CARBOHYDRATE PREZENT

8/7/2019 CARBOHYDRATE PREZENT

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There are 3 types of carbohydrates:

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides Polysaccharides


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Monosaccharides are simple sugars,sometimes referred to as basic sugar.

cannot be broken down into simpler units.

General formula is (CHO)

There are 3 types of monosaccharides:

Trioses (n=3)

Pentoses (n=5)

Hexoses (n=6)


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Monosaccharides contain either an aldehyde group(-CHO) or a ketone group (C=O).

Aldehyde group: aldose sugar or aldoses and have thecarbonyl groupon a terminal carbon in the chain.

Ketone group: have the carbonyl group in the middleof the carbon chain.It have many pleasant odours andtastes.

The features that makes an aldose differ from aketose is theposition of the carbonyl group:

-Aldose have the carbonyl group at carbon no.1

-Ketose have the carbonyl group at carbon no.2


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Functional Groups

Carbonyl group

Hydroxyl group


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Classification ofMonosaccharides

TRIOSESy

Contain 3 carbon atom.y Occur only in straight line.

y An aldehyde group is present in glyceraldehyde whereasketo group is present in dihydroxyacetone.


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PENTOSES

Contain 5 carbon atoms. Occur in a sraight chains as well as ring forms.

Example: Ribose and deoxyribose ( in nucleic acid).

Another example is ribulose which is by product in

photosynthesis. In pentoses,the ring structure is afuranosevring with the

first carbon atom joining to the oxygen of the fourth carbonatom.


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HEXOSES Contain six carbon atoms.

Can either occur as aldehyde or ketone.

For example:Glucose(aldose) and fructose(ketose).

Can exist as straight chains but they tend to form ringstructures.

Ring glucose molecule exist as -glucose or -glucose. Glucose with both OH group at carbon no.1 and carbon

no.4 positioned below the plane of the ring is called -glucose and conversely.


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Glucose can exist in two possible ringforms known as:

Alpha () form Beta () form


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PhysicalCharacteristics of

Monosaccharidesy Sweet and have smaller molecular mass compared to

other sugars.

y Soluble in water and able to crystallize.

y Can underga condensation to form disaccharides and

polymer of glucose such as polysaccharides.


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Function ofMonosaccharides Provide energy.

Basic building units for disaccharides andpolysaccharides-mostly from hexose unit.

Glucose is a vital respiratory substrate for allorganism.

Monosaccharides help to create a high osmoticpressure in plant cell.


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DISACCHARIDES


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The general formula are C12H22O11.

Formed when two Monosaccharides joining togetherby a glycosidic bond formed through a condensationprocess.

Can be broken down into Monosaccharides by ahydrolysis process.

There are three common Monosaccharides:a) Maltose: glucose+glucose

b)Sucrose: glucose+fructose

c) Lactose: galactose+ glucose


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Maltose = -glucose + -glucose

(-1,4- glycosidic linkage)


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Glycosidic Bondy In the case of two glucose molecule,the bond will be

formed between carbon-1 in one of the molecules and

carbon-4 in the other,giving an -1,4 glycosidic bond.

y The type of glycosidic bonds is based on the positionof the OH in the carbon atom number 1.


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PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

Polymers of monosaccharide

The chains of monosaccharide molecules arelinked together by glycosidic bonds

The chains may be branched or unbranched


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They are generally:

1. Insoluble in water

2. Not sweet in taste

3. Forming colloid inwater

5. Cannot be crystallize

Examples:

1. starch

2. glycogen

3. cellulose

All three polymers are formed from the polymerisation of manyunits of glucose through condensation (dehydration)


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Function of polysaccharideFunction of polysaccharide

Energy source - starch & glycogen

Basic component of structure - cellulose &

hemicelluloses

Protection & immunization - heparin inmammals blood prevent/dissolve blood

clotting


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A polymer of -glucose

. St rc. St rc


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Two types of

starch:

1.Amylose- Simple &

Unbranched

2.Amylopectin

- Complex &branched


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Composed of about 200-1500 of -

glucose molecules linked together inlong, unbranched chain

Each linkage occurs between the carbonnumber 1 of one glucose molecule and

the carbon number 4 of another glucosemolecule (-1,4-glycosidic linkages)

AmyloseAmylose


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A branched polymer of 2000 to 200000-glucose molecules

The linear chains of -glucose units areheld together by -1,4-glycosidiclinkages

Branches occur at intervals ofapproximately 25 to 30 where -1,6-glycosidic linkages occurs

AmylopectinAmylopectin

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27


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Glycogen is made up of short & highlybranched chains of glucose

Found in muscle and liver cells

Characteristics

1) Not sweet in taste2) insoluble in water

3) cannot be crystallize

4) compact molecule

2. Glycogen2. Glycogen


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A polymer of - glucose

A structural carbohydrate that is used to

build cell walls in a plant (found only inplants)

It has -1,4-glycosidic linkage which arelinked together by hydrogen bonds toform a rigid structure

3. Cellulose3. Cellulose


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The - glucose monomer located upsidedown with its neighbors compare to starch

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