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Effects of Immigration on Dietary Habits and Physical Activity Patterns among Turkish FamiliesBy Kaan Karahan
Objective• To analyze consequences of immigration and the
extent to which immigrants adopt or conserve:– Dietary habits– Physical activity patterns
Methodology
Desk research
In-home interview
Pantry check Shopping trip• 6 Turkish families (2 living in Turkey, 2 in Switzerland, 2 in United States)• Upper/middle class• Families with children• University educated• Moved for work or for higher education
• Turkey’s main food products, imports and exports•Dietary and physical activity habits of three countries of focus•Most information found on government websites and WHO websites
Qualitative Research
Methodology Continued
• In home interview was designed to understand 8 topics of interest:– Members of the household– Daily life of the family– Shopping habits of the primary shopper– Cooking habits– Eating habits of the family– Food storing habits– Foods consumed during special days (holidays)– Health and well-being (includes physical activity)
Turkey’s main food productsWhat is produced and imported for consumption the most
Turkey: Significant supplier of fruits and vegetables in the world
Grape Apple Orange Olive Tea Hazel Nut0
50000010000001500000200000025000003000000350000040000004500000
Figure 1: Production of Main Fruits, Beverage and Spice Crops (Unit: Tons)
Tomato
es
Potat
oes
Cucum
bers
Melon
Water m
elon
Onion (
dry)
2 000 000 4 000 000 6 000 000 8 000 000
10 000 000 12 000 000 14 000 000
Figure 2: Vegetable Production (Unit: Tons)
#3
#6
#1
#4
Turkey: Meat and Wheat are the top imported products
28.0%
11.0%11.0%
9.8%
5.5%
5.3%
3.6%3.2%
2.2%2.1%
BovinePoultry MeatButterNon-Fillet Frozen FishCheeseNon-Fillet Fresh FishFish FilletsEggsPoultryMollusks
23.0%
13.0%
9.7%
7.9%
7.6%
5.2%
4.9%
3.8%3.3% 2.2%
WheatSoybeansCornSunflower SeedsDried LegumesOther NutsOther Oily SeedsBananasRice Coffee
Animal products Grain products
Turkish, Swiss and American ComparisonGeneral eating habits and basic health & nutrition facts
The Turkish DietBreakfast Lunch Dinner
Snack
The Swiss DietBreakfast Lunch
DinnerSnack
The American Diet
Western Prudent
Breakfast
Lunch & Dinner
Turkey/Switzerland/Unites States Basic ComparisonTurkish Swiss American
VegetablesCarbohydratesMeat productsSugarFat
Diet High in:
Diet Low in: DairyAlcohol
Life expectancy:
VegetablesCarbohydratesMeat productsDairyFatAlcohol
Sugar
CarbohydratesMeat productsSugarDairyFat
Vegetables
Avg. calories consumed a day:
Physical activity: Sedentary to light
Sedentary to lightModerate to vigorous
Food preparation: From fresh From fresh From processed
75 7983
3480
3420
3770
Effects of immigrationHow Turkish families adapted in Switzerland and in the United States
Immigration from Turkey to SwitzerlandFirst impressions:
More travelling by public transportation, more sports activities across all ages, more cheese, wine, chocolate and more organic, non-processed food.
Immigration from Turkey to United StatesFirst impressions:
More commuting by car, children in organized sports activities, participation in American holidays, eatertainment and higher exposure to processed, fast foods.
Three Stages of Immigrant Families’ Adaptation
• Comparison
• Discovery
• Adoption
Immigrant Families’ Stages of Adaptation: Comparison
• Occurs during initial exposure to new country of residence
• Major learning experience in all aspects of life• Families look for familiar ingredients • Often try substituting if new tastes are not
satisfactory• May lead to frustration if look and taste of new
products are not satisfying• May result in limiting menus to few dishes
Immigrant Families’ Stages of Adaptation: Discovery
• Trial of new products/recommendations of friends lead to new experiences and tastes
• A liking is developed towards new substitutes• Positive aspects and good tastes of the
environment are discovered• New discoveries help diversify menus and enable
families to feel more comfortable• Families also make discoveries about sports
facilities and activity options
Immigrant Families’ Stages of Adaptation: Adoption
• Immigrants have developed a good understanding of:– New culture– Life style– Products available to them
• Choices are made and new routines are established
• Certain elements of old lifestyle are also retained• A hybrid model of living is established
How families adapted in the end, diet:
Switzerland Turkey United States
1 Less Cereal, grains More
2 More Vegetables, fruits Less
3 Same Animal products (meat, poultry) More
4 Less Fishery Less
5 More Dairy More
6 More Alcoholic beverages Same
7 Less Processed food More
How families adapted in the end, physical activity:
Switzerland Turkey USA
Adults Moderate activity Sedentary or light activity Sedentary
Children Vigorous activity Moderate activity Vigorous activity
Limitations• A convenience sample was used• Study did not take into account regional
differences among participants• Participants responses during the interviews were
self reported • Richer data could have been generated if the
researcher could have lived among the participants for a limited amount of time
• The researcher is also an immigrant