CAROLINA TURMO_MANUAL peq.pdf

8/12/2019 CAROLINA TURMO_MANUAL peq.pdf

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CAROLINA TURMO

THE SEEDS FOR A BETTER HEALTH ARE IN ARCHITECTURE!


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INDEX40 PLACE

3 POSITION STATEMENT

7 LINEAGE

48 LOGICS OF ORDER AND ORGANIZATION

12 TYPOLOGY

52 LITERARY OBSERVATIONS

18 CASE STUDIES

32 PROGRAM

36 METHODOLOGY

THE SEEDS FOR A BETTER HEALTH ARE IN ARCHITECTURE!

58 BIBLIOGRAPHY

62 GRAPHICAL IDENTITY


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P O S I T I O N S T A T E M E N T


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POSITION STATEMENT

There was a time when people used to go to the market not just to buy food -which was obviouslyfresh because there were any refrigeration systems- but to socialize; you had your market assig-ned by proximity and you had to go there almost every day. So your butcher was your friend and so

was the baker. But maybe you didnt even need to go to the market because you lived in a housewith its own farmland. This wouldnt happen now in the USA, where only 1% of the population arefarmers, whereas in 2004 a 5% were and in 1870 it was a 75% of the population*. This fact is relatedwith the actual and future growth of the cities. It is estimated that in the next 50 years 80% of theworld population will reside in cities, abandoning the rural environment and adopting new habitsand ways of life. This is actually happening and it has some negative and some positive connota-tions.Negatively, this means that organic and fresh products are now harder to obtain because farms arefar from the city so people living in urban areas are either consumers of low-quality food at lowprices or consumers of expensive organic products only accessible to certain social layers. This isbecoming a nutritious racism.Positively, it means that there is more density in the cities so there is less need for cars and privatetransportation and the use of public transport system or the bicycle has increased.If you put these two facts together, the urban farming starts making a lot of sense; if a farm existedas often as a supermarket in the cities, we all could be able to eat fresh food at a low price.But this leads to the other problem found nowadays: if only a 1% of the US population is a farmerand the average age range is 57*, we need to shape the future generations of farmers and of loca-vores. With that purpose, the USDA funded the Farm-to-School Program, to teach children aboutthe importance of healthy eating and of learning about the way things grow and end up at yourtable. This program has been very successful, 5 years ago it only existed in New York and now ithas been extended to 26 states, including California.*

But not only kids have to learn this, we all have to be conscious about this issue, because modernagriculture is the largest consumer of land and water, it is the biggest source of pollution, and itcreates 20% of the worlds greenhouse gas emissions. US citizens should be more aware of it thananybody else because in this country 95% of the food consumed in the US travels from where itis harvested to the table more than 1000 miles*The food transportation is an important issue at the moment because as fossil fuels start to bescarce, the energy prices rise and so do food prices. This is one of the reasons why organic food isbecoming really popular since the 1990s, when several events made people start changing theirminds world-wide (e.g. The Kyoto Protocole, 1997).

The US food system calls for a change. Eating local organic food is the solution tomany health and economic related problems, but the social aspects of food is stillan unsolved issue. I propose a market for the community that acts as a gatheringplace for every generation where they can enjoy and learn together. Lets shapethe cities to shape the food system.

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POSITION STATEMENT

People want to eat healthier in the United States, as shown by the surveys: US organic food salestopped $21 Billion in 2008 and the number of operating farmers markets has increased a 17%from 1994 to 2010*, especially in California, being now the top 1 state for number of recordedfarmers markets in 2011 (with 729).However, the will to change your food habits can be restrained by the fact that you live in an areawhere you have to take the car to go to a supermarket, or if there are no supermarkets or groce-ries near your home. If this happens to you, you are living in a Food Desert, which is technicallyan area where at least 500 people have no access to a supermarket or large grocery store within amile in urban areas or 10 miles in rural areas. There is a 10% of the US population that meets this

denition.So what can we do us as architects, to solve these problems that are taking place now and willget worse in the future?We can create cities where urban farms are integrated in the city so that the food doesnt have tobe transported -and consequently pollute the air- and making organic fresh food more accessiblefor everyone, especially for the kids, who normally dont even know that carrots grow on theground or that milk comes from the cows.Food has always shaped the cities and its time for the new generations of architects to shape thefood system with the architecture, by shifting the actual nutrition system into a more local one.In order to do this we mustn't forget the special role of food in this society: food gets people toge-ther. For religious holidays and other special occasions, people have long gathered in public orprivate places to eat together. In all these ways, food continues to play a highly visible role in publiclife in cities throughout the world, meeting peoples need for sustenance, sociability and entrepre-neurship, and generating a sensory-rich feeling of vitality.Maybe the United States is the country with less socialization tradition in markets, and now hasnone of it in daily life. Americans normally take the car to a huge super or hypermarket, buy whatthey need and leave again with their car. Lets be inuenced by the European culture of going tothe market as a social aspect of life.I propose a market that sells local produce, where people can meet and have something to eat ordrink, to enjoy the company of others and the vitality of the farmers markets, with a hydroponicand organic farm where people can learn about it and pick up what they want and eat it directly. It

must be a place for the community, where they can get together or where events and activities takeplace. It is not dedicated for a certain age range, kids can learn and play in the farm, youngsterscan meet together and have a snack or a drink, adults can buy fresh produce and see it cook rightthere with friends or family and elderly people can make it their socializing venue, as it happensusually in Southern Europe.This kind of market could be a prototype of a community market for every neighborhood: farmmeets market meets community center. It is a typology that mixes European inuences -how theycherish food and social life- with a solution to the actual problems in the US food system -fooddeserts, obesity and industrial farming- together with the particular problems of a community.


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LINEAGE

In order to explain my lineage I have made a double diagram, the one on the right are my mostrelevant projects since I started architecture, 5 years ago. I have pointed out the inputs that I havehad in those projects which have later transformed into outputs or inputs for other projects.Ovbiously, I have more new imputs and outputs at the beginning but they still work for new pro-

jects.Out of this list of inputs and outputs I chose 5 of them as the ones that I think will be more impor-tant for my thesis project but I chose others that I would also think about when making my thesis.At the same time, the diagram on the left shows my inuences during these years, what I was

listening to while I was making a project or the conferences I had just been to.These inuences are organized linear temporally, highlighting on bigger size and darker color theelements that inuenced me the most.For example, in the Arts Bridge project I learnt how to analyze whats lacking in a city, which Ithought it will be important for the thesis project and I was mostly inuenced by my trip to Paris,where I was amazed by the social activities taking place in he bridges over the Seine. I was alsoinuenced by an exhibition about Yves Saint Laurent that made me decide to introduce a CostumeMuseum. In this project I introduced my own experience and a lot of material investigation and theresult was very good for my own experience.

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E U R O P E U

S A

M . A .

X I X c e n

t u r y

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MarketsProduce shops Markets Produce shops

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Les Halles (Paris)

Firstcovered market

Markets on thetown square.

Small shopsthat sell local

products

Traditionalmarketscontinueexisting

Tradingposts

Generalstore

First self-servicesupermarket

Supermarket

Supermarkets&

Hypermarkets

Hypermarkets

Selling productsnot manufactu-red in the area

Smallshops startclosing

Kyoto Prot.

WW2

WW1

CWSpain

29Crash

European background+ New territory

Smallshops

continueexisting

Car

Rehabilitationof old markets

Sellingproducts in bigquantities

Going to themarket as a social

aspect of life

Small shopsrenovate

New concept:Traditional market+

Produce shops +social life

Zonication

Zonication

Generalstores

continueexisitng

Farmers Markets(once a week)

Interest inhealthy andorganic food

Healthy food+

supermarket

Entry of thewomen into the

workforce

New strategy: producing in the same place where its sold

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TYPOLOGYProduce Shops

The typology I have chosen is a mix of a farmers market and produce shops with new functions init. I have chosen it because I believe these places have lost their essence both in Europe and theUnited States and that this area has just started to grow and has to be investigated.So, as a start I analyzed both the produce shops and markets evolution from the middle ages tothis moment in Europe and the US.

In the middle ages the shops were specialised in one kind of product and it was normally made inthe same place where it was sold.In Europe, these kinds of shops have existed since then. In the USA there were general storeswhere many different products were sold because of the great distances between towns. Due tozonication, these kind of shops started closing while supermarkets were becoming more popu-lar.In Europe, during the 20th century going to the market and the shops was a social aspect of life,it was the place of gathering and socializing with each other.These types of shops have continued exisiting until now but in the 70s the american zonicationinuenced Europe and supermarkets became more frequented and many of these small produce

shops went bankrupt and started closing.In the early 1990s a general conciousness about the importance of eating healthier and locallyboth for our health and Planet Earths health started to spread and while in Europe the produceshops were renovated, in the USA farmers markets started reappearing and became even morepopular than some touristic areas of the cities.Lately, in Europe, a new concept has been created, the tradicional market mixed with produceshops, bringing back the social life in the market and produce shops.But these items sold come generally from far away, consuming fossil fuels, very polluting for ourplanet.

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TYPOLOGYMarkets

In Europe, the markets took place in the town square, which was normally near the city gate.The rst covered market was Les Halles (Paris, France) in 1880. These markets were a placewhere people got together, it was a social aspect of life, as produce shops were. This continuedhappening for many decades.On the other side, the United States had the inuence of Europe added to a new vas territory, sothere existed trading posts in the conjunction of the roads between towns and the products weretraded for other types of products that the citizens couldnt get by themselves.Zonication had a very strong inuence on these towns and supermarkets had to exist inevitably.This started happening in the late XIX century. With the car introduced to the american lifestyle,the appearance of the self-service supermarkets an the entry of women into the work force, thesekinds of markets became even more popular. People wanted to buy fast and nd as much productsas they could.The products sold in the supermarket began to be manufactured in areas far from the market andbrought by trucks, trains or boats, consuming fossil fuels.Hypermarkets started growing in the 70s, having huge industrial buildings selling ay kind of pro-

ducts. Buying food had become unpersonalized and it had disconnected from the social aspect ofit. This food-buying style inuenced Europe in the 80s, becoming really popular and making someof the markets to close.In the 90s, when people started realizing this wasnt a good way of consuming, european old mar-kets were rehabilitated.An interest on healthy and organic food started growing in Europe and North America and super-markets involving healthy and organic food started opening and became very popular.Although this is a big step, I propose a new strategy: producing in the same place where it is sold.Selling and consuming locally.

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C A S E S T U D I E S


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6,000 sq foot green roof organic vegetable farm

Animals in the farm create the compost

Products are sold under the rooftop farm

Workshops for children and adults

Special Events for selling and having fun

Volunteers and workers make it happen

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Eagle st. Rooftop FarmLocation: Greenpoint, Brooklyn, NY.

Eagle st. Rooftop Farm is in an old warehouse, it was founded in April 2009 in a neighborhood at NorthBrooklyn. The roof is used as a 6,000 square foot farm and the interior is used as a warehouse and as anonsite farm market. The farm has great views of Manhattans skyline. These kind of places have startedto open in Greenpoint, which was a insecure area of New York some years ago, it has been revitalizedwith new business. The farm realizes the bene ts of a green roof while bringing hyper-local produce to the Greenpointcommunity. As a model for the urban farming movement and the utilization of green roofs in a uniquemanner, Eagle Street Rooftop Farms operates a small community supported agriculture program (CSA).In this farm vegetables are harvested organically, with no arti cial pesticides or fertilizers, some animalslive in the farm and create compost for the plants, there are also bee hives to produce honey. All thesefresh products are sold weekly in the farm for private use and bicycled to restaurants in the area.Volunteers and workers harvest the farm during New York Citys growing season, closing in autumn andopening in spring again. There are some special events related with harvest dates or with other impor-tant dates through the year, for example in thanks giving or the beginning of the summer, whereconcerts take place or they make home made ice cream.

In partnership with food education organization Growing Chefs, an association that connects people tofood, there are workshops for children, where they learn how to harvest a rooftop farm and aboutnature, New York Citys kids learn where the vegetables come from and how important is to eat locally. The rooftop farm hosts a range of educational and volunteer programs designed to bring city-dwellerscloser to their food source. Other kinds of workshops take place in this farm, for example, xing bicyclesor cooking some special types of food.Goode Green designed the green roof and installed the base system and growing medium. The greenroof base system is comprised of 2 of built-up components: polyethelene, drainage mat, and retentionand separation fabrics, it can hold over 1.5 of rain, helping to cool the warehouse below.

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Old Market rehabilitated

Home delivery and free parking

Chilling areas open day and night

4 levels with a different functions

Cook what you just bought

Eating in directly in the stalls

Reclycling the 80% of wastes

Place of social gathering

Cultural activities

Modern image, publicity

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Mercado de San Antn

Location: Madrid, Spain.

This market is in an area of Madrid that was in decline 15 years ago and that has been reformed to bethe now the most trendy and modern area of this city. So happened to this market, it was a typicalSpanish market, way before supermarkets existed and was in bad conditions so the community deci-ded to rehabilitate it and giving it a new modern look, as the neighborhood has. The architects thatbuilt it are QVE architects, from Madrid.Making it by scratch meant a lot of new elements could be incorporated to a market, so that youngergenerations would prefer this market to others. This is why it was thought as a place for social gathering,with restaurants, bars and a culture center.An important issue about this market is the recycling of the 80% of the wastes produced, but where dothis wastes go?Creating a space around the market where you can seat and eat anything you want from the booths isa very simple but good idea, it is better than a common restaurant because you dont have to decide forone kind of food, everyone can have whatever they feel like and still be together having a good time.Another innovative idea is buying something in the market downstairs and making it into whatever youwant to in the restaurant on the rooftop. But what if you could cook it yourself?

The Mercado de San Antn o ff ers a huge range of goods to buy, from fresh goods or bakery in the lowerlevel, to cooked food (Asian, American, Italian, French, Galician...) in the intermediate level. From thislevel you can see what is happening in the market. On the basement there is a supermarket and a robo-tic parking (the rst one in Madrid), which is free for the people visiting the market for the rst hour. There is an outside bar in the rooftop with nice views of the neighborhood, opened until late in thenight, so lighting is very important in this area of the building. This place is a good mix between the oldSpanish markets and what new generations want from a market. It is the perfect place for old traditionalpeople that want to go to the same place everyday and for the youngsters that want to experiencesomething new everyday.

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Old Bowling Alley

15,000 square foot

Fibrous plugs: the medium to grow in

Spun from basalt

Irrigating gutters

Nutrient lm technique

Closed cycle

High control over its conditions

Solar power energy

100 tons of produce by one-year mark

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Gotham Greens

Location: Greenpoint, Brooklyn, NY.

The concept is the same as in the Eagle Rooftop Farm but with a twist, instead of a common organicfarm, why not a Hydroponic Farm? It is 5 to 10 times more water e fficient and has less wastes, althoughit has more expenses at the start because it needs special machines to make it work. This farm is also in North Brooklyn and is set on an old Bowling Alley. Using existing buildings reducescosts and is more ecologic because construction is a very polluting action for the planet. The hydroponic system consists on brous plugs, spuns made of a volcanic rock called basalt; Between10 to 14 days after planting the seeds sprout into seedlings they are ushered into hydroponic guttersand a water lm soaks the roots with all the nutrients that the plant needs to grow. It needs light, naturalor arti cial (leds) and a high control over it, so as over temperature and air, so it needs to be a closespace, a greenhouse. Vents, shade curtains and cooling systems must be used to control the summerheat.It works as a closed loop, where everything is recycled, no nutrients or water are wasted.In Gotham Greens case the 15,000 square foot farm is powered by solar panels on the roof and in oneyear they have produced 100 tons of vegetables*. They o ff er all lettuce and salad green varieties, leafy

greens (chard, kale, mustard greens...), all herbs, tomatoes, which need 100 times less and 7 times lesswater than conventional tomatoes, peppers (hot & bell) and cucumbers.Another advantage of hydroponic farming is that it is able to use not only horizontal but vertical spaceby a high wire system. This maximizes the productivity in terms of space used to harvest. Why hydroponic greenhouses? Because it has very high yields, a consistent and high quality product, itis extremely water and land e fficient, it is also very light weight - ideal for rooftop settings-, it has noagricultural run o ff and no chemicals pesticides used. The biggest disadvantage is the high costs in arti cial lighting, but in my case, Californias weather isvery good for this type of farming.

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Horizontal organization

There are patios

Originally created to sell produce

The overall image remains the same

In the 50s restaurants opened

Typicall market stores

All kinds of food products are sold

There are also bars

Nocturnity and lighting are important

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Farmers Market

Location: Los Angeles, CA.

In 1934 at the corner of Third and Fairfax farmers displayed their produce on the tailgates of their vehi-cles, where they sold fruits, vegetables and owers. It was an open air commerce.Later a built market was made with wooden stalls that were rented to the farmers for 50 cents.At that time, this market became very popular and circus acts, parades, petting zoos and stargazingtook place here.Now it still is a very popular place, were people come not only to buy produce but to have a good timewith their friends and families.

The organization is horizontal, with di ff erent stalls and spaces to gather around them. There are somepatios so it mixes closed with open air spaces. It feels like you are in a labyrinth of stalls, chairs andpeople selling every kind of products, from sun glasses to ice creams. There are also a lot of shops and services, including an old style barber shop and a stickers shop. This place is open till late so the lighting is an important issue. The bar has red illumination and thepatios have trees with white lights around them, which gives it a magical image. These trees have treeplanters in which you can sit and watch the activity that is going on the farmers market.All the diff erent uses are mixed in the same space, so you can be buying sushi next to a person buyingspecies or a magazine.

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Old Lock, Stables and Warehouses

Interior and exterior

Mixed uses

Vintage clothing shops

Concerts

Art gallery

All kinds of items are sold

Nocturnity

Pubs

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Importance of lighting10

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Camden Town

Location: London, UK.

Camden Town isnt a farmers market but it is a very special market and I would like to bring the feelingof this place to my building.It is set in an industrial area of London some decades ago, it is a mix of di ff erent locks, stables and ware-houses turned into a huge commercial space where you can nd many designer items and second handproducts too. There is an area with restaurants and bars where you can have something to eat or drink. The uses aremixed generally through out the buildings. The shops are both interior and exterior, the circulation is continuously bringing you outside and theninside again, so it is very amusing.

Most of the shops are vintage shops, which is another way of recycling the materials we use. They havebecome very popular lately but it is something everyone has done before, inheriting clothes from pastgenerations. There are also galleries and places for designers or artists to show their nal products. There is onegallery that is specialy interesting for me, Proud Camden. It mixes a bar where bands play with thegallery and that makes it very fun because when you go there you dont know if you are going to visitan exposition or have a drink or watch a live concert. The Camden Town buildings are decorated with di ff erent kinds of lighting because it is used bothduring the day and the night.

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Supermarket + hydroponic rooftop farm

Project in process

Froom cradle to cradle

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Place for social gathering

Open at night also

Old market rehabilitated4

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1,000 square meter farm for the community

Based in a former bank vault in the basement

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Bright Farms + Whole FoodsLocation: Millburn, New Jersey.

Mercado de San MiguelLocation: Madrid, Spain.

Underground Hydroponic FarmLocation: Otemachi, Tokyo, Japan.

This is a solution from Bright Farms, a hydroponic farms company, to the unhealthy way of eating of thissociety. The proposal is a hydroponic farm over a whole foods supermarket. They estimate that it will be able toproduce somewhere between 7750 and 900 thousand pounds of produce a year in a region of 1.3-1.6million dollars worth of produce. It could meet or even exceed a typical supermarkets sales needs forfresh produce and they could even sell extra food for surrounding supermarkets.* This is a very good idea but it is only commercial, there is no interest on the aspect of the place, or onthe people that is going to use it. Although this project is in progress so we dont know the nal aspectof it.

This is another rehabilitated market in Madrid, it has the old structure and a glass structure as thefacade, protecting it from the weather conditions.In the center of the market there is a place for seating and eating the products bought in the market.It isnt a farmers market and it hasnt got a farm to sell directly the fresh products, the products areselected in a bigger farmers market and transported on trucks to this place, so carbon monoxide is sent

to the atmosphere during transport. It isnt very ecologic. There is a kitchen garments shop called Vinon that sells designers items.It also works at night so the lighting is important.

The underground hydroponic farm works with led lighting, which doesnt consume so much energyand it works for the plants the same as the sun light does.It is situated under a 27 storey building in the business district of Tokyo. It is based in a former bank vaultin the basement. The interesting part of it is that it works as a public farm, so everyone interested canharvest it. It is a 1,000 square meter farm for the community. But it isnt a gathering place and nothingelse is sold here, so it is a good example of hydroponic farm but not as a market place.

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v e g e t a b l e s

v e g e t a

b l e s

c o m p o s t

c o m p o s

t

vegetables

f o o d

f a r m e r s

m e r c

h a n t

s

c o o k s

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PROGRAM

The program for this project is going to be built around food because it is an issue that matters tome for its problems and its possibilities.Based on the reserach on case studies I found out that this building should have 5 basic parts:nature, social, food, culture and trade, and by mixing them in various ways new sub-elements ofthe program will appear.For example, the nature part of it would be the hydroponic farm and the society part of it would bethe restaurants, but if you mix them you obtain a place where you can pick up fresh goods directlyfrom the farm and cook them with some friends or families in the same place.

NATURE=hydroponic farm nature+society=cooking your own foodSOCIETY=restaurant society+culture=eventsFOOD=stalls food+culture=cooking classes

CULTURE=education center culture+trade=produce shopsTRADE=farmers market trade+nature=trading seeds

The most important part of the project is how each part of it relates with others. In this project thefood wastes in the selling, cooking and eating areas are transformed into compost for the rooftopfarm; The vegetables obtained in the farm go to the chilling, cooking, eating and selling area; Theinstructed people in the learning center can work in the farm, in the cooking area or selling theirproducts.So everything is in a kind of closed cycle in the building that makes it a richer space.

Food

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FINAL PROJECT

chew it

outputs

inuences

MUSIC

SOCIAL NEEDS

SUSTAINABILITY

HISTORY RESEARCH+1

program = foodEagle St Rooftop Farm

Jason Schwartzman

Hotel del Aire

The Selby

Erin Wasson

The Darjeeling Unlimited

The Beatles

Reyner Banham

Ferrn Adri

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Bompas and Parr

Edward Sharpe & the Magnetic Zeros

ANALYZING WHATS LACKING IN A CITY

produce food locally

Nature

Society

Culture

Trade

place

hydroponic farm

meeting spot

education center

farmers marketfood desertgood transport

comercial area

++

optimum

topography

existing buildings

surroundings

climate

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technologymaterials

aggregation strategycirculation

RELATIONSHIP WITHEXISTING ARCHITECTURE

What materials can we nd arround?Where are the materials avaliable?Which ones are more sustainable?Special issues:farm Glasstrolley Acoustic insulationnocturnity Light and transparency

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People

Food

Energy

Water

Nutrients

Knowledge

2 kinds of modulesstalls

tables and chairs

farm1

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1. farm on the top2. sunlight for farmand inside3. structure+installations+light4. visual connectionsfree closed cycle direct branch

obtain energy for

farmfood preservingkitchensair & temperature

Which are the sources avaliable?

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METHODOLOGY

1. At rst, my inuences get mixed with the possibilities I chose from my inputs and outputs forthesis, I think about them and get a rst idea.

2. The program will be made around food, so nature, society, culture and trade will take place inthis building, creating a lot of different program uses. This uses will mix and relate with each other,

creating subuses.3. To nd the best place to build it, I will study the food deserts, the transport and comerce, relatethem and nd a spot with food desert, good transport and surrounded by comerce. After that, I willstudy the topography, the existing buildings, what it surrounds it and the climate, to create a pro-

ject appropiate to the area.

4. There are two kinds of modules, one for the booths or stalls and another for seating and eatingwith chairs and tables, each module will have the farm on top and a small part of the structurewhich will be an important part of the project. The combination of these modules is innite butthere will be some variations depending on the part of the building to create a richer environment.

5. Then the circulation of people, water, food, nutrients, energy and knowlegde must be decided, itcan be free, a closed cycle, direct or branch-like.

6. Materiality is a very important part of every project, I will have to answer 3 questions related withsustainability. There will also be some special issues to be solved, related with what surrounds thebuilding.

7. Introducing technology elements is above all related with what kind of energy can I use.

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25% to < 30%Adult Obesity Rates

0% to < 10%10% to < 15%15% to < 20%20% to < 25%

30% to < 100%

Legend

INCREASED in 16 states in 2010DIDNT DECLINE in any state in 201012 states now have OBESITY RATES OVER 30%

4 years ago only ONE state was above 30%Obesity rates EXCEED 25% in more than 2/3 ofstates.CALIFORNIA was named the 12TH LEAST OBESESTATE IN THE COUNTRY

California's adult obesity rate is 24.8 % .15 YEARS AGO , California had an obesity rate of13.9% and was ranked 32ND MOST OBESE STATEIN THE NATION

The obesity rate in California INCREASED BY 78%OVER THE LAST 15 YEARS

FOOD DESERTS are related with obesity

Food Deserts in San Diego

!!!

ABOUT 10% of the US population lives in a FoodDesert

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PLACEUnited States

Due to our lifestle in many of the civilized countries, the importance of what or how we eat hasdecreased massively, this is why fast food restaurants have been such a success lately. This is a bigproblem for our health, because this kind of food is high in fat and other components that, consu-med in abundance, are bad for our blood and digestive system.This types of diets combined with little excercise lead to obesity in most cases, weakening theinmune defense system which means that there is a higher possibility of cathing any desease,mild or severe.Obesity is an important topic in this country, because 31%* of the population is obese at thismoment, it is the most obese country in the world. Californias case is remarkable, it was one ofthe healthier state in the US a few years ago but the obesity has increased by 78% over the last 15years*.A food desert is any area in the industrialised world where healthy, affordable food is difcult toobtain. It is prevalent in rural as well as urban areas and is most prevalent in low-socioeconomicminority communities, and is associated with a variety of diet-related health problems*.

Cientically, a food desert is considered as an area where at least 500 people (33 percent of thepopulation) have no access to a supermarket or large grocery store within one mile in urban areasor 10 miles in rural areas. About 10 percent of the census tracts in the United States meet thisdenition*. In San Diego County, there is a 0.7% of the population that has no car and no access toa supermarket within a mile.The food desert is closely related with obesity because it causes people to buy less fresh goods andeat more at fast food restaurants. This happens in some places of San Diego, strangelly in LittleItaly, known as a healthy area of this city where there are a lot of restaurants, few of them servingunhealthy food.

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piers

San Diego Bay

main streetdrivehighway

trolley linesecondary street bike route

area over the waterSDI Airport

bus stoptrolley stop

TRANSPORT

COMERCE

cafes & dessert stablishments

home furnishings, accesories & orists

hotels, motels, bed & breakfasts

banks & servicesspeciality stores

clothing, shoes, jewelery, apparelphotography, supplies & developmentart galleries & supplies

tness

hair salons, nails, skincare & spas

quick foodpublic art

restaurants, pubs, lounges & entertainment venues

speciality markets, drug stores & pet supplies

farmers market

AmiciPark

County ofSDbuilding

FREE SPACESSea Front Food DesertPublic Space Parking Space

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PLACELittle Italy

Little Italy was the home to Italian shermen and their families in 1920, more than 6000 Italianfamilies lived there and it was once the center of the worlds tuna industry*.Two factors made this area lose its essence, the decline of the tuna industry on the west coast andthe destruction of 35% of this neighborhood due to the construction of the Interstate-5 freeway inthe 60s. Nearly 30 decades of decline later, in the early 90s the neighbors decided to improve thearea and created an association called the Little Italy Association, and this was their mission state-ment "The Little Italy Association was organized to provide the community with a cohesive voice forconstructive change and improvements to Little Italy. Representing the residents and more than400 businesses that call Little Italy their home, the Association pledges to advocate on behalf of itsmembers' best interests in the areas of public safety, beautication, promotion and economicdevelopment in the community. Most importantly, the Association seeks to bring a sense of orderto Little Italy today, as well as present a vision for enhancement and growth of Little Italy in the 21stCentury"*. The CCDC invested more than $3 million in street improvements and solved thehousing and parking problems that existed.

Now it is a residential and comMercial area, with almost every kind of busineSs except of a super-market. There is a well-known farmers market on Saturdays, il Mercato, with more than 100booths offering farm fresh produce, artisan foods and speciality items*. In square blocks, SanDiegos Little Italy is bigger than San Franciscos, St. Louis and New Yorks combined.As Sherm Harmer, chairman of the San Diego Downtown Residential Marketing Alliance and adeveloper of one of the major projects in Little Italy, says Compare 300 linear feet in Little Italy to300 feet in a mall. In Little Italy, you'll see friends, run into people. You'll walk by so many differentkinds of things, every step is much more experiential"*.

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In use No use

Food Desert

Comerce area

Bike routeStreet

Trolley lineIl Mercato

SELECTION OF THE EXACT PLACE

Preliminary study of the plot NW view of the plot

SW view of the plot

SE view of the plot

NE view of the plot

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PLACE

Puting together all the data about Little Italys transport, comerce and free spaces, we can nd anarea that is in the food desert, that links the existing comerce areas, that is between the farmersmarket and the bike route and that has the trolley stop just in the same plot. This exact place isbetween Beech and Cedar with Kettner st. It is in the limit between downtowns high rise ofces

and the Little Italys residential area.The plot actually is used mostly as a horizontal public parking, but it has two old industrial buil-dings, one of them has been restored and its spaces are rented to other bussines such as theUnited Veterans Council of San Diego, and Art For People, an art support organization. The otherbuilding was a vitamin store, now closed, so this building can be used in this project.Both buildings still have on their walls old advertisements that are now part of the buildings.

The trolley stop gives a fantastic opportunity to this project, making it really accesible for thecitizens outside Little Italy, but it also adds a problem: acoustics; The trolley makes vibrations thatpass through the structure and makes a lot of unwanted noise, so this would be a problem to be

solved later.

Another problem I found is the parking spaces, the soil must be studied in order to nd out if theparking can be underground or not, in case negative, another solution should be found to giveaccess by car to the new building and the area.

The airport is near this plot, however, it isnt affected by the noise or vibrations it could makeaccording to the EIR (Final Environmental Impact Report), because the noise it makes here isbelow the 60 dB.

Beech & Kettner st, San Diego

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L O G I C S O F O R

D E R

A N D O R G A N I Z A T I O N


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farm1

2

34

s t a l l m

o d u l e

r e s t i n g

m o d u l

e

1. the farm is on the upper part ofthe space.2. Sunlight comes into the farmspace and through the market.3. The structure has multiplefunctions: carrying installations,working as illumination, as abench, and organazing the stallspace.4. Visual connections are createdbetween different spaces, forexample, the market and the farm.

Module common features

Combinations

stall module

resting module

patio

posible combination #1

Conditionalparameters:* Trolley* Existing buildings

* Roof* Entance

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LOGICS OF ORDER AND ORGANIZATION

I create a module that can help with the organization of the building, but in order to make it more complex Iintroduce two kinds of modules, one for selling and the other for resting or eating, which can be also combinedwith open spaces, and these modules can create innite combinations.When making the nal plan of the building, I must take on account that there are some conditional parametersimportant for the organization, for exmaple, the trolley, as the trolley stops in the left side of the plot, the sameopen modules with a greenhouse on top cant be placed, because it is a light structure that can be harmed withthe trolley vibrations, besides, a building must be sensible to the entrances, and that is going to be one of themain entrances for the people from outside Little Italy.

The modules have some characteristics in common:They all have a part of the greenhouse farm on top.The farm has some places where the light goes through the oor to the market, like big skylight.All of the modules have a single vertical element acting as a structure, hiding the installations, which for thiskind of building are going to be abundant, and as lighting for the market and decoration. In these types ofbuildings illumination is really important because they are opened until late and have to give a nice image.The skylights in the farm give visual connections from the market through the farm, and vice versa, which isreally interesting, because you can see what is going on in the farm as the same time as you are having anicecream.

These stalls have to separate the selling from the buying space. It has an awning to separate visually the stallfrom the rest of the spaces. This module can be divided into more stalls, using only one structure, or it can alsocreate a new stall by mixing two or more of them. It can also be personalized depending on the kind of business(walls for clothing, bar for cafes or restaurants, shelves or refrigerators for food...).The resting module gives a space for eating or resting. The tree has more importance spatially in this kind ofmodule. It has two kinds of seating, with tables and chairs or on the tree pot. The rst one is better for eating,which takes more time, and the second one is better for a quick stop. This space is also used as a transit space,to get from a stall to another.

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L I T E R A R Y O B

S E R V A T I O N S


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LITERARY OBSERVATIONS

FOOD+THE CITYp. 23In Little Italy, restaurants and cafs lineup along the street, producing conti-nuous yet subtly changing food smellsthat ll the nostrils of passers by. [...] Allthis is in striking contrast to the super-market shopping experience, wherefoods are often contained in plastic,glass or paper, all prices are xed, andwhere the interior space is usuallysmell-free with minimal noise.

Supermarkets have been reduced as aplace where economic exchange is pro-duced, it is no longer a place where cultu-ral, sensorial and social exchange takesplace. One of my missions is to recoverthe lost tradicional essence of markets.

p. 25Food experiences enrich our percep-tions, understanding and appreciation ofcity streets. Sensoryscapes that createrich urban experiences throughvisualscapes, olfatoryscapes andsoundscapes sharpen our senses. Inaddition they signify specic cultures.

p. 41Around the world, collapsible whitetents, easily set up, folded up and trans-ported, mark open-air farmers mar-kets, easily held in a plaza, parking lot,empty site or street closed to trafc. Inmany cities, markets are also held,every day, in handsome market halls andsheds. Not only are costumers and ven-dors protected from the weather, andnot only do the buildings offer a widearray of products and activities, but thearchitecture and permanence of a

market contribute to the character ofthe area and, possibly, of the entire city.

p. 42[...]food can operate as a social, econo-mic, nutritional, educational and entre-preneurial mechanism, and as a tool forincreasing the health of individuals,communities, cities and even regions.

The imporance of phenomenologic expe-rience, specially related with food envi-ronments, where all the senses activate,is reected in this quote. This will be animportant issue for my thesis.

The author highlights the image thatmarkets give to the city and the impor-tance of building a special place with thatporpose because of its permanence. Thatis why this project must be a covered buil-ding.

A good food system can solve problemsrelated with many kinds of issues. Anarchitect can help with this problems too.

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PUBLIC PRODUCE: THE NEW URBAN AGRICULTUREp. 10The slow food movement (as opposedto fast food) is garnering interestthroughout the country. The term loca-vore now appears in The New OxfordAmerican Dictionary; it means someonewho only eats what is grown or producedlocally, usually within a hundred-mileradius.

Locally eating is more popular each day,this is a fact that veries my purpose forthis project.

p. 10If public produce is to succeed in our

cities, educational programs are neededto reacquaint us with food, to help usrecognize which plants are edible andwhich are ornamental, and to teach ushow to plant, how to care for, and how toharvest food.

One of the main ideas of this project is to

educate people with the public farm thatis set over the market and creating aplace to exchange this kind of knowledge.

p. 39It cannot be overstated: people living indire conditions in this country needaccess to affordable, fresh, wholesome

food in order to improve their health. [...]The CDC reports that obesity ratesacross the American population haverisen dramatically over the past threedecades (a trend that coincides with theincrease in availability of processed andfast foods.

The US needs an strategy to reduce theconsumption of processed food in orderto reduce obesity and improve the gene-

ral health. I am proposing a new strategy.

p. 149Access to healthful food should not be aprivilege, but a fundamental right. [...] Ina near future, the strenght of our coun-try may be determined by the ability ofcommunities to provide food for them-selves.

This market I am projecting, may be asolution to the ability of communities toprovide food for themselves by making itreally accesible to farm and buy freshfood.


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ON FARMING

Farming is one of my inputs in this project to help the US communities to behealthier.

p. 1Farming harnesses the efciency ofcollectivity and community. Whethercultivating land, harvesting resources,extracting energy or delegating labor,farming reveals the interdependenciesof a globalized world. Simultaneously,farming represents the local gesture,the productive landscape, and the alter-native economy. The processes ofmaring are mutable, parametric andefcient.

GROWING BETTER CITIES

p. 186Imagine a world of prosperity andhealth in the future will look like, andbegin designing for it right now.

The issue that I am working on not onlyhappens in the United States, but inEurope and the developing countries.

p. 3In North America and Europe peoplehave been abandoning the rural lifesince the industrial revolution of the19th century. [...] Although the North isalready far more urban, the urban areasof developing countries are growingmuch faster - and their populations arelarger.

If I want to introduce urban farms, theymust not occupy a lot of space, to showpeople how they are possible.

p. 53In the city, space may be more criticalthan land itself.

This project will confront these issuesand offer an architecture that adresses

current and emerging food culture cha-llenges.

CRADLE TO CRADLE

With this project I am trying to do so.

p. 174Low social layers that cannot affordorganic, nutritious goods are forced to

consume second-class products of unk-nown origin and with great impact ontheir health.


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p. 57Food growing projects can act as afocus for the community to come toge-ther, generate a sense of can-do, andalso help create a sense of local distinc-tivenes - a sense that each particularplace, however ordinary, is unique andhas value.

CPULS: CONTINUOUS PRODUCTIVE URBAN LANDSCAPES

The reinforcement of the communities isan important fact of my project and I try todo so through food markets and farms,which, as the author of this book says, isa good way to do so.

p. 84Communities that nurture local sys-tems of agricultural production and fooddistribution as one part of a broader planof economic development may gaingreater control over their economic des-tinies, enhance the level of social capitalamong their residents, and contribute torising levels of civic welfare andsocioeconomic well-beign.

CIVIC AGRICULTURE: RECONNECTING FARM, FOOD AND COMMUNITY

This is proving that a market for localfood that enhances the farming and thelove for nature means more than anindividuals benet, it means a benet fora whole community, city or even country.


p. 58

Access to fresh locally grown fruit andvegetables means that people can seewhere, how and when crops are grown.This is likely to raise awareness aboutfood production techniques and provideknowledge which facilitates a questio-ning of the advantages of non seasonalimported or processed food.

As I have said before, not only kids needto learn about where food comes from,adults must know it too, not only to teachtheir kids, the new generations, about itbut to start taking advantage of it.

p. 81Demand for local food is high. Demandis everywhere. We cant meet it. Wedont have the farmers. We spend abouta third of our time recruiting farmers.Were working on that. What we dontneed to work on is nding costumers.The costumers are there. Any growingproject seeking an outlet has one.

By reading this quote, it is more unders-

tandable the fact that the project I amwriting about is highly focused on trainingfarmers.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

(1) FRANCK KA, Food + the City, London, Architectural Design, Wiley Academy, May/June 2005

(2) NORDAHL D, Public Produce: The New Urban Agriculture, Washington, Island Press, 2009

(3) McDONOUGH W, BRAUNGART M, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things, New York, North PointPress, 2002

(4) WHITE M, PRZYBYLSKI M, Bracket: On Farming, Barcelona, Actar, 2010

(5) MOUGEOT LJA, Growing Better Cities: Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Development, Ottawa, in_focus, 2006

(6) LYSON TA, Civic Agriculture: Reconnecting Farm, Food , and Community, Medford, Tufts University Press, 2004

(7) QUINNEY KM, CESARINI TJ, THE ITALIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF SAN DIEGO, Images of America: San DiegoLittle Italy, San Francisco, Arcadia Publishing, 2007

(8) VILJOEN A, BOHN K, HOWE J, CPULs: Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes, Designing Urban Agriculture forSustainable Cities, Oxford, Elsevier, 2005

(9) BROWN LR, Seeds of Change: the Green Revolution and Development in the 1970s, New York, Praeger Publishers,3rd Edition, 1972

(10) JAKLE JA, SCULLE KA, Fast food: Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age, Santa Fe, The Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, 1999

(11) SMIT J, Urban Agriculture: Food, Jobs, and Sustainable Cities, Washington, UNDP Publications Board, 2001

WEB PAGES

ABOUT FARMS:

http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/farmersmarkets

http://blog.urbanouttters.com/features/about_a_girl_annie_novak

http://rooftopfarms.org/

http://www.hayesvalleyfarm.com/

http://work.ac/ps-216-edible-schoolyard/

http://www.sdcity.edu/SeedsAtCity

http://www.cityfarmer.info/2010/02/24/san-diego%E2%80%99s-urban-farmers/

http://growmovie.blogspot.com/

http://www.kpbs.org/news/2011/jul/27/urban-farms-try-feed-inner-city/

http://civileats.com/2010/10/27/9815/

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http://www.good.is/post/farmers-in-the-city/

http://action.farmland.org/site/PageNavigator/dine_out_for_farms/dine_out_for_farms

http://www.thedirtyway.com/

http://www.cityfarmer.info/2008/03/11/backyard-eating/

http://noimpactman.typepad.com/blog/2008/06/urban-rooftop-f.html

http://www.urbanhabitatchicago.org/blog/buildingintegrated-food-production-faq/#plant-species

http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_3659.cfm

http://www.growbiointensive.org/grow_main.html

http://www.technologyforthepoor.com/UrbanAgriculture/Garden.htm

http://www.echostudiochicago.com/learn/echo-studio-foodproducing-roof

http://www.urbanhabitatchicago.org/blog/getting-started-on-a-rooftop-agriculture-project/

http://www.wnyc.org/shows/lopate/2010/jul/16/roof-gardens-nyc/

http://blog.eatgreenpoint.com/index.html/

http://www.farmtoschool.org/aboutus.php

http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/12/is-the-world-re/

http://blog.ted.com/2010/03/17/qa_with_chef_da/

http://blog.ted.com/2011/07/01/fellows-friday-with-viraj-puri/

http://brightfarms.com/how-it-works/

http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/10/gotham-greens-hydroponic-farm/

http://www.good.is/post/new-company-brings-produce-from-the-roof-to-the-supermarket-aisle/

http://www.ediblemanhattan.com/topics/food-dining/hyper-local-produce-this-manhattan-company-wants-supermarkets-to-raise-on-the-roof/

http://www.kpbs.org/news/2011/jul/27/urban-farms-try-feed-inner-city/

http://www.windowfarms.org/

ABOUT MARKETS:

http://www.mercadodesanmiguel.es/

http://www.mercadosananton.com/

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http://nuestrocerdoiberico.blogspot.com/

http://www.good.is/post/usda-s-food-desert-locator-map/

http://www.good.is/post/food-deserts-an-interactive-map-of-the-places-in-america-farthest-from-a-supermarket/

http://labs.slate.com/articles/food-deserts-in-america/

http://www.healthystores.org/

http://www.good.is/post/nd-your-farmers-market-with-the-usda-s-national-directory/

http://walmartstores.com/pressroom/news/10635.aspx

http://action.farmland.org/site/PageNavigator/Americas-Favorite-Farmers-Markets/top_farmers_markets

http://www.thepeoplessupermarket.org/home/?page_id=6

http://www.image-archeology.com/farmers_market_los_angeles.htm

ABOUT SAN DIEGO:

http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/marketsize/Default.aspx

http://sandiego.areaconnect.com/statistics.htm

http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012edition.html

http://www.sdcounty.ca.gov/awm/farmers_markets.html

http://.citydata.com/city/San-Diego.-California.html

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/

http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os_gAC9-wMJ8QY0MDpxBDA09nXw9DFxcXQ-cAA_1wkA5kFaGuQBXeASbmnu4uBgbe5hB5AxzA0UDfzyM_N1W_IDs7zdFRUREAZXAypA!!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfUDhNVlZMVDMxMEJUMTBJQ01IMURERDFTODU!/?printable=true&navid=AGENCY_REPORTS&beginday=ALL_DAYS&beginmonth=9&beginyear=2011

ABOUT FOOD:

http://www.foodtimeline.org/index.html

http://www.isabelscantina.com/

http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/carolyn_steel_how_food_shapes_our_cities.html

http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx

http://healthindicators.gov/Indicators/

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ARTICLES

AZCOYTIA C, From Far West to Fast Food

AZCOYTIA C, The True Story About Fast Food

KLATZ S, What did the Pilgrims Eat, www.helium.com

STONE Z, The Future of Food, Sprouting Under LED Lights, www.good.is, 2011

WRIGHT B, Herbivore, Omnivore, Localvore, www.good.is, 2011

FERNHOLZ T, New Farmers Markets Provide Health, Jobs Boost, www.good.is, 2011

SMITH P, When Urban Planning and Obesity Collide, www.good.is, 2011

STONE Z, New Company Brings Produce From the Roof to the Supermarket Aisle, www.good.is, 2011

MOSHER D, High-Tech Hydroponic Farm Transforms Abandoned Bowling Alley, WIRED, October 2011

New City America.com/article_17.asp



DOCUMENTS

USDA - AMS -Marketing Services Division

Trust For American Health. www.healthyamericans.org

Lindbergh Field Noise Contours

Ground Water Limitations Map

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G R A P H I C A L I D E N T I T

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Title of the fragment of the book

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subtitle21

34567

lorem ipsum dolorsit amet, consecteturadipisicing elitsed do eiusmod

labore et doloremagna aliquaut enim ad

Color palette Index

C:0 M:0 Y:0 K:100

C:50 M:0 Y:100 K:0

C:30 M:0 Y:60 K:0

C:15,7 M:0 Y:28,9 K:0

C:0 M:0 Y:0 K:50

C:0 M:0 Y:0 K:30

C:0 M:0 Y:0 K:10

8 enim aderist

9 aderist

1 2

DrawingsPicturesDiagrams

TextInformation

Format 8.5 x 11 Vertical

1 Index

6 Introduction

7 Chapter 1

10 Chapter 2

ExceptionsImportance of a pictureImportance of text whole pageImportance of a plan

1

2

3

4 5

6

7

8

9

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GRAPHICAL IDENTITY

200 ft

325.5 ft t r o

l l e y

The drawings, pictures and diagrams will be in the left page and the text in the right page, startingin the middle of the page, to give it some air. Although there will be some exceptions, dependingon the importance of the information, for example, if an image is really important, it will occupy thewhole page.

When using images, these will be organized by size and position and marked with a number andexplained on the top right of the page.

In order to keep it simple, the color palette is reduced to 2 colors, black and green, but to make it

rich in textures I will use some variations of these colors, however there will be some exceptionswhen using pictures or making some diagrams.

The index is connected by a dot line and has bigger dots when something remarkable happens inthe book. The space between these spots depends on the number of pages between them.

Each topic will have its own cover before, so it is better understood.The numbers of the pages will be in the lower exterior corner of the page, iso its seen easily.The margins are 12 mm exterior, 24 interior, 28 inferior and 12 superior.

The format is vertical because of the size of the parcelorientated north is vertical, this will be very helpful whenshowing plan drawings. The size of the paper will vary insome occasions due to the amount of information that hasto be presented.

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Documents

CAROLINA TURMO_MANUAL peq.pdf