg/kg

Corn gluten 290mg/kg

Alfa Alfa 280mg/kg

Animal based carotenoids

Crab meal 75-1,300mg/kg

Crayfish meal 30-800mg/kg

Shrimp meal 100-130mg/kg

Shrimp oil 25-125mg/kg


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Plant based natural Carotenoids Mainly derived from micro algae pigment.

Commercially available product of the Astaxanthin rich yeast

Phafia rhodozyma & fermentation product of

Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhousare being used widely.

Feed Ingredient such as :Yellow corn, Corn gluten meal & alfa alfa are also used as a

source of carotenoids in aqua feed formulation.


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The fresh water macro algae

haematococcus pulvialis and

Dunaliella salina has been

commercially exploited for aqua-

culture primarily due to its rapid

growth and high astaxanthin

content (10-30%) .

H. pulvialis is the primary source of pigmentation in

ornamental fish, responsible for various species- relatedyellow, red and other colours.

Cracked and dried Haematococcus pluvialis algal

biomass


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D. salina is a source of-carotene, under

appropiate culture condition, some strains were

reported to accumulate upto 10% carotenoid. Other carotenoids rich ingredient: Marigold meal

(lutein) and red peppers (Capsicum sp.) extract.

Marigold flower

extract

Carrot- ricg in

alpha carotene

Spirulina


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Animal based natural carotenoids

They are rich sources of carotenoid astaxanthinand are used in aqua feed formulation as additive.

However , animal based natural

carotenoids are limited in

supply.

Besides, they are very expensive sources ofcarotenoid and thus feed production becomescostlier.

Crab meal


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How carotenoids work?Four main group of pigments:

Melanin: Responsible for dark coloration Carotenoids: lipid soluble dominate in giving yellow

coloration to red colors.

Pteridines : water soluble compounds that are resultin bright coloration.

Purines : responsible for silver shine and whitecolour.

These basic compounds can be combined with othercomponents, like protein to produce blue, violet andgreen colour ranges seen in fishes.


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Xanthophyll pigments are responsible for the yellow color

of the popular cichlid, Labidochromis caeruleus.

Spirulina algae is a source of pigments to enhance

blues, as in this Pseudotropheus demasoni.

A diet rich in carotenoid pigments will help thisLabeotropheus trewavasae maintain the brilliant red-

orange hue.


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Carotenoids in fishesCarotenoids commonly occuring in fishes with their

colours are: Tunaxanthin(yellow)-common pigment in marine fish.

Lutein(greenish-yellow)

Beta-carotene(orange)

Doradexanthins(yellow)

Zeaxanthin(yellow-orange)

Canthaxanthin(orange-red)

Astaxanthin(red)- dominant carotenoid.

Tetraxanthin(yellow)


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Contd.. Though fishes do not synthesize carotenoides but certain fishes

have the capacity to convert one form of carotenoid into

another carotenoid or they are able to modify carotenoids.

Based on this capacity, fishes are classified into three types:

1. Red carp type: in this group lutein is converted into

astaxanthin molecules.

2. Sea bream type: lutein and carotene remain in the tissues andcannot be transferred in any other form inside the bodies.

3. Prawn type: beta-carotene can be converted into astaxanthinmolecule.

Therefore fishes must get carotenoids from their diet.


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Improvement of colour in fishes

Dietary supply of carotenoids can improve the skin colour as well asmarket value of ornamental fishes.

Examples : gold fish and koi is improve by addition of carotenoids andare found to be capable of metabolizing zeaxanthin to astaxanthin.

Skin pigmentation in tiger barb(Barbus tetrazona) has been reported toincrease when fed with diet carotenoids from shrimp meal, marigoldpetal and annatto seed extract.

Blue green algae have also been use as a source of pigmentation for koicarp.

In red velvet sword tail(X. helleri), topaz cichlids(Cichlasoma myrnae)the intensity of coloration significantly improve when fed on a dietcontaining 1.5-2% of carotenoids rich strain of spirulina platensis forthree weeks.


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Function of carotenoids The use of carotenoids as pigments in aquaculture is well documented.

Their broader functions include a role as an:

Some fishes change their colour pattern that can match the backgroundand protect themselves from enemies.

Attractant for the sperm.

Colour attractant in the skin of males at breeding.

Fertilization improving agent, resulting in a higher proportion of fertilizedeggs.

Reproductive role through deposition in the flesh and skin of thegrowing fish, presumably to make it sexually attractive.

Subsequent mobilisation from the flesh to the reproductive organs and theeggs.

Effects of anticancer and antioxidant. Pro-vitamin activity

Immune enhancement

Growth

Maturation


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Carotenoids for health of fishes Protection against to environmental effects (harmful light, high

temperature, low oxygen tension ammonia etc., thus reducing mortalityduring embryonic development.

Providing protect against to stress.

Increasing survival and growth rate addition larval feed.

Growth and development

Carotenoids acts as a vitamin

Astaxanthin is a powerful anti-oxidant

Protection against lipid membrane peroxidation of

essential PUFA and protein, DNA damage and UV light

effect, also immunological defense.


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Conclusion

Application of carotenoids is an essential needs for theenhancement of color and health of fish in the ornamentalsector but the high cost of commercially availablecarotenoids is one of the major problems.

Therefore, farmer can get benefit by using carotenoidswhich can be derived from the natural resources which arelocally available.

There is a need to standardize the dose of locally availablesource for the carotenoids supplementation.

Scientist should focus on this area to enhance theornamental fish production at the greater level.


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Traditional aquaculture is being replacedwith the modern manner.

This, can be applied for various

ornamental fishes through coloration to

gain more income from a smaller area.


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Documents

Carotenoid(Master Seminars)