Upload
gervais-harrell
View
213
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Dioxide and Moisture Removal SystemMoisture Removal System
NASA ECLSSNASA ECLSS
July 17, 2002July 17, 2002
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 22
Team OrganizationTeam Organization
• Jessica BadgerJessica Badger – Project CoordinatorProject Coordinator– Honeycomb Honeycomb
structuresstructures
• April SnowdenApril Snowden– Researcher Researcher – Carbon nanotubesCarbon nanotubes
• Dennis ArnoldDennis Arnold – Team LeaderTeam Leader– AerogelsAerogels
• Julia ThompsonJulia Thompson– ResearcherResearcher– Honeycomb structuresHoneycomb structures
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 33
OverviewOverview
• Space Launch Initiative ProgramSpace Launch Initiative Program• Current RCRS DesignCurrent RCRS Design
– Solid Amine Technology/Ion Resin BeadsSolid Amine Technology/Ion Resin Beads
• Carbon Dioxide/Moisture Removal Carbon Dioxide/Moisture Removal System (CMRS) Design RequirementsSystem (CMRS) Design Requirements
• Coeus Engineering’s Design ProcessCoeus Engineering’s Design Process• Possible DesignsPossible Designs
– Honeycomb structuresHoneycomb structures– Carbon nanotubesCarbon nanotubes– AerogelsAerogels
• Future WorkFuture Work
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 44
Space Launch Initiative Space Launch Initiative ProgramProgram
• FFocuses on the future ocuses on the future of exploration and of exploration and development of spacedevelopment of space
• Creation of 2Creation of 2nd nd
Generation Reusable Generation Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV)Launch Vehicle (RLV) – Reduce risk of crew loss Reduce risk of crew loss
to 1 in 10,000 missionsto 1 in 10,000 missions– Lower payload cost to Lower payload cost to
less than $1,000 per less than $1,000 per poundpound
– Incorporate latest Incorporate latest technology for COtechnology for CO22 removalremoval
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 55
Current RCRS DesignCurrent RCRS Design
• 11 layered CO11 layered CO22 adsorbent adsorbent “beds”“beds”
• Alternating active and inactive Alternating active and inactive bedsbeds– Active beds remove COActive beds remove CO22
– Inactive beds exposed to Inactive beds exposed to vacuum release COvacuum release CO22
• Dimensions: 3 ft x 1 ft x 1.5 ft Dimensions: 3 ft x 1 ft x 1.5 ft – 70% beds70% beds– 30% controls/valving 30% controls/valving
• Removes Removes ≈ 0.62 lbs CO≈ 0.62 lbs CO22/hour/hour
– 7 member crew7 member crew
– Requires 26 lbs of solid amine Requires 26 lbs of solid amine chemicalchemical
– Requires flow rate of 40 cfm Requires flow rate of 40 cfm
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 66
Current RCRS DesignCurrent RCRS Design
• Ion resin beadsIon resin beads– Copolymer of Copolymer of
polystyrene and polystyrene and divinylbenzenedivinylbenzene
– Sometimes made Sometimes made from Acrylic from Acrylic
– ≈ ≈ 3mm diameter3mm diameter– Extremely porousExtremely porous– Coated surface area:Coated surface area:
250-350 m250-350 m22/cm/cm33
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 77
Current RCRS DesignCurrent RCRS Design
• Hamilton Standard produces solid Hamilton Standard produces solid amines used in RCRSamines used in RCRS
• Solid amine chemicalsSolid amine chemicals– COCO22 and H and H22O “loosely” bond to solid aminesO “loosely” bond to solid amines
– Reaction produces heatReaction produces heat
– Common alkanolamine COCommon alkanolamine CO22 adsorbents: adsorbents:– monoethanolamine (MEA)monoethanolamine (MEA)– diethanolamine (DEA)diethanolamine (DEA)– methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 88
Current RCRS DesignCurrent RCRS Design
• Active/Inactive beds Active/Inactive beds inter-layeredinter-layered– Active beds pressurized Active beds pressurized
and heatedand heated– Inactive beds cold and Inactive beds cold and
exposed to vacuumexposed to vacuum– Large pressure and Large pressure and
temperature gradientstemperature gradients
• Aluminum Puffed Duocell Aluminum Puffed Duocell FoamFoam– Houses ion-resin bedsHouses ion-resin beds– Structural rigidity Structural rigidity – Heat transfer propertiesHeat transfer properties
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 99
Current RCRS DesignCurrent RCRS Design
• Channeled air flowChanneled air flow– Each bed contains Each bed contains
4 bead-filled foam 4 bead-filled foam chamberschambers
• Retaining screensRetaining screens– Prevent beads Prevent beads
from entering main from entering main air streamair stream
– 8 screens per layer8 screens per layer– Create large Create large
pressure droppressure drop
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 1010
CMRS Design CMRS Design RequirementsRequirements
• Maximize solid-amine surface areaMaximize solid-amine surface area• Minimize pressure drop through Minimize pressure drop through
each bedeach bed• Maximize structural rigidity Maximize structural rigidity • Maximize heat transfer from active Maximize heat transfer from active
to inactive bedsto inactive beds
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 1111
Design ProcessDesign Process
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 1212
Honeycomb StructuresHoneycomb Structures
• Packed or joined Packed or joined together in hexagonal together in hexagonal mannermanner
• LightweightLightweight• High strength and High strength and
rigidity to weight rigidity to weight ratiosratios
• Commonly used in Commonly used in sandwiched structuressandwiched structures– Airliner floorsAirliner floors– Airplane wingsAirplane wings– Motorcycle helmetsMotorcycle helmets
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 1313
Honeycomb StructuresHoneycomb Structures
• Applied in directional Applied in directional air/fluid flow control air/fluid flow control and/or energy and/or energy absorptionabsorption
• Available in 5052 and Available in 5052 and 5056 Aluminum alloys5056 Aluminum alloys
• Varied cell sizesVaried cell sizes– 1/16” - 3/8”1/16” - 3/8”
• Can be perforatedCan be perforated– Allows air flowAllows air flow– Improves heat removalImproves heat removal
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 1414
Honeycomb StructuresHoneycomb Structures
• Various grades can be exposed to Various grades can be exposed to temperatures up to 430 temperatures up to 430 ooFF
• 5 lbs/ft5 lbs/ft33
• .0015 nominal thickness.0015 nominal thickness• Provides for about 30.38 inProvides for about 30.38 in22 surface surface
area per cubic incharea per cubic inch
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 1515
Honeycomb StructuresHoneycomb Structures
• If coated with If coated with chemical, surface chemical, surface area not comparable area not comparable to that of beadsto that of beads
• Would provide Would provide structural rigiditystructural rigidity
• Would provide heat Would provide heat transfertransfer
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 1616
Carbon NanotubesCarbon Nanotubes
Enter the World of
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 1717
What is it?What is it?
• Discovered by Discovered by Sumio Iijima in 1991Sumio Iijima in 1991
• High-resolution High-resolution transmission transmission electron microscopyelectron microscopy
• Fullerene-related Fullerene-related structures structures
• Consists of Consists of graphene cylinders graphene cylinders closed at either endclosed at either end
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 1818
Types of Carbon Types of Carbon NanotubesNanotubes
• Single-walled Single-walled carbon nanotubecarbon nanotube– Single sheet of Single sheet of
carbon atomscarbon atoms– 1 < d < 3 nm.1 < d < 3 nm.
• Multi-walled Multi-walled carbon nanotubecarbon nanotube– Multiple sheets of Multiple sheets of
carbon atomscarbon atoms– d > 3 nm.d > 3 nm.
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 1919
Attributes of Carbon Attributes of Carbon NanotubesNanotubes
• DiameterDiameter– Size of nanometersSize of nanometers– 1/50,0001/50,000thth of a human of a human
hairhair
• LengthLength– Several micrometersSeveral micrometers– Largest is ~ 2 mmLargest is ~ 2 mm
• Each nanotube is a Each nanotube is a single moleculesingle molecule– Hexagonal network of Hexagonal network of
covalently bonded covalently bonded carbon atoms carbon atoms
• Super strengthSuper strength• Low weightLow weight• StabilityStability• FlexibilityFlexibility• Good heat Good heat
conductanceconductance• Large surface areaLarge surface area
– 300-800 m300-800 m22/cm/cm33
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 2020
Mechanical PropertiesMechanical Properties
• Extremely strongExtremely strong– 10-100 times stronger than steel per unit 10-100 times stronger than steel per unit
weightweight
• High elastic moduliHigh elastic moduli– About 1 TPaAbout 1 TPa
• FlexibleFlexible– Can be flattened, twisted, or bent around Can be flattened, twisted, or bent around
sharp bends without breakingsharp bends without breaking
• Great performance under compressionGreat performance under compression• High thermal conductivityHigh thermal conductivity
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 2121
Possible UsesPossible Uses
• Transistors and diodesTransistors and diodes• Field emitters for flat-panel displaysField emitters for flat-panel displays• Cellular-phone signal amplifiersCellular-phone signal amplifiers• Ion storage for batteriesIon storage for batteries• Materials strengthenerMaterials strengthener
– Polymer compositesPolymer composites– Low-viscosity composite Low-viscosity composite
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 2222
Potential Use for CMRSPotential Use for CMRS
• Coat nanotubes with solid amineCoat nanotubes with solid amine– Maximize surface areaMaximize surface area
• Eliminate mesh retaining screenEliminate mesh retaining screen– Carbon nanotubes fixed to housing structureCarbon nanotubes fixed to housing structure– No need for beads No need for beads – Minimize pressure dropMinimize pressure drop
• Nanotube structure to channel air Nanotube structure to channel air – Replace aluminum Duocell foam with Replace aluminum Duocell foam with
aluminum/carbon nanotube compositealuminum/carbon nanotube composite– Coat carbon nanotubes with solid amine and fit Coat carbon nanotubes with solid amine and fit
into honeycomb or Versacore structureinto honeycomb or Versacore structure
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 2323
What is an Aerogel?What is an Aerogel?
• Critically evaporated gelCritically evaporated gel• Lightest solid knownLightest solid known• Almost transparent Almost transparent
solidsolid• Great insulatorGreat insulator
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 2424
The History of AerogelsThe History of Aerogels
• Samuel Stephens Kistler Samuel Stephens Kistler • A friendly little wagerA friendly little wager• First publication: Nature 1931First publication: Nature 1931• Little done until late 1970’sLittle done until late 1970’s
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 2525
Aerogels as Support Aerogels as Support StructuresStructures
• Young’s modulus: Young’s modulus: 101066 – 10 – 1077 N/m N/m22
• Tensile strength:Tensile strength: 16 Kpa16 Kpa• Density: Density: ≥≥ 0.003 g/m 0.003 g/m33
• Support 1500 timesSupport 1500 times
their own weighttheir own weight
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 2626
Aerogels as InsulationAerogels as Insulation
• Examples of use:Examples of use:– Modern refrigeratorsModern refrigerators– Mars roverMars rover
• 39 times better than best 39 times better than best
fiberglass insulationfiberglass insulation
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 2727
Aerogels as High Aerogels as High Surface Surface Area MaterialsArea Materials
• Up to 99% airUp to 99% air• Pore sizePore size
– Range from Range from
3 nm to 50 nm3 nm to 50 nm– Average about 20 nmAverage about 20 nm
• Effective surface area:Effective surface area:
300 – 400 m300 – 400 m22/cm/cm33
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 2828
Aerogels and Coeus Aerogels and Coeus EngineeringEngineering
• RecapRecap– StrongStrong– LightweightLightweight– High surface areaHigh surface area– Does not require a screenDoes not require a screen
• Can the aerogel be coated?Can the aerogel be coated?• Different base materialsDifferent base materials• Place inside honeycombPlace inside honeycomb
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 2929
Carbon Nanotubes / Carbon Nanotubes / AerogelsAerogels
PropertiesProperties Ion Resin Ion Resin BeadsBeads
Carbon Carbon NanotubeNanotube
ss
AerogelsAerogels
Surface Surface AreaArea
250-350 250-350 mm22/cm/cm33
300-800 300-800 mm22/cm/cm33
300-400 300-400 mm22/cm/cm33
Young's Young's ModulusModulus
N/AN/A 11 TPaTPa 101066-10-1077 Pa Pa
Tensile Tensile StrengthStrength
N/AN/A 30 GPa30 GPa (max)(max)
16 kPa16 kPa
CostCost ?? ?? ??
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 3030
Future PlansFuture Plans
• Wrap-up researchWrap-up research– NanotubesNanotubes– AerogelsAerogels– Carbon nanofoamCarbon nanofoam
• Prepare cost analysisPrepare cost analysis• Compare and contrast research findingsCompare and contrast research findings
– Confer with John GrafConfer with John Graf
• Decide on a final recommendationDecide on a final recommendation• Final presentation and final reportFinal presentation and final report
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 3131
Special Thanks!!Special Thanks!!
• Dr. John GrafDr. John Graf• Dr. Ronald O. StearmanDr. Ronald O. Stearman• Marcus KrugerMarcus Kruger
07-17-0207-17-02 Coeus EngineeringCoeus Engineering 3232
Questions?Questions?
• Preguntas?Preguntas?• Questionne?Questionne?• Bопрос?Bопрос?• Kwestie?Kwestie?• Ninau?Ninau?• Swali?Swali?• Spørsmål?Spørsmål?• Förhöra?Förhöra?