Cardiovascular Systems

Chapter 15

The Heart

4 Chambers of the Heart

2 smaller chambers are called an atrium

2 lower chambers are called ventricles

The septum separates the right & left atria and ventricles

The Heart Click the Picture

Blood

55% of blood is plasma

Red blood cells 40%

White blood cells & platelets 5%

Blood

Red Blood CellsTransports oxygen

White Blood CellsProtects against infection

Part of the immune system

PlateletsPrevents loss of blood

Click the Picture

Blood Vessels

Network of more than 60,000 miles of blood vessels!!!

Includes:

Arteries:carry blood away from the heart

Capillaries:carry blood between arterioles and small vessels called venules

Veins:returns blood to the heart

The Lymphatic SystemFights infection & plays a role in the immunity to

disease.Lymph: clear fluid that fills space around body cells.

2 types:1. B Cells: stimulated when in contact with a

pathogen and attack. Some are memory cells to help for later exposure…

2. T Cells: stimulated when in contact with a pathogen. Killer cells & Helper cells…

Structure of the Lymphatic System

Network of vessels & tissuesTwo large lymphatic ducts (empty into veins near the heart)

Lymph nodes (filters)

Other structures include:• Spleen • Thymus gland• Tonsils

Problems of the Cardiovascular Systems

Chapter 16

Blood PressureMeasure of the amount of force that the

blood places on the walls of blood vessels. Particularly large arteries, as it is pumped through the body.Sphygmomanometer & stethoscope120/80 is considered normal

1st number is max. pressure (systolic)2nd number is min. pressure (diastolic)

Cardiovascular System ProblemsCongenital Heart Defects

Present since birthHole in the septum allows oxygenated blood to mix with deoxygenated bloodValves that don’t function properly

Cardiovascular Disease Group of diseases of the cardiovascular system that includes hypertension, heart disease, and stroke.#1 killer of Men & Women (95,000 deaths)

Heart Murmur Abnormal sounds as blood flows through the heart

Cardiovascular System Problems

Varicose VeinsValves in the veins don’t close tightly enough to prevent backflow of blood. Veins become enlarged and painful.

Anemia Condition in which the ability of the blood to carry oxygen is reduced.

Most common reason is iron deficiency

Cardiovascular System Problems

LeukemiaForm of cancer in which any one of the different types of white blood cells is produced excessively & abnormally.

HemophiliaInherited disorder

Blood doesn't clot normally

Lymphatic System Problems

Immune Deficiency: Immune system can no longer protect against infections

Hodgkin’s Disease/ Lymphoma:Type of cancer that affects the lymph tissue found in the lymph nodes & spleen

Tonsillitis Tonsils reduce the number of pathogens entering the body, but aren’t able to if infected…

Respiratory System

Chapter 16

Structure of the Respiratory System

The LungsAir goes down the trachea (windpipe)

Branches out to the bronchi

Leads to divided & subdivide network of tubes called the bronchioles

At the ends are groups of microscopic structures called alveoli.

Other Respiratory Structures

Upper respiratoryNose

Lined with cilia

Mucus producing cellsTogether trap & remove particles

Warmed & moistened

Mouth

Pharynx to the trachea to the bronchiTrachea is lined with cilia & mucus cells

The Larynx & the Epiglottis

Larynx (voice box)Connects throat & trachea

Epiglottis Flap of cartilage

Folds down to keep things from entering the respiratory system or the “Wrong Pipe”

Respiration System Problems

Bronchitis

Pneumonia

Asthma

Sinusitis

Tuberculosis

Emphysema

Respiration System ProblemsBronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi caused by inflection or exposure to irritants such as tobacco smoke or air pollution

Pneumonia An inflammation of the lungs commonly caused by a bacterial or viral infections

AsthmaInflammatory condition in which the trachea, bronchi, & bronchioles become narrowed, caused difficulty in breathing

Respiration System Problems

SinusitisInflammation of the tissues that line the sinuses

Tuberculosis (TB) A contagious bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs

Emphysema A disease that progressively destroys the walls of the alveoli