CAREER STUDY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MEDICAL, DENTAL ... · Overall a culture of one life / one career appears to remain in these three professions. Only 12.5% of medical graduates, 11.1%

CAREER STUDY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIAN

MEDICAL, DENTAL & PHYSIOTHERAPY GRADUATES

by

Fearnley Szuster & Ed Carson

Social Policy Research Group

University of South Australia

Report for the South Australian Department of Health

February 2007

Funded by the Health Services Research and Innovation Program

Fearnley Szuster



St Bernards Road, Magill

South Australia 5072

Phone: 8303 6343

Fax: 8303 6240

Email: [email protected]

Professor Ed Carson



St Bernards Road, Magill

South Australia 5072

Phone: 8302 5129

Fax: 8302 5260

Email: [email protected]

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Executive summary ............................................................................................................iii

E.1 Comparison of professions .........................................................................iii E.2 One life/one career.......................................................................................iv E.3 Hours worked .................................................................................................v E.4 Geographic location ......................................................................................v E.5 Stress, burnout & musculoskeletal complaints........................................vi

Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Rationale for the study ..................................................................................1 1.2 Research framework and objectives ...........................................................2 1.3 One life/one career........................................................................................3 1.4 Hours worked .................................................................................................5 1.5 Geographic location ......................................................................................6 1.6 Stress, burnout & musculoskeletal complaints.........................................7

Methods and response........................................................................................................9 2.1 Ethical approval..............................................................................................9 2.2 Modes of data collection...............................................................................9 2.3 Collection instruments and data items .....................................................11 2.4 Sampling and focus group recruitment....................................................14 2.5 Statistical approach ......................................................................................17 2.6 Response........................................................................................................17

Comparison of professions..............................................................................................21 3.1 Overview........................................................................................................21 3.2 Results of mail survey..................................................................................22 3.3 Discussion .....................................................................................................58 3.4 Policy implications .......................................................................................62

One life/one career ...........................................................................................................63 4.1 Overview........................................................................................................63 4.2 Results of mail survey..................................................................................63 4.3 Focus groups and comments.....................................................................75 4.4 Discussion .....................................................................................................76 4.5 Policy implications .......................................................................................77

Hours worked.....................................................................................................................79 5.1 Overview........................................................................................................79 5.2 Results of mail survey..................................................................................79 5.3 Focus groups and comments.....................................................................84 5.4 Discussion .....................................................................................................84 5.5 Policy implications .......................................................................................85

Geographic location..........................................................................................................87 6.1 Overview........................................................................................................87 6.2 Results of mail survey..................................................................................87 6.3 Focus groups and comments.....................................................................89

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6.4 Discussion .....................................................................................................90 6.5 Policy implications .......................................................................................91

Stress, burnout & musculoskeletal complaints ............................................................93 7.1 Overview........................................................................................................93 7.2 Results of mail survey..................................................................................93 7.3 Focus groups and comments.................................................................. 105 7.4 Discussion .................................................................................................. 106 7.5 Policy implications .................................................................................... 107

Appendix A: Summary figures ..................................................................................... 109 Appendix B: Summary tables ....................................................................................... 117 Appendix C: Mail self-complete questionnaire......................................................... 269 Appendix D: Mail survey support material................................................................ 281 Appendix E: Focus group questions .......................................................................... 283 References........................................................................................................................ 285

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This study examines and quantifies the employment experience (or career paths) of medical

practitioners, dentists and physiotherapists who graduated from South Australian universities

from 1961 to 2003. In particular, the study compares the employment experience of these

health professionals from different graduate cohorts, for each profession and separately for

male and female graduates to identify the impact of changes in career paths on health

workforce policy.

A survey of a sample of South Australian medical, dental and physiotherapy graduates was

conducted in 2005 with the use of a mailed self-completed questionnaire. With a response

rate of 56.1%, a total of 1015 completed questionnaires were returned from 303 University of

Adelaide medical graduates, 227 Flinders University medical graduates, 244 dental graduates

and 241 physiotherapy graduates. In addition, two focus groups were convened with one of

medical graduates and one for female only graduates (which included physiotherapy and

dental graduates).

E.1 Comparison of professions

From the study it can be concluded that there are substantial differences between these

professions. Most notably medical graduates report:

working more hours per week;

higher proportion disagreed with the statement that the future holds good prospects

for their profession;

nearly half reported that they were busier than they would like; and

over half considered that the demands of their work interfere with their home and

family life.

Dental graduates were notable for the reporting that:

nearly a third are practising interstate from South Australia;

over a quarter failed to gain their first choice at University;

Executive Summary

iv

for over half there was family pressure to have a professional career (54.5%) and they

wanted to become self-employed (56.9%);

along with medicine, dental graduates were predominantly male in the 1960s and have

steadily moved to equal numbers of male and female graduates since the late 1980s

and approximately 40% of recent graduates are overseas born; and

during clinical practice 17.4% experienced moderate or severe shoulder complaints

and, along with physiotherapy graduates, upper and lower back complaints (16.1%

and 24.5%).

Finally, physiotherapy graduates reported that:

in the 1960s graduates were almost exclusively female and since then have steadily

moved to increase the proportion of male graduates to approach equal numbers;

nearly two-thirds (62.1%) chose their profession to combine a career with family life;

there was a low percentage (8.9%) practising interstate from South Australia;

they were the least stressed at work of the three professions, a lower percentage

reported that their work is emotionally exhausting and feeling burnt out because of

their work;

during clinical practice the highest percentage of moderate or severe complaints in the

hands/wrists and fingers (26.6% and 19.4).

E.2 One life/one career

Overall a culture of one life / one career appears to remain in these three professions. Only

12.5% of medical graduates, 11.1% of dental graduates and 23.2% of physiotherapy

graduates were not practising in their graduating profession.

The career paths of the graduates in the study showed that there was a substantial level of

retention in full-time and part-time practice in South Australia, especially for medical

graduates. Overall approximately thirty percent of dental graduates move interstate soon

after graduation and the level has remained at that level. One notable exception was for male

Executive Summary

v

physiotherapy graduates where the majority were in full-time practice in South Australia in

the 1980s to in more recent years accounting for about half of the graduates.

The survey did highlight that there is a sub-group of graduates who expressed agreement

with attitude statements on feeling locked into their profession with limited opportunities to

change career. This is of concern, especially when combined with the large percentage that

agreed that the demands of their work interfered with their home and family life.

E.3 Hours worked

The great majority (88.5%) of female graduates who were NOT practising full-time do so by

preference which clearly demonstrates that this is by choice and has not been imposed on

them.

The more recent graduates reported that they expect to spend more time in practise in the

year of the collection compared to the previous year. Overall there was only a slightly higher

percentage that responded “More” (15.9%) compared to “Less” (11.9%), with well over two-

thirds (70.5%) responding to the category “About the same”.

There was an almost ten-fold difference between the percent who reported that they were

busier than they would like (38.8%) and those who responded that they were less busier than

they would like (4.0%). The graduates from the late 1970s to late 1980s were the

respondents who reported the highest levels of perceived business. This finding was also

consistent with the higher level of agreement with the statement “I work longer hours than I

would like” by the 1970s and 1980s graduates.

There was an expected trend in the responses to the statement “I can set my own working

hours” with the 1960s graduates having more autonomy than the more recent graduates.

Importantly, there was no noticeable difference between male and female graduates in this

area.

E.4 Geographic location

There are also small differences in the location of practice between male and female

graduates. A higher percentage of female graduates were practising in inner Adelaide (52.3%

Executive Summary

vi

compared to 47.0%). Conversely there was a higher percentage of male graduates practising

interstate (from South Australia), namely 23.8% compared to 15.6%.

Only a small percentage (totalling 9.2%) reported disagreement with the statement “After

graduation I gained employment in the geographic location I wanted to work”. With no

difference between the graduate cohorts, it can therefore be confidently stated that these

graduates haven’t had major problems with their initial location of practice.

There was no discernable trend to outer Adelaide and rest of South Australia across the

graduate cohorts. However, there are a number of concerns expressed in the study with

regard to rural practice that include a lack of professional and person support with isolation

and over-work.

The highest percentage practising interstate were in the 1975-79, 1980-84 and 1985-89

cohorts (21.6, 26.7 and 22.0% respectively). There was also a perception that wages and

conditions were better interstate than in South Australia. This would indicate that graduates

in these cohorts might be the best target to try to get them to ‘return’ to South Australia

provided these perceptions are addressed.

E.5 Stress, burnout & musculoskeletal complaints

Despite great majority (91.9%) reporting that they are in good, very good or excellent health

and the high levels of job satisfaction expressed by the majority of health profession

graduates, there were alarmingly high levels of stress, burnout and musculoskeletal

complaints reported in the survey.

Over 40% report that they are emotionally exhausted by their work,

over 20% reporting that they are burnt out because of their work,

over 20% reported that their work frustrates them. This frustration was predominantly

reported by the more recent graduates from the 1980s (23.7% agree & 3.1% strongly

agree) and from 1990 (20.6% agree & 4.0% strongly agree), whereas the 1960s

graduates reported the lowest level of frustration with their work (7.5% agree),

Executive Summary

vii

despite comments to the contrary, these findings indicate that there are major issues

related to stress and burnout that are experienced independent of the time since

graduation,

just over half of the graduates reported feeling worn out at the end of the working day

(41.4% agree & 9.9% strongly agree), while just over a quarter reported that they do

not feel worn out at the end of the working day (21.9% disagree & 4.6% strongly

disagree),

general areas of musculoskeletal complaints in shoulder and lower back during clinical

work and specific complaints by physiotherapy graduates in hand/wrists and fingers,

have identified key occupational health areas that will need to be addressed, and

of great concern is that even the most recent graduates (since 1990) reported high

levels of musculoskeletal complaints during clinical work in back of neck (18.0%

moderate & 2.4% severe), shoulder (11.2% moderate & 1.9% severe), upper back

(15.4 % moderate & 0.4% severe) and lower back (14.8% moderate & 2.0% severe).

Executive Summary

viii

1

C h a p t e r 1

INTRODUCTION

In light of recent substantial changes in the nature of work, such as the increased

casualisation of employment and increasing female labour force participation, there have

been major debates on the nature of a career, and the extent of stress, burnout and

occupational health complaints in a number of health professions. This study examines the

impact of these changes on health professionals’ careers, as well as the implications of the

changes for health workforce planning.

Media reports of a crisis in the supply of medical and dental practitioners are increasing in

frequency, and there is little doubt that this constitutes a serious problem for service delivery

in a broad range of health settings. Indeed, it is recognised by the general public as

constituting a serious social problem. Even though practitioners, health administrators and

scholars are more aware of the broader impact of workforce issues than the general public,

there are nevertheless grounds for concern about the changing nature of work, and the

changing nature of the workforce, particularly among medical practitioners, dentists and

physiotherapists.

There are debates in the literature about three aspects of the work experience of health

professionals. These are, first, whether one job for life remains the predominant career

pattern among health professionals, second, whether part-time work is selected by choice or

is imposed and, third, the extent to which stress, burnout and occupational health

considerations are significantly altering typical career patterns, as well as exacerbating the

potential conflicts between professional and private life including the geographic location of

practice.

1.1 Rationale for the study

In recent years there have been dramatic changes in the nature and conduct of work that

have implications for the work experience and career expectations of health professionals. In

Chapter 1 - Introduction

2

the general workforce, working hours and intensity have increased for many, at the same time

as there is less work for others. Work is becoming increasingly intermittent and precarious in

a number of industries and occupations, with less steady work and lowered expectations of

predictable pay rises over time1. In health occupations there has been an increase in casual

employment, the delivery of services have moved to larger practices and, for medicine, there

have been substantial changes related to Medicare, particularly with the bulk billing of

payment for service provision2. It is unclear how these changes have affected the health

professional workforce, and what they mean for future inflow (growth in the profession by

self selection) and attrition, including the geographic distribution of health professionals in

the outer metropolitan, rural and remote regions of Australia2-6.

With concerns over the current health workforce shortages and maldistribution, there has

been a recent call by the Australian Health Ministers to incorporate as their first principle of

the National Health Workforce Strategic Framework that “Australia should focus on

achieving, at a minimum, national self sufficiency in health workforce supply” 5. (p. 15)

Among the actions that are required to support this principle, they include the need to “focus

on workforce intake, recruitment and retention” 5. (p. 16) In addition to this concern over

the current crisis in health workforce supply, the imminent movement into retirement age of

the ‘baby boom’ health workforce is a key challenge for the next ten to twenty years7.

To assist in the planning of the health workforce, there is a need to identify the major factors

that influence employment inflow, intermittent employment and attrition of Australian health

profession graduates. To identify whether the major contemporary workforce changes have

affected employment participation, research is needed both to quantify the career

movements, to interpret the varying experiences of health professionals and to incorporate

these factors into the development of health workforce policy2,3,5-13

1.2 Research framework and objectives

The main aim of this study is to examine and quantify the employment experience (or career

paths) of medical practitioners, dentists and physiotherapists who graduated from South

Australian universities. In particular, the study aims to compare the employment experience

of these health professionals from different graduate cohorts, for each profession and


3

separately for male and female graduates to identify the impact of changes in career paths on

health workforce policy.

The changes in the duration of employment in a single job, the differences in workforce

participation of men and women, and the impact of stress, burnout and occupational health

considerations have implications for the future composition of health occupations. The

debates point to the need to undertake further consideration of inflow and attrition in health

occupations. With the relatively high cost of health professional education, it would be

reasonable to expect that most graduates will be employed in their profession and, for the

most part, working full time until retirement age. But in light of the above changes, there is a

need to examine career paths of health professionals systematically and assess the subsequent

impact on the health labour force. Through the mapping of career paths, full-time and part-

time levels of workforce participation can incorporate employment changes over the working

life of graduates. With the changing percent of women entering the medical and dental

workforce this will have a major impact on health workforce planning for these clinical

professions.

Considerable focus has been directed to the recruitment of health professionals. Through the

mapping of career paths, a greater understanding will be possible of the retention and return of

existing graduates, the remaining Triple-Rs of workforce planning14.

1.3 One life/one career

With the dramatic economic changes that have occurred in developed countries over the last

two decades, there has been an associated shift in the way employment has been both

undertaken and categorised15-17. Whereas in the past a health professional might have

expected a systematic and routinised move up a career ladder based on seniority, such

expectations are changing today1,18. Professionals worked longer and harder in the 1990s

compared to the 1970s, with a culture of longer hours becoming the norm19-22. This has

recently been recognised and discussed in scholarly literature and the media. However, the

underlying reasons are not completely clear and are the subject of this current debate. If

these shifts in employment practice result in increased levels of attrition, this will have a

major impact on health workforce planning and the ability of the health professions to

maintain existing levels of service provision5,23-25.


4

In a study of medical physicians in Ohio, 14% reported that if they had it to do over again

they would not choose to be a physician26, while nearly a quarter of Finnish doctors reported

in 1993 that they would not enter medicine and would consider another profession if they

were beginning their university studies again. Hyppölä et al. found that the “lack of vocation

and a faint interest in people seem to be the critical factors which determine physician’s later

dissatisfaction with the profession” (p. 1386), while they found that social background,

current job and gender did not affect their dissatisfaction27. Similarly, Born and Nelson found

that many dentists questioned their choice of a career and felt that the longer they were in it,

the more they felt themselves irreversibly committed and locked-in28. Although these studies

examine levels of dissatisfaction, they did not examine the levels of attrition amongst those in

their study participants.

In a 1987 study of the work profiles of University of Queensland physiotherapy graduates

(from 1941 to 1987), Jull and co-workers found that only 15% of all of the respondents had

permanently withdrawn from the profession, although just over half of those who had

graduated for seven or more years were employed part-time29. With considerable movement

in and out of practising status, the authors identified that there was a need to “follow the

practices of graduates … to confirm whether these trends of greater retention rates …

continue”. 29 (p. 253) On a more cautionary conclusion, Struber (2003) concludes that:

… the physiotherapy profession in Australia struggles to keep up with attrition, with exit fates

exceeding 20% annually. High levels of attrition are contributed to by burnout,

disillusionment, high stress levels, lack of management support, family responsibilities, leakage

to postgraduate medical courses and desire for change. 30

Both in Australia and in the United Kingdom there have also been calls for an understanding

of the changing nature of work for general medical practitioners and how these changes will

impact on the future supply of services3,31-38. Allen observes that:

Assumptions still predicated on a medical workforce made up of men working full-time

mainly in one specialty for 40 years are hopelessly misguided, and it is time that the

medical profession and the government woke up to this fact. A strategic overview is

urgently required of what we need from tomorrow’s doctors and how we should plan to

achieve it.39 (p. 2)

With particular discussion of female doctors, Allen more recently has summarized that:


5

The medical profession has been slow to adapt to the fact that women have accounted for over

half of medical students for over 10 years;

Women still account for only just over a third of hospital doctors and general practitioners;

Young women doctors find achieving a work-life balance stressful;

Women doctors have much to offer in the second half of their careers and should not be

prevented from achieving this by rigid career paths; [and]

Women should be better supported in academic medicine. 39 (p. 571)

One major concern is centred on the impact on the health workforce of a career that is

comprised of a series of jobs within their health occupation and changing to jobs outside of

their health occupation. For those whose career is comprised of a series of jobs within their

health profession this will not have a dramatic effect on the overall level of workforce

participation. However, it will have an effect on the supply of services in the outer

metropolitan, rural and remote regions with greater mobility back into the inner metropolitan

areas3,4,37,40,41.

1.4 Hours worked

There is currently substantial debate over part-time female employment throughout the

workforce in Australia and overseas42-44. Essentially, this debate focuses on the differing

views related to the ‘choice’ of part-time work; whether it is imposed on women as a result of

domestic responsibilities or whether it is more willingly chosen by mostly married women.

In a 1996 Australian study of female banking and financial organisation employees, Walsh

found that “while the majority of the women workers were content with their current part-

time work arrangements, a significant minority [approximately one in seven] wished to

change their employment status to full-time work and a substantial number of part-time

women workers [over one third] wanted to return to full-time work in the future”45 (p. 179).

There is no reason to doubt that this debate is relevant to part-time female employment in

health occupations.

In medicine it has been found that there have been substantial structural barriers to the

professional career advancement of women. Women have worked predominantly in general

or family practice with few as surgeons or in high status specialist positions46,47. Crompton


6

et al. found that medicine remains male dominated with “the regulation of the profession and

… attitudes to women, men still continue to exclude women from the best-paid and most

prestigious medical specialities”48 (p. 196). This has occurred despite the increasing entry of

women into medicine.

Despite the increasing levels of labour force participation, especially by married women, there

has been little reported change in domestic responsibilities by women43,49,50. It can be

postulated that for women health professionals, the added external pressure and stress of

domestic work will have longer-term impacts both to the individual and to future workforce

participation, with pressure to work less hours51. This raises questions about the

sustainability of the new configuration as the medical and dental professions move to being

equally balanced in the number of male and female graduates52. It remains an open question

as to how this will impact on the careers of health occupation graduates.

It has been recently reported that there has been a slight decline in the average hours worked

in dentistry, not only as a result of the higher proportion of recent female graduates, but also

for male dentists. This has resulted in a reduction in the growth in the capacity to supply

services compared to the growth in the dental workforce53.

1.5 Geographic location

There are serious concerns in Australia about the extent to which new graduates are prepared

to locate in non-metropolitan areas and remain in a single location for an extended period.

In recent years a number of schemes have been put in place to direct new graduates in health

occupations into rural and remote areas3,54,55. The focus has been predominantly on general

medical practitioners (GPs) and includes increases in the selection of rural students, the

introduction of rural bonded scholarships, the provision of rural undergraduate placements

and the receipt of government grants to supplement income. In a 2002 report on GPs,

Access Economics identified that the major deficits in rural and remote areas were work

intensity, family conflicts and costs, business difficulties and lifestyle, and related factors4.

Even when new graduates are prepared to practice in rural and remote areas, there are strong

indications that few expect to remain in non-metropolitan locations for substantial lengths of

time37. Fleming and Laven (2005) report that “in rural South Australia significantly more

GPs worked in rural practice for less than 5 years with a consistent reduction in the numbers


7

of GPs working in rural practice for 5 years or more. This trend for shorter terms in rural

practice poses significant planning issues” 56. (p. 37) Although the majority of studies have

concentrated on medical graduates, particularly GPs, it can be expected that these major

factors apply to all health occupations 57.

With the current and projected under-supply of the dentist workforce, Tuesner (2005) has

also identified that “these shortages are likely to be more evident in areas outside of

[Australian] capital cities” 58. (p. 119) In an examination of the geographic distribution of the

dentist workforce, she reported that for 2001 there were 56.2 dentists per 100,000 population

in the major Australian cities, compared to 33.6 for inner regional areas, 26.6 for outer

regional areas and only 22.9 for remote areas58.

For allied health professionals (AHPs), Struber (2004) reports that:

Despite the increasing number of AHPs being trained, vacancy and attrition rates in rural areas

continue to rise. Professional and social isolation combined with rapidly changing health

service delivery structures are identified as major deterrents to long-term rural practice.59.

(p. 19)

1.6 Stress, burnout & musculoskeletal complaints

Stress is another critical factor that impacts on the career of health professionals, particularly

relating to the demands of maintaining full-time work. Isobel Allen describes the GPs as an

isolated profession with few social supports and limited networks for assistance60. This has

been supported by Winefield and Anstey who found that a third of GPs in South Australia

report significant distress that affects patient interaction and effectiveness as practitioners61.

However, job stress, burnout and dissatisfaction were not easily separated in their study.

It has been widely identified that health care providers are at high risk for 'burnout' because

their occupations often require intense interactions between themselves and fearful,

demanding patients62-67. Maslach states that “burnout is a syndrome of emotional exhaustion,

depersonalisation, and reduced personal accomplishment that can occur among individuals

who do ‘people work’ of some kind”68 (p. 3). She highlights that the effects of burnout not

only include the personal price for the individual but also has great impact on other people

associated with the ‘burnout’ individual: colleagues, patients and family. A recent US study of


8

physical and occupational therapists reported that well over half (58%) were identified as

being emotionally exhausted and nearly all (94%) had negative feelings about their work and

clients69. It has also been shown that burnout is linked to intent to leave employment,

absenteeism, alcoholism, drug use, illness and family stress and is clearly an important issue as

it impacts on the careers of some health professionals70.

Another issue that has emerged as having major impacts on the careers of health

professionals are occupational health considerations, particularly musculoskeletal complaints.

In occupations such as dentistry and physiotherapy that require intensive work with long

hours standing and sitting, musculoskeletal disorders have been found to be one of the most

important factors that cause premature retirement71. In particular, dentistry being one of the

most sedentary occupations, and with nearly a third complaining of back pain, dentists are at

risk of musculoskeletal strain depending on the number and type of procedures they

perform, the position they occupy during a procedure and the extensiveness of the

procedure72-76. While in physiotherapy, the extensive use of fingers and hands in

manipulation and massage has been reported as being of major concern for practitioners77.

In summary, there are many aspects of work experience that have substantial impact on work

practices and staffing in a number of health professions, and represent a looming social

problem. For the more immediate purposes of this study, though, it constitutes a research

problem. That research problem is concerned with the consequences of the changes in work

for medical practitioners, dentists and physiotherapists for the sustainability of the workforce.

Chapter 2 – Methods and response

9

C h a p t e r 2

METHODS AND RESPONSE

This chapter presents an outline of the methods used in the collection of information in this

study, plus the response to the survey of medical, dental and physiotherapy graduates.

Particularly, this chapter presents the data collection ethical approval and modes,

development of collection instruments and data items included, the sampling strategy used

and specific identification of respondents for focus groups, and the range of statistical

approaches.

2.1 Ethical approval

The data collection for the study received ethical clearance from the University of South

Australia Human Research Ethics Committee. A specific requirement was that approval to

conduct the study be obtained from the Head of the School of Physiotherapy, University of

South Australia, the Executive Dean and the Deputy Executive Dean of the University of

Adelaide Faculty of Health Sciences and the Dean of the School of Medicine, Flinders

University. These approvals were obtained as part of the process of obtaining cooperation

with the relevant faculties to draw samples from listings of graduates.

2.2 Modes of data collection

The survey of a sample of South Australian medical, dental and physiotherapy graduates was

conducted in 2005 with the use of a mailed self-completed questionnaire. Data collection

was based on the Tailored Design Method as outlined by Dillman (2000)78.

A self-administered mail questionnaire was the mode of collection used in this study.

Sudman (1985) observes that in mail surveys of professionals poor response can be

associated with:

time and value concerns;

non-believers of mail surveys;


10

doubt about the use of the information; and

professional confidentiality. 79

An attempt to cover these concerns was made in this study with the provision of an

information sheet and cover letters that addressed these issues.

The three traditional methods of gathering survey information are through personal

interview, telephone interview and self-administered mail questionnaire. Hochstim (1967,

page 976) states that “the personal interview generally has been believed to have the largest

return but to be the most expensive; the telephone procedure less expensive than the

personal interview but suffering from sampling inadequacies; and the mail technique the least

expensive but handicapped by generally lower returns than either of the others” 80.

Oppenheim (1966) also states that the main disadvantage with self-administered mail

questionnaires is low response with return rates of typically 40% to 60%81.

In summary, Mangione (1995, page 6) provides the following to identify that “the advantages

of mail surveys over other methods of data collection include:

they are relatively inexpensive;

they allow for large numbers of respondents to be surveyed in a relatively short period;

they allow respondents to take their time in answering and look up information if need

be;

they give privacy in responding;

they allow for visual input rather than merely auditory input;

they allow the respondent to answer questions at times that are convenient;

they allow the respondent to see the context of a series of questions; and

they insulate the respondent from the expectations of the interviewer.” 82

It is clear that under particular circumstances each procedure has its advantages. A self-

administered mail questionnaire was used in this study for a number of reasons, including

cost and the need to provide the respondents with sufficient time to chart their careers83.

Bourque & Fielder (1995) consider that a mail questionnaire is appropriate when:

respondents are literate and can answer all questions;

respondents are motivated; and


11

the topic is amenable to study with its objective contained and focused84.

It was considered that all of these issues applied to this study and a self-administered mail

questionnaire was the appropriate mode of collection.

Independent of the mode of collection, any survey will have different errors, separate from

sampling errors, which need to be minimised. Broadly, Lessler & Kalsbeek (1992) have

categorised these as non-response error, measurement error and frame error85.

Non-response error was attempted to be limited by achieving as high a response rate as

possible by utilising the procedures outlined by Dillman (2000)78. Measurement error was

planned to be minimised by the use of questions based on existing, validated items drawn,

where possible, from the literature. Frame error was reduced by using the detailed records

and assistance of the relevant faculty to identify the listing of graduates. In particular, the

study was therefore not limited to only those graduates who have remained in practice and

who have maintained State and Territory Board registration.

2.3 Collection instruments and data items

Recalling career history

The most important aspect of the methods used in this study was the establishment of a

technique and mechanism for respondents to be able to recall and document their careers.

Alba & Hasher (1983) have shown that memory recall is far richer and detailed than most

would suggest86. They assert that the stored record of lifetime events is retained in great

detail. Individuals have knowledge about their own life organised into unconscious mental

structures that interact with incoming information about themselves and recall of

experienced events can be effective through the use of retrieval cues87-89. Recall of major

milestones is consistent with other sources and there are no grounds to question

respondent’s ability to provide retrospective data90.

One advantage in the collection of retrospective data through recall of respondents is that a

time series can be put together efficiently, where as the collection of longitudinal data takes a

considerable time to collect91. This approach does have some risks of bias with reliability of

memory decreasing with the length of time elapsed since the event being recalled92.


12

Rubin et al. (1986) have shown that reliable auto-biographical memory is retained for the

most recent 20 to 30 years of a subject’s life and Peters (1988) has shown that when

comparing responses from retrospective recall verses panel study information, there is very

little discrepancy in the estimates obtained93,94.

To develop successful questions, Bradburn et al. (1987) recommends that they be centered

on particular sequences related to interesting facts relevant to the respondents95.

Accordingly, in this study it was expected that by providing a chart from graduation, the

respondents would be able to present their careers in an interesting and logical fashion.

In accordance with the findings of Sudman (1985) a series of open-ended questions were

included at the conclusion of the questionnaire so that the respondents could provide

information that they felt more accurately reflected their career paths79. Included in these

open-ended questions was the opportunity to provide details on any personal events that

have impacted on their careers96.

Preparation of attitude statements

Statements related to career choice, professional expectations, job satisfaction and stress

(including burnout statements) were prepared using the principles developed by Likert

(1932)97. Many authors have documented the requirement for careful preparation of these

statements with the need to account for the slight bias towards the left side of responses by

framing both positive and negative statement wording98,99.

The framing of attitude statements requires care to ensure that there is as little confusion as

possible in how they are to be interpreted and there has been debate over the number of

categories and the need for a middle one100,101. Respondents are significantly more likely to

select the middle response when it is explicitly offered to them and the respondents who

choose the middle category will respond in a totally different way if the option is not

provided102.

In the questionnaire the mid-point for the response categories was labelled “neither agree nor

disagree”. It has been shown that there is negligible difference between alternative names for

the middle category (Armstrong, 1987) 103 although DuBois & Burns (1975) and Duncan &

Stenbeck (1988) observe that the middle category can have different interpretations with


13

ambivalence, indifference, don’t know and irrelevant being separate issues104,105. In general,

‘don’t know’ categories were not used in this study.

The responses categories used were:

strongly agree = 1

agree = 2

neither agree nor disagree = 3

disagree = 4

strongly disagree = 5.

These response categories are in accord with Likert (1932) but it is recognised that the

numbering system influences the responses97. For example, if these had been labelled -2 to

+2 then responses would have been more likely to move to the positive numbers106,107.

Career choice questions were generated from the issues raised in the literature (Morris,

1992)109 with job satisfaction and career expectation questions also drawn from previous

studies110-113. With regard to burnout, questions from the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory

were used in the questionnaire114. Musculoskeletal questions related to the parts of the body

were drawn primarily from Öberg & Öberg (1993)115.

Questionnaire preparation

Care was taken to ensure that the order of questions would seem logical to the

respondents116. Although Ayidiya & McClendon (1990) and Bradburn & Mason (1964) have

shown that order effects are eliminated in self-administered mail surveys, it was considered

appropriate to sequence the respondents through the questions in an order that would be

both interesting and yet without leading to particular response biases117-121.

Following the preparation of a draft questionnaire, in-depth interviews were conducted with

five practitioners (not selected in the sample) from different career backgrounds to ascertain

their views on the different components of the study and the relevance of the questionnaire

to measure these views122. The final questionnaire is provided as Appendix C.


14

2.4 Sampling and focus group recruitment

The study collected information on the careers of a 16% sample of medical graduates from

The University of Adelaide (UoA, 716 from 4485), a 40% sample of medical graduates from

Flinders University (FU, 608 from 1532), a 36% sample of dentist graduates from The

University of Adelaide (536 from 1502) and 30% of physiotherapy graduates (561 from

1866). Following calculation of the minimum sample requirement (details presented below)

it was determined that different sampling fractions would be used. Accordingly, each

graduate from final year undergraduates from 1960 to 2003 was randomly allocated a number

from 0 to 99 drawn from a list of random numbers123; and then those graduates with a

random number from zero to one less than the percentage of the graduates required to

obtain the sufficient samples were included in the study. Every effort was made to trace the

sampled graduates, mindful of the confidentiality criteria within the ethics approval for the

study and the limitations of the possible tracing strategies124,125. This included extensive

searching of professional registers, white & yellow telephone directories, research

publications and the Internet.

The sampling frame used was the list of graduates rather than using the professional registers.

In particular, this was used in an endeavour to include those who have left active practice.

Miller (1990) documented the concern (in dental hygiene) that there is a ‘pool’ of those not

currently practising that could return to practice126. In addition, for a number of the

characteristics included in the study, the study would be deficient if it only drew from those

who have maintained registration.

The collection commenced in late February 2005 with the questionnaire accompanied by a

cover letter, information sheet, consent form and return address pre-paid envelope (see

Appendices C and D). Under the ethical principles for survey research outlined by Sudman

& Bradburn (1983) the right of privacy has been interpreted as “the right of the individual to

define for himself … when and on what terms his acts should be revealed to the general

public” 127. Accordingly, the respondents were guaranteed that no individual information

would be released.


15

In accordance with the Dillman (2000) procedures, four mailings were utilised78. However,

an introductory letter was not sent. The ethics committee instructed that no such letter

would be mailed in advance of the distribution of the questionnaire.

Sample determination

The sample size (n) was determined following an examination of the level of accuracy, from

an estimate, of a key sub-group in the study. For the purposes of sample size determination

female dental graduates (estimated to be 25%) and male physiotherapy graduates (estimated

to be 25%) were considered the key sub-group and a prevalence percentage of 20% (p=0.2)

of this group with an appropriate level of accuracy (relative standard error of 25%,

RSE=0.25) would be required for meaningful analysis of the study findings. For the dental

graduates the sampling frame (N) of graduates from 1961 to 2003 totalled 1502.

Using the simple random sample size formula128

n = N x [1-p] / {[(RSE2) x p x (N-1)] + (p-1)}

as n/N would be greater than 0.1.

From this formula it was calculated that there needed to be 67 female dental graduates in the

study.

An expected response rate of 65% was considered achievable from those sampled graduates

with a contactable address. A lower response level of 60% was used in the sample size

calculation presented below. From the pilot Dental Career Study 1998 it was expected that

contactable addresses would be achieved for 90% of the sample. These levels were

accordingly used (see Table 2.1) to determine that there was a required sample of 530, or

35.3% of the graduate listing of 1502.


16

Table 2.1. Survey sample size for dentistry

Calculation Number Rounded-up

Female respondents 1502x0.8 / {(0.252)x0.2x1502-0.8} 67 70Total respondents (70 / 0.25) 280 280Sample with valid addresses (280 / 0.6) 467 470

Total sample (470 / 0.9) 522 530

For operational practicalities a 36% sample was drawn. To obtain this sample each graduate

was allocated a random number from 0 to 99. Those with a number from 0 to 35 were

included in the study and a sample of 536 was drawn using this method.

Using the same procedures for the faculties in the study, the following table shows the total

number of graduates, the percentage of graduates required in the study and the eventual

sample that was drawn.

Table 2.2. Survey sample size

Medicine

UoA

Medicine

FU

Dentistry

UoA

Physio-

therapy

Total

Graduates from 1961 to 2003 4485 1532 1502 1866 9385

Estimated % sample required 16 40 36 30

Sample drawn 716 608 536 561 2421

Focus group recruitment

To recruit volunteers for focus groups for each profession and one for female graduates only,

a separate question was included in the mail survey questionnaire (see question 26, page 11 of

the questionnaire, Appendix C). Regrettably, there were only sufficient volunteers in

geographic proximity for the study to convene two focus groups, one of medical graduates

and one for female only graduates (which included physiotherapy and dental graduates).


17

2.5 Statistical approach

The data were entered into an ASCII computer file and were analysed using the SPSS for

Windows (version 13.0) computer program. With the different sampling rates for each

faculty/profession, it is necessary to weight the study data so that when combining the data

from the different groups they are represented proportionally. These weights also account

for the effects of different response rates between the faculties/professions. Accordingly, the

weights were constructed as follows:

For i = faculty [medicine (UoA), medicine (FU), dentistry, physiotherapy]

Weighti, = [Total respondents / Respondentsi,]

x [Graduatesi,/ Total graduates]

For all of the study findings comparisons are made between four (or nine) graduate cohorts,

namely those who graduated before 1970, in the 1970s, in the 1980s and from 1990 (or

1960-64, 1965-69, 1970-74, 1975-79, 1980-84, 1985-89, 1990-94, 1995-99, 2000-03). In

addition, comparisons are presented between male and female respondents and between

professions.

To ensure that the survey could cover as many aspects as possible and to allow for options

not included in the questionnaire, additional comments were sought. It has been shown that

the majority of survey respondents will provide additional comments if provided an

opportunity to do so129,130. In this study additional comments were received from nearly 80%

of the respondents.

This report includes a range of univariate results from the mail survey questionnaire.

Additional, multivariate analyses will be presented in separate papers that will be prepared for

refereed publication.

2.6 Response

A total of 1015 completed questionnaires were returned from 303 University of Adelaide

medical graduates, 227 Flinders University medical graduates, 244 dental graduates and 241

physiotherapy graduates. The response rate of 56.1% (see Table 2.5) achieved is consistent

with other studies that have used similar retrospective postal questionnaire methods. This


18

level is better than the majority of earlier studies (such as Barnard (1962) with 35.7%

response rate in a survey of Australian dentists) that apparently have not followed systematic

procedures131.

Addresses were not determined for 11.7% of the sample (see Table 2.3), ranging from 6.7%

of dental graduates to 20.3% of physiotherapy graduates. In addition, it has been found that

23 of the original sample have died since graduation.

A mailing address was obtained for 2114 of the sample. However, 305 or 14.4% of the

mailed questionnaires have been returned (see Table 2.4). From the remaining 1809, a

further 126 (7.0%) have refused to be included in the study.

The calculations of sample size (see Table 2.1) presented female 67 dental respondents. The

study achieved responses from 64 female dental graduates and all other categories of

response by sex by profession/faculty exceeded this number (see Table 2.6).

Table 2.3: Sample by profession/faculty

UoA Medicine FU Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Not sent 62 8.6 72 11.8 36 6.7 114 20.3 284 11.7

Sent 644 90.0 532 87.5 492 91.8 446 79.5 2114 87.3

Deceased 10 1.4 4 0.7 8 1.5 1 0.2 23 0.9

Total sampled 716 100.0 608 100.0 536 100.0 561 100.0 2421 100.0

Table 2.4. Mail outcome by profession/faculty


No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Response 303 47.0 227 42.7 244 49.6 241 54.0 1015 48.0

RTS 99 15.4 104 19.5 43 8.7 59 13.2 305 14.4

Refusal 40 6.2 31 5.8 36 7.3 19 4.3 126 6.0

No response 202 31.4 170 32.0 169 34.3 127 28.5 668 31.6

Total sent 644 100.0 532 100.0 492 100.0 446 100.0 2114 100.0


19

Table 2.5. Survey response by profession/faculty


No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Response 303 55.6 227 53.0 244 54.3 241 62.3 1015 56.1

Refusal 40 7.3 31 7.2 36 8.0 19 4.9 126 7.0

No response 202 37.1 170 39.7 169 37.6 127 32.8 668 36.9

Total 545 100.0% 428 100.0% 449 100.0% 387 100.0% 1809 100.0%

Table 2.6. Survey response by sex by profession/faculty


No. No. No. No. No.

Male 198 122 180 74 574

Female 105 105 64 167 441

Total 303 227 244 241 1015


20

Chapter 3 – Comparison of professions

21

C h a p t e r 3

COMPARISON OF PROFESSIONS

3.1 Overview

There have been major profession specific economic and social changes over the last forty

years (particularly the introduction of Medibank in 1975, Medicare in 1984, and changes to

professional registration regulations). When comparing the health professions, there is a need

to consider:

career differences between men and women;

a looming crisis in the sustainability of the professional workforce in a number of

health occupations;

examine and quantify the employment experience (or career paths) of medical

practitioners, dentists and physiotherapists who graduated from Australian

universities; and

examine the changing percent of women entering the medical and dental workforce

and men entering the physiotherapy workforce.

In this chapter the univariate results of the mail survey are presented to compare the three

professions. This covers the

general demographic and educational background of the graduates,

responses to the selection of career choice and professional expectations statements,

broad workforce activity,

responses to work aspects statements and relationship with clients statements,

intensity of musculoskeletal complaints.

The chapter concludes with a discussion of the major findings.


22

3.2 Results of mail survey

Sex

A substantial changed in the percentage of male and female graduates has been observed in

all professions. It can be seen from Figure 3.1 and Table B1 that medicine and dentistry have

changed from being almost exclusively male graduates in the 1960s to having almost equal

male and female graduates since the mid 1980s. Conversely, in the physiotherapy graduates

were predominantly female in the 1960s to being 60% female since 1990. Over the period

1960 to 2003, female graduates accounted for over a quarter of dental graduates (26.2%),

over a third of medical graduates (37.7%) and over two-thirds of physiotherapy graduates.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-03

Final Year

Percent Female

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy

Figure 3.1: Percent female by cohort by profession


23

Country of birth

There are different proportions of overseas born graduates between the professions (Figure

3.2 and Table B2.2). For overseas born medical graduates, there were only just over ten

percent in the 1960s, followed by approximately twenty through to the 1990s with just over

forty percent in the period since 2000. Conversely for overseas born dental graduates, there

were nearly forty percent in the 1960s, followed by approximately twenty percent through to

the 1980s and then the percentage dramatically rose with a peak in the late 1990s to half of

the graduates. There was variation in the percentage of overseas born physiotherapy

graduates through the 1960s and 1970s, approximately twenty percent in the 1980s before

dropping to approximately ten percent through the 1990s and in the period since 2000.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-03

Final Year

Percent Overseas Born


Figure 3.2: Percent overseas born by cohort by profession


24

Secondary school location

It can be seen in Figure 3.3 and Table B3.2 that through the 1960s and 1970s, approximately

ninety percent of graduates in the three professions went to secondary school in South

Australia. Physiotherapy graduates remain at the same levels throughout all of the cohorts.

However, in the 1980s, approximately fifteen percent of dental graduates attended secondary

school interstate, followed by over twenty percent from overseas secondary schooling in the

early 1990s. In the period since 2000, less than seventy percent of both medical and dental

graduates attended secondary school in South Australia.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-03

Final Year

Percent

Medicine: SA School Dentistry: SA School Physio: SA SchoolMedicine: O/S School Dentistry: O/S School Physio: O/S School

Figure 3.3: Percent secondary school location by cohort by profession


25

Type of secondary school

Since the early 1960s there were periods when the percentage of graduates who attended a

private Australian secondary school were similar, particularly in the early 1960s, 1970s and

since the mid-1990s (see Figure 3.3 and Table B4.2) for the three professions. In the late

1960s nearly eighty percent of physiotherapy graduates attended a private Australian

secondary school. From the mid-1970s to mid-1990s, medicine had the highest percentage

of graduates who attended a private Australian secondary school, while in the early 1990s just

over twenty percent of dental graduates had attended a private Australian secondary school.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-03

Final Year

Percent Australian Private

School


Figure 3.4: Percent Australian private school by cohort by profession


26

Age

Since the early 1960s there has been a gradual increase in the age in final year for medical and

physiotherapy graduates (see Figure 3.5, Table B5.2 and Table B5.3). This was most notable

in physiotherapy where the average age rose from a low of 20.4 years in the early 1970s to a

high of 25.3 years in the early 1990s. It should be noted that graduates in the 1960s

completed a diploma at the University of Adelaide while since the 1990s they have completed

a degree course at the University of South Australia. For medicine the average age in final

year of graduates was approximately 24 years in the 1960s and 1970s, while in the period

since 2000 the average age was 26.6 years. It can also be seen that for medicine there has

been a gradual increase in the percentage of graduates who were aged thirty years and above,

with nearly twenty percent in the period since 2000. There was no such trend in dental

graduates although there was a low average age in final year of 23.0 years in the late 1960s

and a high of 25.4 years in the early 1990s. However, there were similar average ages in the

early 1960s (24.1 years) and since 2000 (24.6 years).

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-03

Final Year

Percent

Medicine: <25 yrs Dentistry: <25 yrs Physio: <25 yrsMedicine: 30+ yrs Dentistry: 30+ yrs Physio: 30+ yrs

Figure 3.5: Age in final year by cohort by profession


27

Original career choice

There were statistically significant differences between the three professions and the majority

of the responses to the career choice statements (see Tables B6.1 to B6.17, B7.1 to B7.17).

Physiotherapy graduates provided the highest percentage either agreeing or strongly agreeing

with the following statements (see Figures 3.6 to 3.12 below):

It seemed like a good choice at the time (85.9%);

I wanted to work in a health field (87.5%);

I wanted to work in an intellectually stimulating profession (90.0%);

I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: have a professional career

(88.8%);

I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: have a secure job (86.7%);

I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: serve the community

(78.3%); and

I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: combine a career with

family life (62.1%).

“It seemed like a good choice at the time”

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical

Strongly agree Agree Neither Disagree Strongly disagree

Figure 3.6: “It seemed like a good choice at the time” by profession


28

“I wanted to work in a health field”

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.7: “I wanted to work in a health field” by profession

“I wanted to work in an intellectually stimulating profession”

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.8: “I wanted to work in an intellectually stimulating profession” by profession


29

“I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: have a professional career”

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.9: “I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: have a professional

career” by profession

“I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: have a secure job”

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.10: “I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: have a secure job”

by profession


30

“I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to:serve the community”

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.11: “I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: serve the

community” by profession

"I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to:combine a career with family life"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.12: “I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: combine a career

with family life” by profession


31

Dental graduates provided the highest percentage either agreeing or strongly agreeing with

the following statements (see Figures 3.13 to 3.18 below):

There was family pressure to have a professional career (54.5%);

I wanted a professional career that my parents were unable to have (28.3%);

I failed to gain admission to my first choice at University (26.6%);

I chose medicine, dentistry as a career to: become self-employed (56.9%);

I chose medicine, dentistry as a career to: be financially secure (86.5%); and

I chose medicine, dentistry as a career to: gain social prestige (28.7%).

“There was family pressure to have a professional career”

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.13: “There was family pressure to have a professional career” by profession


32

“I wanted a professional career that my parentswere unable to have”

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.14: “I wanted a professional career that my parents were unable to have” by

profession

"I failed to gain admission to my first choice at University"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.15: “I failed to gain admission to my first choice at University” by profession


33

"I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to:become self-employed"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.16: “I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: become self-

employed” by profession

“I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to:be financially secure”

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.17: “I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: be financially

secure” by profession


34

“I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to:gain social prestige”

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.18: “I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: gain social prestige”

by profession

Profession expectations

For all of the five professional expectation statements there was a statistically significant

difference between the three professions (see Tables B8.1 to B8.5, B9.1 to B9.5). Medical

graduates provided the highest percentage either agreeing or strongly agreeing with the

following statements (see Figures 3.19 and 3.20 below):

If I had a chance to start over I would still choose the same profession (64.1%); and

After graduation I gained employment in the geographic location I wanted to work

(83.0%).


35

"If I had a chance to start overI would still choose the same profession"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.19: “If I had a chance to start over I would still choose the same profession” by

profession

“After graduation I gained employment in thegeographic location I wanted to work”

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.20: “After graduation I gained employment in the geographic location I wanted to

work” by profession


36



I encourage young people to consider a career in the same profession I graduated in

(66.0%);

The future holds good prospects for the profession (83.2%); and

In general, my career has matched my expectations (74.6%).

"I encourage young people to consider a careerin the same profession I graduated in"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.21: “I encourage young people to consider a career in the same profession I

graduated in” by profession


37

"The future holds good prospects for the profession"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.22: “The future holds good prospects for the profession” by profession

“In general, my career has matched my expectations”

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.23: “In general, my career has matched my expectations” by profession


38

Location of practice

The majority of graduates in the study (89.1%) were working in their profession in Australia

(see Tables B10.1 and B10.2). However, there are differences between the professions with

regard to the current practice location (see Tables B11.1 and B11.2). In particular, 52.4% of

medical graduates and 51.0% of physiotherapy graduates reported working in inner Adelaide,

compared to 34.4% of dental graduates. Over a third (34.4%) of the dental graduates were

practising interstate compared to 19.7% of medical and 11.2% of physiotherapy graduates.

Location of practice and whether graduates are practising in their profession can be expected

to be different for those where an address could be ascertained and where no address could

be found. In an attempt to take this into account, the following table (Table 3.1) provides an

estimate of the practice location for each profession. Two substantial assumptions have been

made to make these estimates, firstly using a homogeneous assumption that those who did

not respond, refused or where the mail was returned practised in the location of their address

in the same proportion as respondents. Secondly, where no address could be ascertained it

was assumed that a quarter of these were practising in the same proportion as the remainder

of the sample, and three-quarters were not practising.

Table 3.1. Estimated practice location x profession


Practising in South Australia 61.1% 50.7% 63.6%

Practising Interstate 20.5% 32.8% 8.9%

Overseas 6.0% 5.2% 4.3%

Not Practising 12.5% 11.1% 23.2%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Note: Assumes that non-respondents, refusals and return to sender practise in same

proportion as survey responders, while three-quarters of sample where no address could be ascertained assumed to be ‘Not practising’.

With these assumptions in mind, it can be seen that the three professions have distinctly

different practice locations and practising status. For Medicine graduates, six in ten (61.1%)

were practising in South Australia, two in ten practising Interstate and one in eight are not

practising. For dental graduates half were practising in South Australia and nearly a third


39

practising Interstate. While for the physiotherapy graduates nearly two-thirds (63.6%) are

practising in South Australia with nearly a quarter (23.2%) not practising. Low proportions

of all three professions were overseas.

Total hours worked

Average total hours worked for males were highest for medical practitioners (49.7 hours per

week) compared to male physiotherapists (41.5 hours) and dentists (39.6 hours) (see Table

B12). The average total hours for female physiotherapists was lowest (31.7 hours per week),

followed by female dentists (33.4 hours) and medical practitioners (35.8 hours). Note that

these results are presented for currently employed graduates and do not include those who

reported that they were currently not working in their profession.

It can be seen from Figure 3.24 (below) that employed male medical graduates reported that

they are currently working the highest average hours per week, over almost all graduate

cohorts. Dental graduates from the most recent four cohorts reported that they were

employed for fewer hours per week than both the medical and physiotherapy male graduates.

Employed female medical, dental and physiotherapy graduates from the most recent three

cohorts reported that they are currently working on average similar hours per week.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000+

Year Since Graduation

Hour Worked

Male Medical Male Dental Male PhysiotherapyFemale Medical Female Dental Female Physiotherapy

Figure 3.24: Mean hours worked: Sex x profession x cohort


40

Busyness

Medical graduates reported that they were busier than they would like to be (46.8%) (see

Table B14.1 and 14.2). These percentages were approximately double dental (24.8%) and

physiotherapy (23.5%) graduates. In addition, only a minority of graduates reported that they

were less busy than they would like to be with 9.6% of dental, 6.0% of physiotherapy and

2.0% of medical graduates (see Figure 3.25 below).

Busyness

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical

Less busy than would like As busy as would likeBusier than would like Missing

Figure 3.25: Busyness by profession

Aspects of current work

For eighteen of the twenty-seven statements related to aspects of current work there were

statistically significant differences between the three professions (see Tables B19.1 to B19.27

and B20.1 to B20.27). Medical graduates provided the highest percentage either agreeing or

strongly agreeing with the following statements (see Figures 3.26 to 3.31 below):

Working is putting too much stress on me (35.6%);

The work is more intense than I would like (37.1%);

I feel worn out at the end of the working day (52.6%);

The demands of my work interfere with my home and family life (55.7%);


41

I work longer hours than I would like (52.4%); and

My on-call responsibilities are too onerous (22.0%).

"Work is putting too much stress on me"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.26: “Work is putting too much stress on me” by profession

"The work is more intense than I would like"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.27: “The work is more intense than I would like” by profession


42

"I feel worn out at the end of the working day"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.28: “I feel worn out at the end of the working day” by profession

"The demands of my work interfere with my home and family life"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.29: “The demands of my work interfere with my home and family life” by

profession


43

"I work longer hours than I would like"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.30: “I work longer hours than I would like” by profession

"My on-call responsibilities are too onerous"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.31: “My on-call responsibilities are too onerous” by profession


44



Most of the time I have to force myself to go to work (9.1%);

I am contented with the amount of work that I get done (83.7%);

I am exhausted in the morning at the thought of another day at work (13.4%);

Opportunities are limited if I want to change career path (52.6%);

I can set my own working hours (73.7%);

I can influence decisions that are important for my work (85.4%); and

Most of my personal life goals are work-related (19.8%).

"Most of the time I have to force myself to go to work"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.32: “Most of the time I have to force myself to go to work” by profession


45

"I am contented with the amount of work that I get done"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.33: “I am contented with the amount of work that I get done” by profession

"I am exhausted in the morning at thethought of another day at work"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.34: “I am exhausted in the morning at the thought of another day at work”

by profession


46

"Opportunities are limited if I want to change career path"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.35: “Opportunities are limited if I want to change career path” by profession

"I can set my own working hours"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.36: “I can set my own working hours” by profession


47

"I can influence decisions that are important for my work"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.37: “I can influence decisions that are important for my work” by profession

"Most of my personal life goals are work-related"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.38: “Most of my personal life goals are work-related” by profession


48

Both medical and dental graduates provided the highest percentage either agreeing or

strongly agreeing with the statement (see Figure 3.39 below):

I feel that my work is emotionally exhausting (43.7% and 44.0% respectively).

"I feel that my work is emotionally exhausting"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.39: “I feel that my work is emotionally exhausting” by profession


49

Dental and physiotherapy graduates provided the highest percentage either agreeing or

strongly agreeing with the statement (see Figure 3.40 below):

If I could, I would like to move into another occupation (22.4% and 22.8%

respectively).

"If I could, I would like to move into another occupation"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.40: “If I could, I would like to move into another occupation” by profession


50

Physiotherapy graduates provided the highest percentage either agreeing or strongly agreeing

with the following statements (see Figures 3.41 to 3.43 below):

Most days I feel enthusiastic about my work (82.5%);

Considering all the factors associated with my work, my remuneration is too low

(60.6%); and

If needed, I can talk with some of my friends about my work-related problems

(85.6%).

"Most days I feel enthusiastic about my work"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.41: “Most days I feel enthusiastic about my work” by profession


51

"Considering all the factors associated with my work,my remuneration is too low"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.42: “Considering all the factors associated with my work, my remuneration is too

low” by profession

"If needed, I can talk with some of my friendsabout my work-related problems"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.43: “If needed, I can talk with some of my friends about my work-related problems”

by profession


52

Relationship with clients

A small but significant number of dental graduates agreed or strongly agreed with the

following statements (see Tables B21.1 to B21.6, B22.1 to B22.6 and Figures 3.44 to 3.47

below):

“I find it hard to work with clients” (7.8%)

“I find it frustrating to work with clients” (8.2%)

“It drains my energy working with clients” (28.3%)

“I am tired of working with clients” (10.4%)

"I find it hard to work with clients"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.44: “I find it hard to work with clients” by profession


53

"I find it frustrating to work with clients"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.45: “I find it frustrating to work with clients” by profession

"It drains my energy working with clients"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.46: “It drains my energy working with clients” by profession


54

"I am tired of working with clients"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.47: “I am tired of working with clients” by profession

Musculoskeletal complaints

All professions reported moderate and severe complaints during clinical work at a relatively

substantial level for the back of neck (medicine – 16.4%, dentistry – 20.5%, physiotherapy –

21.2% / see Tables B23.1 and B24.1). Higher percentages of dental and physiotherapy

graduates reported moderate and severe complaints during clinical work related to (see

Tables B23.3, B23.4, B24.3 and B24.4, and Figures 3.48 and 3.49 below):

upper back (dentistry – 13.5% moderate & 2.6% severe / physiotherapy – 14.9%

moderate)

lower back (dentistry – 18.8% moderate & 5.7% severe / physiotherapy – 19.8%

moderate & 3.6% severe)


55

"Upper back - during clinical work"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical

None Slight Moderate Severe

Figure 3.48: “Upper back – during clinical work” by profession

"Lower back - during clinical work"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.49: “Lower back – during clinical work” by profession


56

Dental graduates reported higher moderate and severe complaints during clinical work in the

shoulders (13.5% moderate & 3.9% severe - see Tables B23.2 and B24.2, and Figure 3.50

below) while physiotherapy graduates reported moderate and severe complaints in clinical

work related to hands/wrists (22.5% moderate & 4.1% severe - see Tables B23.7 and B24.7,

and Figure 3.51 below) and fingers (moderate 16.7% & 2.7% severe - see Tables B23.8 and

B24.8, and Figure 3.52 below).

"Shoulders - during clinical work"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.50: “Shoulders – during clinical work” by profession


57

"Hands/ wrists - during clinical work"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.51: “Hands/ wrists – during clinical work” by profession

"Fingers - during clinical work"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Physio

Dental

Medical


Figure 3.52: “Fingers – during clinical work” by profession


58

3.3 Discussion

From the findings of the mail survey there are substantial differences between the three

health professions. The composition of male and female graduates has changed considerably

in each profession since the 1960s. Both medical and dental graduates were almost

exclusively male in the 1960s, while physiotherapy graduates were almost exclusively female

at the same time. Since then the proportion of female graduates in medicine and dentistry

steadily increased to 1 in 2 in the late 1980s and has remained at this level. For physiotherapy

the proportion of male graduates remained below 1 in 3 until the early 1990s although in

recent years there has been a higher proportion of female graduates.

The percentage of overseas born graduates rose through the 1990s for medicine and dentistry

to approximately 40% of the most recent graduates. In particular, there was a dramatic rise

in overseas born graduates in dentistry in the 1990s. However, the percentage of overseas

born physiotherapy graduates did not rise and remained at approximately 10% of the most

recent graduates.

From the 1960s through to the most recent graduates (2000+), the average age in final year

has shown barely any increase in dentistry, but has increased by about two and a half years in

medicine and physiotherapy. However, it should be noted that the great majority of

graduates in dentistry and physiotherapy are still less than 25 years of age in final year (74.2%

and 80.6% respectively), while the percentage of medical graduates under 25 years in final

year has steadily dropped to about half (52.7%) of the recent graduates.

In responding to career choice statements a high percentage of graduates across the three

professions agreed or strongly agreed with choosing their profession for financial security,

having a professional career and job security, as well as for wanting to work in a health field,

intellectual stimulation and to serve the community.

There were a number of statistically significant differences between the three professions in

the responses to the career choice statements with a notable minority (26.6%) of dental

graduates responding that they failed to gain their first choice at University. Over half of the

dental graduates responded that there was family pressure to have a professional career

(54.5%) and that they wanted to become self-employed (56.9%), while over a quarter (28.3%)


59

wanted a professional career that their parents were unable to have. Finally, a higher

percentage of physiotherapy graduates (62.1%) chose their profession to combine a career

with family life. These findings would indicate that there are particular economic and career-

oriented reasons for choosing these professions, although for just over a quarter of the dental

graduates, this was not their first choice.

There were also statistically significant differences between the three professions when

considering professional expectations. Approximately two-thirds of the dental and

physiotherapy graduates (66.0% and 65.0% respectively) responded that they encourage

young people to consider a career in their profession, while nearly a quarter (24.2%) of

medical graduates disagreed with this. And again a large minority (29.9%) of medical

graduates disagreed with the statement that the future holds good prospects for their

profession. However, nearly two-thirds (64.1%) of medical graduates responded that if they

had a chance to start over they would still choose medicine. This indicates that the majority

were content with their own place in their profession but had underlying concerns for new

entrants, especially for medicine.

When taking the level of response to the mail survey into account, and estimating a low level

of participation for those in the sample where an address could not be identified, the great

majority of medical (81.6%), dental (83.6%) and physiotherapy (72.5%) graduates were

practising in their profession in Australia. From a South Australian perspective there is a

considerable difference in interstate practice with nearly a third (32.8%) of dental graduates

practising interstate, compared to only 8.9% of physiotherapy graduates practising interstate.

The total hours worked are considerably different for the three professions. For those

currently employed in their profession, medical practitioners reported working the longest

average hours, both for male and female graduates (49.7 hours and 35.8 hours per week,

respectively). In addition, there were little differences in the hours worked by the different

graduate cohorts for the three professions.

Not surprising, these differences in average hours worked were translated into perceived

busyness, with nearly half (46.8%) of the medical graduates reporting that they were busier

than they would like to be and only 2.0% reporting that they were less busy than they would

like. Dental and physiotherapy graduates reported similar levels of perceived busyness. They


60

also reported low levels of being less busy than they would like (9.6 % and 6.0%

respectively), thus indicating that there is little scope for additional capacity from existing

graduates to increase their working hours.

A substantial majority of all respondents (84.3%) reported that they were satisfied with their

profession as a career as well as expressing that overall they enjoy their work (87.7%). These

were across all three professions, as was the finding that a notable minority (19.7%) reported

that if they could, they would like to move into another occupation.

For stress at work it was noticeable that physiotherapy graduates expressed lower levels

(17.9%) of stress when compared to the medical and dental graduates (35.6% and 31.4%

respectively). This difference was also evident when reporting on that their work is

emotionally exhausting (30.1% compared to 43.7% and 44.0% respectively) and to some

extent in relation to feeling burnt out because of their work (16.5% compared to 23.2% and

23.7% respectively).

Well over half (55.7%) of medical graduates reported that the demands of their work

interfere with their home and family life. This was considerably higher than the

approximately a third of the dental (34.0%) and physiotherapy (32.3%) graduates. Similar

differences were reported for working longer hours than they would like (52.4% compared to

37.9% and 30.5% respectively).

Musculoskeletal complaints, especially in the upper and lower back have been reported by a

substantial percentage of dental and physiotherapy graduates (upper back – 16.1% & 14.9% /

lower back – 24.5% & 23.4% respectively). Dental graduates also reported higher shoulder

complaints (17.4%), while physiotherapists reported moderate and severe complaints in the

hands/wrists and fingers (26.6% & 19.4%). For the three professions there were similar

levels of moderate and severe complaints for the back of neck (17.9%). It can be concluded

that these levels of musculoskeletal complaints for dental and physiotherapy graduates

highlight the effects of the intensive manual (and repetitive) skills that are required in their

clinical practice.

It can be concluded that there are substantial differences between these professions. Most

notably medical graduates report:

working more hours per week;


61

higher proportion disagreed with the statement that the future holds good prospects

for their profession;

nearly half reported that they were busier than they would like; and

over half considered that the demands of their work interfere with their home and

family life.

Dental graduates were notable for the reporting that:

nearly a third are practising interstate from South Australia;

over a quarter failed to gain their first choice at University;

for over half there was family pressure to have a professional career (54.5%) and they

wanted to become self-employed (56.9%);

along with medicine, dental graduates were predominantly male in the 1960s and have

steadily moved to equal numbers of male and female graduates since the late 1980s

and approximately 40% of recent graduates are overseas born; and

during clinical practice 17.4% experienced moderate or severe shoulder complaints

and, along with physiotherapy graduates, upper and lower back complaints (16.1%

and 24.5%).

Finally, physiotherapy graduates reported that:

in the 1960s graduates were almost exclusively female and since then have steadily

moved to increase the proportion of male graduates to approach equal numbers;

nearly two-thirds (62.1%) chose their profession to combine a career with family life;

there was a low percentage (8.9%) practising interstate from South Australia;

they were the least stressed at work of the three professions, a lower percentage

reported that their work is emotionally exhausting and feeling burnt out because of

their work;

during clinical practice the highest percentage of moderate or severe complaints in the

hands/wrists and fingers (26.6% and 19.4).


62

3.4 Policy implications

The results of the study identified that the great majority of graduates are practising in their

profession in Australia. In addition, among the existing employed workforce there is only a

minimal amount of additional capacity to increase working hours.

It is encouraging that there was such a high level of career satisfaction and enjoyment with

their work. This would indicate that the majority of these three professions would respond

positively toward policy interventions that aim to improve the retention of colleagues and the

improvement of employment conditions.

Overall, with the many differences between the three professions, it would be appropriate for

different policy platforms to be developed for each profession.

Medical graduates

With the highest working hours per week, nearly half reporting that they were busier than

they would like and over half reporting that they were working longer hours than they would

like, there is a need to ensure that employment practices do not result in longer working

hours. This is also reflected in the concern by over half of the medical graduates that the

demands of their work interfere with their home and family life.

Dental graduates

From a South Australian perspective, with nearly a third of graduates practising interstate

there would appear to be opportunities to encourage the ‘return’ of these graduates.

To aid in the retention of existing practitioners the relatively high levels of moderate or

severe shoulder, upper back and lower back complaints identifies a need to maintain and

develop occupational health programs.

Physiotherapy graduates

From all of the questions in this study, the physiotherapy graduates were the least stressed.

However, there is clearly a need to maintain and develop occupational health programs given

the relatively high levels of moderate or severe upper back, lower back, hands/wrists and

fingers complaints.

Chapter 4 – One life/one career

63

C h a p t e r 4

ONE LIFE/ONE CAREER

4.1 Overview

What are the key issues related to career paths and the choices made by individuals that have

impacted on health professionals’ working lives? There is a need to consider that:

there are major issues related to the geographic location of employment, particularly in

outer metropolitan, rural and remote regions?

professionals worked longer and harder in the 1990s compared to the 1970s, with a

culture of longer hours becoming the norm;

are health professionals questioning their choice of a career and do they feel that the

longer they were in it, the more they felt themselves irreversibly committed and

locked-in; and

whether the impact on the health workforce of a career that is comprised of a series

of jobs within their health occupation and changing to jobs outside of their health

occupation?

This chapter covers the findings of responses to relevant attitudinal statements on

professional expectations and aspects of current work. Most particularly, it covers the

practice status of graduates since graduation and concludes with issues that were raised in the

focus groups and additional comments from the mail survey.


Profession expectations

In response to the statement “In general, my career has matched my expectation” a small

percentage disagreed (14.2%) or strongly disagreed (2.4%) (see Tables B8.4, B9.4 and

Figure 4.1). These respondents were more prevalent among the graduates of the 1980s

Chapter 4 – One life / one career

64

(15.5% & 3.6%) and since 1990 (17.0% & 2.0%). In addition, there were similar percentages

of graduates who disagreed (16.6%) or strongly disagreed (4.7%) with the statement “If I had

a chance to start over I would choose the same profession” (see Tables B8.2, B9.2 and

Figure 4.2).

"In general, my career has matched my expectation"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 4.1: “In general, my career has matched my expectation” by sex and cohort


65

"If I had a chance to start over I would choose the same profession"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 4.2: “If I had a chance to start over I would choose the same profession”

by sex and cohort

Current work status

There were extremely small percentages of respondents who reported current work status

categories other than the 89.1% who are working in Australia (see Table B10.1). These

included 2.2% retired, 1.9% not working (mainly female graduates) and 1.1% working

outside of their profession.

For these small numbers of graduates who are not working in their profession, 58.8%

reported that they would not work in the profession (see Table B15.1). Not surprisingly, this

was highest in the oldest cohorts (1960-64 - 93.4% / 1965-69 – 100%) and lowest in the

most recent graduate cohort (1995-99 – 9.7% / 2000+ - 13.1%) (see Table B 15.2).


66

Career since graduation

Figure 4.3 presents the percentage of graduates in full-time practice for each year since

graduation for each profession by sex. It can be seen that there is considerable similarity in

the pattern of career paths of the medical and dental graduates with generally seventy percent

of male medical graduates and sixty percent of dental graduates practicing full-time in South

Australia. The percentage of both female medical and dental graduates working full-time in

South Australia decrease as the years progress from graduation until around twenty-five years

when the percentage increases back to approximately seventy percent at thirty years from

graduation.

Conversely, the percentage of male physiotherapy graduates in full-time practice in South

Australia fluctuates between fifty and seventy percent from graduation through to twenty-five

years when it rises to as high as eighty percent. The percentage of female physiotherapist in

full-time practice in South Australia continually decreases from graduation down to

approximately twenty percent after fifteen years since graduation where it remains.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43Year Since Graduation

Percent


Figure 4.3: Full-time practice in South Australia: Sex x profession


67

The percentage of graduates in part-time practice for each year since graduation are

presented in Figure 4.4. Both male medical and dental levels remain consistently below ten

percent while again the level of male physiotherapy graduates rises to a peak of twenty

percent fourteen years after graduation, then decreasing to zero, and then rising as the years

since graduation increase from twenty-eight years. The female medical and dental part-time

practice in South Australia increase together from graduation up to approximately forty

percent fifteen years after graduation and then reduces as full-time practice increases. Female

physiotherapy graduates in part-time practice in South Australia similarly rise after

graduation, but continue to rise to fifty percent and then continue to increase to a peak of

seventy percent thirty-four years from graduation.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Percent


Figure 4.4: Part-time practice in South Australia: Sex x profession


68

The percentage of graduates practising interstate (from South Australia) for each year since

graduation are presented in Figure 4.5. Both male and female dental graduates report the

highest level of interstate practice at approximately 30-40% for the duration of their working

life. There were approximately 20% of medical graduates and 10% of female physiotherapy

graduates practising interstate. While the percentage of male physiotherapy graduates

practising interstate showed considerable fluctuation between 10% and 30%.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Percent


Figure 4.5: Practising Interstate: Sex x profession

The percentage of graduates practising overseas for each year since graduation are presented

in Figure 4.6. There is a consistent pattern for male graduates where up to 20% practice

overseas in the years soon after graduation, but then diminishing to around 5% for the

remaining years from 12 years or so after graduation. This pattern is also evident for female

medical and physiotherapy graduates but there is only a low level of dental graduates who

practice overseas (at approximately 5%).


69

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Percent


Figure 4.6: Overseas: Sex x profession

Figures 4.6 and 4.7 present the percentage of graduates working but not practising in their

graduating profession and those who have retired from regular work or not working

(respectively). It can be seen that there is no consistent pattern evident in these data with the

possible exception of female physiotherapy graduates where over 10% reported not working

from about 6 years after graduating to about 18 years after graduation. Possibly the most

notable observation is that the percentages in these areas are very low and around 5% for

each of the two categories of practice status.


70

0

5

10

15

20


Percent


Figure 4.7: Working, but not practising in profession: Sex x profession

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50


Percent


Figure 4.8: Retired from regular work or not working: Sex x profession


71

A comparison of the career paths of each of the four cohorts for full- and part-time practice

in South Australia are presented in Figures A1.1 to A1.6. In these figures (one for each

profession by sex) similar patterns are evident for male medical and dental graduates but

considerable inconsistency in the career paths of the male physiotherapy cohorts and the

three profession female cohorts.

The remaining six figures provided in Appendix A (namely Figures A2.1 to A2.6) present the

percentage of graduates in each practice status category for each profession and sex.

For male medical graduates (see Figure A2.1) approximately 60% worked full-time in

South Australia in the 1970s. This rose to nearly three-quarters in the 1980s before just

below 70% in recent years. There were minimal levels of part-time practice, working

not in medicine and retired/not working. However, it should also be noted that the

highest level of overseas practice occurred in the 1970s, while interstate (from South

Australia) practice has grown gradually to be approximately 20% in recent years.

For female medical graduates (see Figure A2.2) there has been a gradual reduction in

full-time practice in South Australia from approximately 50% in the 1980s down to

about 40% in recent years. This has be reflected in an increase in part-time practice in

South Australia from just over 20% in the 1980s through to about a third of graduates

in recent years.

For male dental graduates (see Figure A2.3) there was also a reduction in the

percentage practising full-time in South Australia from approximately two-thirds in the

1970s to below half in recent years. Over this period the percentage practising

interstate has grown from 20% to about a third in recent years, while there have been

low levels of part-time in South Australia. A notable change occurred in the

percentage practising overseas, falling from approximately a quarter in the late

1960s/early 1970s to being below 10% since the late 1980s.

For female dental graduates (see Figure A2.4) there has been a move in recent years for

about 40% practising interstate (from South Australia), with approximately a third

practising full-time in South Australia and a quarter practising part-time in South

Australia.


72

There has been a considerable change in the practice status of male physiotherapy

graduates (see Figure A2.5) in recent years, especially related to full-time practice in

South Australia where in the 1980s this was the major practice status. However, in

recent years this has accounted for approximately half of the graduates, with about

20% practising interstate (from South Australia) and just below 20% in part-time

practice in South Australia.

Finally, for female physiotherapy graduates (see Figure A2.1) there has been a relatively

stable level of both full- and part-time practice in South Australia at not quite 40% for

each.


"The demands of my work interfere with my home and family life"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 4.9: “The demands of my work interfere with my home and family life”

by sex and cohort


73

A high percentage of graduates agree (36.7%) or strongly agree (11.5%) with the statement

“The demands of my work interfere with my home and family life” (see Table B19.16 and

Figure 3.29). In particular, the graduates from the 1980s reported the highest percentages,

namely 44.0% agree and 15.7% strongly agree (see Table B20.16 and Figure 4.9). Conversely,

only 14.7% agree and 5.8% strongly agree with the statement “The demands of my family

and/or spouse/partner interfere with my work-related activities” with no major difference

reported between the graduate cohorts (see Tables 19.17, 20.17 and Figure 4.10).

"The demands of my family and/or spouse/partnerinterfere with my work-related activities"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 4.10: “The demands of my family and/or spouse/partner interfere with my work-

related activities” by sex and cohort


74

For the statement “Opportunities are limited if I want to change career path” 32.5% agreed

and 12.4% strongly agreed (see Table B19.18 and Figure 4.5). Not surprisingly, there was a

definite trend over the graduate cohorts where the highest levels of agreement were reported

by the 1960s (agree – 41.4% & strongly agree 15.0%) and 1970s graduates (agree – 37.7% &

strongly agree – 16.9%) (see Table B20.18 and Figure 4.11).

"Opportunities are limited if I want to change career path"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 4.11: “Opportunities are limited if I want to change career path” by sex and cohort

Finally, for the statement “Most of my personal life goals are work-related” 45.7% disagreed

and 9.7% strongly disagreed (see Table B19.27 and Figure 4.12), with the graduates from

1990 reporting the highest disagreement (disagree – 51.8% & strongly disagree 10.3%) (see

Table B20.27 and Figure 4.12).


75

"Most of my personal life goals are work-related"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 4.12: “Most of my personal life goals are work-related” by sex and cohort

4.3 Focus groups and comments

The focus groups highlighted that there were a number of factors that assisted in ensuring

that the vast majority of graduates would both remain in their profession and also

maintaining active practice:

“No one wants to ‘waste’ their hard-won education.”

“Staying away from work too long for family also feels as though one is ‘wasting’ all the education.”

A retired physiotherapist reported that she recently attended the 45-year reunion and

remembered that of all of the graduating women in her class, they all had said that they

would stop work when they had children. But at the reunion they all recalled that they had all

kept working. This physiotherapist went on to elaborate that:

“Family is seen as an area of compromise where career is concerned.”


76

She had wanted to be career-orientated, but not to burnout and therefore be unsafe for her

patients, and was able to find a balance for herself.

When discussing returning to practice a 1960s medical graduate expressed the opinion that:

“You make a decision to make or break, and then that’s it.”

And re-entering the profession after a break is seen as too arduous to bother with.

4.4 Discussion

Overall a culture of one life / one career appears to remain in these three professions.

However, by the nature of the difficulty in finding addresses for sampled graduates, especially

for physiotherapists a response bias can be expected. Namely, for those who have not

remained in their graduating profession it would be expected to be more difficult to find a

mailing address. Nevertheless, from the earlier estimations (see Table 3.1) that take into

account such response bias, only 12.5% of medical graduates, 11.1% of dental graduates and

23.2% of physiotherapy graduates are not practising in their graduating profession.

The career paths of the graduates in the study showed that there was a substantial level of

retention in full-time and part-time practice in South Australia, especially for medical

graduates. Overall approximately thirty percent of dental graduates move interstate soon

after graduation and the level remains at that level. This implies that for every graduate who

does return to South Australia, another departs. One notable exception was for male

physiotherapy graduates where the majority were in full-time practice in South Australia in

the 1980s to in more recent years accounting for about half of the graduates.

The survey did highlight that there is a sub-group of graduates who expressed agreement

with attitude statements on feeling locked into their profession with limited opportunities to

change career. This is of concern, especially when combined with the large percentage that

agreed that the demands of their work interfered with their home and family life.


77


The movement of graduates interstate from South Australia would appear to be one avenue

for the ‘return’ of graduates, especially for both male and female dental graduates where

approximately a third move and remain interstate. When looking at overseas practice, up to

20% of graduates (especially in medicine) practice overseas, but the majority return within ten

years of graduation. Therefore at this stage there would appear to be little need for programs

that aim to return graduates from overseas.

With the high workloads, especially reported by medical graduates, there is a need to

maintain the existing workforce. Sustainable work practices that encourage and support the

existing dedicated workforce need to be supported to improve retention.

The study found that there was an overwhelming commitment from graduates to their

profession with views expressed that they needed to maintain practice to remain in the

profession. This identifies that programs to assist graduates to return to practice after a

substantial period away require care to assist these graduates and not appear to have excessive

barriers.


78

Chapter 5 – Hours worked

79

C h a p t e r 5

HOURS WORKED

5.1 Overview

Have the recent changes in the general workforce (including increased hours, increased

employment mobility and increased casualisation of the labour force) been experienced by

the health occupations? Has there been:

‘choice’ of part-time work; has it been imposed on women as a result of domestic

responsibilities or whether it is more willingly chosen by mostly married women

substantial structural barriers to the professional career advancement of women; and

change in domestic responsibilities by women health professionals.

In this chapter, survey results and comments are presented for hours worked and a range of

issues including time expected to spend in practice, perceived busyness and aspects of current

work.


Sex

The male graduates from the 1980s are currently working on average the most total hours

(for 1980-84 graduates classes, 52.9 hours per week for medical graduates and 46.8 hours for

physiotherapy graduates), while for the female graduates the graduates from 2000+ are

currently working the most total hours (45.5 hours per week for medical graduates, 39.1

hours for physiotherapy graduates and 37.1 hours for dental graduates) (see Table B12 and

Figure 3.24). As outlined in chapter 3, there is a consistent pattern for medical graduates

currently working the most hours (44.5 hours per week), with on average physiotherapists

working the least hours (35.0 hours per week).


80

Expect to spend practising

Well over two-thirds (70.5%) of those who are currently working in their profession reported

“about the same” to the question “How much time do you expect to spend practising in

2005 compared to 2004?” (see Table B13.1 and Figure 5.1). This was higher for male

graduates (76.8%). There was a slightly higher percentage that responded “More” (15.9%)

compared to “Less” (11.9%). It can also be seen that a higher percentage of the recent

cohorts expect to be practising “More”, with over a third of the 2000+ graduates and a

quarter of the 1985-89 graduates.

Expect to work

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

2000+

1995-99

1990-94

1985-89

1980-84

1975-79

1970-74

1965-69

1960-64

Female

Male

Less About same More Missing

Figure 5.1: Expect to work by sex and cohort


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Busyness

Just over half (54.5%) of the graduates reported that they are “About as busy as [they] would

like to be?” (see Table B14.1 and Figure 5.2). However, a substantial percentage (38.8%)

reported that they are “Busier that [they] would like to be?” while only a small percentage

(4.0%) reported that they are “Less busy than [they] would like to be”. The early 1980s

graduates were the highest with 49.4% “Busier than [they] would like to be? (see Table B14.2

and Figure 5.2).

Busyness

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

2000+

1995-99

1990-94

1985-89

1980-84

1975-79

1970-74

1965-69

1960-64

Female

Male

Less busy than would like As busy as would likeBusier than would like Missing

Figure 5.2: Busyness by sex and cohort


82

Working less than full time

The majority of those not working full time report that this is their preference (82.8%), with

88.5% of females who are currently not working full time, reporting that this is their

preference (see Table B16.1). There was only 1.8% who reported that full time work is not

available. Nearly two-thirds (64.7%) also reported that they are predominantly part-time in

profession (see Table B17.1).


In response to the statement “I work longer hours than I would like” a substantial percentage

agreed (33.3%) and strongly agreed (12.5%) (see Tables B19.20, B20.20 and Figure 5.3). This

was highest for the graduates from the 1970s and 1980s.

"I work longer hours than I would like"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 5.3: “I work longer hours than I would like” by sex and cohort


83

For the statement “I can set my own working hours” over a half either agreed (39.9%) or

strongly agreed (14.1%) (see Table B19.24, B20.24 and Figure 5.4). There was no noticeable

difference between male and female graduates although, not surprisingly, a trend can be seen

across the graduate cohorts with the graduates from the 1960s with over two-thirds in

agreement (51.4% & 16.5%), down to the graduates from 1990 where not only just less than

a half were in agreement with the statement (31.2% & 13.3%) but also approximately the

same percentage disagreed with the statement (27.4% disagree & 15.9 strongly disagree)

"I can set my own working hours"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 5.4: “I can set my own working hours” by sex and cohort


84


In the focus groups and from the comments in the mail survey there were differing views on

the pressures related to working hours. It was expressed that:

There are two choices (especially for men) 1. Go at the career full time (which equates to much more than full

time) and achieve success in the career at the expense of family life OR 2. Combine career and family at the cost

of career success.

On the one hand there was support to work part-time, for example:

Going into part-time private practise for physiotherapy made it easier to manage family and children’s time owing

to the ability to choose one’s own hours.

Part time work is a boon for mothers trying to keep working regularly

Ageing parents are a consideration for the need for part time work.

Grandchildren too – getting towards retirement age can mean the two prongs of caring for aging parents and

wanting to assist children with their own children

But then conversely, a number of difficulties were expressed with part-time work:

It’s difficult to say no when work asks for more hours.

Working as a team in a health profession, part time can make it difficult to connect with work mates.

Dentists don’t really do part time work – it’s difficult to find and manage dental work that will accommodate

the needs of family part time work.

These continuing education courses are difficult to manage and attend around family commitments: children etc.

Peer discussion suggests that ongoing education is difficult to manage with young children. Workshops are often

badly scheduled to manage children, even ones that people are expected to go to.

Day-to-day demands of the medical profession seem to be much greater than on the business world, for less

remuneration (in terms of time, emotional commitment and effect on family).

5.4 Discussion

The finding that the great majority (88.5%) of female graduates who were NOT practising

full-time do so by preference clearly demonstrates that this is by choice and not been


85

imposed on them, despite some of the pressures that were highlighted in the focus groups

and additional comments.

The more recent graduates reported that they expect to spend more time in practise in the

year of the collection compared to the previous year. Overall there was only a slightly higher

percentage that responded “More” (15.9%) compared to “Less” (11.9%), with well over two-

thirds (70.5%) responding to the category “About the same”.

With regard to perceived busyness a different pattern was evident. There was an almost ten-

fold difference between the percent who reported that they were busier than they would like

(38.8%) and those who responded that they were less busier than they would like (4.0%).

The graduates from the late 1970s to late 1980s were the respondents who reported the

highest levels of perceived business. This finding was also consistent with the higher level of

agreement with the statement “I work longer hours than I would like” by the 1970s and

1980s graduates.

Finally, there was an obvious trend in the responses to the statement “I can set my own

working hours” with the 1960s graduates having more autonomy than the more recent

graduates. Importantly, there was no noticeable difference between male and female

graduates in this area.


As previously discussed in Chapter 3, there would appear to be little capacity for these three

professions to increase the supply of services through the increasing of working hours. In

addition, concern was expressed that the level of remuneration (on an hourly rate basis) was

less than for other professional careers. Programs that ensure that remuneration remains at

comparable levels with other professions would aid in the retention of graduates in their

profession.

With concern expressed over the high number of hours per week, especially in medicine, care

is needed to ensure that the time required for administrative aspects of programs are kept at a

minimum, and don’t increase the hour per week.


86

Chapter 6 – Geographic location

87

C h a p t e r 6

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION

6.1 Overview

There have been:

serious concerns in Australia about the extent to which new graduates are prepared

to locate in non-metropolitan areas and remain in a single location for an extended

period:

major deficits in rural and remote areas with regard to work intensity, family conflicts

and costs, business difficulties and lifestyle, and related factors.

In this chapter survey results related to professional expectation after graduation, current

practice location and comments are presented.


Profession expectation

In response to the statement “After graduation I gained employment in the geographic

location I wanted to work” only a small percentage reported disagreement (disagree – 7.3%

& strongly disagree – 1.9%) (see Tables B8.5, B9.5 and Figure 6.1). There was a relatively

small difference between male and female graduates, as well as no discernable trend related to

the graduate cohorts.


88

"After graduation I gained employment in thegeographic location I wanted to work"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 6.1: “After graduation I gained employment in the geographic location I wanted to

work” by sex and cohort

Current work location

Nearly half (49.2%) of the respondents are currently working in inner Adelaide, with a

further 12.9% working in their profession in outer Adelaide and 6.7% in the rest of South

Australia (see Tables B11.1 and B11.2, and Figure 6.2). This totals over two-thirds (68.8%)

currently practising in South Australia. A slightly higher percentage of female graduates work

in inner Adelaide (52.3%), while a higher percentage of male graduates are working interstate

(23.8% compared to 15.6% of female graduates).

As expected there is a higher level of not practising for the 1960-64, 1965-69 and 1970-74

cohorts. However, there is no discernable trend to outer Adelaide and rest of South


89

Australia across the graduate cohorts. The highest percentage practising interstate were in

the 1975-79, 1980-84 and 1985-89 cohorts (21.6, 26.7 and 22.0% respectively.

Location of main practice

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

2000+

1995-99

1990-94

1985-89

1980-84

1975-79

1970-74

1965-69

1960-64

Female

Male

Inner Adelaide Outer Adelaide Rest of SAInterstate Overseas Not practising

Figure 6.2: Location of main practice by sex and cohort


In the focus groups and from the comments in the mail survey there were again differing

views on the practice location. There were major concerns with regard to practising in rural

South Australia and interstate.

When discussing issues related to rural practice comments included:

School for children is an issue – doctors go to country and move back when the kids need to attend school.

Rural GPs need to be specialised in everything (“specialist generalists”)


90

Rural experience sometimes seen as less stressful, but the reality is one of isolation and overwork.

Rural work was seen as isolating, professionally as well as personally.

Another rural problem is that new graduates working alone don’t have the opportunity to have a mentor.

Continuing education in country is severely lacking and those working in the country feel that they weren’t

providing the best service because of lack of courses and education, not to mention lack of facilities, resources in

infrastructure.

The graduates also identified the following as issues related to the attraction of interstate

practice:

The movement of graduates interstate is mostly due to lack of suitable positions in South Australia.

For dentists, the move interstate makes sense because even at a government hospital the wages and conditions are

better. For dentists, the move interstate makes sense because even at a government hospital the wages and

conditions are better.

Dentists move interstate early in their careers – they go where conditions and pay are best.

Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria all have more attractive conditions and are generally more

lucrative.

South Australia is generally poorer pay and conditions.

6.4 Discussion

As identified in Chapter 3 when comparing the three health professions, there are differences

in the geographic location of the graduates. There are also small differences between male

and female graduates. A substantial percentage of dental graduates are practising interstate as

well as a large percentage of female medical graduates, especially University of Adelaide

graduates, practice in inner Adelaide.

Only a small percentage (totalling 9.2%) reported disagreement with the statement “After

graduation I gained employment in the geographic location I wanted to work”. With no

difference between the graduate cohorts, it can therefore be confidently stated that these

graduates haven’t had major problems with their initial location of practice.

Not surprising the graduates from 1960-64, 1965-69 and 1970-74 had a higher percent who

were not practising in their profession. There was no discernable trend to outer Adelaide and


91

rest of South Australia across the graduate cohorts. However, there are a number of

concerns with regard to rural practice that include a lack of professional and personal support

with isolation and over-work.

The highest percentage practising interstate were in the 1975-79, 1980-84 and 1985-89

cohorts (21.6, 26.7 and 22.0% respectively). There was also a perception that wages and

conditions were better interstate than in South Australia. This would indicate that graduates

in these cohorts might be the best target to try to get them to ‘return’ to South Australia

provided these perceptions are addressed.


With the reporting that there is a lack of professional and personal support in rural practice,

continued development of policy incentives to recruit and retain graduates in rural areas is

required. Mentoring would assist in the isolation that graduates expressed when in rural

practice.

With the perception that wages and conditions were better in the Eastern States, there is a

need to actively promote improved salaries and employment practices, especially in rural

South Australia and outer-metropolitan Adelaide.


92

Chapter 7 – Stress, burnout & musculoskeletal complaints

93

C h a p t e r 7

STRESS, BURNOUT & MUSCULOSKELETAL COMPLAINTS

7.1 Overview

To what extent is increased attrition associated with:

Physical and emotional factors such as stress, burnout, musculoskeletal complaints, career change and job satisfaction?

a third of GPs in South Australia report significant distress that affects patient

interaction and effectiveness as practitioners;

health care providers are at high risk for 'burnout' because their occupations often

require intense interactions between themselves and fearful, demanding patients;

Another issue that has emerged as having major impacts on the careers of health

professionals are musculoskeletal complaints; and

sedentary occupations such as dentistry, and with nearly a third complaining of back

pain, health professionals are at risk of musculoskeletal strain depending on the

number and type of procedures they perform, the position they occupy during a

procedure and the extensiveness of the procedure.


Self-reported health

The great majority of graduates (91.9%) reported that they are in good, very good or

excellent health (see Table B18.1). There was minimal difference between male and female

graduates but not surprisingly the cohort reporting the highest level of fair or poor health

(15.5%) were the graduates from 1960-64 (see Table B18.2).


94

Satisfaction

To the statement “If I could, I would like to move into another occupation” a substantial

percentage of respondents agreed (15.0%) or strongly agreed (3.7%) (see Table B19.2 and

Figure 7.1). There was little difference between male and female graduates although a higher

percentage of graduates from the 1970s agreed (19.1%) or strongly agreed (2.6%) (see Table

B20 1 and Figure 7.1).

"If I could, I would like to move into another occupation"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 7.1: “If I could, I would like to move into another occupation” by sex and cohort


95

Again a substantial percentage of graduates agreed (18.4%) or strongly agreed (3.4%) with the

statement “The major satisfaction in my life comes from my job” (see Table B19.7 and

Figure 7.2). This was highest for the 1960s graduates (26.5% & 5.6%) and lowest for

graduates from 1990 (15.4% & 3.2%) (see Table B20.7 and Figure 7.2).

"The major satisfaction in my life comes from my job"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 7.2: “The major satisfaction in my life comes from my job” by sex and cohort


96

Stress

Graduates from the 1970s and 1980s reported the highest levels of agreement with the

statement:

“Working is putting too much stress on me” (1970s – 27.9% agree & 5.9% strongly

agree / 1980s – 36.5% agree & 4.2% strongly agree) (see Table B20.8 and Figure 7.3)

“The work is more intense than I would like” (1970s – 32.9% agree & 6.7% strongly

agree / 1980s – 37.4% agree & 3.9% strongly agree) (see Table B20.9 and Figure 7.4)

"Working is putting too much stress on me"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 7.3: “Working is putting too much stress on me” by sex and cohort


97

"The work is more intense than I would like"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 7.4: “The work is more intense than I would like” by sex and cohort


98

Burnout

Substantial agreement was reported for the following statements (see Tables B19.10 to

B19.13 and Figures 7.5 to 7.8):

“I feel that my work is emotionally exhausting” – 33.0% agree & 8.1% strongly agree

“I feel burnt out because of my work” – 17.9% agree & 4.1% strongly agree

“My work frustrates me” – 18.6% agree & 2.7% strongly agree

“I feel worn out at the end of the working day” – 41.4% agree & 9.9% strongly agree

"I feel that my work is emotionally exhausting"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 7.5: “I feel that my work is emotionally exhausting” by sex and cohort


99

"I feel burnt out because of my work"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 7.6: “I feel burnt out because of my work” by sex and cohort


100

"My work frustrates me"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 7.7: “My work frustrates me” by sex and cohort


101

"I feel worn out at the end of the working day"

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 7.8: “I feel worn out at the end of the working day” by sex and cohort


102

Musculoskeletal complaints

Moderate and severe musculoskeletal complaints were reported at notable levels for the

following (see Tables B23.1 to B23.4 and Figures 7.9 to 7.12):

Back of neck – 16.5% moderate & 1.4% severe

Shoulder – 9.8% moderate & 1.0% severe

Upper back – 10.2% moderate & 0.6% severe

Lower back – 13.1% & 2.3% severe

"Back of neck - during clinical work "

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 7.9: Back of neck – during clinical work by sex and cohort


103

"Shoulder - during clinical work "

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 7.10: Shoulder – during clinical work by sex and cohort


104

"Upper back - during clinical work "

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 7.11: Upper back – during clinical work by sex and cohort


105

"Lower back - during clinical work "

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total

1990+

1980s

1970s

1960s

Female

Male


Figure 7.12: Lower back – during clinical work by sex and cohort


There was concern expressed that in the health professions, practitioners were expected by

their clients/patients to be free from health conditions. It was stated that “doctors don’t get

ill, doctors don’t have down days, doctors don’t have sickness”.

There was also expression that there was difficulty with handling patient’s problems,

particularly in the contemporary environment:

“In general practise, people’s expectations are higher. Doctors aren’t God, which I

think is a good thing, but I think there was a lot of implicit trust. Now patients come in

with their Google searches and all the information they have on their particular thing

and they want to be either referred on, or they want the doctor to be able to solve all of

their problems. They don’t realise that health is perhaps something they need to have

lifestyle changes for, or take responsibility for.”


106

It was expressed that as health professionals become older, perfection is expected – “you’re

not allowed to make any mistakes.” This also included an expression that there was

“pressure to succeed and not fail”.

Graduates from the 1960s observed that “traditionally surgery used to be very stressful on

the body, but now technology has lightened the load” and that there is a belief that they have

“noticed a change in current-day students – not so stressed”.

7.4 Discussion

Despite great majority (91.9%) reporting that they are in good, very good or excellent health

and the high levels of job satisfaction expressed by the majority of health profession

graduates, there is an alarmingly high levels of stress, burnout and musculoskeletal complaints

reported in the survey.

Over 40% report that they are emotionally exhausted by their work. There was minimal

difference reported between male and female graduates, although of considerable concern is

that only the oldest cohort (1960s graduates) reported the lower levels (17.8% agree & 4.9%

strongly agree), while all of the remaining cohorts reporting over 40% agreeing that they were

emotionally exhausted by their work, even the most recent graduates from 1990 (35.5% agree

& 8.8% strongly agree).

With over 20% reporting that they are burnt out because of their work (17.9% agree & 4.1%

strongly agree) there was a slightly higher level of being burnt out among male graduates

(21.2% agree & 4.0% strongly agree) and those who graduated in the 1980s (22.3% agree &

3.0% strongly agree). It is a considerable concern that such a substantial proportion of

graduates’ report that they are currently practising and yet they consider that they are ‘burnt

out’ because of their work.

A similar proportion of just over 20% also reported that their work frustrates them (18.6%

agree & 2.7% strongly agree). Although there was a minimal difference between male and

female graduates, this frustration was predominantly reported by the more recent graduates

from the 1980s (23.7% agree & 3.1% strongly agree) and from 1990 (20.6% agree & 4.0%

strongly agree), whereas the 1960s graduates reported the lowest level of frustration with

their work (7.5% agree). Despite comments to the contrary, these findings indicate that there


107

are major issues related to stress and burnout that are experienced independent of the time

since graduation.

Just over half of the graduates reported feeling worn out at the end of the working day

(41.4% agree & 9.9% strongly agree) and just over a quarter reporting that they do not feel

worn out at the end of the working day (21.9% disagree & 4.6% strongly disagree). With

only a small difference between males and females, again it was the graduates from the 1960s

who reported the lowest level in this area (agree & strongly agree). With nearly twice as many

graduates reporting that they are worn out compared to those who report that they are not,

there are clearly issues of fatigue in these professions, both of a short-term as well as the

long-term issues of burnout and stress.

General areas of musculoskeletal complaints in shoulder and lower back during clinical work

and specific complaints by physiotherapy graduates in hand/wrists and fingers, have

identified key occupational health areas that will need to be addressed. Of great concern is

that even the most recent graduates (since 1990) reported high levels of musculoskeletal

complaints during clinical work in back of neck (18.0% moderate & 2.4% severe), shoulder

(11.2% moderate & 1.9% severe), upper back (15.4 % moderate & 0.4% severe) and lower

back (14.8% moderate & 2.0% severe).


With a substantial number reporting that they were fatigued, burnt out and/or frustrated by

their work there is a need to determine what measures could be put in place to relieve the

stress. These factors would appear to play an important part in maintaining a sustainable,

healthy workforce.

Specific programs related to the musculoskeletal complaints reported by the graduates need

to be developed. In particular, for shoulder and lower back during clinical work and for

hand/wrists and fingers for physiotherapists.


108

Appendix A: Summary figures

109

APPENDIX A: SUMMARY FIGURES

Figure A1.1: Male Medical Graduates x cohorts, Full-time and part-time practice in South Australia

Figure A1.2: Female Medical Graduates x cohorts, Full-time and part-time practice in South Australia

Figure A1.3: Male Dental Graduates x cohorts, Full-time and part-time practice in South Australia

Figure A1.4: Female Dental Graduates x cohorts, Full-time and part-time practice in South Australia

Figure A1.5: Male Physiotherapy Graduates x cohorts, Full-time and part-time practice in South Australia

Figure A1.6: Female Physiotherapy Graduates x cohorts, Full-time and part-time practice in South Australia

Figure A2.1: Male Medical Graduates, Practice status x Year

Figure A2.2: Female Medical Graduates, Practice status x Year

Figure A2.3: Male Dental Graduates, Practice status x Year

Figure A2.4: Female Dental Graduates, Practice status x Year

Figure A2.5: Male Physiotherapy Graduates, Practice status x Year

Figure A2.6: Female Physiotherapy Graduates, Practice status x Year


110

0

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1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43


Percent

Full-time SA: 1960s Full-time SA: 1970s Full-time SA: 1980s Full-time SA: 1990+Part-time SA: 1960s Part-time SA: 1970s Part-time SA: 1980s Part-time SA: 1990+

Figure A1.1: Male Medical Graduates x cohorts,

Full-time and part-time practice in South Australia

0

10

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40

50

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70

80

90

100


Percent


Figure A1.2: Female Medical Graduates x cohorts,



111

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1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43


Percent


Figure A1.3: Male Dental Graduates x cohorts,


0

10

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70

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1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43


Percent


Figure A1.4: Female Dental Graduates x cohorts,



112

0

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1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43


Percent


Figure A1.5: Male Physiotherapy Graduates x cohorts,


0

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1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43


Percent


Figure A1.6: Female Physiotherapy Graduates x cohorts,



113

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1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003


Percent

Full-time SA Part-time SA InterstateOverseas Working, not in medicine Retired/not working

Figure A2.1: Male Medical Graduates, Practice status x Year

0

10

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40

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60

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90

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1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003


Percent

Full-time SA Part-time SA InterstateOverseas Working, not in medicine Retired/not working

Figure A2.2: Female Medical Graduates, Practice status x Year


114

0

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30

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1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003


Percent

Full-time SA Part-time SA InterstateOverseas Working, not in dentistry Retired/not working

Figure A2.3: Male Dental Graduates, Practice status x Year

0

10

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30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003


Percent

Full-time SA Part-time SA InterstateOverseas Working, not in dentistry Retired/not working

Figure A2.4: Female Dental Graduates, Practice status x Year


115

0

10

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40

50

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90

100

1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003


Percent

Full-time SA Part-time SA InterstateOverseas Working, not in physiotherapy Retired/not working

Figure A2.5: Male Physiotherapy Graduates, Practice status x Year

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003


Percent

Full-time SA Part-time SA InterstateOverseas Working, not in physiotherapy Retired/not working

Figure A2.6: Female Physiotherapy Graduates, Practice status x Year


116

Appendix B: Summary tables

117

APPENDIX B: SUMMARY TABLES

Table B1 Sex by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960-64 Male 95.5% 100.0% .0% 85.5% Female 4.5% .0% 100.0% 14.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1965-69 Male 91.4% 96.3% 14.3% 81.9% Female 8.6% 3.7% 85.7% 18.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970-74 Male 80.4% 90.0% 8.7% 69.9% Female 19.6% 10.0% 91.3% 30.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1975-79 Male 71.4% 84.3% 21.1% 68.7% Female 28.6% 15.7% 78.9% 31.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980-84 Male 61.1% 80.0% 31.3% 59.2% Female 38.9% 20.0% 68.8% 40.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1985-89 Male 48.9% 44.4% 27.8% 45.7% Female 51.1% 55.6% 72.2% 54.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990-94 Male 43.3% 52.6% 51.1% 46.3% Female 56.7% 47.4% 48.9% 53.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1995-99 Male 48.8% 50.0% 29.4% 41.5% Female 51.2% 50.0% 70.6% 58.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 2000+ Male 43.7% 51.6% 41.9% 44.8% Female 56.3% 48.4% 58.1% 55.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total Male 62.3% 73.8% 31.1% 57.9% Female 37.7% 26.2% 68.9% 42.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


118

Table B2.1 Country of Birth by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male Australia 79.8% 74.4% 89.3% 79.7% Overseas 20.2% 25.6% 10.7% 20.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female Australia 74.3% 57.8% 83.1% 75.5% Overseas 25.7% 40.6% 16.3% 24.1% Missing .0% 1.6% .6% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total Australia 77.7% 70.1% 85.1% 77.9% Overseas 22.3% 29.5% 14.5% 21.9% Missing .0% .4% .4% .1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


119

Table B2.2 Country of Birth by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960-64 Australia 86.4% 62.5% 50.0% 79.6% Overseas 13.6% 37.5% 33.3% 18.6% Missing .0% .0% 16.7% 1.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1965-69 Australia 88.6% 63.0% 100.0% 84.8% Overseas 11.4% 37.0% .0% 15.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970-74 Australia 73.9% 83.3% 87.0% 77.8% Overseas 26.1% 16.7% 13.0% 22.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1975-79 Australia 79.9% 74.5% 73.7% 77.8% Overseas 20.1% 25.5% 26.3% 22.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980-84 Australia 81.5% 85.0% 84.4% 82.6% Overseas 18.5% 15.0% 15.6% 17.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1985-89 Australia 81.2% 77.8% 77.8% 80.4% Overseas 18.8% 22.2% 22.2% 19.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990-94 Australia 76.6% 52.6% 87.2% 77.4% Overseas 23.4% 42.1% 12.8% 22.1% Missing .0% 5.3% .0% .5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1995-99 Australia 74.9% 50.0% 86.3% 76.3% Overseas 25.1% 50.0% 13.7% 23.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 2000+ Australia 57.0% 58.1% 90.3% 65.2% Overseas 43.0% 41.9% 9.7% 34.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total Australia 77.7% 70.1% 85.1% 77.9% Overseas 22.3% 29.5% 14.5% 21.9% Missing .0% .4% .4% .1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


120

Table B3.1 Secondary School by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male Adelaide 84.2% 84.4% 81.3% 83.9% SA country 4.4% 3.3% 10.7% 4.8% IS capital city 5.8% 4.4% 2.7% 5.2% IS country 3.2% 3.3% 1.3% 3.1% Overseas 2.4% 4.4% 4.0% 3.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female Adelaide 83.9% 70.3% 80.7% 81.5% SA country 2.1% 9.4% 12.0% 6.1% IS capital city 5.1% 6.3% 2.4% 4.3% IS country 2.7% 4.7% 2.4% 2.8% Overseas 6.2% 9.4% 2.4% 5.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total Adelaide 84.1% 80.7% 80.9% 82.9% SA country 3.5% 4.9% 11.6% 5.4% IS capital city 5.5% 4.9% 2.5% 4.8% IS country 3.0% 3.7% 2.1% 2.9% Overseas 3.9% 5.7% 2.9% 4.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B3.2 Secondary School by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960-64 Adelaide 95.5% 87.5% 100.0% 95.0% SA country .0% .0% .0% .0% IS capital city .0% .0% .0% .0% IS country .0% .0% .0% .0% Overseas 4.5% 12.5% .0% 5.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1965-69 Adelaide 85.7% 92.6% 92.9% 88.1% SA country 2.9% .0% 7.1% 2.8% IS capital city 2.9% .0% .0% 1.9% IS country 5.7% 7.4% .0% 5.3% Overseas 2.9% .0% .0% 1.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970-74 Adelaide 95.7% 100.0% 91.3% 95.7% SA country .0% .0% 8.7% 1.5% IS capital city 2.2% .0% .0% 1.4% IS country 2.2% .0% .0% 1.4% Overseas .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


121

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1975-79 Adelaide 92.0% 92.2% 73.7% 89.9% SA country 2.7% 3.9% 26.3% 5.8% IS capital city 3.6% .0% .0% 2.3% IS country .9% .0% .0% .5% Overseas .9% 3.9% .0% 1.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980-84 Adelaide 87.1% 80.0% 84.4% 85.4% SA country 3.7% 2.5% 9.4% 4.5% IS capital city 7.1% 12.5% .0% 6.8% IS country 1.4% 2.5% 3.1% 1.9% Overseas .7% 2.5% 3.1% 1.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1985-89 Adelaide 83.3% 66.7% 88.9% 82.3% SA country 5.9% 16.7% .0% 6.2% IS capital city 3.3% 11.1% 5.6% 4.4% IS country 3.4% 5.6% .0% 3.2% Overseas 4.2% .0% 5.6% 4.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990-94 Adelaide 83.6% 57.9% 83.0% 81.1% SA country 2.5% 15.8% 8.5% 5.3% IS capital city 6.6% 5.3% .0% 4.6% IS country 4.1% .0% 4.3% 3.8% Overseas 3.3% 21.1% 4.3% 5.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1995-99 Adelaide 68.3% 80.0% 76.5% 72.9% SA country 8.4% 5.0% 11.8% 9.3% IS capital city 9.5% .0% 5.9% 7.0% IS country 1.3% .0% 2.0% 1.4% Overseas 12.4% 15.0% 3.9% 9.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 2000+ Adelaide 62.1% 54.8% 64.5% 61.3% SA country 5.0% 6.5% 22.6% 9.5% IS capital city 13.3% 12.9% 6.5% 11.6% IS country 8.5% 16.1% 3.2% 8.7% Overseas 11.1% 9.7% 3.2% 8.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total Adelaide 84.1% 80.7% 80.9% 82.9% SA country 3.5% 4.9% 11.6% 5.4% IS capital city 5.5% 4.9% 2.5% 4.8% IS country 3.0% 3.7% 2.1% 2.9% Overseas 3.9% 5.7% 2.9% 4.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


122

Table B4.1 Type of School by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male Aust govt 46.3% 47.2% 46.7% 46.5% Aust private 50.9% 48.3% 48.0% 50.1% OS govt 1.1% 2.2% 2.7% 1.5% OS private .9% 2.2% 2.7% 1.4% Other .4% .0% .0% .3% Missing .4% .0% .0% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female Aust govt 40.0% 51.6% 48.2% 43.8% Aust private 53.8% 37.5% 48.8% 50.5% OS govt 4.1% 4.7% 2.4% 3.6% OS private 1.8% 6.3% .6% 1.9% Other .3% .0% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total Aust govt 43.9% 48.4% 47.7% 45.4% Aust private 52.0% 45.5% 48.5% 50.3% OS govt 2.2% 2.9% 2.5% 2.4% OS private 1.3% 3.3% 1.2% 1.6% Other .4% .0% .0% .2% Missing .2% .0% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B4.2 Type of School by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960-64 Aust govt 36.4% 25.0% 33.3% 34.7% Aust private 59.1% 62.5% 66.7% 60.3% OS govt .0% .0% .0% .0% OS private .0% 12.5% .0% 1.5% Other 4.5% .0% .0% 3.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1965-69 Aust govt 54.3% 33.3% 21.4% 45.4% Aust private 42.9% 66.7% 78.6% 52.7% OS govt 2.9% .0% .0% 1.9% OS private .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970-74 Aust govt 58.7% 50.0% 47.8% 55.3% Aust private 41.3% 50.0% 47.8% 44.0% OS govt .0% .0% 4.3% .7% OS private .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


123

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1975-79 Aust govt 47.2% 51.0% 63.2% 50.0% Aust private 52.0% 45.1% 36.8% 48.5% OS govt .9% 2.0% .0% 1.0% OS private .0% 2.0% .0% .5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980-84 Aust govt 37.4% 52.5% 46.9% 41.5% Aust private 61.9% 45.0% 50.0% 57.1% OS govt .0% .0% .0% .0% OS private .7% 2.5% 3.1% 1.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1985-89 Aust govt 47.2% 66.7% 61.1% 51.0% Aust private 48.5% 33.3% 33.3% 45.0% OS govt 3.4% .0% 5.6% 3.3% OS private .8% .0% .0% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990-94 Aust govt 30.8% 57.9% 44.7% 37.1% Aust private 64.1% 21.1% 48.9% 56.0% OS govt .8% 10.5% 4.3% 2.7% OS private 1.6% 10.5% 2.1% 2.6% Other .8% .0% .0% .5% Missing 1.8% .0% .0% 1.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1995-99 Aust govt 41.4% 45.0% 47.1% 44.0% Aust private 46.2% 40.0% 49.0% 46.5% OS govt 5.5% 5.0% 2.0% 4.1% OS private 6.9% 10.0% 2.0% 5.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 2000+ Aust govt 43.7% 41.9% 51.6% 45.3% Aust private 45.1% 45.2% 45.2% 45.2% OS govt 8.7% 9.7% 3.2% 7.6% OS private 2.4% 3.2% .0% 2.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total Aust govt 43.9% 48.4% 47.7% 45.4% Aust private 52.0% 45.5% 48.5% 50.3% OS govt 2.2% 2.9% 2.5% 2.4% OS private 1.3% 3.3% 1.2% 1.6% Other .4% .0% .0% .2% Missing .2% .0% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


124

Table B5.1 Age in Final Year by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male <25 yrs 72.7% 82.2% 77.3% 75.2% 25-29 yrs 21.2% 15.0% 9.3% 18.6% 30-34 yrs 3.9% 2.2% 5.3% 3.7% 35-39 yrs 2.2% .6% 6.7% 2.3% 40+ yrs .0% .0% 1.3% .1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female <25 yrs 76.0% 81.3% 89.2% 80.8% 25-29 yrs 16.3% 10.9% 6.6% 12.6% 30-34 yrs 4.3% 3.1% .6% 3.0% 35-39 yrs 1.8% 1.6% .6% 1.4% 40+ yrs 1.5% 3.1% 3.0% 2.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total <25 yrs 74.0% 82.0% 85.5% 77.5% 25-29 yrs 19.3% 13.9% 7.5% 16.1% 30-34 yrs 4.1% 2.5% 2.1% 3.4% 35-39 yrs 2.1% .8% 2.5% 1.9% 40+ yrs .6% .8% 2.5% 1.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B5.2 Age in Final Year by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960-64 <25 yrs 81.8% 75.0% 100.0% 83.0% 25-29 yrs 18.2% 25.0% .0% 17.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1965-69 <25 yrs 77.1% 100.0% 100.0% 85.1% 25-29 yrs 20.0% .0% .0% 13.1% 30-34 yrs 2.9% .0% .0% 1.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970-74 <25 yrs 67.4% 83.3% 100.0% 75.8% 25-29 yrs 28.3% 13.3% .0% 20.8% 30-34 yrs 4.3% 3.3% .0% 3.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1975-79 <25 yrs 81.8% 86.3% 94.7% 84.4% 25-29 yrs 15.7% 11.8% 5.3% 13.5% 30-34 yrs 2.6% 2.0% .0% 2.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980-84 <25 yrs 80.7% 87.5% 90.6% 83.5% 25-29 yrs 14.3% 12.5% 6.3% 12.6% 30-34 yrs 5.0% .0% 3.1% 3.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


125

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1985-89 <25 yrs 80.0% 77.8% 83.3% 80.2% 25-29 yrs 12.7% 22.2% 5.6% 12.7% 30-34 yrs 4.1% .0% 5.6% 3.8% 35-39 yrs 2.4% .0% .0% 1.9% 40+ yrs .8% .0% 5.6% 1.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990-94 <25 yrs 74.6% 68.4% 70.2% 72.8% 25-29 yrs 16.9% 10.5% 8.5% 14.0% 30-34 yrs 5.9% 10.5% 6.4% 6.5% 35-39 yrs .8% 5.3% 10.6% 4.0% 40+ yrs 1.8% 5.3% 4.3% 2.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1995-99 <25 yrs 62.5% 65.0% 84.3% 71.2% 25-29 yrs 26.6% 25.0% 9.8% 20.0% 30-34 yrs 1.3% 5.0% .0% 1.3% 35-39 yrs 8.2% 5.0% 2.0% 5.4% 40+ yrs 1.3% .0% 3.9% 2.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 2000+ <25 yrs 52.7% 74.2% 80.6% 63.5% 25-29 yrs 29.1% 19.4% 16.1% 24.1% 30-34 yrs 7.3% 3.2% .0% 4.8% 35-39 yrs 9.7% .0% .0% 5.5% 40+ yrs 1.2% 3.2% 3.2% 2.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total <25 yrs 74.0% 82.0% 85.5% 77.5% 25-29 yrs 19.3% 13.9% 7.5% 16.1% 30-34 yrs 4.1% 2.5% 2.1% 3.4% 35-39 yrs 2.1% .8% 2.5% 1.9% 40+ yrs .6% .8% 2.5% 1.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


126

Table B5.3 Median & Mean Age in Final Year: Cohort by Sex by Profession


Median Mean SE Mean Median Mean SE

Mean Median Mean SE Mean

Male 1960-64 24 23.9 .2 24 24.1 .6 - - - 1965-69 24 23.9 .2 23 23.0 .2 21 21.0 .0 1970-74 24 24.0 .2 23 23.6 .6 22 21.5 .6 1975-79 23 23.8 .2 23 23.5 .3 22 22.5 1.3 1980-84 23 24.3 .3 23 23.4 .4 22 23.2 1.2 1985-89 23 24.7 .5 23 22.9 .5 21 21.2 .4 1990-94 24 24.7 .5 23 24.9 2.0 24 26.7 1.5 1995-99 24 25.4 .8 24 25.1 1.3 22 23.5 1.0 2000+ 25 27.0 1.0 23 23.7 .7 22 23.0 .7 Total 24 24.4 .1 23 23.6 .2 22 24.1 .6Female 1960-64 24 24.0 .0 - - - 21 20.8 .2 1965-69 23 25.3 1.7 22 22.0 . 21 20.4 .2 1970-74 23 24.3 .6 22 22.0 .0 20 20.3 .2 1975-79 23 23.6 .4 23 22.9 .4 20 20.5 .2 1980-84 23 23.5 .3 23 22.5 .2 20 20.8 .4 1985-89 23 24.0 .4 23 23.7 .8 21 23.6 1.9 1990-94 23 24.4 .6 23 26.0 2.6 21 23.8 1.3 1995-99 24 25.5 .9 23 24.6 1.9 22 23.4 .8 2000+ 24 26.3 .7 23 25.5 2.0 21 23.2 1.4 Total 23 24.5 .2 23 24.2 .7 21 22.2 .3Total 1960-64 24 23.9 .2 24 24.1 .6 21 20.8 .2 1965-69 24 24.1 .2 23 23.0 .2 21 20.5 .2 1970-74 24 24.1 .2 23 23.5 .6 20 20.4 .2 1975-79 23 23.7 .2 23 23.4 .3 21 20.9 .4 1980-84 23 24.0 .2 23 23.2 .3 21 21.6 .5 1985-89 23 24.3 .3 23 23.3 .5 21 22.9 1.4 1990-94 23 24.6 .4 23 25.4 1.5 23 25.3 1.0 1995-99 24 25.5 .6 23 24.9 1.1 22 23.5 .6 2000+ 24 26.6 .6 23 24.6 1.0 22 23.1 .9 Total 23 24.5 .1 23 23.8 .2 21 22.8 .3


127

Table B6.1 "There was family pressure to have a professional career" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male # St agree 16.1% 26.7% 9.3% 17.5% Agree 25.2% 26.7% 30.7% 26.1% Neither 21.9% 21.1% 21.3% 21.7% Disagree 15.9% 13.3% 21.3% 16.0% St disagree 20.9% 12.2% 17.3% 18.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female * St agree 17.7% 25.0% 18.2% 18.6% Agree 20.4% 32.8% 33.9% 26.1% Neither 18.2% 20.3% 20.6% 19.2% Disagree 23.4% 14.1% 14.5% 19.6% St disagree 20.3% 7.8% 12.7% 16.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 16.7% 26.2% 15.4% 18.0% Agree 23.4% 28.3% 32.9% 26.1% Neither 20.5% 20.9% 20.8% 20.6% Disagree 18.7% 13.5% 16.7% 17.5% St disagree 20.7% 11.1% 14.2% 17.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

* χ2 p<0.05 # χ2 p<0.01 Table B6.2 "My father was influential in my choice" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male * St agree 10.2% 16.1% 1.3% 10.5% Agree 26.2% 20.0% 22.7% 24.5% Neither 21.2% 26.1% 22.7% 22.4% Disagree 21.7% 17.2% 28.0% 21.5% St disagree 20.6% 20.6% 25.3% 21.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 6.9% 17.2% 10.9% 9.3% Agree 26.2% 17.2% 22.4% 24.1% Neither 22.6% 23.4% 26.1% 23.8% Disagree 22.4% 28.1% 23.6% 23.4% St disagree 21.7% 14.1% 17.0% 19.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total * St agree 9.0% 16.4% 7.9% 10.0% Agree 26.2% 19.3% 22.5% 24.4% Neither 21.8% 25.4% 25.0% 23.0% Disagree 22.0% 20.1% 25.0% 22.3% St disagree 21.0% 18.9% 19.6% 20.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

* χ2 p<0.05


128

Table B6.3 "My mother was influential in my choice" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 8.5% 8.3% .0% 7.6% Agree 24.4% 28.3% 28.0% 25.6% Neither 27.8% 27.8% 28.0% 27.8% Disagree 23.6% 17.8% 24.0% 22.5% St disagree 15.7% 17.8% 20.0% 16.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 7.8% 9.4% 7.3% 7.8% Agree 25.3% 21.9% 27.9% 25.8% Neither 26.1% 28.1% 29.1% 27.3% Disagree 24.0% 28.1% 21.2% 23.5% St disagree 16.7% 12.5% 14.5% 15.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 8.3% 8.6% 5.0% 7.7% Agree 24.8% 26.6% 27.9% 25.7% Neither 27.1% 27.9% 28.8% 27.6% Disagree 23.8% 20.5% 22.1% 22.9% St disagree 16.1% 16.4% 16.3% 16.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B6.4 "I wanted a professional career that my parents were unable to have"

by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male * St agree 4.8% 12.8% 6.7% 6.6% Agree 15.9% 13.9% 9.3% 14.8% Neither 25.0% 27.2% 28.0% 25.7% Disagree 27.3% 17.2% 30.7% 25.6% St disagree 27.1% 28.9% 25.3% 27.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female # St agree 2.5% 15.6% 10.3% 6.3% Agree 21.5% 17.2% 9.1% 17.0% Neither 18.8% 23.4% 25.5% 21.4% Disagree 32.4% 15.6% 30.9% 30.2% St disagree 24.8% 28.1% 24.2% 25.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 3.9% 13.5% 9.2% 6.5% Agree 18.0% 14.8% 9.2% 15.7% Neither 22.6% 26.2% 26.3% 23.9% Disagree 29.2% 16.8% 30.8% 27.5% St disagree 26.2% 28.7% 24.6% 26.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

* χ2 p<0.05 # χ2 p<0.01


129

Table B6.5 "A close family friend/relative was in the profession" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 9.1% 9.4% 5.3% 8.8% Agree 18.3% 17.8% 16.0% 18.0% Neither 10.5% 10.0% 8.0% 10.1% Disagree 23.1% 24.4% 28.0% 23.9% St disagree 39.1% 38.3% 42.7% 39.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 10.4% 9.4% 7.3% 9.3% Agree 16.9% 21.9% 13.4% 16.3% Neither 7.2% 14.1% 10.4% 8.9% Disagree 26.7% 23.4% 30.5% 27.6% St disagree 38.8% 31.3% 38.4% 37.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 9.6% 9.4% 6.7% 9.0% Agree 17.8% 18.9% 14.2% 17.3% Neither 9.2% 11.1% 9.6% 9.6% Disagree 24.4% 24.2% 29.7% 25.4% St disagree 38.9% 36.5% 39.7% 38.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B6.6 "I admired a person in the profession" by Sex by Profession



130

Table B6.7 "It seemed like a good choice at the time" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male * St agree 28.9% 26.1% 24.0% 27.8% Agree 44.5% 57.8% 57.3% 48.6% Neither 14.0% 11.7% 9.3% 13.0% Disagree 5.4% 2.8% 4.0% 4.7% St disagree 7.1% 1.7% 5.3% 5.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 26.0% 25.0% 27.7% 26.4% Agree 54.7% 57.8% 60.2% 56.8% Neither 9.4% 7.8% 7.2% 8.6% Disagree 5.3% 6.3% 1.2% 4.1% St disagree 4.6% 3.1% 3.6% 4.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 27.8% 25.8% 26.6% 27.2% Agree 48.3% 57.8% 59.3% 52.0% Neither 12.3% 10.7% 7.9% 11.1% Disagree 5.4% 3.7% 2.1% 4.5% St disagree 6.2% 2.0% 4.1% 5.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

* χ2 p<0.05 # χ2 p<0.01 Table B6.8 "I failed to gain admission to my first choice at University" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male # St agree 1.7% 14.4% 6.7% 4.8% Agree 3.1% 11.7% 12.0% 5.8% Neither 4.2% 7.8% 1.3% 4.6% Disagree 15.1% 15.6% 32.0% 17.0% St disagree 76.0% 50.6% 48.0% 67.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female # St agree 1.2% 14.1% 4.8% 3.7% Agree 2.8% 14.1% 6.7% 5.2% Neither 3.7% 4.7% 7.3% 4.9% Disagree 21.7% 15.6% 18.8% 20.1% St disagree 70.6% 51.6% 62.4% 66.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 1.5% 14.3% 5.4% 4.4% Agree 3.0% 12.3% 8.3% 5.5% Neither 4.0% 7.0% 5.4% 4.8% Disagree 17.6% 15.6% 22.9% 18.3% St disagree 73.9% 50.8% 57.9% 67.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

# χ2 p<0.01


131

Table B6.9 "I wanted to work in a health field" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 28.1% 31.1% 48.0% 30.9% Agree 42.7% 40.0% 38.7% 41.7% Neither 22.0% 22.2% 9.3% 20.7% Disagree 4.5% 3.3% 1.3% 3.9% St disagree 2.7% 3.3% 2.7% 2.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 45.5% 59.4% 53.3% 49.5% Agree 35.7% 32.8% 34.5% 35.1% Neither 16.6% 7.8% 12.1% 14.2% Disagree .9% .0% .0% .5% St disagree 1.2% .0% .0% .7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 34.7% 38.5% 51.7% 38.7% Agree 40.1% 38.1% 35.8% 38.9% Neither 20.0% 18.4% 11.3% 18.0% Disagree 3.1% 2.5% .4% 2.5% St disagree 2.1% 2.5% .8% 1.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

# χ2 p<0.01 Table B6.10 "I wanted to work in an intellectually stimulating profession" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male # St agree 43.3% 27.8% 45.3% 40.3% Agree 41.8% 45.6% 41.3% 42.5% Neither 11.3% 22.8% 12.0% 13.7% Disagree 2.2% 1.1% .0% 1.7% St disagree 1.5% 2.8% 1.3% 1.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 59.1% 50.0% 49.1% 54.9% Agree 33.0% 37.5% 42.4% 36.5% Neither 7.4% 12.5% 7.9% 8.0% Disagree .3% .0% .6% .4% St disagree .3% .0% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 49.2% 33.6% 47.9% 46.5% Agree 38.5% 43.4% 42.1% 40.0% Neither 9.8% 20.1% 9.2% 11.3% Disagree 1.5% .8% .4% 1.1% St disagree 1.1% 2.0% .4% 1.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

# χ2 p<0.01


132

Table B6.11 "I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: become self-employed" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male # St agree 11.5% 32.2% 8.0% 15.3% Agree 27.5% 33.9% 29.3% 29.0% Neither 35.8% 20.0% 36.0% 32.6% Disagree 14.6% 8.3% 16.0% 13.4% St disagree 10.7% 5.6% 10.7% 9.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 8.0% 12.5% 11.0% 9.4% Agree 15.5% 18.8% 14.7% 15.6% Neither 33.5% 45.3% 34.4% 35.0% Disagree 26.5% 10.9% 23.3% 23.9% St disagree 16.5% 12.5% 16.6% 16.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 10.1% 27.0% 10.1% 12.8% Agree 23.0% 29.9% 19.3% 23.4% Neither 34.9% 26.6% 34.9% 33.6% Disagree 19.1% 9.0% 21.0% 17.8% St disagree 12.9% 7.4% 14.7% 12.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

# χ2 p<0.01


133

Table B6.12 "I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: be financially secure" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male # St agree 21.9% 35.0% 18.7% 24.2% Agree 49.5% 52.2% 56.0% 50.7% Neither 19.5% 11.1% 18.7% 17.7% Disagree 5.5% 1.7% 4.0% 4.6% St disagree 3.6% .0% 2.7% 2.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female # St agree 26.2% 43.8% 22.4% 26.7% Agree 41.6% 40.6% 55.8% 46.1% Neither 19.6% 14.1% 14.5% 17.4% Disagree 8.3% .0% 4.8% 6.4% St disagree 4.3% 1.6% 2.4% 3.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 23.5% 37.3% 21.3% 25.3% Agree 46.5% 49.2% 55.8% 48.8% Neither 19.5% 11.9% 15.8% 17.6% Disagree 6.6% 1.2% 4.6% 5.3% St disagree 3.9% .4% 2.5% 3.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

* χ2 p<0.05 # χ2 p<0.01


134

Table B6.13 "I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: have a professional career" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 33.2% 37.8% 30.7% 33.9% Agree 49.8% 42.8% 53.3% 48.7% Neither 13.2% 17.8% 12.0% 14.0% Disagree 1.9% 1.1% 2.7% 1.8% St disagree 1.9% .6% 1.3% 1.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female * St agree 32.2% 50.0% 34.9% 34.9% Agree 52.9% 42.2% 56.0% 52.8% Neither 9.4% 7.8% 6.0% 8.2% Disagree 3.4% .0% 1.2% 2.3% St disagree 2.1% .0% 1.8% 1.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 32.8% 41.0% 33.6% 34.3% Agree 50.9% 42.6% 55.2% 50.5% Neither 11.8% 15.2% 7.9% 11.6% Disagree 2.5% .8% 1.7% 2.0% St disagree 2.0% .4% 1.7% 1.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

* χ2 p<0.05 # χ2 p<0.01


135

Table B6.14 "I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: gain social prestige" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 4.8% 6.1% 6.7% 5.3% Agree 22.5% 22.2% 21.3% 22.3% Neither 32.4% 39.4% 36.0% 34.2% Disagree 22.8% 17.8% 20.0% 21.5% St disagree 17.4% 14.4% 16.0% 16.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 2.3% 7.8% 3.6% 3.3% Agree 20.0% 21.9% 18.8% 19.8% Neither 31.8% 43.8% 32.7% 33.3% Disagree 26.5% 18.8% 29.7% 26.8% St disagree 19.5% 7.8% 15.2% 16.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total * St agree 3.9% 6.6% 4.6% 4.4% Agree 21.6% 22.1% 19.6% 21.3% Neither 32.2% 40.6% 33.8% 33.8% Disagree 24.2% 18.0% 26.7% 23.7% St disagree 18.2% 12.7% 15.4% 16.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

* χ2 p<0.05


136

Table B6.15 "I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: have a secure job" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 26.8% 31.1% 22.7% 27.2% Agree 49.5% 53.9% 58.7% 51.4% Neither 15.3% 12.8% 12.0% 14.5% Disagree 4.7% 1.7% 2.7% 3.9% St disagree 3.6% .6% 4.0% 3.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female * St agree 31.3% 42.2% 30.3% 32.1% Agree 47.0% 43.8% 58.8% 50.5% Neither 13.6% 10.9% 8.5% 11.7% Disagree 4.8% 3.1% .6% 3.2% St disagree 3.4% .0% 1.8% 2.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 28.5% 34.0% 27.9% 29.3% Agree 48.6% 51.2% 58.8% 51.0% Neither 14.7% 12.3% 9.6% 13.3% Disagree 4.7% 2.0% 1.3% 3.6% St disagree 3.5% .4% 2.5% 2.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

* χ2 p<0.05 # χ2 p<0.01


137

Table B6.16 "I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: serve the community" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male * St agree 22.9% 13.3% 18.7% 20.5% Agree 44.9% 49.4% 49.3% 46.3% Neither 23.6% 33.9% 24.0% 25.7% Disagree 4.2% 1.7% 2.7% 3.5% St disagree 4.4% 1.7% 5.3% 3.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 34.0% 28.1% 25.5% 30.6% Agree 51.5% 46.9% 57.6% 53.0% Neither 11.4% 21.9% 12.7% 12.9% Disagree 1.2% 3.1% 2.4% 1.8% St disagree 1.9% .0% 1.8% 1.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 27.1% 17.2% 23.3% 24.7% Agree 47.4% 48.8% 55.0% 49.1% Neither 19.0% 30.7% 16.3% 20.3% Disagree 3.1% 2.0% 2.5% 2.8% St disagree 3.4% 1.2% 2.9% 3.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

* χ2 p<0.05 # χ2 p<0.01


138

Table B6.17 "I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: combine a career with family life" by Sex by Profession


# χ2 p<0.01


139

Table B7.1 "There was family pressure to have a professional career" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 17.5% 25.7% 31.6% 20.7% Agree 22.8% 25.7% 26.3% 23.8% Neither 22.8% 31.4% 15.8% 23.5% Disagree 14.0% 8.6% 15.8% 13.3% St disagree 22.8% 8.6% 10.5% 18.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 16.6% 28.4% 7.1% 17.8% Agree 22.5% 29.6% 40.5% 26.6% Neither 18.0% 17.3% 23.8% 18.7% Disagree 17.9% 12.3% 11.9% 15.9% St disagree 25.0% 12.3% 16.7% 21.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 18.2% 29.3% 12.0% 18.8% Agree 19.2% 24.1% 30.0% 21.6% Neither 19.9% 17.2% 38.0% 22.3% Disagree 20.6% 19.0% 10.0% 18.7% St disagree 22.1% 10.3% 10.0% 18.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 15.1% 21.4% 17.1% 16.5% Agree 28.3% 31.4% 32.6% 30.0% Neither 21.9% 22.9% 14.0% 19.6% Disagree 19.7% 12.9% 20.9% 19.2% St disagree 15.0% 11.4% 15.5% 14.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 16.7% 26.2% 15.4% 18.0% Agree 23.4% 28.3% 32.9% 26.1% Neither 20.5% 20.9% 20.8% 20.6% Disagree 18.7% 13.5% 16.7% 17.5% St disagree 20.7% 11.1% 14.2% 17.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


140

Table B7.2 "My father was influential in my choice" by Cohort by Profession



141

Table B7.3 "My mother was influential in my choice" by Cohort by Profession



142

Table B7.4 "I wanted a professional career that my parents were unable to have" by Cohort by Profession



143

Table B7.5 "A close family friend/relative was in the profession" by Cohort by Profession



144

Table B7.6 "I admired a person in the profession" by Cohort by Profession



145

Table B7.7 "It seemed like a good choice at the time" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 28.1% 37.1% 20.0% 28.7% Agree 40.4% 45.7% 55.0% 43.2% Neither 22.8% 8.6% 15.0% 19.3% Disagree 5.3% 5.7% 5.0% 5.3% St disagree 3.5% 2.9% 5.0% 3.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 27.5% 19.8% 38.1% 27.3% Agree 47.9% 61.7% 54.8% 51.9% Neither 12.1% 13.6% 4.8% 11.4% Disagree 4.5% 4.9% .0% 3.9% St disagree 8.0% .0% 2.4% 5.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 25.8% 27.6% 28.0% 26.4% Agree 53.4% 58.6% 62.0% 55.5% Neither 6.8% 10.3% 2.0% 6.6% Disagree 6.5% 1.7% 2.0% 5.1% St disagree 7.5% 1.7% 6.0% 6.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 29.7% 25.7% 23.3% 27.3% Agree 47.4% 58.6% 60.5% 52.8% Neither 12.9% 8.6% 10.1% 11.5% Disagree 5.1% 2.9% 2.3% 4.0% St disagree 4.8% 4.3% 3.9% 4.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 27.8% 25.8% 26.6% 27.2% Agree 48.3% 57.8% 59.3% 52.0% Neither 12.3% 10.7% 7.9% 11.1% Disagree 5.4% 3.7% 2.1% 4.5% St disagree 6.2% 2.0% 4.1% 5.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


146

Table B7.8 "I failed to gain admission to my first choice at University" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree .0% 5.7% .0% 1.0% Agree 5.3% 8.6% .0% 5.2% Neither 3.5% 11.4% 5.3% 5.1% Disagree 8.8% 8.6% 26.3% 10.9% St disagree 82.5% 65.7% 68.4% 77.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 3.0% 14.8% 2.4% 5.5% Agree 1.0% 9.9% 4.8% 3.5% Neither 3.5% 6.2% 9.5% 4.9% Disagree 11.9% 16.0% 11.9% 12.8% St disagree 80.6% 53.1% 71.4% 73.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree .4% 20.7% 4.0% 3.8% Agree 1.6% 13.8% 6.0% 4.0% Neither 4.6% 3.4% 6.0% 4.7% Disagree 15.3% 15.5% 20.0% 16.0% St disagree 78.1% 46.6% 64.0% 71.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 2.2% 12.9% 7.8% 5.2% Agree 4.7% 15.7% 11.6% 8.2% Neither 4.0% 8.6% 3.9% 4.6% Disagree 28.0% 18.6% 27.1% 26.5% St disagree 61.0% 44.3% 49.6% 55.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 1.5% 14.3% 5.4% 4.4% Agree 3.0% 12.3% 8.3% 5.5% Neither 4.0% 7.0% 5.4% 4.8% Disagree 17.6% 15.6% 22.9% 18.3% St disagree 73.9% 50.8% 57.9% 67.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


147

Table B7.9 "I wanted to work in a health field" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 26.3% 20.0% 47.4% 27.8% Agree 50.9% 37.1% 26.3% 45.4% Neither 15.8% 31.4% 26.3% 19.9% Disagree 3.5% 8.6% .0% 4.0% St disagree 3.5% 2.9% .0% 3.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 35.5% 27.2% 42.9% 34.7% Agree 36.0% 45.7% 50.0% 40.1% Neither 21.5% 19.8% 7.1% 19.1% Disagree 4.0% 3.7% .0% 3.4% St disagree 2.9% 3.7% .0% 2.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 30.9% 44.8% 58.0% 37.0% Agree 38.8% 34.5% 28.0% 36.6% Neither 24.7% 19.0% 10.0% 21.7% Disagree 2.8% .0% .0% 2.0% St disagree 2.7% 1.7% 4.0% 2.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 41.4% 55.7% 52.7% 46.6% Agree 39.6% 32.9% 35.7% 37.5% Neither 16.1% 10.0% 10.9% 13.8% Disagree 2.6% .0% .8% 1.7% St disagree .4% 1.4% .0% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 34.7% 38.5% 51.7% 38.7% Agree 40.1% 38.1% 35.8% 38.9% Neither 20.0% 18.4% 11.3% 18.0% Disagree 3.1% 2.5% .4% 2.5% St disagree 2.1% 2.5% .8% 1.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


148

Table B7.10 "I wanted to work in an intellectually stimulating profession" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 26.3% 20.0% 42.1% 27.1% Agree 50.9% 51.4% 36.8% 49.3% Neither 17.5% 22.9% 21.1% 18.9% Disagree 3.5% 2.9% .0% 3.0% St disagree 1.8% 2.9% .0% 1.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 41.4% 24.7% 28.6% 36.0% Agree 39.0% 43.2% 52.4% 41.8% Neither 15.1% 27.2% 16.7% 17.9% Disagree 3.0% 1.2% 2.4% 2.5% St disagree 1.5% 3.7% .0% 1.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 47.3% 36.2% 54.0% 46.8% Agree 41.8% 39.7% 36.0% 40.6% Neither 9.4% 24.1% 8.0% 11.3% Disagree .0% .0% .0% .0% St disagree 1.5% .0% 2.0% 1.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 67.3% 48.6% 52.7% 60.5% Agree 29.4% 42.9% 41.9% 34.9% Neither 2.6% 7.1% 5.4% 4.0% Disagree .7% .0% .0% .4% St disagree .0% 1.4% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 49.2% 33.6% 47.9% 46.5% Agree 38.5% 43.4% 42.1% 40.0% Neither 9.8% 20.1% 9.2% 11.3% Disagree 1.5% .8% .4% 1.1% St disagree 1.1% 2.0% .4% 1.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


149

Table B7.11 "I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: become self-employed" by Cohort by Profession



150

Table B7.12 "I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: be financially secure" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 17.5% 28.6% 21.1% 19.9% Agree 45.6% 40.0% 26.3% 42.3% Neither 28.1% 28.6% 42.1% 29.9% Disagree 8.8% 2.9% 5.3% 7.3% St disagree .0% .0% 5.3% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 16.0% 37.0% 16.7% 20.7% Agree 50.5% 50.6% 47.6% 50.1% Neither 23.5% 9.9% 21.4% 20.3% Disagree 4.5% 2.5% 11.9% 5.1% St disagree 5.5% .0% 2.4% 3.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 20.4% 36.2% 16.0% 21.9% Agree 46.0% 51.7% 66.0% 49.9% Neither 19.5% 10.3% 10.0% 16.7% Disagree 8.4% .0% 2.0% 6.2% St disagree 5.8% 1.7% 6.0% 5.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 34.9% 42.9% 24.8% 32.9% Agree 44.3% 50.0% 58.9% 49.4% Neither 12.7% 7.1% 12.4% 11.9% Disagree 5.5% .0% 3.1% 4.1% St disagree 2.6% .0% .8% 1.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 23.5% 37.3% 21.3% 25.3% Agree 46.5% 49.2% 55.8% 48.8% Neither 19.5% 11.9% 15.8% 17.6% Disagree 6.6% 1.2% 4.6% 5.3% St disagree 3.9% .4% 2.5% 3.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


151

Table B7.13 "I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: have a professional career" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 33.3% 34.3% 40.0% 34.4% Agree 43.9% 37.1% 50.0% 43.5% Neither 17.5% 28.6% 5.0% 17.9% Disagree 5.3% .0% .0% 3.7% St disagree .0% .0% 5.0% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 31.0% 38.3% 45.2% 34.6% Agree 50.5% 44.4% 40.5% 47.8% Neither 14.5% 16.0% 7.1% 13.8% Disagree .5% .0% 7.1% 1.3% St disagree 3.5% 1.2% .0% 2.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 25.9% 51.7% 28.0% 29.8% Agree 52.9% 32.8% 54.0% 50.3% Neither 14.7% 15.5% 16.0% 15.0% Disagree 3.1% .0% .0% 2.2% St disagree 3.4% .0% 2.0% 2.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 40.6% 38.6% 31.0% 37.4% Agree 52.6% 51.4% 61.2% 55.0% Neither 4.4% 7.1% 5.4% 5.1% Disagree 2.1% 2.9% .8% 1.8% St disagree .4% .0% 1.6% .7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 32.8% 41.0% 33.6% 34.3% Agree 50.9% 42.6% 55.2% 50.5% Neither 11.8% 15.2% 7.9% 11.6% Disagree 2.5% .8% 1.7% 2.0% St disagree 2.0% .4% 1.7% 1.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


152

Table B7.14 "I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: gain social prestige" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 5.3% 5.7% .0% 4.7% Agree 15.8% 11.4% 10.5% 14.4% Neither 35.1% 51.4% 36.8% 38.2% Disagree 19.3% 22.9% 31.6% 21.4% St disagree 24.6% 8.6% 21.1% 21.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 2.0% 3.7% 2.4% 2.4% Agree 18.0% 25.9% 7.1% 18.2% Neither 38.1% 37.0% 52.4% 39.9% Disagree 26.0% 17.3% 23.8% 23.8% St disagree 15.9% 16.0% 14.3% 15.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 2.3% 5.2% 6.0% 3.3% Agree 19.2% 19.0% 16.0% 18.7% Neither 30.8% 51.7% 26.0% 33.0% Disagree 24.0% 13.8% 34.0% 24.1% St disagree 23.6% 10.3% 18.0% 20.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 6.2% 11.4% 5.4% 6.6% Agree 29.1% 25.7% 26.4% 27.8% Neither 27.6% 30.0% 30.2% 28.7% Disagree 25.2% 20.0% 24.0% 24.2% St disagree 11.9% 12.9% 14.0% 12.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 3.9% 6.6% 4.6% 4.4% Agree 21.6% 22.1% 19.6% 21.3% Neither 32.2% 40.6% 33.8% 33.8% Disagree 24.2% 18.0% 26.7% 23.7% St disagree 18.2% 12.7% 15.4% 16.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


153

Table B7.15 "I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: have a secure job" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 17.5% 22.9% 15.8% 18.3% Agree 47.4% 57.1% 68.4% 51.7% Neither 24.6% 17.1% 5.3% 20.9% Disagree 8.8% 2.9% 5.3% 7.3% St disagree 1.8% .0% 5.3% 1.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 22.6% 32.1% 31.0% 25.8% Agree 49.9% 50.6% 52.4% 50.4% Neither 21.0% 13.6% 16.7% 18.8% Disagree 3.0% 2.5% .0% 2.5% St disagree 3.5% 1.2% .0% 2.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 23.1% 37.9% 24.0% 25.3% Agree 53.4% 44.8% 62.0% 53.5% Neither 12.5% 13.8% 10.0% 12.3% Disagree 4.9% 3.4% .0% 3.9% St disagree 6.2% .0% 4.0% 5.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 43.0% 38.6% 30.2% 38.6% Agree 43.6% 54.3% 58.1% 49.3% Neither 7.4% 7.1% 7.8% 7.5% Disagree 4.1% .0% 1.6% 2.8% St disagree 1.8% .0% 2.3% 1.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 28.5% 34.0% 27.9% 29.3% Agree 48.6% 51.2% 58.8% 51.0% Neither 14.7% 12.3% 9.6% 13.3% Disagree 4.7% 2.0% 1.3% 3.6% St disagree 3.5% .4% 2.5% 2.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


154

Table B7.16 "I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: serve the community" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 31.6% 20.0% 15.8% 27.6% Agree 45.6% 42.9% 47.4% 45.3% Neither 17.5% 31.4% 26.3% 21.1% Disagree 1.8% 2.9% 5.3% 2.4% St disagree 3.5% 2.9% 5.3% 3.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 24.4% 7.4% 26.2% 21.0% Agree 49.0% 53.1% 54.8% 50.7% Neither 21.0% 33.3% 14.3% 22.8% Disagree 1.0% 3.7% 2.4% 1.8% St disagree 4.5% 2.5% 2.4% 3.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 20.8% 20.7% 28.0% 21.9% Agree 48.3% 50.0% 54.0% 49.4% Neither 21.5% 29.3% 10.0% 20.8% Disagree 3.6% .0% 4.0% 3.2% St disagree 5.8% .0% 4.0% 4.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 33.0% 24.3% 21.7% 28.5% Agree 46.1% 45.7% 56.6% 49.2% Neither 15.7% 28.6% 17.8% 18.0% Disagree 4.9% 1.4% 1.6% 3.4% St disagree .4% .0% 2.3% .9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 27.1% 17.2% 23.3% 24.7% Agree 47.4% 48.8% 55.0% 49.1% Neither 19.0% 30.7% 16.3% 20.3% Disagree 3.1% 2.0% 2.5% 2.8% St disagree 3.4% 1.2% 2.9% 3.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


155

Table B7.17 "I chose medicine, dentistry or physiotherapy as a career to: combine a career with family life" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 1.8% 20.0% 21.1% 7.4% Agree 28.1% 25.7% 47.4% 30.0% Neither 40.4% 40.0% 26.3% 38.6% Disagree 17.5% 8.6% .0% 13.8% St disagree 12.3% 5.7% 5.3% 10.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 3.5% 16.0% 14.3% 7.7% Agree 26.6% 34.6% 40.5% 30.3% Neither 47.9% 38.3% 33.3% 43.8% Disagree 7.4% 7.4% 7.1% 7.4% St disagree 14.5% 3.7% 4.8% 10.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 6.0% 25.9% 26.0% 11.8% Agree 19.8% 22.4% 38.0% 22.9% Neither 39.9% 32.8% 20.0% 35.9% Disagree 22.2% 8.6% 10.0% 18.5% St disagree 12.1% 10.3% 6.0% 11.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 13.2% 27.1% 19.4% 16.9% Agree 27.6% 35.7% 43.4% 33.4% Neither 35.4% 18.6% 27.1% 30.7% Disagree 17.4% 10.0% 7.0% 13.3% St disagree 6.4% 8.6% 3.1% 5.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 7.1% 22.1% 20.0% 12.0% Agree 25.1% 30.7% 42.1% 29.4% Neither 40.5% 31.6% 26.7% 36.3% Disagree 16.4% 8.6% 7.1% 13.3% St disagree 10.9% 7.0% 4.2% 9.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


156

Table B8.1 "I encourage young people to consider a career in the same profession I graduated in" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male # St agree 9.9% 23.3% 8.0% 12.4% Agree 32.8% 39.4% 57.3% 36.8% Neither 31.2% 20.6% 16.0% 27.4% Disagree 21.3% 13.9% 14.7% 19.1% St disagree 4.8% 2.8% 4.0% 4.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female # St agree 5.3% 25.0% 18.2% 11.4% Agree 41.1% 50.0% 46.7% 43.8% Neither 32.5% 17.2% 22.4% 27.7% Disagree 18.9% 7.8% 10.3% 15.0% St disagree 2.2% .0% 2.4% 2.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 8.2% 23.8% 15.0% 12.0% Agree 35.9% 42.2% 50.0% 39.7% Neither 31.7% 19.7% 20.4% 27.5% Disagree 20.4% 12.3% 11.7% 17.4% St disagree 3.8% 2.0% 2.9% 3.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

# χ2 p<0.01


157

Table B8.2 "If I had a chance to start over I would still choose the same profession" by Sex by Profession


* χ2 p<0.05 Table B8.3 "The future holds good prospects for the profession" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male # St agree 15.6% 31.7% 14.7% 18.7% Agree 33.6% 51.1% 52.0% 39.1% Neither 19.0% 11.1% 21.3% 17.7% Disagree 24.1% 5.6% 8.0% 18.6% St disagree 7.7% .6% 4.0% 5.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female # St agree 12.5% 37.5% 23.0% 18.4% Agree 37.6% 46.9% 48.5% 42.1% Neither 23.1% 12.5% 18.8% 20.7% Disagree 23.9% 3.1% 9.7% 17.2% St disagree 2.9% .0% .0% 1.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 14.4% 33.2% 20.4% 18.6% Agree 35.1% 50.0% 49.6% 40.4% Neither 20.6% 11.5% 19.6% 18.9% Disagree 24.0% 4.9% 9.2% 18.0% St disagree 5.9% .4% 1.3% 4.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

# χ2 p<0.01


158

Table B8.4 "In general, my career has matched my expectations" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 20.4% 24.4% 9.3% 20.0% Agree 49.8% 51.1% 54.7% 50.6% Neither 13.8% 14.4% 20.0% 14.6% Disagree 12.6% 9.4% 12.0% 11.9% St disagree 3.4% .6% 4.0% 2.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 13.8% 25.0% 18.2% 16.4% Agree 50.1% 46.9% 53.9% 51.0% Neither 13.7% 20.3% 11.5% 13.7% Disagree 20.8% 6.3% 14.5% 17.3% St disagree 1.5% 1.6% 1.8% 1.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total * St agree 17.9% 24.6% 15.4% 18.5% Agree 49.9% 50.0% 54.2% 50.8% Neither 13.8% 16.0% 14.2% 14.2% Disagree 15.7% 8.6% 13.8% 14.2% St disagree 2.7% .8% 2.5% 2.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

* χ2 p<0.05


159

Table B8.5 "After graduation I gained employment in the geographic location I wanted to work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male * St agree 37.5% 23.9% 33.3% 34.3% Agree 43.2% 45.0% 34.7% 42.7% Neither 10.9% 16.1% 16.0% 12.5% Disagree 6.4% 11.1% 12.0% 8.0% St disagree 2.0% 3.9% 4.0% 2.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female * St agree 31.2% 28.1% 40.6% 33.9% Agree 55.7% 42.2% 46.1% 51.2% Neither 8.4% 10.9% 4.8% 7.5% Disagree 4.1% 15.6% 7.3% 6.3% St disagree .6% 3.1% 1.2% 1.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 35.1% 25.0% 38.3% 34.1% Agree 47.9% 44.3% 42.5% 46.3% Neither 10.0% 14.8% 8.3% 10.4% Disagree 5.5% 12.3% 8.8% 7.3% St disagree 1.5% 3.7% 2.1% 1.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

* χ2 p<0.05 # χ2 p<0.01


160

Table B9.1 "I encourage young people to consider a career in the same profession I graduated in" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 12.3% 17.1% 10.5% 12.9% Agree 21.1% 45.7% 52.6% 29.3% Neither 47.4% 25.7% 26.3% 40.9% Disagree 19.3% 8.6% 5.3% 15.7% St disagree .0% 2.9% 5.3% 1.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 10.4% 17.3% 9.5% 11.8% Agree 34.6% 40.7% 47.6% 37.8% Neither 25.5% 22.2% 19.0% 23.9% Disagree 23.4% 17.3% 16.7% 21.1% St disagree 6.0% 2.5% 7.1% 5.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 6.0% 27.6% 14.0% 10.2% Agree 34.3% 37.9% 36.0% 35.1% Neither 30.9% 20.7% 36.0% 30.3% Disagree 22.2% 13.8% 12.0% 19.4% St disagree 6.7% .0% 2.0% 5.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 6.7% 31.4% 17.8% 13.2% Agree 45.1% 45.7% 55.8% 48.4% Neither 30.2% 12.9% 14.0% 23.1% Disagree 16.9% 7.1% 10.9% 13.8% St disagree 1.1% 2.9% 1.6% 1.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 8.2% 23.8% 15.0% 12.0% Agree 35.9% 42.2% 50.0% 39.7% Neither 31.7% 19.7% 20.4% 27.5% Disagree 20.4% 12.3% 11.7% 17.4% St disagree 3.8% 2.0% 2.9% 3.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


161

Table B9.2 "If I had a chance to start over I would still choose the same profession" by Cohort by Profession



162

Table B9.3 "The future holds good prospects for the profession" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 8.8% 14.3% 36.8% 13.2% Agree 31.6% 60.0% 36.8% 37.3% Neither 24.6% 11.4% 21.1% 21.8% Disagree 29.8% 14.3% 5.3% 24.1% St disagree 5.3% .0% .0% 3.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 12.0% 27.2% 19.0% 16.3% Agree 25.4% 54.3% 28.6% 32.2% Neither 26.6% 13.6% 35.7% 25.1% Disagree 25.4% 3.7% 14.3% 19.1% St disagree 10.5% 1.2% 2.4% 7.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 11.0% 48.3% 18.0% 17.3% Agree 34.3% 34.5% 54.0% 37.3% Neither 20.5% 10.3% 16.0% 18.4% Disagree 26.0% 6.9% 10.0% 20.9% St disagree 8.2% .0% 2.0% 6.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 22.0% 37.1% 19.4% 23.1% Agree 45.0% 52.9% 56.6% 49.5% Neither 14.2% 10.0% 15.5% 14.1% Disagree 18.5% .0% 7.8% 12.9% St disagree .4% .0% .8% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 14.4% 33.2% 20.4% 18.6% Agree 35.1% 50.0% 49.6% 40.4% Neither 20.6% 11.5% 19.6% 18.9% Disagree 24.0% 4.9% 9.2% 18.0% St disagree 5.9% .4% 1.3% 4.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


163

Table B9.4 "In general, my career has matched my expectations" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 19.3% 22.9% 21.1% 20.1% Agree 57.9% 62.9% 63.2% 59.4% Neither 14.0% 11.4% 5.3% 12.5% Disagree 7.0% 2.9% 10.5% 6.7% St disagree 1.8% .0% .0% 1.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 25.0% 21.0% 23.8% 23.9% Agree 44.6% 53.1% 45.2% 46.5% Neither 15.1% 14.8% 14.3% 14.9% Disagree 12.9% 9.9% 14.3% 12.4% St disagree 2.5% 1.2% 2.4% 2.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 11.5% 29.3% 22.0% 15.6% Agree 53.4% 37.9% 58.0% 51.9% Neither 13.1% 20.7% 8.0% 13.4% Disagree 17.8% 12.1% 8.0% 15.5% St disagree 4.3% .0% 4.0% 3.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 17.9% 25.7% 9.3% 16.3% Agree 47.2% 50.0% 54.3% 49.7% Neither 13.3% 15.7% 17.8% 14.9% Disagree 19.7% 7.1% 16.3% 17.0% St disagree 1.9% 1.4% 2.3% 2.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 17.9% 24.6% 15.4% 18.5% Agree 49.9% 50.0% 54.2% 50.8% Neither 13.8% 16.0% 14.2% 14.2% Disagree 15.7% 8.6% 13.8% 14.2% St disagree 2.7% .8% 2.5% 2.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


164

Table B9.5 "After graduation I gained employment in the geographic location I wanted to work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 36.8% 25.7% 52.6% 36.8% Agree 43.9% 54.3% 42.1% 45.5% Neither 14.0% 8.6% 5.3% 12.0% Disagree 3.5% 11.4% .0% 4.5% St disagree 1.8% .0% .0% 1.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 30.9% 21.0% 52.4% 31.8% Agree 50.1% 42.0% 42.9% 47.3% Neither 11.0% 17.3% 2.4% 11.1% Disagree 5.9% 14.8% 2.4% 7.4% St disagree 2.0% 4.9% .0% 2.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 32.3% 20.7% 40.0% 31.9% Agree 50.9% 46.6% 48.0% 49.8% Neither 10.0% 15.5% 6.0% 10.1% Disagree 6.0% 12.1% 4.0% 6.5% St disagree .8% 5.2% 2.0% 1.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 40.2% 32.9% 31.0% 36.5% Agree 45.3% 40.0% 40.3% 43.1% Neither 7.4% 14.3% 11.6% 9.5% Disagree 5.7% 10.0% 14.0% 8.7% St disagree 1.5% 2.9% 3.1% 2.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 35.1% 25.0% 38.3% 34.1% Agree 47.9% 44.3% 42.5% 46.3% Neither 10.0% 14.8% 8.3% 10.4% Disagree 5.5% 12.3% 8.8% 7.3% St disagree 1.5% 3.7% 2.1% 1.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


165

Table B10.1 Work Status by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male Aust in profession 91.6% 87.8% 88.0% 90.5% OS permanently in profession 4.1% 4.4% 5.3% 4.3% OS temporarily in profession .2% 1.1% 2.7% .6% Retired 2.4% 3.3% .0% 2.3% Working outside profession .8% 3.3% 1.3% 1.4% Not working .4% .0% 1.3% .4% Other .6% .0% 1.3% .5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%Female Aust in profession 88.1% 93.8% 83.7% 87.2% OS permanently in profession 4.7% 1.6% 2.4% 3.6% OS temporarily in profession 2.5% 1.6% 1.2% 2.0% Retired 1.3% .0% 4.2% 2.1% Working outside profession .0% .0% 2.4% .8% Not working 3.4% 3.1% 5.4% 4.1% Other .0% .0% .6% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%Total Aust in profession 90.3% 89.3% 85.1% 89.1% OS permanently in profession 4.3% 3.7% 3.3% 4.0% OS temporarily in profession 1.1% 1.2% 1.7% 1.2% Retired 2.0% 2.5% 2.9% 2.2% Working outside profession .5% 2.5% 2.1% 1.1% Not working 1.5% .8% 4.1% 1.9% Other .4% .0% .8% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


166

Table B10.2 Work Status by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960-64 Aust in profession 72.7% 50.0% 33.3% 65.7% OS permanently in profession 4.5% 25.0% .0% 6.4% OS temporarily in profession .0% .0% .0% .0% Retired 18.2% 25.0% 66.7% 24.3% Working outside profession .0% .0% .0% .0% Not working .0% .0% .0% .0% Other 4.5% .0% .0% 3.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%1965-69 Aust in profession 88.6% 81.5% 64.3% 83.8% OS permanently in profession 5.7% .0% 7.1% 4.7% OS temporarily in profession .0% .0% .0% .0% Retired 5.7% 3.7% 21.4% 7.4% Working outside profession .0% 14.8% 7.1% 4.1% Not working .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%1970-74 Aust in profession 91.3% 90.0% 87.0% 90.3% OS permanently in profession 4.3% .0% .0% 2.8% OS temporarily in profession .0% .0% .0% .0% Retired 2.2% 6.7% .0% 2.6% Working outside profession 2.2% 3.3% 4.3% 2.8% Not working .0% .0% 8.7% 1.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%1975-79 Aust in profession 96.4% 94.1% 94.7% 95.6% OS permanently in profession 1.7% 2.0% .0% 1.6% OS temporarily in profession .0% .0% .0% .0% Retired .0% 2.0% .0% .5% Working outside profession 1.9% 2.0% .0% 1.7% Not working .0% .0% .0% .0% Other .0% .0% 5.3% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%1980-84 Aust in profession 94.7% 90.0% 93.8% 93.8% OS permanently in profession 1.5% 10.0% 6.3% 3.8% OS temporarily in profession .0% .0% .0% .0% Retired .0% .0% .0% .0% Working outside profession .0% .0% .0% .0% Not working 3.7% .0% .0% 2.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


167

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1985-89 Aust in profession 92.4% 100.0% 83.3% 92.0% OS permanently in profession 6.8% .0% 5.6% 6.0% OS temporarily in profession .0% .0% .0% .0% Retired .0% .0% .0% .0% Working outside profession .0% .0% 5.6% .7% Not working .8% .0% 5.6% 1.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%1990-94 Aust in profession 87.0% 84.2% 78.7% 84.5% OS permanently in profession 6.9% 5.3% 8.5% 7.2% OS temporarily in profession 3.4% 5.3% 2.1% 3.2% Retired 1.8% .0% .0% 1.1% Working outside profession .0% .0% 4.3% 1.2% Not working .8% 5.3% 6.4% 2.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%1995-99 Aust in profession 81.8% 90.0% 94.1% 87.5% OS permanently in profession 8.4% .0% .0% 4.2% OS temporarily in profession 4.2% 5.0% .0% 2.7% Retired .0% .0% .0% .0% Working outside profession .0% .0% .0% .0% Not working 4.2% 5.0% 3.9% 4.2% Other 1.3% .0% 2.0% 1.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%2000+ Aust in profession 93.9% 93.5% 83.9% 91.4% OS permanently in profession .0% 3.2% .0% .6% OS temporarily in profession 2.4% 3.2% 9.7% 4.3% Retired .0% .0% .0% .0% Working outside profession .0% .0% .0% .0% Not working 3.8% .0% 6.5% 3.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%Total Aust in profession 90.3% 89.3% 85.1% 89.1% OS permanently in profession 4.3% 3.7% 3.3% 4.0% OS temporarily in profession 1.1% 1.2% 1.7% 1.2% Retired 2.0% 2.5% 2.9% 2.2% Working outside profession .5% 2.5% 2.1% 1.1% Not working 1.5% .8% 4.1% 1.9% Other .4% .0% .8% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


168

Table B11.1 Work Location by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male Inner Adelaide 50.8% 36.1% 44.0% 47.0% Outer Adelaide 12.5% 15.0% 16.0% 13.4% Rest of SA 5.6% 5.6% 13.3% 6.4% Interstate 22.5% 32.2% 16.0% 23.8% Overseas 4.2% 5.6% 8.0% 4.9% Location missing .4% .0% .0% .3% Not practising 4.1% 5.6% 2.7% 4.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female Inner Adelaide 55.1% 29.7% 54.2% 52.3% Outer Adelaide 12.2% 12.5% 12.0% 12.2% Rest of SA 5.7% 10.9% 8.4% 7.1% Interstate 15.0% 40.6% 9.0% 15.6% Overseas 7.2% 3.1% 3.6% 5.6% Not practising 4.8% 3.1% 12.7% 7.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total Inner Adelaide 52.4% 34.4% 51.0% 49.2% Outer Adelaide 12.4% 14.3% 13.3% 12.9% Rest of SA 5.6% 7.0% 10.0% 6.7% Interstate 19.7% 34.4% 11.2% 20.3% Overseas 5.4% 4.9% 5.0% 5.2% Location missing .2% .0% .0% .2% Not practising 4.4% 4.9% 9.5% 5.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


169

Table B11.2 Work Location by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960-64 Inner Adelaide 50.0% 37.5% 33.3% 46.7% Outer Adelaide 9.1% 12.5% .0% 8.5% Rest of SA .0% .0% .0% .0% Interstate 13.6% .0% .0% 10.5% Overseas 4.5% 25.0% .0% 6.4% Not practising 22.7% 25.0% 66.7% 27.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1965-69 Inner Adelaide 54.3% 37.0% 50.0% 50.1% Outer Adelaide 8.6% 14.8% 7.1% 9.7% Rest of SA 2.9% 3.7% 7.1% 3.6% Interstate 22.9% 33.3% .0% 21.9% Overseas 5.7% .0% 7.1% 4.7% Not practising 5.7% 11.1% 28.6% 10.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970-74 Inner Adelaide 50.0% 63.3% 43.5% 51.2% Outer Adelaide 15.2% 6.7% 21.7% 14.8% Rest of SA 10.9% 6.7% 8.7% 9.8% Interstate 15.2% 13.3% 13.0% 14.5% Overseas 4.3% .0% .0% 2.8% Not practising 4.3% 10.0% 13.0% 6.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1975-79 Inner Adelaide 57.6% 35.3% 57.9% 52.0% Outer Adelaide 17.5% 11.8% 5.3% 14.7% Rest of SA 5.5% 5.9% 10.5% 6.2% Interstate 14.0% 41.2% 21.1% 21.6% Overseas 1.7% 2.0% .0% 1.6% Location missing 1.9% .0% .0% 1.2% Not practising 1.9% 3.9% 5.3% 2.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980-84 Inner Adelaide 47.9% 22.5% 65.6% 46.6% Outer Adelaide 14.0% 17.5% 9.4% 13.8% Rest of SA 5.8% 10.0% 6.3% 6.6% Interstate 27.0% 40.0% 12.5% 26.7% Overseas 1.5% 10.0% 6.3% 3.8% Not practising 3.7% .0% .0% 2.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


170

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1985-89 Inner Adelaide 56.2% 33.3% 50.0% 53.0% Outer Adelaide 10.2% 16.7% 16.7% 11.7% Rest of SA 5.2% 5.6% 5.6% 5.3% Interstate 20.8% 44.4% 11.1% 22.0% Overseas 6.8% .0% 5.6% 6.0% Not practising .8% .0% 11.1% 2.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990-94 Inner Adelaide 51.9% 26.3% 42.6% 47.0% Outer Adelaide 7.6% 10.5% 17.0% 10.5% Rest of SA 4.4% 10.5% 12.8% 7.3% Interstate 23.1% 36.8% 8.5% 20.3% Overseas 10.3% 10.5% 10.6% 10.4% Not practising 2.6% 5.3% 8.5% 4.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1995-99 Inner Adelaide 41.7% 15.0% 52.9% 42.8% Outer Adelaide 15.6% 20.0% 9.8% 13.9% Rest of SA 8.2% 10.0% 11.8% 9.8% Interstate 16.4% 45.0% 19.6% 21.0% Overseas 12.7% 5.0% .0% 6.9% Not practising 5.5% 5.0% 5.9% 5.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 2000+ Inner Adelaide 60.0% 35.5% 51.6% 53.3% Outer Adelaide 11.6% 19.4% 19.4% 14.9% Rest of SA 5.0% 6.5% 12.9% 7.2% Interstate 17.3% 32.3% .0% 16.0% Overseas 2.4% 6.5% 9.7% 4.9% Not practising 3.8% .0% 6.5% 3.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total Inner Adelaide 52.4% 34.4% 51.0% 49.2% Outer Adelaide 12.4% 14.3% 13.3% 12.9% Rest of SA 5.6% 7.0% 10.0% 6.7% Interstate 19.7% 34.4% 11.2% 20.3% Overseas 5.4% 4.9% 5.0% 5.2% Location missing .2% .0% .0% .2% Not practising 4.4% 4.9% 9.5% 5.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


171

Table B12 Median & Mean Hours Worked: Sex by Cohort by Profession


Median Mean SE Mean Median Mean SE

Mean Median Mean SE Mean

Male 1960-64 37 36.5 3.0 36 34.2 3.8 . . . 1965-69 50 50.5 2.0 38 34.8 3.3 30 30.0 12.2 1970-74 50 50.5 2.0 38 40.3 3.0 54 53.5 1.8 1975-79 50 50.5 1.4 40 41.6 1.8 38 35.5 6.5 1980-84 50 52.9 1.1 40 42.8 1.9 40 40.0 4.8 1985-89 50 51.2 2.0 38 36.4 4.2 50 46.8 9.8 1990-94 50 50.9 1.9 40 39.7 4.0 38 39.5 2.6 1995-99 45 46.3 2.7 35 35.3 2.2 42 44.8 3.9 2000+ 50 49.7 2.3 42 40.6 4.3 39 42.7 2.6 Total 50 49.7 .7 40 39.6 1.0 40 41.5 1.6Female 1960-64 12 12.0 .0 . . . 27 26.8 14.3 1965-69 50 50.0 6.7 40 40.0 . 26 30.2 6.2 1970-74 35 35.7 3.4 38 28.7 12.9 29 29.0 2.5 1975-79 35 37.3 3.2 33 32.8 3.1 35 36.9 4.1 1980-84 38 35.6 2.0 31 29.4 6.1 25 26.9 3.2 1985-89 32 35.0 2.6 33 32.3 4.7 15 20.1 4.5 1990-94 29 28.4 1.8 33 32.4 4.2 34 32.5 3.8 1995-99 40 37.7 3.3 40 34.2 5.2 38 34.3 1.8 2000+ 45 45.5 1.8 38 37.1 2.2 38 39.1 3.1 Total 38 35.8 1.0 37 33.4 1.6 35 31.7 1.2Total 1960-64 36 35.1 3.0 36 34.2 3.8 27 26.8 14.3 1965-69 50 50.4 1.9 39 35.0 3.2 26 30.2 5.1 1970-74 50 47.5 1.9 38 39.0 3.0 30 31.5 2.9 1975-79 48 46.6 1.5 40 40.1 1.7 35 36.6 3.4 1980-84 48 46.3 1.3 40 40.2 2.2 33 31.0 2.9 1985-89 45 43.0 1.9 37 34.1 3.1 26 28.4 5.4 1990-94 40 38.4 1.8 39 36.5 3.0 38 36.4 2.3 1995-99 45 42.0 2.2 38 34.8 2.6 38 37.2 1.8 2000+ 50 47.4 1.5 38 38.9 2.4 38 40.7 2.1 Total 45 44.5 .6 38 38.0 .9 38 35.0 1.0


172

Table B13.1 Expect to Work by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male More 11.0% 12.4% 23.3% 12.6% About same 78.2% 77.1% 67.1% 76.8% Less 9.6% 8.8% 9.6% 9.4% Missing 1.2% 1.8% .0% 1.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%Female More 21.5% 22.6% 17.9% 20.5% About same 58.5% 61.3% 67.6% 61.6% Less 17.9% 12.9% 11.7% 15.5% Missing 2.1% 3.2% 2.8% 2.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%Total More 14.9% 15.1% 19.7% 15.9% About same 70.8% 72.8% 67.4% 70.5% Less 12.7% 9.9% 11.0% 11.9% Missing 1.6% 2.2% 1.8% 1.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B13.2 Expect to Work by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960-64 More .0% .0% .0% .0% About same 70.6% 50.0% 50.0% 67.0% Less 23.5% 50.0% 50.0% 28.1% Missing 5.9% .0% .0% 4.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1965-69 More .0% 8.3% .0% 1.8% About same 90.6% 58.3% 66.7% 81.3% Less 6.3% 29.2% 33.3% 13.9% Missing 3.1% 4.2% .0% 3.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970-74 More 6.8% 11.1% 5.0% 7.3% About same 75.0% 81.5% 85.0% 77.7% Less 18.2% 3.7% 10.0% 14.4% Missing .0% 3.7% .0% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1975-79 More 9.6% 6.1% 5.6% 8.2% About same 75.9% 89.8% 88.9% 80.9% Less 12.6% 2.0% 5.6% 9.1% Missing 1.9% 2.0% .0% 1.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


173

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1980-84 More 11.5% 5.0% 25.0% 12.7% About same 76.2% 92.5% 71.9% 78.3% Less 10.7% 2.5% 3.1% 8.0% Missing 1.6% .0% .0% 1.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1985-89 More 25.4% 11.1% 31.3% 24.6% About same 66.9% 88.9% 56.3% 68.0% Less 7.7% .0% 12.5% 7.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990-94 More 23.2% 16.7% 20.5% 21.9% About same 59.9% 61.1% 59.1% 59.8% Less 15.0% 22.2% 15.9% 15.9% Missing 1.8% .0% 4.5% 2.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1995-99 More 11.7% 21.1% 25.0% 17.9% About same 72.3% 47.4% 62.5% 65.6% Less 12.9% 26.3% 8.3% 12.7% Missing 3.1% 5.3% 4.2% 3.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 2000+ More 32.7% 51.6% 24.1% 34.4% About same 53.1% 41.9% 65.5% 53.8% Less 14.3% 3.2% 10.3% 11.2% Missing .0% 3.2% .0% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total More 14.9% 15.1% 19.7% 15.9% About same 70.8% 72.8% 67.4% 70.5% Less 12.7% 9.9% 11.0% 11.9% Missing 1.6% 2.2% 1.8% 1.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


174

Table B14.1 Busyness by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male Less busy than would like 2.4% 10.7% 9.7% 4.9% As busy as would like 47.5% 63.1% 63.9% 52.4% Busier than would like 48.5% 23.8% 23.6% 40.9% Missing 1.7% 2.4% 2.8% 1.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female Less busy than would like 1.3% 6.5% 4.1% 2.7% As busy as would like 50.9% 59.7% 69.7% 57.6% Busier than would like 44.0% 27.4% 23.4% 36.0% Missing 3.8% 6.5% 2.8% 3.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total Less busy than would like 2.0% 9.6% 6.0% 4.0% As busy as would like 48.8% 62.2% 67.7% 54.5% Busier than would like 46.8% 24.8% 23.5% 38.8% Missing 2.4% 3.5% 2.8% 2.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B14.2 Busyness by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960-64 Less busy than would like .0% 20.0% .0% 2.1% As busy as would like 70.6% 60.0% 100.0% 71.0% Busier than would like 23.5% 20.0% .0% 21.9% Missing 5.9% .0% .0% 5.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1965-69 Less busy than would like .0% 4.2% .0% .9% As busy as would like 46.9% 79.2% 100.0% 59.1% Busier than would like 46.9% 12.5% .0% 34.8% Missing 6.3% 4.2% .0% 5.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970-74 Less busy than would like .0% 14.8% 20.0% 5.7% As busy as would like 56.8% 48.1% 35.0% 51.9% Busier than would like 43.2% 33.3% 45.0% 41.8% Missing .0% 3.7% .0% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1975-79 Less busy than would like 3.9% 8.2% 16.7% 6.4% As busy as would like 39.3% 61.2% 66.7% 48.0% Busier than would like 54.9% 28.6% 16.7% 43.8% Missing 1.9% 2.0% .0% 1.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


175

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1980-84 Less busy than would like 4.6% 2.5% 3.2% 4.0% As busy as would like 34.5% 70.0% 54.8% 44.1% Busier than would like 58.6% 25.0% 38.7% 49.4% Missing 2.3% 2.5% 3.2% 2.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1985-89 Less busy than would like 1.6% 5.6% 6.3% 2.6% As busy as would like 46.6% 77.8% 68.8% 52.5% Busier than would like 49.9% 16.7% 25.0% 43.5% Missing 1.8% .0% .0% 1.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990-94 Less busy than would like 1.7% 5.9% 2.3% 2.2% As busy as would like 58.2% 47.1% 68.2% 60.0% Busier than would like 38.2% 47.1% 25.0% 35.3% Missing 1.8% .0% 4.5% 2.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1995-99 Less busy than would like .0% 10.5% 4.2% 2.9% As busy as would like 57.8% 68.4% 72.9% 64.9% Busier than would like 39.1% 10.5% 16.7% 27.1% Missing 3.1% 10.5% 6.3% 5.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 2000+ Less busy than would like 2.7% 22.6% 3.4% 6.8% As busy as would like 49.6% 48.4% 82.8% 57.1% Busier than would like 45.0% 22.6% 13.8% 33.3% Missing 2.7% 6.5% .0% 2.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total Less busy than would like 2.0% 9.6% 6.0% 4.0% As busy as would like 48.8% 62.2% 67.7% 54.5% Busier than would like 46.8% 24.8% 23.5% 38.8% Missing 2.4% 3.5% 2.8% 2.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


176

Table B15.1 Q13 Expect to Work by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male Yes 26.5% 15.4% 66.7% 26.6% No 70.8% 84.6% 33.3% 71.5% Missing 2.7% .0% .0% 1.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%Female Yes 60.6% 66.7% 36.0% 48.9% No 35.7% 33.3% 60.0% 47.5% Missing 3.7% .0% 4.0% 3.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%Total Yes 41.0% 25.0% 39.3% 38.4% No 55.9% 75.0% 57.1% 58.8% Missing 3.1% .0% 3.6% 2.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


177

Table B15.2 Q13 Expect to Work by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960-64 Yes .0% .0% 25.0% 6.6% No 100.0% 100.0% 75.0% 93.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%1965-69 Yes .0% .0% .0% .0% No 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%1970-74 Yes 33.3% .0% 33.3% 26.2% No 66.7% 100.0% 66.7% 73.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%1975-79 Yes 68.7% 33.3% .0% 43.9% No 31.3% 66.7% 100.0% 56.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%1980-84 Yes 42.1% .0% .0% 33.1% No 57.9% 100.0% .0% 55.0% Missing .0% .0% 100.0% 11.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%1985-89 Yes 23.8% .0% .0% 13.1% No 76.2% .0% 100.0% 86.9% Total 100.0% .0% 100.0% 100.0%1990-94 Yes 56.8% 100.0% 80.0% 64.8% No 29.7% .0% 20.0% 25.8% Missing 13.5% .0% .0% 9.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%1995-99 Yes 83.9% 100.0% 100.0% 90.3% No 16.1% .0% .0% 9.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%2000+ Yes 100.0% .0% 75.0% 86.9% No .0% .0% 25.0% 13.1% Total 100.0% .0% 100.0% 100.0%Total Yes 41.0% 25.0% 39.3% 38.4% No 55.9% 75.0% 57.1% 58.8% Missing 3.1% .0% 3.6% 2.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


178

Table B16.1 Reason for Current Situation (<35 hours) by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male FT not available 3.5% 2.2% 7.1% 3.6% Preference 68.8% 77.8% 50.0% 69.4% Illness or injury 7.0% 8.9% 7.1% 7.7% Other 20.7% 11.1% 35.7% 19.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female FT not available .0% 7.4% 1.1% 1.1% Preference 93.9% 81.5% 82.0% 88.5% Illness or injury 1.3% .0% 7.9% 3.6% Other 4.8% 11.1% 9.0% 6.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total FT not available 1.0% 4.2% 1.9% 1.8% Preference 86.6% 79.2% 77.7% 82.8% Illness or injury 2.9% 5.6% 7.8% 4.8% Other 9.4% 11.1% 12.6% 10.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B16.2 Reason for Current Situation (<35 hours) by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960-64 FT not available .0% .0% .0% .0% Preference 60.0% 66.7% 50.0% 58.4% Illness or injury 10.0% .0% 16.7% 10.6% Other 30.0% 33.3% 33.3% 31.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1965-69 FT not available .0% .0% .0% .0% Preference 66.7% 70.0% 90.9% 78.5% Illness or injury .0% 10.0% 9.1% 7.3% Other 33.3% 20.0% .0% 14.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970-74 FT not available .0% .0% 7.1% 2.6% Preference 77.8% 77.8% 85.7% 80.7% Illness or injury 11.1% 11.1% 7.1% 9.7% Other 11.1% 11.1% .0% 7.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1975-79 FT not available .0% .0% .0% .0% Preference 100.0% 91.7% 71.4% 92.5% Illness or injury .0% 8.3% 28.6% 7.5% Other .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


179

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1980-84 FT not available .0% .0% .0% .0% Preference 93.0% 100.0% 83.3% 90.5% Illness or injury 3.5% .0% 11.1% 5.7% Other 3.5% .0% 5.6% 3.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1985-89 FT not available .0% .0% .0% .0% Preference 89.9% 80.0% 100.0% 91.5% Illness or injury 2.4% .0% .0% 1.7% Other 7.7% 20.0% .0% 6.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990-94 FT not available .0% .0% 5.9% 1.7% Preference 95.3% 71.4% 76.5% 87.7% Illness or injury .0% 14.3% .0% 1.3% Other 4.7% 14.3% 17.6% 9.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1995-99 FT not available .0% 22.2% .0% 4.0% Preference 83.9% 66.7% 60.0% 71.6% Illness or injury .0% .0% 6.7% 2.5% Other 16.1% 11.1% 33.3% 21.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 2000+ FT not available 18.6% 12.5% .0% 13.8% Preference 81.4% 75.0% 33.3% 72.0% Illness or injury .0% .0% .0% .0% Other .0% 12.5% 66.7% 14.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total FT not available 1.0% 4.2% 1.9% 1.8% Preference 86.6% 79.2% 77.7% 82.8% Illness or injury 2.9% 5.6% 7.8% 4.8% Other 9.4% 11.1% 12.6% 10.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


180

Table B17.1 Best Describes Current Situation (<35 hours) by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male Home duties 3.4% 2.3% .0% 2.6% Further study 11.4% 6.8% 7.1% 9.3% Predom PT 58.5% 54.5% 78.6% 59.8% Employment not in prof 6.8% 22.7% .0% 11.2% Other 18.5% 6.8% 14.3% 14.0% Missing 1.5% 6.8% .0% 3.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female Home duties 22.4% 21.4% 21.3% 21.9% Further study 3.0% .0% 1.1% 2.0% Predom PT 68.8% 71.4% 62.9% 66.9% Employment not in prof .0% .0% 5.6% 2.1% Other 5.8% 7.1% 9.0% 7.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total Home duties 16.6% 9.7% 18.4% 16.0% Further study 5.6% 4.2% 1.9% 4.2% Predom PT 65.7% 61.1% 65.0% 64.7% Employment not in prof 2.1% 13.9% 4.9% 4.9% Other 9.7% 6.9% 9.7% 9.2% Missing .5% 4.2% .0% .9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


181

Table B17.2 Best Describes Current Situation (<35 hours) by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960-64 Home duties 10.0% .0% 16.7% 10.6% Further study 10.0% .0% .0% 7.0% Predom PT 50.0% 66.7% 33.3% 47.8% Employment not in prof .0% 33.3% 16.7% 6.5% Other 30.0% .0% 33.3% 28.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1965-69 Home duties 33.3% .0% 27.3% 19.9% Further study .0% .0% .0% .0% Predom PT 66.7% 50.0% 72.7% 64.0% Employment not in prof .0% 40.0% .0% 12.9% Other .0% 10.0% .0% 3.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970-74 Home duties .0% .0% 14.3% 5.6% Further study .0% .0% .0% .0% Predom PT 75.0% 62.5% 64.3% 68.6% Employment not in prof 12.5% 25.0% 7.1% 12.6% Other 12.5% 12.5% 14.3% 13.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1975-79 Home duties 10.1% .0% .0% 5.4% Further study .0% .0% .0% .0% Predom PT 55.0% 75.0% 85.7% 66.5% Employment not in prof 10.1% 8.3% 14.3% 10.4% Other 24.8% 8.3% .0% 15.5% Missing .0% 8.3% .0% 2.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980-84 Home duties 14.7% 33.3% 16.7% 18.1% Further study 14.7% .0% .0% 7.3% Predom PT 55.9% 66.7% 83.3% 67.3% Employment not in prof .0% .0% .0% .0% Other 11.2% .0% .0% 5.6% Missing 3.5% .0% .0% 1.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1985-89 Home duties 15.4% 33.3% 25.0% 19.2% Further study .0% .0% .0% .0% Predom PT 82.2% 50.0% 66.7% 75.8% Employment not in prof .0% 16.7% 8.3% 3.4% Other 2.4% .0% .0% 1.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


182

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1990-94 Home duties 27.1% 14.3% 23.5% 24.9% Further study 5.1% 14.3% 5.9% 6.2% Predom PT 67.7% 57.1% 58.8% 64.2% Employment not in prof .0% .0% .0% .0% Other .0% 14.3% 11.8% 4.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1995-99 Home duties 21.2% .0% 13.3% 14.4% Further study 5.1% 11.1% 6.7% 6.8% Predom PT 73.7% 66.7% 53.3% 64.7% Employment not in prof .0% .0% .0% .0% Other .0% .0% 26.7% 10.2% Missing .0% 22.2% .0% 4.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 2000+ Home duties 18.6% 12.5% 33.3% 18.9% Further study 18.6% 12.5% .0% 13.8% Predom PT 44.1% 50.0% 33.3% 44.4% Employment not in prof .0% 12.5% 33.3% 9.1% Other 18.6% 12.5% .0% 13.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total Home duties 16.6% 9.7% 18.4% 16.0% Further study 5.6% 4.2% 1.9% 4.2% Predom PT 65.7% 61.1% 65.0% 64.7% Employment not in prof 2.1% 13.9% 4.9% 4.9% Other 9.7% 6.9% 9.7% 9.2% Missing .5% 4.2% .0% .9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


183

Table B18.1 Self Reported Health by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male Excellent 29.5% 32.8% 32.0% 30.5% Very good 40.6% 37.2% 45.3% 40.4% Good 21.7% 23.3% 14.7% 21.3% Fair 6.8% 5.6% 6.7% 6.5% Poor 1.4% 1.1% .0% 1.2% Missing .0% .0% 1.3% .1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female Excellent 30.5% 23.4% 29.5% 29.5% Very good 34.1% 39.1% 45.2% 38.2% Good 26.4% 31.3% 17.5% 24.0% Fair 8.0% 6.3% 6.0% 7.2% Poor 1.0% .0% .6% .7% Missing .0% .0% 1.2% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total Excellent 29.9% 30.3% 30.3% 30.0% Very good 38.2% 37.7% 45.2% 39.5% Good 23.5% 25.4% 16.6% 22.4% Fair 7.2% 5.7% 6.2% 6.8% Poor 1.2% .8% .4% 1.0% Missing .0% .0% 1.2% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


184

Table B18.2 Self Reported Health by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960-64 Excellent 36.4% 50.0% 33.3% 37.6% Very good 27.3% 12.5% 50.0% 28.1% Good 18.2% 25.0% 16.7% 18.8% Fair 13.6% 12.5% .0% 12.0% Poor 4.5% .0% .0% 3.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1965-69 Excellent 22.9% 25.9% 35.7% 25.3% Very good 42.9% 40.7% 50.0% 43.4% Good 28.6% 25.9% 7.1% 25.1% Fair 5.7% 3.7% 7.1% 5.5% Poor .0% 3.7% .0% .8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970-74 Excellent 26.1% 23.3% 26.1% 25.6% Very good 32.6% 36.7% 43.5% 35.2% Good 28.3% 26.7% 17.4% 26.1% Fair 10.9% 13.3% 13.0% 11.7% Poor 2.2% .0% .0% 1.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1975-79 Excellent 37.0% 37.3% 26.3% 35.8% Very good 39.0% 35.3% 31.6% 37.2% Good 17.5% 19.6% 26.3% 19.1% Fair 6.5% 5.9% 15.8% 7.4% Poor .0% 2.0% .0% .5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980-84 Excellent 28.1% 22.5% 15.6% 25.0% Very good 40.8% 42.5% 59.4% 44.2% Good 20.1% 30.0% 12.5% 20.5% Fair 8.8% 5.0% 12.5% 8.8% Poor 2.2% .0% .0% 1.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1985-89 Excellent 30.2% 27.8% 22.2% 28.9% Very good 41.2% 38.9% 50.0% 42.1% Good 23.4% 27.8% 22.2% 23.7% Fair 5.2% 5.6% 5.6% 5.3% Poor .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990-94 Excellent 34.1% 15.8% 34.0% 32.4% Very good 41.6% 42.1% 42.6% 41.9% Good 20.8% 42.1% 21.3% 22.9% Fair 1.6% .0% 2.1% 1.6% Poor 1.8% .0% .0% 1.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


185

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1995-99 Excellent 26.1% 30.0% 29.4% 27.9% Very good 27.5% 35.0% 43.1% 34.4% Good 32.2% 30.0% 15.7% 25.6% Fair 14.2% 5.0% 3.9% 9.2% Poor .0% .0% 2.0% .8% Missing .0% .0% 5.9% 2.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 2000+ Excellent 27.4% 45.2% 48.4% 35.8% Very good 41.4% 38.7% 41.9% 41.0% Good 26.5% 12.9% 9.7% 19.9% Fair 3.6% 3.2% .0% 2.6% Poor 1.2% .0% .0% .7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total Excellent 29.9% 30.3% 30.3% 30.0% Very good 38.2% 37.7% 45.2% 39.5% Good 23.5% 25.4% 16.6% 22.4% Fair 7.2% 5.7% 6.2% 6.8% Poor 1.2% .8% .4% 1.0% Missing .0% .0% 1.2% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


186

Table B19.1 "I am satisfied with the profession as a career" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 33.8% 31.4% 18.7% 31.7% Agree 51.3% 56.2% 61.3% 53.4% Neither 7.9% 5.9% 8.0% 7.5% Disagree 6.4% 5.9% 9.3% 6.6% St disagree .6% .6% 2.7% .8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 26.6% 25.4% 27.7% 26.8% Agree 56.6% 57.1% 55.4% 56.3% Neither 11.3% 14.3% 8.8% 10.8% Disagree 5.2% 1.6% 8.1% 5.7% St disagree .3% 1.6% .0% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 31.2% 29.7% 24.7% 29.7% Agree 53.3% 56.5% 57.4% 54.6% Neither 9.2% 8.2% 8.5% 8.9% Disagree 5.9% 4.7% 8.5% 6.2% St disagree .5% .9% .9% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B19.2 "If I could, I would like to move into another occupation" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male # St agree 5.0% 3.0% 6.7% 4.8% Agree 13.2% 19.5% 17.3% 14.9% Neither 16.7% 23.7% 37.3% 20.4% Disagree 37.5% 33.7% 32.0% 36.1% St disagree 27.6% 20.1% 6.7% 23.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 1.6% 4.8% 2.7% 2.3% Agree 12.2% 17.5% 19.6% 15.0% Neither 16.5% 25.4% 25.0% 20.1% Disagree 44.2% 30.2% 37.8% 40.7% St disagree 25.5% 22.2% 14.9% 21.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 3.7% 3.4% 4.0% 3.7% Agree 12.8% 19.0% 18.8% 15.0% Neither 16.7% 24.1% 29.1% 20.3% Disagree 40.0% 32.8% 35.9% 38.0% St disagree 26.8% 20.7% 12.1% 23.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

# χ2 p<0.01


187

Table B19.3 "Most days I feel enthusiastic about my work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 14.4% 19.5% 10.7% 15.0% Agree 58.6% 54.4% 70.7% 59.1% Neither 19.7% 17.2% 16.0% 18.8% Disagree 6.6% 7.7% 2.7% 6.4% St disagree .7% 1.2% .0% .7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female * St agree 11.8% 19.0% 18.9% 14.8% Agree 64.7% 44.4% 64.2% 62.4% Neither 15.5% 25.4% 14.2% 16.1% Disagree 6.3% 11.1% 2.7% 5.7% St disagree 1.7% .0% .0% 1.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total * St agree 13.4% 19.4% 16.1% 14.9% Agree 60.9% 51.7% 66.4% 60.5% Neither 18.1% 19.4% 14.8% 17.7% Disagree 6.4% 8.6% 2.7% 6.1% St disagree 1.1% .9% .0% .8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

* χ2 p<0.05 Table B19.4 "Most of the time I have to force myself to go to work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree .6% 1.8% 1.3% .9% Agree 4.7% 7.7% 2.7% 5.1% Neither 16.7% 14.8% 10.7% 15.7% Disagree 45.3% 46.7% 62.7% 47.5% St disagree 32.7% 29.0% 22.7% 30.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree .7% .0% .0% .4% Agree 5.9% 7.9% 4.1% 5.5% Neither 17.9% 19.0% 8.1% 15.0% Disagree 55.6% 46.0% 62.8% 56.8% St disagree 19.9% 27.0% 25.0% 22.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree .6% 1.3% .4% .7% Agree 5.2% 7.8% 3.6% 5.3% Neither 17.2% 15.9% 9.0% 15.4% Disagree 49.1% 46.6% 62.8% 51.4% St disagree 27.9% 28.4% 24.2% 27.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

# χ2 p<0.01


188

Table B19.5 "Overall, I enjoy my work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 26.3% 29.6% 21.3% 26.4% Agree 62.0% 55.0% 70.7% 61.6% Neither 9.0% 10.1% 6.7% 8.9% Disagree 2.5% 4.7% 1.3% 2.8% St disagree .2% .6% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 26.1% 25.4% 30.4% 27.4% Agree 59.4% 58.7% 61.5% 59.9% Neither 10.5% 11.1% 7.4% 9.6% Disagree 3.0% 4.8% .0% 2.2% St disagree 1.0% .0% .7% .8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 26.2% 28.4% 27.4% 26.8% Agree 61.0% 56.0% 64.6% 60.9% Neither 9.6% 10.3% 7.2% 9.2% Disagree 2.7% 4.7% .4% 2.6% St disagree .5% .4% .4% .5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B19.6 "I am contented with the amount of work that I get done" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 16.8% 18.9% 12.0% 16.7% Agree 57.7% 65.7% 61.3% 59.6% Neither 16.9% 9.5% 14.7% 15.2% Disagree 8.3% 4.7% 12.0% 8.0% St disagree .4% 1.2% .0% .5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female * St agree 5.6% 19.0% 12.8% 9.2% Agree 64.8% 61.9% 68.2% 65.6% Neither 12.5% 11.1% 10.8% 11.8% Disagree 15.7% 7.9% 6.8% 12.1% St disagree 1.4% .0% 1.4% 1.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total * St agree 12.6% 19.0% 12.6% 13.6% Agree 60.3% 64.7% 65.9% 62.1% Neither 15.3% 9.9% 12.1% 13.8% Disagree 11.1% 5.6% 8.5% 9.7% St disagree .7% .9% .9% .8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

* χ2 p<0.05


189

Table B19.7 "The major satisfaction in my life comes from my job" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 4.6% 4.1% .0% 4.0% Agree 18.8% 18.9% 16.0% 18.5% Neither 40.3% 32.0% 32.0% 37.7% Disagree 26.4% 34.3% 30.7% 28.4% St disagree 9.9% 10.7% 21.3% 11.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 1.7% 7.9% 2.0% 2.4% Agree 16.9% 17.5% 20.9% 18.2% Neither 27.8% 28.6% 33.1% 29.5% Disagree 40.5% 34.9% 35.8% 38.4% St disagree 13.2% 11.1% 8.1% 11.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 3.5% 5.2% 1.3% 3.4% Agree 18.0% 18.5% 19.3% 18.4% Neither 35.6% 31.0% 32.7% 34.3% Disagree 31.7% 34.5% 34.1% 32.6% St disagree 11.1% 10.8% 12.6% 11.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B19.8 "Working is putting too much stress on me" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 4.1% 5.9% 2.7% 4.3% Agree 29.1% 29.0% 21.3% 28.2% Neither 32.2% 29.0% 28.0% 31.1% Disagree 30.3% 30.2% 44.0% 31.8% St disagree 4.3% 5.9% 4.0% 4.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female # St agree 5.6% 6.3% 2.0% 4.6% Agree 33.8% 15.9% 12.8% 25.5% Neither 27.9% 36.5% 29.1% 29.1% Disagree 29.6% 39.7% 50.0% 37.0% St disagree 3.0% 1.6% 6.1% 3.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 4.7% 6.0% 2.2% 4.4% Agree 30.9% 25.4% 15.7% 27.1% Neither 30.6% 31.0% 28.7% 30.3% Disagree 30.1% 32.8% 48.0% 33.9% St disagree 3.8% 4.7% 5.4% 4.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

# χ2 p<0.01


190

Table B19.9 "The work is more intense than I would like" by Sex by Profession


# χ2 p<0.01 Table B19.10 "I feel that my work is emotionally exhausting" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 7.3% 10.1% 4.0% 7.5% Agree 33.9% 33.1% 30.7% 33.4% Neither 29.3% 27.2% 22.7% 28.1% Disagree 23.4% 23.1% 34.7% 24.6% St disagree 6.2% 6.5% 8.0% 6.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female # St agree 11.9% 9.5% 3.4% 9.0% Agree 36.1% 36.5% 24.3% 32.5% Neither 25.1% 30.2% 29.1% 26.8% Disagree 24.6% 23.8% 38.5% 28.8% St disagree 2.4% .0% 4.7% 2.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 9.0% 9.9% 3.6% 8.1% Agree 34.7% 34.1% 26.5% 33.0% Neither 27.7% 28.0% 26.9% 27.6% Disagree 23.9% 23.3% 37.2% 26.3% St disagree 4.8% 4.7% 5.8% 5.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

# χ2 p<0.01


191

Table B19.11 "I feel burnt out because of my work" by Sex by Profession


Table B19.12 "My work frustrates me" by Sex by Profession



192

Table B19.13 "I feel worn out at the end of the working day" by Sex by Profession


# χ2 p<0.01


193

Table B19.14 "I am exhausted in the morning at the thought of another day at work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 1.6% 1.2% .0% 1.3% Agree 6.5% 11.8% 4.0% 7.3% Neither 23.2% 18.3% 20.0% 21.9% Disagree 46.2% 45.0% 56.0% 47.0% St disagree 22.6% 23.7% 20.0% 22.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 2.6% .0% .0% 1.5% Agree 9.5% 14.3% 4.7% 8.5% Neither 24.0% 20.6% 20.9% 22.7% Disagree 48.1% 49.2% 55.4% 50.5% St disagree 15.9% 15.9% 18.9% 16.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 1.9% .9% .0% 1.4% Agree 7.6% 12.5% 4.5% 7.8% Neither 23.5% 19.0% 20.6% 22.2% Disagree 46.9% 46.1% 55.6% 48.4% St disagree 20.1% 21.6% 19.3% 20.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

# χ2 p<0.01 Table B19.15 "I feel that every working hour is tiring for me" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree .8% 1.2% .0% .8% Agree 3.5% 4.1% 4.0% 3.7% Neither 16.2% 24.9% 14.7% 17.7% Disagree 48.6% 40.8% 52.0% 47.4% St disagree 30.9% 29.0% 29.3% 30.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree .9% .0% .0% .5% Agree 4.6% 6.3% 2.0% 4.0% Neither 17.1% 20.6% 16.2% 17.2% Disagree 54.8% 57.1% 56.8% 55.7% St disagree 22.5% 15.9% 25.0% 22.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree .8% .9% .0% .7% Agree 3.9% 4.7% 2.7% 3.8% Neither 16.5% 23.7% 15.7% 17.5% Disagree 50.9% 45.3% 55.2% 50.8% St disagree 27.8% 25.4% 26.5% 27.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


194

Table B19.16 "The demands of my work interfere with my home and family life" by Sex by Profession


# χ2 p<0.01


195

Table B19.17 "The demands of my family and/or spouse/partner interfere with my work-related activities" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 2.0% .0% .0% 1.4% Agree 11.8% 8.3% 13.3% 11.2% Neither 23.6% 17.8% 18.7% 21.9% Disagree 45.1% 52.1% 50.7% 47.1% St disagree 17.6% 21.9% 17.3% 18.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 2.8% 4.8% 2.0% 2.8% Agree 20.9% 17.5% 11.5% 17.7% Neither 20.4% 25.4% 16.2% 19.6% Disagree 44.0% 44.4% 54.1% 47.2% St disagree 11.8% 7.9% 16.2% 12.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 2.3% 1.3% 1.3% 1.9% Agree 15.2% 10.8% 12.1% 13.9% Neither 22.4% 19.8% 17.0% 21.0% Disagree 44.7% 50.0% 52.9% 47.1% St disagree 15.4% 18.1% 16.6% 16.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B19.18 "Opportunities are limited if I want to change career path" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male * St agree 16.0% 17.2% 4.0% 14.9% Agree 33.2% 38.5% 29.3% 33.8% Neither 19.3% 15.4% 18.7% 18.4% Disagree 24.5% 20.7% 41.3% 25.6% St disagree 7.0% 8.3% 6.7% 7.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 7.5% 9.5% 6.1% 7.3% Agree 25.5% 34.9% 32.4% 28.6% Neither 14.1% 14.3% 14.2% 14.1% Disagree 43.4% 31.7% 42.6% 41.9% St disagree 9.5% 9.5% 4.7% 8.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 12.8% 15.1% 5.4% 11.8% Agree 30.3% 37.5% 31.4% 31.7% Neither 17.3% 15.1% 15.7% 16.7% Disagree 31.6% 23.7% 42.2% 32.4% St disagree 7.9% 8.6% 5.4% 7.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

* χ2 p<0.05 # χ2 p<0.01


196

Table B19.19 "Considering all the factors associated with my work, my remuneration is too low" by Sex by Profession


# χ2 p<0.01 Table B19.20 "I work longer hours than I would like" by Sex by Profession


* χ2 p<0.05 # χ2 p<0.01


197

Table B19.21 "A lack of locums has affected my ability to take vacation time" by Sex by Profession


Table B19.22 "My on-call responsibilities are too onerous" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male # St agree 7.1% 1.8% 1.3% 5.4% Agree 15.5% 4.7% 4.0% 12.1% Neither 24.7% 20.1% 30.7% 24.5% Disagree 37.1% 50.9% 29.3% 39.0% St disagree 15.5% 22.5% 34.7% 19.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female # St agree 7.6% 1.6% .0% 4.6% Agree 13.2% 8.1% 3.4% 9.6% Neither 18.6% 33.9% 23.6% 21.7% Disagree 40.2% 38.7% 43.9% 41.2% St disagree 20.5% 17.7% 29.1% 22.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 7.3% 1.7% .4% 5.1% Agree 14.7% 5.6% 3.6% 11.1% Neither 22.4% 23.8% 26.0% 23.3% Disagree 38.3% 47.6% 39.0% 39.9% St disagree 17.4% 21.2% 30.9% 20.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

# χ2 p<0.01


198

Table B19.23 "I get along well with colleagues in my profession" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 29.4% 23.1% 32.0% 28.4% Agree 61.8% 63.9% 60.0% 62.0% Neither 7.6% 11.2% 6.7% 8.2% Disagree .6% 1.8% 1.3% .9% St disagree .6% .0% .0% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 30.5% 28.6% 35.1% 31.7% Agree 62.9% 63.5% 56.1% 60.8% Neither 6.3% 7.9% 7.4% 6.8% Disagree .3% .0% .7% .4% St disagree .0% .0% .7% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 29.8% 24.6% 34.1% 29.8% Agree 62.2% 63.8% 57.4% 61.5% Neither 7.1% 10.3% 7.2% 7.6% Disagree .5% 1.3% .9% .7% St disagree .4% .0% .4% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B19.24 "I can set my own working hours" by Sex by Profession


* χ2 p<0.05 # χ2 p<0.01


199

Table B19.25 "I can influence decisions that are important for my work" by Sex by Profession


* χ2 p<0.05 # χ2 p<0.01


200

Table B19.26 "If needed, I can talk with some of my friends about my work-related problems" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male * St agree 13.2% 22.5% 14.7% 15.2% Agree 57.9% 60.4% 62.7% 58.9% Neither 15.7% 13.0% 14.7% 15.0% Disagree 12.1% 3.6% 5.3% 9.7% St disagree 1.2% .6% 2.7% 1.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 22.3% 17.5% 18.2% 20.5% Agree 61.2% 68.3% 71.6% 65.1% Neither 9.1% 7.9% 2.7% 7.0% Disagree 6.1% 1.6% 6.1% 5.6% St disagree 1.3% 4.8% 1.4% 1.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total # St agree 16.6% 21.1% 17.0% 17.4% Agree 59.1% 62.5% 68.6% 61.5% Neither 13.2% 11.6% 6.7% 11.7% Disagree 9.9% 3.0% 5.8% 8.0% St disagree 1.2% 1.7% 1.8% 1.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

* χ2 p<0.05 # χ2 p<0.01 Table B19.27 "Most of my personal life goals are work-related" by Sex by Profession


* χ2 p<0.05


201

Table B20.1 "I am satisfied with the profession as a career" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 44.2% 48.3% 50.0% 45.5% Agree 38.5% 48.3% 42.9% 40.6% Neither 13.5% 3.4% .0% 10.4% Disagree 3.8% .0% 7.1% 3.5% St disagree .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 32.7% 26.3% 26.3% 30.5% Agree 49.6% 59.2% 55.3% 52.4% Neither 7.6% 3.9% 13.2% 7.5% Disagree 10.2% 9.2% 5.3% 9.3% St disagree .0% 1.3% .0% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 27.1% 25.9% 37.5% 28.5% Agree 51.6% 56.9% 43.8% 51.2% Neither 12.5% 10.3% 10.4% 11.9% Disagree 7.6% 6.9% 6.3% 7.3% St disagree 1.1% .0% 2.1% 1.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 28.3% 29.0% 16.3% 24.8% Agree 63.9% 56.5% 65.0% 63.3% Neither 5.4% 13.0% 7.3% 7.0% Disagree 1.9% .0% 10.6% 4.2% St disagree .4% 1.4% .8% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 31.2% 29.7% 24.7% 29.7% Agree 53.3% 56.5% 57.4% 54.6% Neither 9.2% 8.2% 8.5% 8.9% Disagree 5.9% 4.7% 8.5% 6.2% St disagree .5% .9% .9% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


202

Table B20.2 "If I could, I would like to move into another occupation" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 1.9% 3.4% 14.3% 3.4% Agree 7.7% 10.3% 21.4% 9.5% Neither 15.4% 27.6% 7.1% 16.6% Disagree 32.7% 31.0% 35.7% 32.7% St disagree 42.3% 27.6% 21.4% 37.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 3.1% 2.6% .0% 2.6% Agree 18.3% 23.7% 15.8% 19.1% Neither 17.7% 21.1% 34.2% 20.6% Disagree 38.9% 34.2% 34.2% 37.3% St disagree 21.9% 18.4% 15.8% 20.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 5.8% 3.4% 2.1% 4.9% Agree 13.8% 19.0% 18.8% 15.3% Neither 17.4% 25.9% 22.9% 19.5% Disagree 37.4% 27.6% 43.8% 36.9% St disagree 25.7% 24.1% 12.5% 23.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 3.0% 4.3% 4.9% 3.7% Agree 9.7% 17.4% 19.5% 13.6% Neither 15.6% 24.6% 32.5% 21.8% Disagree 46.4% 36.2% 33.3% 41.1% St disagree 25.3% 17.4% 9.8% 19.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 3.7% 3.4% 4.0% 3.7% Agree 12.8% 19.0% 18.8% 15.0% Neither 16.7% 24.1% 29.1% 20.3% Disagree 40.0% 32.8% 35.9% 38.0% St disagree 26.8% 20.7% 12.1% 23.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


203

Table B20.3 "Most days I feel enthusiastic about my work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 11.5% 37.9% 35.7% 18.5% Agree 65.4% 51.7% 64.3% 63.0% Neither 19.2% 6.9% .0% 15.2% Disagree 3.8% 3.4% .0% 3.4% St disagree .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 16.8% 13.2% 21.1% 16.6% Agree 54.2% 60.5% 57.9% 56.1% Neither 21.8% 14.5% 21.1% 20.1% Disagree 6.2% 9.2% .0% 6.0% St disagree 1.0% 2.6% .0% 1.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 13.7% 20.7% 16.7% 15.1% Agree 56.1% 44.8% 72.9% 57.0% Neither 21.1% 25.9% 10.4% 20.2% Disagree 6.8% 8.6% .0% 6.0% St disagree 2.4% .0% .0% 1.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 11.3% 17.4% 12.2% 12.4% Agree 68.9% 47.8% 66.7% 65.5% Neither 11.9% 24.6% 16.3% 14.9% Disagree 7.4% 10.1% 4.9% 7.0% St disagree .4% .0% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 13.4% 19.4% 16.1% 14.9% Agree 60.9% 51.7% 66.4% 60.5% Neither 18.1% 19.4% 14.8% 17.7% Disagree 6.4% 8.6% 2.7% 6.1% St disagree 1.1% .9% .0% .8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


204

Table B20.4 "Most of the time I have to force myself to go to work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree .0% .0% .0% .0% Agree .0% .0% 7.1% .7% Neither 9.6% 10.3% 7.1% 9.5% Disagree 48.1% 48.3% 50.0% 48.3% St disagree 42.3% 41.4% 35.7% 41.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 1.0% 3.9% .0% 1.5% Agree 5.6% 6.6% .0% 5.1% Neither 22.5% 9.2% 2.6% 17.0% Disagree 40.7% 52.6% 57.9% 45.5% St disagree 30.2% 27.6% 39.5% 30.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 1.2% .0% .0% .9% Agree 7.7% 13.8% 2.1% 7.7% Neither 14.9% 15.5% 12.5% 14.6% Disagree 48.3% 43.1% 62.5% 49.7% St disagree 27.9% 27.6% 22.9% 27.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree .0% .0% .8% .2% Agree 4.6% 7.2% 4.9% 5.0% Neither 18.3% 26.1% 9.8% 16.8% Disagree 57.0% 42.0% 65.9% 57.7% St disagree 20.1% 24.6% 18.7% 20.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree .6% 1.3% .4% .7% Agree 5.2% 7.8% 3.6% 5.3% Neither 17.2% 15.9% 9.0% 15.4% Disagree 49.1% 46.6% 62.8% 51.4% St disagree 27.9% 28.4% 24.2% 27.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


205

Table B20.5 "Overall, I enjoy my work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 21.2% 37.9% 57.1% 27.7% Agree 69.2% 58.6% 42.9% 64.7% Neither 9.6% 3.4% .0% 7.6% Disagree .0% .0% .0% .0% St disagree .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 29.6% 23.7% 28.9% 28.3% Agree 55.6% 61.8% 68.4% 58.7% Neither 12.7% 5.3% 2.6% 9.8% Disagree 2.1% 7.9% .0% 3.0% St disagree .0% 1.3% .0% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 22.8% 31.0% 37.5% 26.2% Agree 64.2% 48.3% 56.3% 60.8% Neither 7.3% 15.5% 6.3% 8.3% Disagree 4.7% 5.2% .0% 4.1% St disagree .8% .0% .0% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 29.0% 27.5% 19.5% 26.0% Agree 58.7% 55.1% 69.1% 61.3% Neither 9.2% 14.5% 9.8% 10.1% Disagree 2.4% 2.9% .8% 2.0% St disagree .7% .0% .8% .7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 26.2% 28.4% 27.4% 26.8% Agree 61.0% 56.0% 64.6% 60.9% Neither 9.6% 10.3% 7.2% 9.2% Disagree 2.7% 4.7% .4% 2.6% St disagree .5% .4% .4% .5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


206

Table B20.6 "I am contented with the amount of work that I get done" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 15.4% 20.7% 28.6% 17.6% Agree 61.5% 75.9% 64.3% 64.2% Neither 19.2% .0% .0% 14.0% Disagree 3.8% .0% 7.1% 3.5% St disagree .0% 3.4% .0% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 17.8% 17.1% 13.2% 17.1% Agree 58.8% 64.5% 55.3% 59.5% Neither 12.2% 11.8% 15.8% 12.6% Disagree 11.1% 6.6% 13.2% 10.4% St disagree .0% .0% 2.6% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 9.1% 24.1% 12.5% 11.8% Agree 54.7% 67.2% 64.6% 58.0% Neither 20.7% 5.2% 14.6% 17.6% Disagree 14.8% 1.7% 8.3% 11.9% St disagree .8% 1.7% .0% .8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 10.7% 15.9% 10.6% 11.3% Agree 66.4% 58.0% 69.9% 66.4% Neither 10.7% 15.9% 11.4% 11.6% Disagree 10.5% 10.1% 7.3% 9.5% St disagree 1.6% .0% .8% 1.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 12.6% 19.0% 12.6% 13.6% Agree 60.3% 64.7% 65.9% 62.1% Neither 15.3% 9.9% 12.1% 13.8% Disagree 11.1% 5.6% 8.5% 9.7% St disagree .7% .9% .9% .8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


207

Table B20.7 "The major satisfaction in my life comes from my job" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 7.7% .0% .0% 5.6% Agree 23.1% 31.0% 42.9% 26.5% Neither 51.9% 41.4% 50.0% 49.9% Disagree 15.4% 24.1% 7.1% 16.0% St disagree 1.9% 3.4% .0% 2.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 4.1% 3.9% 5.3% 4.2% Agree 24.0% 19.7% 18.4% 22.3% Neither 36.2% 30.3% 39.5% 35.4% Disagree 27.5% 32.9% 28.9% 28.8% St disagree 8.2% 13.2% 7.9% 9.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 1.6% 5.2% .0% 1.9% Agree 13.2% 17.2% 22.9% 15.2% Neither 32.2% 32.8% 37.5% 33.0% Disagree 37.3% 29.3% 35.4% 35.9% St disagree 15.7% 15.5% 4.2% 14.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 3.2% 8.7% .8% 3.2% Agree 15.9% 13.0% 15.4% 15.4% Neither 31.6% 26.1% 26.8% 29.5% Disagree 36.4% 44.9% 38.2% 38.1% St disagree 12.9% 7.2% 18.7% 13.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 3.5% 5.2% 1.3% 3.4% Agree 18.0% 18.5% 19.3% 18.4% Neither 35.6% 31.0% 32.7% 34.3% Disagree 31.7% 34.5% 34.1% 32.6% St disagree 11.1% 10.8% 12.6% 11.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


208

Table B20.8 "Working is putting too much stress on me" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 1.9% 3.4% 7.1% 2.7% Agree 23.1% 10.3% 7.1% 19.3% Neither 32.7% 27.6% 28.6% 31.4% Disagree 32.7% 44.8% 35.7% 35.1% St disagree 9.6% 13.8% 21.4% 11.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 4.1% 11.8% 5.3% 5.9% Agree 30.2% 30.3% 13.2% 27.9% Neither 31.9% 27.6% 28.9% 30.6% Disagree 30.2% 26.3% 47.4% 31.7% St disagree 3.5% 3.9% 5.3% 3.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 5.1% 1.7% 2.1% 4.2% Agree 39.7% 32.8% 25.0% 36.5% Neither 29.0% 31.0% 25.0% 28.7% Disagree 23.2% 32.8% 45.8% 28.0% St disagree 2.9% 1.7% 2.1% 2.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 5.8% 4.3% .8% 4.1% Agree 26.2% 20.3% 13.8% 21.7% Neither 30.2% 36.2% 30.1% 30.9% Disagree 35.4% 34.8% 50.4% 39.8% St disagree 2.4% 4.3% 4.9% 3.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 4.7% 6.0% 2.2% 4.4% Agree 30.9% 25.4% 15.7% 27.1% Neither 30.6% 31.0% 28.7% 30.3% Disagree 30.1% 32.8% 48.0% 33.9% St disagree 3.8% 4.7% 5.4% 4.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


209

Table B20.9 "The work is more intense than I would like" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 3.8% .0% 7.1% 3.5% Agree 19.2% 17.2% .0% 16.9% Neither 38.5% 31.0% 35.7% 36.9% Disagree 28.8% 37.9% 35.7% 31.1% St disagree 9.6% 13.8% 21.4% 11.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 6.2% 9.2% 5.3% 6.7% Agree 34.6% 31.6% 26.3% 32.9% Neither 26.0% 27.6% 15.8% 25.0% Disagree 29.7% 30.3% 50.0% 32.5% St disagree 3.5% 1.3% 2.6% 3.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 5.0% .0% 2.1% 3.9% Agree 38.4% 41.4% 29.2% 37.4% Neither 27.8% 29.3% 25.0% 27.6% Disagree 27.1% 27.6% 41.7% 29.4% St disagree 1.7% 1.7% 2.1% 1.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 6.2% 2.9% .8% 4.2% Agree 27.7% 18.8% 16.3% 23.2% Neither 28.1% 36.2% 28.5% 29.3% Disagree 35.5% 37.7% 48.8% 39.8% St disagree 2.4% 4.3% 5.7% 3.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 5.5% 3.9% 2.2% 4.6% Agree 31.6% 28.4% 19.7% 28.8% Neither 28.9% 31.0% 26.0% 28.7% Disagree 30.6% 32.8% 46.6% 34.1% St disagree 3.4% 3.9% 5.4% 3.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


210

Table B20.10 "I feel that my work is emotionally exhausting" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 5.8% .0% 7.1% 4.9% Agree 19.2% 13.8% 14.3% 17.8% Neither 32.7% 27.6% 21.4% 30.7% Disagree 30.8% 44.8% 42.9% 34.4% St disagree 11.5% 13.8% 14.3% 12.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 7.7% 11.8% 2.6% 7.9% Agree 34.7% 36.8% 26.3% 34.1% Neither 28.9% 28.9% 18.4% 27.5% Disagree 25.1% 17.1% 42.1% 25.7% St disagree 3.5% 5.3% 10.5% 4.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 10.4% 5.2% 4.2% 8.7% Agree 36.4% 37.9% 27.1% 35.3% Neither 27.3% 29.3% 31.3% 28.2% Disagree 22.2% 25.9% 33.3% 24.4% St disagree 3.7% 1.7% 4.2% 3.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 10.1% 15.9% 3.3% 8.8% Agree 39.4% 36.2% 27.6% 35.5% Neither 25.0% 26.1% 28.5% 26.2% Disagree 21.6% 18.8% 36.6% 25.7% St disagree 3.9% 2.9% 4.1% 3.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 9.0% 9.9% 3.6% 8.1% Agree 34.7% 34.1% 26.5% 33.0% Neither 27.7% 28.0% 26.9% 27.6% Disagree 23.9% 23.3% 37.2% 26.3% St disagree 4.8% 4.7% 5.8% 5.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


211

Table B20.11 "I feel burnt out because of my work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 1.9% .0% 7.1% 2.1% Agree 13.5% .0% 7.1% 10.5% Neither 21.2% 24.1% 7.1% 20.2% Disagree 44.2% 48.3% 50.0% 45.5% St disagree 19.2% 27.6% 28.6% 21.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 6.2% 9.2% 2.6% 6.3% Agree 17.4% 19.7% 7.9% 16.6% Neither 28.4% 26.3% 23.7% 27.3% Disagree 38.4% 34.2% 47.4% 38.7% St disagree 9.7% 10.5% 18.4% 11.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 4.3% .0% .0% 3.0% Agree 21.0% 25.9% 25.0% 22.3% Neither 27.3% 27.6% 16.7% 25.7% Disagree 34.5% 31.0% 52.1% 36.6% St disagree 13.0% 15.5% 6.3% 12.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 4.9% 7.2% .8% 4.0% Agree 19.4% 18.8% 14.6% 17.9% Neither 23.8% 29.0% 26.8% 25.4% Disagree 42.0% 40.6% 48.8% 43.8% St disagree 9.9% 4.3% 8.9% 8.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 4.6% 5.2% 1.3% 4.1% Agree 18.6% 18.5% 15.2% 17.9% Neither 25.6% 27.2% 22.9% 25.3% Disagree 39.1% 37.1% 49.3% 40.8% St disagree 12.0% 12.1% 11.2% 11.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


212

Table B20.12 "My work frustrates me" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree .0% .0% .0% .0% Agree 7.7% 6.9% 7.1% 7.5% Neither 34.6% 6.9% 28.6% 29.3% Disagree 36.5% 55.2% 35.7% 39.6% St disagree 21.2% 31.0% 28.6% 23.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 1.0% 1.3% 5.3% 1.7% Agree 16.9% 15.8% 5.3% 15.1% Neither 29.3% 27.6% 21.1% 27.9% Disagree 36.9% 40.8% 50.0% 39.5% St disagree 15.9% 14.5% 18.4% 15.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 4.0% 1.7% .0% 3.1% Agree 24.5% 19.0% 25.0% 23.7% Neither 27.0% 19.0% 18.8% 24.6% Disagree 36.8% 43.1% 45.8% 39.1% St disagree 7.7% 17.2% 10.4% 9.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 5.4% 1.4% 2.4% 4.0% Agree 22.1% 20.3% 17.9% 20.6% Neither 21.2% 29.0% 25.2% 23.4% Disagree 38.6% 40.6% 47.2% 41.4% St disagree 12.7% 8.7% 7.3% 10.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 3.2% 1.3% 2.2% 2.7% Agree 19.6% 16.8% 16.6% 18.6% Neither 26.7% 23.3% 23.3% 25.5% Disagree 37.4% 43.1% 46.6% 40.1% St disagree 13.1% 15.5% 11.2% 13.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


213

Table B20.13 "I feel worn out at the end of the working day" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 5.8% .0% 21.4% 6.4% Agree 36.5% 24.1% 21.4% 32.9% Neither 21.2% 24.1% 35.7% 23.2% Disagree 23.1% 31.0% 7.1% 22.8% St disagree 13.5% 20.7% 14.3% 14.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 10.2% 6.6% 7.9% 9.1% Agree 41.8% 53.9% 39.5% 44.1% Neither 21.9% 19.7% 21.1% 21.4% Disagree 20.4% 15.8% 26.3% 20.2% St disagree 5.6% 3.9% 5.3% 5.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 12.5% 1.7% 2.1% 9.4% Agree 44.8% 43.1% 41.7% 44.1% Neither 18.6% 27.6% 33.3% 22.1% Disagree 22.8% 20.7% 22.9% 22.5% St disagree 1.2% 6.9% .0% 1.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 17.6% 11.6% 1.6% 12.1% Agree 35.3% 43.5% 48.0% 40.2% Neither 22.7% 30.4% 18.7% 22.6% Disagree 19.9% 14.5% 30.1% 22.2% St disagree 4.4% .0% 1.6% 3.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 12.6% 6.0% 4.0% 9.9% Agree 40.0% 44.4% 43.5% 41.4% Neither 21.1% 25.4% 23.3% 22.2% Disagree 21.4% 18.5% 26.5% 21.9% St disagree 4.9% 5.6% 2.7% 4.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


214

Table B20.14 "I am exhausted in the morning at the thought of another day at work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree .0% .0% .0% .0% Agree 5.8% .0% 7.1% 4.9% Neither 15.4% 10.3% 7.1% 13.7% Disagree 50.0% 41.4% 50.0% 48.5% St disagree 28.8% 48.3% 35.7% 32.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 2.1% 2.6% .0% 1.9% Agree 5.1% 11.8% 5.3% 6.6% Neither 22.4% 22.4% 18.4% 21.9% Disagree 47.3% 48.7% 42.1% 46.9% St disagree 23.1% 14.5% 34.2% 22.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 2.0% .0% .0% 1.4% Agree 8.7% 13.8% 6.3% 9.1% Neither 21.5% 13.8% 25.0% 20.9% Disagree 48.6% 46.6% 52.1% 48.8% St disagree 19.2% 25.9% 16.7% 19.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 2.7% .0% .0% 1.5% Agree 9.3% 17.4% 3.3% 8.6% Neither 29.6% 23.2% 21.1% 26.2% Disagree 43.6% 44.9% 61.8% 49.2% St disagree 14.9% 14.5% 13.8% 14.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 1.9% .9% .0% 1.4% Agree 7.6% 12.5% 4.5% 7.8% Neither 23.5% 19.0% 20.6% 22.2% Disagree 46.9% 46.1% 55.6% 48.4% St disagree 20.1% 21.6% 19.3% 20.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


215

Table B20.15 "I feel that every working hour is tiring for me" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree .0% .0% .0% .0% Agree 1.9% 3.4% 7.1% 2.7% Neither 15.4% 10.3% 7.1% 13.7% Disagree 50.0% 37.9% 64.3% 49.4% St disagree 32.7% 48.3% 21.4% 34.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree .0% 2.6% .0% .6% Agree 5.6% 10.5% 2.6% 6.3% Neither 21.5% 25.0% 15.8% 21.5% Disagree 38.6% 48.7% 42.1% 41.2% St disagree 34.4% 13.2% 39.5% 30.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree .8% .0% .0% .5% Agree 4.7% .0% 6.3% 4.3% Neither 11.7% 25.9% 29.2% 16.3% Disagree 55.8% 37.9% 41.7% 51.1% St disagree 27.0% 36.2% 22.9% 27.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 1.9% .0% .0% 1.1% Agree 2.7% 2.9% .8% 2.1% Neither 17.8% 26.1% 11.4% 17.0% Disagree 56.4% 50.7% 63.4% 57.8% St disagree 21.2% 20.3% 24.4% 22.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree .8% .9% .0% .7% Agree 3.9% 4.7% 2.7% 3.8% Neither 16.5% 23.7% 15.7% 17.5% Disagree 50.9% 45.3% 55.2% 50.8% St disagree 27.8% 25.4% 26.5% 27.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


216

Table B20.16 "The demands of my work interfere with my home and family life by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 5.8% 3.4% .0% 4.8% Agree 34.6% 10.3% 28.6% 29.9% Neither 23.1% 31.0% 14.3% 23.5% Disagree 26.9% 27.6% 35.7% 27.9% St disagree 9.6% 27.6% 21.4% 13.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 11.8% 5.3% .0% 8.8% Agree 43.2% 30.3% 31.6% 38.9% Neither 25.6% 22.4% 21.1% 24.3% Disagree 12.8% 36.8% 36.8% 21.1% St disagree 6.6% 5.3% 10.5% 6.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 18.8% 6.9% 6.3% 15.2% Agree 48.6% 32.8% 33.3% 44.0% Neither 18.0% 25.9% 31.3% 21.1% Disagree 12.5% 31.0% 29.2% 17.7% St disagree 2.1% 3.4% .0% 2.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 15.5% 5.8% 2.4% 10.4% Agree 36.0% 30.4% 27.6% 32.8% Neither 19.8% 17.4% 12.2% 17.2% Disagree 25.9% 39.1% 49.6% 34.7% St disagree 2.8% 7.2% 8.1% 5.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 14.3% 5.6% 2.7% 10.7% Agree 41.4% 28.4% 29.6% 37.1% Neither 21.1% 22.8% 17.9% 20.8% Disagree 18.7% 34.9% 42.2% 25.8% St disagree 4.4% 8.2% 7.6% 5.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


217

Table B20.17 "The demands of my family and/or spouse/partner interfere with my work-related activities" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 1.9% .0% .0% 1.4% Agree 3.8% .0% 7.1% 3.5% Neither 17.3% 17.2% 14.3% 17.0% Disagree 51.9% 48.3% 57.1% 51.8% St disagree 25.0% 34.5% 21.4% 26.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 1.5% .0% 2.6% 1.3% Agree 9.7% 6.6% 10.5% 9.2% Neither 24.0% 21.1% 15.8% 22.3% Disagree 45.9% 53.9% 50.0% 48.2% St disagree 18.9% 18.4% 21.1% 19.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 3.9% 3.4% .0% 3.3% Agree 28.2% 13.8% 16.7% 24.4% Neither 23.2% 22.4% 29.2% 24.0% Disagree 34.8% 51.7% 45.8% 38.8% St disagree 9.9% 8.6% 8.3% 9.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 1.5% 1.4% 1.6% 1.5% Agree 11.8% 17.4% 11.4% 12.4% Neither 22.5% 17.4% 13.0% 19.0% Disagree 50.2% 44.9% 56.1% 51.2% St disagree 14.1% 18.8% 17.9% 15.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 2.3% 1.3% 1.3% 1.9% Agree 15.2% 10.8% 12.1% 13.9% Neither 22.4% 19.8% 17.0% 21.0% Disagree 44.7% 50.0% 52.9% 47.1% St disagree 15.4% 18.1% 16.6% 16.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


218

Table B20.18 "Opportunities are limited if I want to change career path" by Cohort by Profession



219

Table B20.19 "Considering all the factors associated with my work, my remuneration is too low" by Cohort by Profession



220

Table B20.20 "I work longer hours than I would like" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 7.7% .0% 7.1% 6.3% Agree 26.9% 20.7% 7.1% 23.8% Neither 36.5% 44.8% 28.6% 37.1% Disagree 21.2% 24.1% 28.6% 22.4% St disagree 7.7% 10.3% 28.6% 10.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 13.8% 10.5% 15.8% 13.4% Agree 44.8% 32.9% 15.8% 38.4% Neither 16.3% 18.4% 31.6% 18.8% Disagree 19.4% 32.9% 31.6% 23.9% St disagree 5.6% 5.3% 5.3% 5.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 18.3% 8.6% 12.5% 16.0% Agree 45.0% 32.8% 27.1% 40.6% Neither 15.4% 20.7% 22.9% 17.3% Disagree 19.2% 31.0% 35.4% 23.3% St disagree 2.1% 6.9% 2.1% 2.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 14.8% 10.1% 4.9% 11.2% Agree 29.6% 26.1% 23.6% 27.3% Neither 22.1% 14.5% 20.3% 20.6% Disagree 30.3% 40.6% 48.0% 36.9% St disagree 3.2% 8.7% 3.3% 3.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 14.7% 8.6% 8.5% 12.5% Agree 37.7% 29.3% 22.0% 33.3% Neither 20.6% 21.1% 23.3% 21.2% Disagree 23.0% 33.6% 41.3% 28.2% St disagree 4.0% 7.3% 4.9% 4.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


221

Table B20.21 "A lack of locums has affected my ability to take vacation time" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 7.7% 3.4% 7.1% 6.9% Agree 17.3% 17.2% 14.3% 17.0% Neither 23.1% 13.8% .0% 19.1% Disagree 28.8% 37.9% 50.0% 32.6% St disagree 23.1% 27.6% 28.6% 24.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 8.7% 7.9% 21.1% 10.2% Agree 18.2% 14.5% 18.4% 17.4% Neither 24.0% 28.9% 18.4% 24.3% Disagree 33.2% 36.8% 21.1% 32.4% St disagree 15.9% 11.8% 21.1% 15.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 9.6% 12.1% 10.4% 10.0% Agree 17.4% 19.0% 18.8% 17.8% Neither 11.8% 17.2% 25.0% 14.6% Disagree 39.7% 27.6% 33.3% 37.0% St disagree 21.5% 24.1% 12.5% 20.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 8.1% 5.8% 7.3% 7.6% Agree 9.9% 10.1% 17.1% 12.0% Neither 22.5% 26.1% 15.4% 20.9% Disagree 43.2% 37.7% 41.5% 42.0% St disagree 16.3% 20.3% 18.7% 17.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 8.6% 7.8% 10.3% 8.8% Agree 15.2% 14.7% 17.5% 15.6% Neither 19.7% 23.3% 17.0% 19.8% Disagree 37.8% 34.9% 36.8% 37.1% St disagree 18.7% 19.4% 18.4% 18.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


222

Table B20.22 "My on-call responsibilities are too onerous" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 5.8% .0% .0% 4.2% Agree 11.5% 3.4% .0% 9.0% Neither 28.8% 13.8% 35.7% 27.0% Disagree 40.4% 48.3% 28.6% 40.5% St disagree 13.5% 34.5% 35.7% 19.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 8.1% 1.3% 2.6% 5.9% Agree 13.3% 5.3% 2.6% 10.1% Neither 18.4% 25.0% 23.7% 20.5% Disagree 38.2% 51.3% 44.7% 41.9% St disagree 22.0% 17.1% 26.3% 21.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 7.5% 1.7% .0% 5.5% Agree 19.5% 10.3% 6.3% 16.2% Neither 22.2% 24.1% 25.0% 22.9% Disagree 34.8% 43.1% 33.3% 35.7% St disagree 16.0% 20.7% 35.4% 19.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 7.0% 2.9% .0% 4.4% Agree 12.4% 2.9% 3.3% 8.5% Neither 23.1% 26.5% 26.0% 24.4% Disagree 40.8% 47.1% 40.7% 41.6% St disagree 16.7% 20.6% 30.1% 21.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 7.3% 1.7% .4% 5.1% Agree 14.7% 5.6% 3.6% 11.1% Neither 22.4% 23.8% 26.0% 23.3% Disagree 38.3% 47.6% 39.0% 39.9% St disagree 17.4% 21.2% 30.9% 20.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


223

Table B20.23 "I get along well with colleagues in my profession" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 30.8% 34.5% 42.9% 32.6% Agree 57.7% 51.7% 57.1% 56.6% Neither 11.5% 10.3% .0% 10.2% Disagree .0% 3.4% .0% .6% St disagree .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 26.0% 15.8% 39.5% 25.7% Agree 64.3% 69.7% 55.3% 64.3% Neither 8.6% 14.5% 5.3% 9.4% Disagree 1.0% .0% .0% .7% St disagree .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 29.5% 27.6% 22.9% 28.2% Agree 63.2% 60.3% 64.6% 63.0% Neither 5.7% 10.3% 10.4% 7.1% Disagree .4% 1.7% 2.1% .8% St disagree 1.2% .0% .0% .9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 32.7% 27.5% 35.8% 32.9% Agree 61.5% 65.2% 55.3% 60.2% Neither 5.4% 5.8% 7.3% 6.0% Disagree .4% 1.4% .8% .6% St disagree .0% .0% .8% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 29.8% 24.6% 34.1% 29.8% Agree 62.2% 63.8% 57.4% 61.5% Neither 7.1% 10.3% 7.2% 7.6% Disagree .5% 1.3% .9% .7% St disagree .4% .0% .4% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


224

Table B20.24 "I can set my own working hours" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 13.5% 31.0% 14.3% 16.5% Agree 48.1% 62.1% 57.1% 51.4% Neither 23.1% .0% 14.3% 18.3% Disagree 13.5% 6.9% 7.1% 11.7% St disagree 1.9% .0% 7.1% 2.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 17.8% 21.1% 15.8% 18.2% Agree 40.3% 51.3% 44.7% 43.3% Neither 14.8% 9.2% 13.2% 13.4% Disagree 21.9% 14.5% 21.1% 20.2% St disagree 5.1% 3.9% 5.3% 4.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 6.5% 27.6% 12.5% 10.4% Agree 41.9% 46.6% 47.9% 43.4% Neither 22.0% 10.3% 12.5% 18.9% Disagree 22.2% 8.6% 20.8% 20.0% St disagree 7.5% 6.9% 6.3% 7.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 13.8% 10.1% 13.8% 13.3% Agree 23.0% 56.5% 35.8% 31.2% Neither 11.3% 14.5% 13.0% 12.2% Disagree 29.1% 17.4% 28.5% 27.4% St disagree 22.9% 1.4% 8.9% 15.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 12.5% 20.7% 13.9% 14.1% Agree 36.3% 53.0% 41.3% 39.9% Neither 17.0% 9.9% 13.0% 15.1% Disagree 23.2% 12.9% 24.2% 21.7% St disagree 11.0% 3.4% 7.6% 9.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


225

Table B20.25 "I can influence decisions that are important for my work” by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 15.4% 37.9% 7.1% 18.3% Agree 61.5% 58.6% 78.6% 62.8% Neither 17.3% .0% 7.1% 13.3% Disagree 5.8% 3.4% 7.1% 5.5% St disagree .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 18.9% 22.4% 23.7% 20.2% Agree 54.2% 60.5% 60.5% 56.4% Neither 17.4% 6.6% 10.5% 14.2% Disagree 7.6% 6.6% 5.3% 7.0% St disagree 2.1% 3.9% .0% 2.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 7.6% 32.8% 22.9% 13.5% Agree 55.6% 56.9% 54.2% 55.6% Neither 18.9% 6.9% 12.5% 16.3% Disagree 12.6% 3.4% 6.3% 10.3% St disagree 5.2% .0% 4.2% 4.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 7.4% 18.8% 11.4% 10.1% Agree 49.4% 60.9% 60.2% 54.1% Neither 24.5% 13.0% 17.9% 21.0% Disagree 15.6% 7.2% 8.9% 12.5% St disagree 3.1% .0% 1.6% 2.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 11.4% 25.9% 15.7% 14.5% Agree 54.1% 59.5% 60.1% 56.1% Neither 20.1% 7.8% 14.8% 17.1% Disagree 11.4% 5.6% 7.6% 9.7% St disagree 3.1% 1.3% 1.8% 2.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


226

Table B20.26 "If needed, I can talk with some of my friends about my work-related problems" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 15.4% 27.6% 21.4% 18.1% Agree 48.1% 62.1% 78.6% 53.6% Neither 26.9% 10.3% .0% 21.4% Disagree 7.7% .0% .0% 5.6% St disagree 1.9% .0% .0% 1.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 11.7% 17.1% 21.1% 14.1% Agree 58.3% 57.9% 73.7% 60.2% Neither 17.5% 18.4% .0% 15.3% Disagree 10.6% 5.3% 2.6% 8.4% St disagree 2.1% 1.3% 2.6% 2.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 13.4% 24.1% 12.5% 14.8% Agree 65.8% 60.3% 72.9% 66.1% Neither 8.6% 10.3% 6.3% 8.5% Disagree 11.5% 3.4% 4.2% 9.3% St disagree .8% 1.7% 4.2% 1.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 24.1% 20.3% 17.1% 21.5% Agree 58.0% 69.6% 64.2% 61.4% Neither 8.6% 5.8% 9.8% 8.6% Disagree 8.6% 1.4% 8.1% 7.5% St disagree .7% 2.9% .8% 1.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 16.6% 21.1% 17.0% 17.4% Agree 59.1% 62.5% 68.6% 61.5% Neither 13.2% 11.6% 6.7% 11.7% Disagree 9.9% 3.0% 5.8% 8.0% St disagree 1.2% 1.7% 1.8% 1.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


227

Table B20.27 "Most of my personal life goals are work-related" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 1.9% 3.4% .0% 2.0% Agree 25.0% 17.2% 14.3% 22.6% Neither 23.1% 37.9% 28.6% 26.2% Disagree 46.2% 31.0% 57.1% 44.7% St disagree 3.8% 10.3% .0% 4.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 2.1% 5.3% .0% 2.5% Agree 11.8% 11.8% 13.2% 12.0% Neither 34.2% 34.2% 36.8% 34.5% Disagree 42.3% 42.1% 36.8% 41.5% St disagree 9.7% 6.6% 13.2% 9.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree .0% 3.4% 6.3% 1.4% Agree 9.6% 15.5% 10.4% 10.5% Neither 28.0% 29.3% 22.9% 27.5% Disagree 51.5% 34.5% 45.8% 48.2% St disagree 10.9% 17.2% 14.6% 12.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 3.2% 2.9% .8% 2.4% Agree 14.8% 20.3% 10.6% 14.3% Neither 21.0% 30.4% 16.3% 20.8% Disagree 51.1% 40.6% 60.2% 52.4% St disagree 10.0% 5.8% 12.2% 10.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 1.8% 3.9% 1.8% 2.1% Agree 13.8% 15.9% 11.2% 13.6% Neither 26.7% 32.3% 22.0% 26.7% Disagree 48.4% 38.4% 52.9% 47.6% St disagree 9.4% 9.5% 12.1% 9.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


228

Table B21.1 "I find it hard to work with clients" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree .0% .6% .0% .1% Agree 2.2% 6.0% .0% 2.7% Neither 5.7% 10.8% 2.7% 6.4% Disagree 59.2% 60.5% 57.3% 59.3% St disagree 32.8% 22.2% 40.0% 31.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree .0% .0% .7% .2% Agree .3% 11.1% .7% 1.6% Neither 6.8% 6.3% .7% 4.9% Disagree 59.9% 52.4% 52.1% 56.7% St disagree 33.0% 30.2% 45.8% 36.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree .0% .4% .5% .2% Agree 1.5% 7.4% .5% 2.3% Neither 6.1% 9.6% 1.4% 5.8% Disagree 59.5% 58.3% 53.9% 58.2% St disagree 32.9% 24.3% 43.8% 33.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B21.2 "I find it frustrating to work with clients" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree .6% .6% .0% .5% Agree 5.3% 6.6% 5.3% 5.5% Neither 12.6% 22.2% 12.0% 14.4% Disagree 55.7% 49.7% 57.3% 54.7% St disagree 25.9% 21.0% 25.3% 24.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree .0% .0% .7% .2% Agree 7.1% 11.1% 1.4% 5.8% Neither 11.4% 11.1% 8.3% 10.4% Disagree 62.0% 52.4% 48.6% 56.8% St disagree 19.5% 25.4% 41.0% 26.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree .4% .4% .5% .4% Agree 5.9% 7.8% 2.7% 5.6% Neither 12.1% 19.1% 9.6% 12.8% Disagree 58.0% 50.4% 51.6% 55.6% St disagree 23.5% 22.2% 35.6% 25.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


229

Table B21.3 "It drains my energy working with clients" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree .8% 2.4% .0% 1.0% Agree 14.8% 25.1% 22.7% 17.7% Neither 19.3% 18.0% 22.7% 19.4% Disagree 43.9% 41.3% 40.0% 43.0% St disagree 21.3% 13.2% 14.7% 18.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 1.3% 3.2% .7% 1.3% Agree 23.5% 27.0% 15.3% 21.4% Neither 22.1% 14.3% 19.4% 20.5% Disagree 44.1% 38.1% 42.4% 42.9% St disagree 9.0% 17.5% 22.2% 14.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total * St agree 1.0% 2.6% .5% 1.1% Agree 18.0% 25.7% 17.8% 19.2% Neither 20.3% 17.0% 20.5% 19.8% Disagree 44.0% 40.4% 41.6% 42.9% St disagree 16.7% 14.3% 19.6% 16.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

* χ2 p<0.05 Table B21.4 "I am tired of working with clients" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree .4% 1.2% .0% .5% Agree 6.1% 9.0% 8.0% 6.9% Neither 13.8% 15.6% 16.0% 14.4% Disagree 51.4% 51.5% 56.0% 52.0% St disagree 28.3% 22.8% 20.0% 26.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree .3% 1.6% 2.1% 1.0% Agree 3.7% 9.5% 2.1% 3.8% Neither 10.8% 12.7% 7.6% 10.0% Disagree 64.3% 52.4% 50.0% 58.6% St disagree 20.9% 23.8% 38.2% 26.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree .4% 1.3% 1.4% .7% Agree 5.2% 9.1% 4.1% 5.6% Neither 12.7% 14.8% 10.5% 12.6% Disagree 56.3% 51.7% 52.1% 54.7% St disagree 25.5% 23.0% 32.0% 26.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


230

Table B21.5 "Working with clients gives me great satisfaction" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 20.5% 24.6% 13.3% 20.5% Agree 55.1% 52.1% 70.7% 56.3% Neither 18.9% 18.6% 12.0% 18.0% Disagree 4.1% 4.8% 2.7% 4.1% St disagree 1.4% .0% 1.3% 1.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 22.3% 23.8% 32.6% 25.6% Agree 66.7% 58.7% 59.0% 63.5% Neither 9.3% 12.7% 6.3% 8.8% Disagree 1.0% 4.8% 1.4% 1.5% St disagree .7% .0% .7% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 21.1% 24.3% 26.0% 22.6% Agree 59.5% 53.9% 63.0% 59.3% Neither 15.3% 17.0% 8.2% 14.2% Disagree 2.9% 4.8% 1.8% 3.0% St disagree 1.1% .0% .9% .9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B21.6 "I get along well with clients" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male St agree 25.0% 26.9% 41.3% 27.3% Agree 71.3% 69.5% 56.0% 69.2% Neither 2.6% 3.0% 2.7% 2.7% Disagree .4% .6% .0% .4% St disagree .6% .0% .0% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female St agree 25.0% 34.9% 47.2% 32.8% Agree 70.3% 55.6% 51.4% 63.0% Neither 4.7% 7.9% 1.4% 4.0% Disagree .0% 1.6% .0% .2% St disagree .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 25.0% 29.1% 45.2% 29.6% Agree 70.9% 65.7% 53.0% 66.6% Neither 3.4% 4.3% 1.8% 3.2% Disagree .3% .9% .0% .3% St disagree .4% .0% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


231

Table B22.1 "I find it hard to work with clients" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree .0% .0% .0% .0% Agree .0% 3.6% .0% .6% Neither 4.1% 7.1% .0% 4.2% Disagree 57.1% 67.9% 28.6% 55.9% St disagree 38.8% 21.4% 71.4% 39.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree .0% 1.3% .0% .3% Agree 1.0% 6.7% .0% 2.1% Neither 8.8% 10.7% 2.6% 8.4% Disagree 55.4% 60.0% 50.0% 55.7% St disagree 34.7% 21.3% 47.4% 33.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree .0% .0% 2.1% .3% Agree .8% 10.3% .0% 2.0% Neither 6.2% 8.6% .0% 5.6% Disagree 60.1% 48.3% 48.9% 56.8% St disagree 33.0% 32.8% 48.9% 35.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree .0% .0% .0% .0% Agree 3.2% 7.2% .8% 3.1% Neither 4.8% 10.1% 1.7% 4.6% Disagree 62.9% 60.9% 60.0% 61.8% St disagree 29.0% 21.7% 37.5% 30.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree .0% .4% .5% .2% Agree 1.5% 7.4% .5% 2.3% Neither 6.1% 9.6% 1.4% 5.8% Disagree 59.5% 58.3% 53.9% 58.2% St disagree 32.9% 24.3% 43.8% 33.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


232

Table B22.2 "I find it frustrating to work with clients" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree .0% .0% .0% .0% Agree 2.0% .0% .0% 1.5% Neither 6.1% 17.9% 7.1% 8.2% Disagree 63.3% 64.3% 21.4% 58.9% St disagree 28.6% 17.9% 71.4% 31.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree .0% 1.3% .0% .3% Agree 9.9% 9.3% .0% 8.4% Neither 9.9% 20.0% 7.9% 11.7% Disagree 51.8% 54.7% 47.4% 51.8% St disagree 28.5% 14.7% 44.7% 27.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree .4% .0% 2.1% .6% Agree 3.5% 12.1% .0% 4.3% Neither 11.6% 19.0% 6.4% 11.9% Disagree 60.0% 32.8% 46.8% 54.2% St disagree 24.4% 36.2% 44.7% 29.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree .8% .0% .0% .5% Agree 6.8% 5.8% 5.0% 6.1% Neither 16.9% 18.8% 11.7% 15.6% Disagree 58.9% 55.1% 58.3% 58.2% St disagree 16.7% 20.3% 25.0% 19.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree .4% .4% .5% .4% Agree 5.9% 7.8% 2.7% 5.6% Neither 12.1% 19.1% 9.6% 12.8% Disagree 58.0% 50.4% 51.6% 55.6% St disagree 23.5% 22.2% 35.6% 25.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


233

Table B22.3 "It drains my energy working with clients" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree .0% .0% .0% .0% Agree 8.2% 14.3% 14.3% 9.9% Neither 20.4% 17.9% 14.3% 19.3% Disagree 46.9% 57.1% 28.6% 46.7% St disagree 24.5% 10.7% 42.9% 24.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 1.5% 2.7% .0% 1.6% Agree 23.3% 32.0% 21.1% 24.9% Neither 18.1% 17.3% 10.5% 16.9% Disagree 36.8% 36.0% 47.4% 38.0% St disagree 20.3% 12.0% 21.1% 18.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree .8% 1.7% 2.1% 1.1% Agree 16.9% 25.9% 21.3% 18.9% Neither 19.4% 15.5% 21.3% 19.1% Disagree 47.8% 34.5% 23.4% 42.3% St disagree 15.1% 22.4% 31.9% 18.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 1.1% 4.3% .0% 1.2% Agree 18.9% 23.2% 15.8% 18.6% Neither 22.9% 17.4% 24.2% 22.6% Disagree 44.8% 43.5% 48.3% 45.7% St disagree 12.2% 11.6% 11.7% 12.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 1.0% 2.6% .5% 1.1% Agree 18.0% 25.7% 17.8% 19.2% Neither 20.3% 17.0% 20.5% 19.8% Disagree 44.0% 40.4% 41.6% 42.9% St disagree 16.7% 14.3% 19.6% 16.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


234

Table B22.4 "I am tired of working with clients" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree .0% .0% .0% .0% Agree .0% .0% 7.1% .8% Neither 12.2% 14.3% 7.1% 12.0% Disagree 55.1% 64.3% 28.6% 53.8% St disagree 32.7% 21.4% 57.1% 33.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree .0% 2.7% .0% .6% Agree 5.2% 14.7% 2.6% 6.9% Neither 17.0% 14.7% 5.3% 14.9% Disagree 52.4% 48.0% 52.6% 51.5% St disagree 25.4% 20.0% 39.5% 26.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 1.2% 1.7% 2.1% 1.4% Agree 5.2% 10.3% 2.1% 5.5% Neither 10.5% 17.2% 17.0% 12.5% Disagree 56.9% 41.4% 38.3% 51.9% St disagree 26.2% 29.3% 40.4% 28.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree .0% .0% 1.7% .5% Agree 7.3% 5.8% 5.0% 6.4% Neither 11.6% 13.0% 10.0% 11.3% Disagree 59.1% 59.4% 60.0% 59.4% St disagree 22.0% 21.7% 23.3% 22.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree .4% 1.3% 1.4% .7% Agree 5.2% 9.1% 4.1% 5.6% Neither 12.7% 14.8% 10.5% 12.6% Disagree 56.3% 51.7% 52.1% 54.7% St disagree 25.5% 23.0% 32.0% 26.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


235

Table B22.5 "Working with clients gives me great satisfaction" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 20.4% 25.0% 35.7% 22.8% Agree 59.2% 53.6% 57.1% 58.0% Neither 18.4% 17.9% 7.1% 17.1% Disagree .0% 3.6% .0% .6% St disagree 2.0% .0% .0% 1.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 23.9% 21.3% 36.8% 25.1% Agree 54.9% 53.3% 57.9% 55.0% Neither 12.9% 14.7% 5.3% 12.2% Disagree 7.3% 10.7% .0% 7.0% St disagree 1.0% .0% .0% .7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 22.8% 29.3% 40.4% 26.3% Agree 56.5% 48.3% 48.9% 54.2% Neither 16.2% 19.0% 6.4% 15.1% Disagree 2.9% 3.4% 2.1% 2.9% St disagree 1.6% .0% 2.1% 1.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 17.7% 23.2% 15.8% 17.9% Agree 66.1% 59.4% 70.8% 66.6% Neither 15.1% 17.4% 10.0% 13.9% Disagree .7% .0% 2.5% 1.2% St disagree .4% .0% .8% .5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 21.1% 24.3% 26.0% 22.6% Agree 59.5% 53.9% 63.0% 59.3% Neither 15.3% 17.0% 8.2% 14.2% Disagree 2.9% 4.8% 1.8% 3.0% St disagree 1.1% .0% .9% .9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


236

Table B22.6 "I get along well with clients" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s St agree 28.6% 28.6% 42.9% 30.1% Agree 65.3% 64.3% 57.1% 64.3% Neither 4.1% 7.1% .0% 4.2% Disagree .0% .0% .0% .0% St disagree 2.0% .0% .0% 1.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s St agree 22.8% 24.0% 47.4% 26.4% Agree 74.6% 72.0% 50.0% 70.7% Neither 2.6% 2.7% 2.6% 2.6% Disagree .0% 1.3% .0% .3% St disagree .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s St agree 27.6% 27.6% 59.6% 32.3% Agree 70.0% 65.5% 40.4% 65.0% Neither 2.0% 6.9% .0% 2.4% Disagree .0% .0% .0% .0% St disagree .4% .0% .0% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ St agree 22.8% 36.2% 39.2% 29.4% Agree 71.2% 59.4% 58.3% 65.8% Neither 5.1% 2.9% 2.5% 4.1% Disagree .8% 1.4% .0% .7% St disagree .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total St agree 25.0% 29.1% 45.2% 29.6% Agree 70.9% 65.7% 53.0% 66.6% Neither 3.4% 4.3% 1.8% 3.2% Disagree .3% .9% .0% .3% St disagree .4% .0% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


237

Table B23.1 "Back of neck - during clinical work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male None 66.7% 42.3% 43.2% 59.3% Slight 22.3% 40.5% 43.2% 28.2% Moderate 10.3% 16.1% 13.5% 11.8% Severe .8% 1.2% .0% .8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female None 43.9% 27.9% 30.4% 38.1% Slight 31.1% 42.6% 44.6% 36.4% Moderate 22.9% 24.6% 23.0% 23.1% Severe 2.0% 4.9% 2.0% 2.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 58.1% 38.4% 34.7% 50.5% Slight 25.6% 41.0% 44.1% 31.6% Moderate 15.1% 18.3% 19.8% 16.5% Severe 1.3% 2.2% 1.4% 1.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B23.2 "Shoulder – during clinical work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male None 76.6% 53.6% 77.0% 72.1% Slight 17.2% 31.0% 18.9% 20.1% Moderate 6.2% 12.5% 4.1% 7.2% Severe .0% 3.0% .0% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female None 62.3% 39.3% 64.2% 60.6% Slight 22.8% 37.7% 23.6% 24.5% Moderate 13.6% 16.4% 12.2% 13.4% Severe 1.3% 6.6% .0% 1.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 71.2% 49.8% 68.5% 67.3% Slight 19.3% 32.8% 22.1% 21.9% Moderate 9.0% 13.5% 9.5% 9.8% Severe .5% 3.9% .0% 1.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


238

Table B23.3 "Upper back - during clinical work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male None 81.4% 62.5% 59.5% 75.2% Slight 14.4% 24.4% 32.4% 18.4% Moderate 4.2% 10.7% 8.1% 5.9% Severe .0% 2.4% .0% .5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female None 61.1% 37.7% 45.3% 53.8% Slight 24.0% 37.7% 36.5% 29.3% Moderate 14.2% 21.3% 18.2% 16.2% Severe .7% 3.3% .0% .7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 73.7% 55.9% 50.0% 66.3% Slight 18.1% 27.9% 35.1% 22.9% Moderate 8.0% 13.5% 14.9% 10.2% Severe .3% 2.6% .0% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B23.4 "Lower back - during clinical work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male None 64.5% 47.0% 39.2% 58.3% Slight 25.6% 27.4% 43.2% 27.9% Moderate 8.9% 19.6% 16.2% 11.8% Severe 1.0% 6.0% 1.4% 2.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female None 62.5% 39.3% 43.2% 54.2% Slight 25.1% 39.3% 30.4% 28.2% Moderate 11.0% 16.4% 21.6% 14.8% Severe 1.3% 4.9% 4.7% 2.8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 63.8% 45.0% 41.9% 56.6% Slight 25.5% 30.6% 34.7% 28.0% Moderate 9.7% 18.8% 19.8% 13.1% Severe 1.1% 5.7% 3.6% 2.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


239

Table B23.5 "Elbows/arms - during clinical work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male None 90.8% 83.3% 81.1% 88.2% Slight 6.8% 10.1% 14.9% 8.4% Moderate 2.4% 4.2% 4.1% 2.9% Severe .0% 2.4% .0% .5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female None 91.5% 75.4% 83.0% 87.2% Slight 5.2% 16.4% 9.5% 7.7% Moderate 3.3% 8.2% 7.5% 5.1% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 91.0% 81.2% 82.4% 87.8% Slight 6.2% 11.8% 11.3% 8.1% Moderate 2.7% 5.2% 6.3% 3.8% Severe .0% 1.7% .0% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B23.6 "Hips - during clinical work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male None 94.5% 89.9% 94.6% 93.6% Slight 4.2% 7.1% 4.1% 4.8% Moderate 1.2% 2.4% 1.4% 1.5% Severe .0% .6% .0% .1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female None 95.8% 80.3% 90.5% 92.6% Slight 3.2% 16.4% 6.1% 5.4% Moderate .3% 3.3% 3.4% 1.6% Severe .7% .0% .0% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 95.0% 87.3% 91.9% 93.2% Slight 3.8% 9.6% 5.4% 5.1% Moderate .9% 2.6% 2.7% 1.5% Severe .3% .4% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


240

Table B23.7 "Hands/wrists - during clinical work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male None 84.7% 74.4% 25.7% 76.2% Slight 13.1% 17.9% 43.2% 17.4% Moderate 1.8% 4.8% 28.4% 5.3% Severe .4% 3.0% 2.7% 1.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female None 81.4% 59.0% 44.6% 67.8% Slight 15.3% 24.6% 31.1% 21.1% Moderate 3.3% 14.8% 19.6% 9.4% Severe .0% 1.6% 4.7% 1.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 83.4% 70.3% 38.3% 72.7% Slight 14.0% 19.7% 35.1% 18.9% Moderate 2.3% 7.4% 22.5% 7.0% Severe .3% 2.6% 4.1% 1.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B23.8 "Fingers - during clinical work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male None 86.8% 70.2% 50.0% 79.5% Slight 12.2% 23.8% 25.7% 16.0% Moderate 1.0% 4.8% 21.6% 4.0% Severe .0% 1.2% 2.7% .5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female None 91.5% 68.9% 60.1% 79.6% Slight 6.9% 19.7% 23.0% 13.1% Moderate 1.6% 11.5% 14.2% 6.5% Severe .0% .0% 2.7% .8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 88.6% 69.9% 56.8% 79.5% Slight 10.2% 22.7% 23.9% 14.8% Moderate 1.2% 6.6% 16.7% 5.0% Severe .0% .9% 2.7% .7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


241

Table B23.9 "Knees - during clinical work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male None 87.6% 88.7% 86.5% 87.7% Slight 10.1% 8.9% 13.5% 10.3% Moderate 1.8% 2.4% .0% 1.7% Severe .4% .0% .0% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female None 91.2% 83.6% 85.8% 88.8% Slight 6.9% 14.8% 10.8% 8.9% Moderate 1.6% 1.6% 3.4% 2.1% Severe .3% .0% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 89.0% 87.3% 86.0% 88.2% Slight 8.9% 10.5% 11.7% 9.7% Moderate 1.7% 2.2% 2.3% 1.9% Severe .4% .0% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B23.10 "Feet/ankles - during clinical work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male None 89.1% 88.7% 83.8% 88.5% Slight 9.9% 7.1% 12.2% 9.6% Moderate 1.0% 3.6% 4.1% 1.8% Severe .0% .6% .0% .1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female None 85.1% 90.2% 82.4% 84.8% Slight 11.0% 9.8% 13.5% 11.7% Moderate 3.6% .0% 3.4% 3.1% Severe .3% .0% .7% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 87.6% 89.1% 82.9% 86.9% Slight 10.3% 7.9% 13.1% 10.5% Moderate 1.9% 2.6% 3.6% 2.4% Severe .1% .4% .5% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


242

Table B24.1 "Back of neck - during clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 71.2% 66.7% 60.0% 69.2% Slight 15.4% 26.7% 6.7% 16.4% Moderate 11.5% 3.3% 33.3% 12.5% Severe 1.9% 3.3% .0% 2.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 61.3% 38.7% 40.5% 53.8% Slight 23.0% 37.3% 35.1% 27.6% Moderate 15.8% 22.7% 24.3% 18.4% Severe .0% 1.3% .0% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 56.8% 36.8% 29.8% 50.0% Slight 27.7% 43.9% 57.4% 34.4% Moderate 14.6% 19.3% 10.6% 14.7% Severe .8% .0% 2.1% .9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 51.2% 26.9% 31.7% 42.3% Slight 29.9% 49.3% 46.3% 37.3% Moderate 16.5% 19.4% 20.3% 18.0% Severe 2.3% 4.5% 1.6% 2.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 58.1% 38.4% 34.7% 50.5% Slight 25.6% 41.0% 44.1% 31.6% Moderate 15.1% 18.3% 19.8% 16.5% Severe 1.3% 2.2% 1.4% 1.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


243

Table B24.2 "Shoulder – during clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 76.9% 66.7% 53.3% 72.6% Slight 13.5% 26.7% 26.7% 17.2% Moderate 9.6% 3.3% 20.0% 9.7% Severe .0% 3.3% .0% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 81.1% 50.7% 64.9% 72.6% Slight 11.2% 29.3% 27.0% 17.1% Moderate 7.7% 17.3% 8.1% 9.8% Severe .0% 2.7% .0% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 69.3% 52.6% 72.3% 67.4% Slight 23.4% 28.1% 25.5% 24.4% Moderate 7.4% 17.5% 2.1% 8.0% Severe .0% 1.8% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 62.9% 38.8% 69.9% 61.9% Slight 24.2% 43.3% 18.7% 25.0% Moderate 11.3% 10.4% 11.4% 11.2% Severe 1.6% 7.5% .0% 1.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 71.2% 49.8% 68.5% 67.3% Slight 19.3% 32.8% 22.1% 21.9% Moderate 9.0% 13.5% 9.5% 9.8% Severe .5% 3.9% .0% 1.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


244

Table B24.3 "Upper back - during clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 82.7% 83.3% 66.7% 81.1% Slight 13.5% 13.3% 33.3% 15.6% Moderate 3.8% .0% .0% 2.8% Severe .0% 3.3% .0% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 77.5% 58.7% 43.2% 69.0% Slight 16.9% 26.7% 35.1% 21.3% Moderate 4.6% 12.0% 21.6% 8.4% Severe 1.0% 2.7% .0% 1.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 72.9% 54.4% 44.7% 66.1% Slight 21.5% 31.6% 38.3% 25.4% Moderate 5.7% 12.3% 17.0% 8.3% Severe .0% 1.8% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 67.7% 41.8% 52.0% 59.7% Slight 17.7% 32.8% 34.1% 24.5% Moderate 14.6% 22.4% 13.8% 15.4% Severe .0% 3.0% .0% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 73.7% 55.9% 50.0% 66.3% Slight 18.1% 27.9% 35.1% 22.9% Moderate 8.0% 13.5% 14.9% 10.2% Severe .3% 2.6% .0% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


245

Table B24.4 "Lower back - during clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 67.3% 53.3% 40.0% 61.9% Slight 21.2% 20.0% 6.7% 19.4% Moderate 11.5% 20.0% 46.7% 16.8% Severe .0% 6.7% 6.7% 1.9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 65.3% 46.7% 54.1% 59.9% Slight 26.5% 24.0% 16.2% 24.6% Moderate 7.2% 20.0% 18.9% 11.4% Severe 1.0% 9.3% 10.8% 4.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 63.4% 47.4% 46.8% 58.7% Slight 25.3% 33.3% 44.7% 29.3% Moderate 9.7% 17.5% 8.5% 10.7% Severe 1.6% 1.8% .0% 1.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 61.5% 37.3% 36.6% 51.0% Slight 26.6% 40.3% 39.8% 32.3% Moderate 10.8% 17.9% 21.1% 14.8% Severe 1.2% 4.5% 2.4% 2.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 63.8% 45.0% 41.9% 56.6% Slight 25.5% 30.6% 34.7% 28.0% Moderate 9.7% 18.8% 19.8% 13.1% Severe 1.1% 5.7% 3.6% 2.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


246

Table B24.5 "Elbows/arms - during clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 88.5% 86.7% 80.0% 87.2% Slight 9.6% 6.7% 13.3% 9.5% Moderate 1.9% 3.3% 6.7% 2.7% Severe .0% 3.3% .0% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 88.3% 78.7% 78.4% 85.0% Slight 8.1% 13.3% 10.8% 9.6% Moderate 3.5% 4.0% 10.8% 4.6% Severe .0% 4.0% .0% .8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 93.9% 91.2% 78.7% 91.3% Slight 3.6% 7.0% 17.0% 6.1% Moderate 2.5% 1.8% 4.3% 2.6% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 91.5% 73.1% 85.2% 87.3% Slight 5.8% 16.4% 9.0% 8.1% Moderate 2.7% 10.4% 5.7% 4.6% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 91.0% 81.2% 82.4% 87.8% Slight 6.2% 11.8% 11.3% 8.1% Moderate 2.7% 5.2% 6.3% 3.8% Severe .0% 1.7% .0% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


247

Table B24.6 "Hips - during clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 90.4% 83.3% 93.3% 89.5% Slight 5.8% 6.7% 6.7% 6.0% Moderate 3.8% 6.7% .0% 3.9% Severe .0% 3.3% .0% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 97.0% 89.3% 89.2% 94.4% Slight 2.0% 9.3% 5.4% 4.0% Moderate 1.0% 1.3% 5.4% 1.7% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 95.1% 94.7% 93.6% 94.8% Slight 4.5% 3.5% 4.3% 4.3% Moderate .4% 1.8% 2.1% .8% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 95.3% 80.6% 91.9% 92.4% Slight 3.9% 16.4% 5.7% 6.0% Moderate .0% 3.0% 2.4% 1.1% Severe .8% .0% .0% .5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 95.0% 87.3% 91.9% 93.2% Slight 3.8% 9.6% 5.4% 5.1% Moderate .9% 2.6% 2.7% 1.5% Severe .3% .4% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


248

Table B24.7 "Hands/wrists - during clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 78.8% 76.7% 53.3% 75.7% Slight 17.3% 10.0% 13.3% 15.6% Moderate 3.8% 10.0% 26.7% 7.4% Severe .0% 3.3% 6.7% 1.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 85.7% 78.7% 35.1% 77.6% Slight 11.8% 13.3% 37.8% 15.5% Moderate 1.5% 5.3% 18.9% 4.6% Severe 1.0% 2.7% 8.1% 2.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 83.8% 70.2% 36.2% 74.8% Slight 14.2% 26.3% 36.2% 19.1% Moderate 2.1% 3.5% 25.5% 5.7% Severe .0% .0% 2.1% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 83.3% 58.2% 38.2% 66.7% Slight 14.1% 25.4% 36.6% 22.2% Moderate 2.6% 11.9% 22.0% 9.6% Severe .0% 4.5% 3.3% 1.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 83.4% 70.3% 38.3% 72.7% Slight 14.0% 19.7% 35.1% 18.9% Moderate 2.3% 7.4% 22.5% 7.0% Severe .3% 2.6% 4.1% 1.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


249

Table B24.8 "Fingers - during clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 82.7% 70.0% 73.3% 79.5% Slight 17.3% 16.7% 13.3% 16.8% Moderate .0% 10.0% 6.7% 2.4% Severe .0% 3.3% 6.7% 1.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 86.2% 72.0% 64.9% 80.4% Slight 11.8% 20.0% 18.9% 14.4% Moderate 2.1% 8.0% 13.5% 4.8% Severe .0% .0% 2.7% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 91.0% 71.9% 57.4% 83.3% Slight 7.8% 22.8% 21.3% 11.9% Moderate 1.2% 5.3% 19.1% 4.4% Severe .0% .0% 2.1% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 90.7% 65.7% 52.0% 76.0% Slight 8.2% 28.4% 27.6% 16.6% Moderate 1.1% 4.5% 17.9% 6.5% Severe .0% 1.5% 2.4% .9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 88.6% 69.9% 56.8% 79.5% Slight 10.2% 22.7% 23.9% 14.8% Moderate 1.2% 6.6% 16.7% 5.0% Severe .0% .9% 2.7% .7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


250

Table B24.9 "Knees - during clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 76.9% 83.3% 80.0% 78.4% Slight 17.3% 10.0% 20.0% 16.3% Moderate 3.8% 6.7% .0% 3.9% Severe 1.9% .0% .0% 1.4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 88.7% 92.0% 81.1% 88.4% Slight 10.3% 6.7% 13.5% 9.9% Moderate 1.0% 1.3% 5.4% 1.7% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 90.3% 86.0% 93.6% 90.1% Slight 7.4% 12.3% 6.4% 7.9% Moderate 2.0% 1.8% .0% 1.7% Severe .4% .0% .0% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 93.0% 85.1% 85.4% 89.7% Slight 5.8% 13.4% 12.2% 8.7% Moderate 1.2% 1.5% 2.4% 1.6% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 89.0% 87.3% 86.0% 88.2% Slight 8.9% 10.5% 11.7% 9.7% Moderate 1.7% 2.2% 2.3% 1.9% Severe .4% .0% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


251

Table B24.10 "Feet/ankles - during clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 82.7% 83.3% 86.7% 83.2% Slight 17.3% 6.7% 6.7% 14.3% Moderate .0% 10.0% 6.7% 2.4% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 91.4% 88.0% 70.3% 87.9% Slight 7.1% 8.0% 16.2% 8.5% Moderate 1.5% 2.7% 13.5% 3.3% Severe .0% 1.3% .0% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 90.0% 93.0% 85.1% 89.7% Slight 7.7% 7.0% 12.8% 8.3% Moderate 2.4% .0% 2.1% 2.0% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 84.5% 89.6% 85.4% 85.4% Slight 12.5% 9.0% 13.0% 12.2% Moderate 2.7% 1.5% .8% 2.0% Severe .4% .0% .8% .5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 87.6% 89.1% 82.9% 86.9% Slight 10.3% 7.9% 13.1% 10.5% Moderate 1.9% 2.6% 3.6% 2.4% Severe .1% .4% .5% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


252

Table B25.1 "Back of neck - during days away from clinical work" by Sex by Profession


Table B25.2 "Shoulder - during days away from clinical work" by Sex by Profession



253

Table B25.3 "Upper back - during days away from clinical work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male None 87.3% 77.1% 69.3% 83.3% Slight 10.6% 17.3% 28.0% 13.8% Moderate 2.1% 5.6% 2.7% 2.9% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female None 66.6% 60.3% 58.8% 63.4% Slight 26.8% 30.2% 32.7% 29.1% Moderate 6.6% 7.9% 7.9% 7.2% Severe .0% 1.6% .6% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 79.4% 72.7% 62.1% 74.9% Slight 16.7% 20.7% 31.3% 20.3% Moderate 3.8% 6.2% 6.3% 4.7% Severe .0% .4% .4% .1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B25.4 "Lower back - during days away from clinical work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male None 69.9% 52.5% 49.3% 64.2% Slight 24.2% 30.7% 41.3% 27.3% Moderate 5.5% 15.6% 8.0% 7.9% Severe .4% 1.1% 1.3% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female None 60.1% 61.9% 52.7% 57.9% Slight 29.1% 27.0% 32.7% 30.1% Moderate 10.8% 11.1% 11.5% 11.1% Severe .0% .0% 3.0% 1.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 66.2% 55.0% 51.7% 61.5% Slight 26.0% 29.8% 35.4% 28.5% Moderate 7.6% 14.5% 10.4% 9.2% Severe .2% .8% 2.5% .8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


254

Table B25.5 "Elbows/arms - during days away from clinical work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male None 92.5% 87.7% 88.0% 91.1% Slight 7.1% 7.3% 6.7% 7.1% Moderate .4% 4.5% 5.3% 1.8% Severe .0% .6% .0% .1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female None 94.6% 92.1% 89.6% 92.7% Slight 2.2% 6.3% 7.9% 4.5% Moderate 3.2% 1.6% 2.4% 2.8% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 93.3% 88.8% 89.1% 91.8% Slight 5.2% 7.0% 7.5% 6.0% Moderate 1.5% 3.7% 3.3% 2.2% Severe .0% .4% .0% .1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B25.6 "Hips - during days away from clinical work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male None 94.7% 91.1% 90.7% 93.5% Slight 3.7% 5.0% 6.7% 4.3% Moderate 1.6% 3.9% 2.7% 2.2% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female None 94.0% 87.3% 87.3% 91.2% Slight 4.7% 7.9% 9.1% 6.5% Moderate .6% 4.8% 3.0% 1.8% Severe .7% .0% .6% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 94.5% 90.1% 88.3% 92.5% Slight 4.1% 5.8% 8.3% 5.2% Moderate 1.2% 4.1% 2.9% 2.0% Severe .2% .0% .4% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


255

Table B25.7 "Hands/wrists - during days away from clinical work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male None 90.1% 84.4% 68.0% 86.6% Slight 8.3% 12.3% 28.0% 11.2% Moderate 1.6% 2.2% 4.0% 2.0% Severe .0% 1.1% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female None 88.3% 81.0% 72.1% 82.3% Slight 8.8% 11.1% 17.6% 11.9% Moderate 2.9% 7.9% 9.1% 5.4% Severe .0% .0% 1.2% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 89.4% 83.5% 70.8% 84.8% Slight 8.5% 12.0% 20.8% 11.5% Moderate 2.1% 3.7% 7.5% 3.4% Severe .0% .8% .8% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B25.8 "Fingers - during days away from clinical work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male None 92.1% 83.8% 81.3% 89.2% Slight 7.1% 14.5% 14.7% 9.5% Moderate .8% .6% 4.0% 1.1% Severe .0% 1.1% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female None 94.0% 90.5% 81.2% 89.5% Slight 4.7% 4.8% 15.8% 8.3% Moderate 1.3% 4.8% 1.8% 1.8% Severe .0% .0% 1.2% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 92.8% 85.5% 81.3% 89.3% Slight 6.2% 12.0% 15.4% 9.0% Moderate 1.0% 1.7% 2.5% 1.4% Severe .0% .8% .8% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


256

Table B25.9 "Knees - during days away from clinical work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male None 88.2% 87.7% 90.7% 88.4% Slight 7.5% 8.4% 5.3% 7.4% Moderate 4.3% 3.9% 4.0% 4.2% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female None 92.4% 81.0% 85.5% 89.0% Slight 6.3% 17.5% 12.7% 9.5% Moderate 1.3% 1.6% 1.8% 1.5% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 89.8% 86.0% 87.1% 88.7% Slight 7.0% 10.7% 10.4% 8.3% Moderate 3.2% 3.3% 2.5% 3.0% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table B25.10 "Feet/ankles - during days away from clinical work" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male None 91.5% 88.3% 86.7% 90.3% Slight 7.1% 8.4% 9.3% 7.6% Moderate 1.4% 3.4% 4.0% 2.1% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female None 90.3% 88.9% 86.1% 88.8% Slight 7.5% 11.1% 12.1% 9.4% Moderate 1.8% .0% 1.2% 1.5% Severe .3% .0% .6% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 91.1% 88.4% 86.3% 89.7% Slight 7.3% 9.1% 11.3% 8.3% Moderate 1.6% 2.5% 2.1% 1.8% Severe .1% .0% .4% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


257

Table B26.1 "Back of neck - during days away from clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 73.2% 68.6% 50.0% 69.4% Slight 21.4% 22.9% 30.0% 22.8% Moderate 5.4% 5.7% 15.0% 6.7% Severe .0% 2.9% 5.0% 1.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 68.2% 53.1% 52.4% 62.6% Slight 26.2% 34.6% 33.3% 29.1% Moderate 5.5% 11.1% 14.3% 8.0% Severe .0% 1.2% .0% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 68.9% 57.9% 44.0% 63.6% Slight 26.0% 28.1% 50.0% 29.9% Moderate 5.1% 14.0% 6.0% 6.5% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 62.1% 49.3% 50.8% 57.1% Slight 31.5% 36.2% 42.2% 35.3% Moderate 5.6% 11.6% 7.0% 6.8% Severe .8% 2.9% .0% .8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 67.2% 55.4% 49.6% 61.8% Slight 27.1% 31.8% 41.3% 30.7% Moderate 5.4% 11.2% 8.8% 7.0% Severe .2% 1.7% .4% .5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


258

Table B26.2 "Shoulder - during days away from clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 76.8% 74.3% 60.0% 74.2% Slight 17.9% 11.4% 25.0% 17.6% Moderate 5.4% 11.4% 15.0% 7.7% Severe .0% 2.9% .0% .5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 80.3% 64.2% 71.4% 75.5% Slight 14.6% 27.2% 19.0% 18.0% Moderate 5.1% 8.6% 9.5% 6.5% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 78.2% 66.7% 88.0% 78.1% Slight 21.0% 24.6% 10.0% 19.8% Moderate .7% 7.0% 2.0% 1.8% Severe .0% 1.8% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 74.7% 59.4% 81.3% 74.7% Slight 20.8% 26.1% 14.8% 19.7% Moderate 3.7% 10.1% 3.9% 4.6% Severe .8% 4.3% .0% 1.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 77.4% 64.9% 79.2% 75.8% Slight 19.0% 24.0% 15.4% 19.1% Moderate 3.4% 9.1% 5.4% 4.7% Severe .2% 2.1% .0% .5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


259

Table B26.3 "Upper back - during days away from clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 91.1% 85.7% 75.0% 88.0% Slight 7.1% 11.4% 20.0% 9.6% Moderate 1.8% 2.9% .0% 1.7% Severe .0% .0% 5.0% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 82.1% 72.8% 57.1% 76.5% Slight 15.4% 19.8% 31.0% 18.6% Moderate 2.5% 7.4% 11.9% 4.9% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 75.9% 71.9% 54.0% 72.0% Slight 20.1% 22.8% 36.0% 22.9% Moderate 4.0% 5.3% 10.0% 5.1% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 75.7% 66.7% 64.8% 71.3% Slight 18.7% 24.6% 31.3% 23.2% Moderate 5.6% 7.2% 3.9% 5.3% Severe .0% 1.4% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 79.4% 72.7% 62.1% 74.9% Slight 16.7% 20.7% 31.3% 20.3% Moderate 3.8% 6.2% 6.3% 4.7% Severe .0% .4% .4% .1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


260

Table B26.4 "Lower back - during days away from clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 67.9% 45.7% 40.0% 60.3% Slight 21.4% 31.4% 30.0% 24.3% Moderate 10.7% 20.0% 25.0% 14.2% Severe .0% 2.9% 5.0% 1.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 61.1% 51.9% 50.0% 57.5% Slight 32.8% 30.9% 23.8% 31.1% Moderate 6.1% 16.0% 19.0% 10.1% Severe .0% 1.2% 7.1% 1.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 67.7% 61.4% 60.0% 65.7% Slight 24.0% 28.1% 34.0% 26.1% Moderate 7.6% 10.5% 4.0% 7.4% Severe .7% .0% 2.0% .8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 68.0% 58.0% 50.8% 61.5% Slight 24.8% 29.0% 40.6% 30.1% Moderate 7.3% 13.0% 7.8% 8.2% Severe .0% .0% .8% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 66.2% 55.0% 51.7% 61.5% Slight 26.0% 29.8% 35.4% 28.5% Moderate 7.6% 14.5% 10.4% 9.2% Severe .2% .8% 2.5% .8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


261

Table B26.5 "Elbows/arms - during days away from clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 89.3% 91.4% 80.0% 88.5% Slight 8.9% 2.9% 10.0% 8.0% Moderate 1.8% 5.7% 10.0% 3.6% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 88.9% 84.0% 83.3% 87.0% Slight 10.1% 9.9% 11.9% 10.3% Moderate 1.0% 4.9% 4.8% 2.4% Severe .0% 1.2% .0% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 95.7% 94.7% 94.0% 95.3% Slight 3.1% 3.5% 4.0% 3.3% Moderate 1.2% 1.8% 2.0% 1.4% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 96.2% 88.4% 90.6% 93.5% Slight 1.9% 8.7% 7.1% 4.3% Moderate 1.9% 2.9% 2.4% 2.2% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 93.3% 88.8% 89.1% 91.8% Slight 5.2% 7.0% 7.5% 6.0% Moderate 1.5% 3.7% 3.3% 2.2% Severe .0% .4% .0% .1% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


262

Table B26.6 "Hips - during days away from clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 92.9% 88.6% 80.0% 90.4% Slight 3.6% 2.9% 15.0% 4.9% Moderate 3.6% 8.6% .0% 4.0% Severe .0% .0% 5.0% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 94.0% 88.9% 78.6% 90.7% Slight 4.0% 7.4% 14.3% 6.2% Moderate 2.0% 3.7% 7.1% 3.1% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 92.9% 94.7% 88.0% 92.4% Slight 6.4% 3.5% 10.0% 6.5% Moderate .7% 1.8% 2.0% 1.1% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 97.0% 88.4% 93.0% 94.7% Slight 2.2% 7.2% 4.7% 3.6% Moderate .0% 4.3% 2.3% 1.3% Severe .8% .0% .0% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 94.5% 90.1% 88.3% 92.5% Slight 4.1% 5.8% 8.3% 5.2% Moderate 1.2% 4.1% 2.9% 2.0% Severe .2% .0% .4% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


263

Table B26.7 "Hands/wrists - during days away from clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 82.1% 88.6% 60.0% 80.4% Slight 12.5% 8.6% 20.0% 12.8% Moderate 5.4% 2.9% 20.0% 6.8% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 87.9% 85.2% 61.9% 83.6% Slight 11.1% 8.6% 19.0% 11.7% Moderate 1.0% 3.7% 16.7% 3.8% Severe .0% 2.5% 2.4% .9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 89.3% 84.2% 66.0% 85.0% Slight 9.1% 12.3% 30.0% 12.8% Moderate 1.6% 3.5% 4.0% 2.2% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 93.9% 78.3% 77.3% 86.9% Slight 4.1% 17.4% 18.0% 10.0% Moderate 1.9% 4.3% 3.9% 2.8% Severe .0% .0% .8% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 89.4% 83.5% 70.8% 84.8% Slight 8.5% 12.0% 20.8% 11.5% Moderate 2.1% 3.7% 7.5% 3.4% Severe .0% .8% .8% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


264

Table B26.8 "Fingers - during days away from clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 85.7% 85.7% 65.0% 83.0% Slight 12.5% 11.4% 30.0% 14.6% Moderate 1.8% 2.9% 5.0% 2.4% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 90.4% 80.2% 78.6% 86.5% Slight 8.6% 16.0% 11.9% 10.7% Moderate 1.0% 1.2% 7.1% 1.9% Severe .0% 2.5% 2.4% .9% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 93.3% 91.2% 86.0% 91.9% Slight 5.2% 7.0% 12.0% 6.5% Moderate 1.6% 1.8% 2.0% 1.7% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 97.4% 87.0% 82.8% 91.7% Slight 2.6% 11.6% 15.6% 7.7% Moderate .0% 1.4% .8% .4% Severe .0% .0% .8% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 92.8% 85.5% 81.3% 89.3% Slight 6.2% 12.0% 15.4% 9.0% Moderate 1.0% 1.7% 2.5% 1.4% Severe .0% .8% .8% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


265

Table B26.9 "Knees - during days away from clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 78.6% 85.7% 75.0% 79.4% Slight 10.7% 5.7% 25.0% 11.7% Moderate 10.7% 8.6% .0% 8.9% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 90.9% 87.7% 76.2% 88.1% Slight 7.1% 7.4% 23.8% 9.6% Moderate 2.0% 4.9% .0% 2.4% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 88.2% 82.5% 94.0% 88.3% Slight 9.1% 15.8% 4.0% 9.3% Moderate 2.7% 1.8% 2.0% 2.5% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 95.5% 87.0% 89.8% 92.7% Slight 3.4% 13.0% 6.3% 5.5% Moderate 1.1% .0% 3.9% 1.8% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 89.8% 86.0% 87.1% 88.7% Slight 7.0% 10.7% 10.4% 8.3% Moderate 3.2% 3.3% 2.5% 3.0% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


266

Table B26.10 "Feet/ankles - during days away from clinical work" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s None 80.4% 85.7% 85.0% 81.9% Slight 17.9% 8.6% 10.0% 15.2% Moderate 1.8% 5.7% .0% 2.3% Severe .0% .0% 5.0% .6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s None 92.0% 88.9% 66.7% 87.7% Slight 7.0% 6.2% 28.6% 9.9% Moderate 1.0% 4.9% 4.8% 2.4% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s None 92.1% 84.2% 92.0% 91.0% Slight 5.5% 15.8% 8.0% 7.3% Moderate 2.3% .0% .0% 1.6% Severe .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ None 94.1% 92.8% 90.6% 92.9% Slight 4.4% 7.2% 7.0% 5.6% Moderate 1.1% .0% 2.3% 1.4% Severe .4% .0% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total None 91.1% 88.4% 86.3% 89.7% Slight 7.3% 9.1% 11.3% 8.3% Moderate 1.6% 2.5% 2.1% 1.8% Severe .1% .0% .4% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


267

Table B27.1 "Recall professional career" by Sex by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total Male Very good 75.0% 78.3% 81.3% 76.4% Good 19.6% 18.9% 14.7% 18.9% Average 5.1% 2.2% 2.7% 4.2% Poor .0% .0% .0% .0% Very poor .0% .0% .0% .0% Missing .4% .6% 1.3% .5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Female Very good 74.9% 65.6% 69.3% 72.1% Good 20.0% 28.1% 25.3% 22.5% Average 5.1% 4.7% 5.4% 5.2% Poor .0% .0% .0% .0% Very poor .0% .0% .0% .0% Missing .0% 1.6% .0% .2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total Very good 75.0% 75.0% 73.0% 74.6% Good 19.7% 21.3% 22.0% 20.4% Average 5.1% 2.9% 4.6% 4.6% Poor .0% .0% .0% .0% Very poor .0% .0% .0% .0% Missing .2% .8% .4% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


268

Table B27.2 "Recall professional career" by Cohort by Profession

Medicine Dentistry Physiotherapy Total 1960s Very good 75.4% 74.3% 55.0% 72.6% Good 17.5% 22.9% 35.0% 20.7% Average 7.0% 2.9% 10.0% 6.7% Poor .0% .0% .0% .0% Very poor .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1970s Very good 77.5% 69.1% 61.9% 73.5% Good 17.5% 27.2% 35.7% 22.2% Average 5.0% 2.5% 2.4% 4.1% Poor .0% .0% .0% .0% Very poor .0% .0% .0% .0% Missing .0% 1.2% .0% .3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1980s Very good 69.5% 79.3% 74.0% 71.6% Good 24.0% 17.2% 22.0% 22.8% Average 6.4% 3.4% 4.0% 5.6% Poor .0% .0% .0% .0% Very poor .0% .0% .0% .0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1990+ Very good 77.9% 78.6% 79.1% 78.3% Good 18.4% 17.1% 15.5% 17.4% Average 3.0% 2.9% 4.7% 3.5% Poor .0% .0% .0% .0% Very poor .0% .0% .0% .0% Missing .7% 1.4% .8% .8% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total Very good 75.0% 75.0% 73.0% 74.6% Good 19.7% 21.3% 22.0% 20.4% Average 5.1% 2.9% 4.6% 4.6% Poor .0% .0% .0% .0% Very poor .0% .0% .0% .0% Missing .2% .8% .4% .4% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Appendix C: Mail self-complete questionnaire

269

APPENDIX C: MAIL SELF-COMPLETE QUESTIONNAIRE


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Appendix D: Mail survey support material

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APPENDIX D: MAIL SURVEY SUPPORT MATERIAL

Appendix D: Mail survey support material

282

Appendix E: Focus Group Questions

283

APPENDIX E: FOCUS GROUP QUESTIONS

Discussion Topics and Questions The following constitutes a draft of the discussion topics and questions for the focus groups. These questions and topics will be modified to incorporate additional commentary that arises from the opened questions that are included in the mail questionnaire. The personal interviews will also benefit from additional questions that arise from the focus group discussions.

1. Inflow a. Since graduation what changes have you experienced in your professional employment status? b. Are there major issues related to the geographic location of your employment? c. Have you returned to South Australia following a period of employment interstate or overseas?

If so, what were the main reasons for returning to South Australia? d. Have you moved from outer metropolitan, regional or rural employment to inner metropolitan

locations at any time in your career? If so, what were the main reasons for moving?

2. Intermittent Employment a. In your recent experience have there been changes in the nature of working arrangements,

such as more casual and/or more part-time employment? b. Has there been pressure for you to work longer hours? c. If you are working part-time, have you chosen to work less than full-time?

If you did NOT choose to work part-time, what are the circumstances that relate to your part-time work?

d. Have there been employment options outside of your profession that you have seriously considered pursuing? If yes, please detail why you have or haven’t pursued them?

e. Have there been any barriers to your career path? If yes, please describe how these barriers have affected you?

3. Attrition a. Have physical and emotional factors interfered with your ability to work in your profession?

If so, have these arisen from occupational employment conditions? Are there interventions that could alleviate these factors?

b. Have recent economic, social or professional aspects of employment impacted on your work in your profession? If so, do you consider these to be to the benefit or detriment of your ability to deliver services?

c. Have there been conflicts between your professional and personal life, for example have you made career decisions based on the employment of your spouse or partner?

4. Policy Options a. Since graduation, what has changed in the nature and culture of work in your profession over

your career? b. What policy options do you suggest are required in your profession to retain the existing workforce? c. How could colleagues who are currently working interstate or overseas be encouraged to

return to practice in South Australia? d. How could colleagues who are currently not working in your profession be encouraged to

return to practice? What requirements would they need to support their return?

Appendix E: Focus Group Questions

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References

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CAREER STUDY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MEDICAL, DENTAL ... · Overall a culture of one life / one career appears to remain in these three professions. Only 12.5% of medical graduates, 11.1%