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Capacity Developmen for Farm
Managem
ent Strategies to Improve Crop-W
ater Productivity using AquaCrop: Lessons learned
UNW
-DPC Publication Series
Knowledge N
o. 7
Knowledge No. 7UNW-DPC Publication Series
Capacity Development for Farm Management Strategies to Improve Crop-Water Productivity using AquaCrop: Lessons Learned
Editors: Reza Ardakanian, Teresa Walter
UN-Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development (UNW-DPC)
Acknowledgements
Editors Reza Ardakanian, Teresa Walter (UNW-DPC)Language editor Lis Mullin Bernhardt (UNW-DPC), papers edited by P.M. Asha Karunaratne (FAO)Research Charlotte van der Schaaf, Faridah Bukirwa (UNW-DPC)Layout Tanja Maidorn (UNW-DPC)Print Paffenholz, Bornheim, GermanyNumber printed 500Photos copyright UNW-DPC Simone McCourtie, WorldBank(Cover)
UN-Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development (UNW-DPC)United Nations University UN Campus Hermann-Ehlers-Str. 10 53113 Bonn GermanyTel. +49 228 815 0652 Fax +49 228 815 0655 [email protected]
Knowledge Series No. 7Published by UNW-DPC, Bonn, January 2011Editorial copyright © UNW-DPC, 2011
This publication was printed on 100% recycled paper and bears the label “Blauer Engel.“
Disclaimer
Publication does not imply endorsement by UNW-DPC or the United Nations University of any of the views expressed in this publication. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever, on the part of the UN, UNW-DPC and UNU, concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
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Capacity Development for Farm Management Strategies to Improve Crop-Water Productivity using AquaCrop: Lessons Learned
Organized jointly by:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
UN-Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development (UNW-DPC)
2
3
Table of contents
Table of contentsForeword 4
1. Introduction 6
1.1 Challenges in developing capacities in agriculture 7
1.2 Objectives of the project 8
2. The AquaCrop Model 10
3. Capacity Development in Agriculture 153.1 Defining capacity development 16
3.2 Impact levels of capacity development 17
3.3 Tools for capacity development 19
4. Capacity Development for the AquaCrop Software 234.1 Format of the workshops 23
4.2 Selection criteria for participants 25
4.3 Regional workshops and participants 26
4.4 “Improving farm management strategies through AquaCrop: Worldwide collection of case studies”: Sixth Work-shop in Indonesia 35
5. Conclusions and Recommendations 39
References 40
Appendix 42Appendix A: FAO/UNW-DPC workshop Time Table 42
Appendix B: Abstracts from participants 44
Appendix C: Time Table - Workshop on “Improving farm manage-ment strategies through AquaCrop: Worldwide collection of case studies” 72
Appendix D: List of participants of the five regional workshops 77
Appendix E: List of participants of the sixth international case study workshop 85
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Foreword
Dr. Reza ArdakanianFounding Director, UNW-DPC
Dr. Pasquale StedutoDeputy DirectorLand and Water Division, FAO
Global demand for fresh water is constantly rising as a consequence of population and economic growth and the rise in living standards. The resulting water crisis imposes significant challenges and to a large extent it is fundamentally a crisis in water governance and manage-ment, where education and training have a crucial role to play. In or-der to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a massive increase in the number of adequately trained water professionals and related human resources is needed.
Not surprisingly most of the decisions affecting water resources are taken outside the water sector. Hence global, regional and local water problems can only be fully addressed if water education is provided at all levels and for all stakeholders. In this context the International Decade of Action “Water for Life” presents excellent opportunities for the international community and UN Member States to address some of the major issues affecting water education.
A lot of focus has been put on the agriculture sector as it is not only the world’s largest water user in terms of volume, but is also a user of relatively low value and low efficiency. Therefore rainfed and irrigated agriculture needs to improve its water productivity. To assess accu-rately crop yield under limited water availability, user friendly software and simulation models can be valuable tools.
A new crop model (AquaCrop) has been recently developed by FAO. AquaCrop focuses on simulating the attainable yield in response to water, which is the key driver for agricultural production and which is increasingly becoming the critical factor limiting crop production. To disseminate the use of AquaCrop, five workshops on “Capacity De-velopment for Farm Management Strategies to Improve Crop-Water Productivity using AquaCrop” were carried out as a joint initiative of FAO and UNW-DPC in 2009 and 2010 in collaboration with local part-ners in Burkina Faso (Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement, 2iE), Iran (Ministry of Energy of Iran), China (China Agricultural University, CAU), Egypt (Agricultural Research Center, ARC, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation) and South Af-rica (University of the Free State’s Department of Soil, Crop and Cli-mate Sciences). Abstracts were collected from the outcomes of these workshops and those participants were invited to Yogyakarta, Indone-sia from 8 - 9 October 2010 to present their results on case studies of practical applications of AquaCrop. In this international workshop on
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“Improving farm management strategies through AquaCrop: World-wide collection of case studies,” UNW-DPC and FAO were successful in gathering some of the best examples and knowledge available on water productivity using AquaCrop.
We believe that a better understanding of this complex issue will im-prove awareness and will motivate further research and capacity devel-opment where necessary. It should further lead to more applications of AquaCrop, in turn leading to more efficient water use. We hope that this publication can provide valuable knowledge to those planning to carry out similar training activities and who desire to know more about capacity development activities.
UNW-DPC supports individual, organizational and institutional wa-ter-related capacity development activities. It sees its capacity devel-opment work as supporting knowledge production, management and delivery as well as providing an analysis of needs and gaps in the pro-vision of capacity development, and evaluating capacity development activities.
On behalf of UNW-DPC and FAO, we would like to thank all coop-erating partners of the five regional workshops and the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) for their cooperation and support in the sixth workshop in Indonesia to this capacity devel-opment initiative.
Dr Reza Ardakanian Dr Pasquale Steduto
Director Deputy Director UNW-DPC Land and Water Division, FAO
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Water is one of the most indispensable of all natural resources; it is essential for human beings, economic development and diversity. Nev-ertheless, many countries of the world face the challenge of rapidly growing water demands. The resulting water scarcity is one of the most pervasive natural allocation problems faced by development planners and very often does not only originate from physical constraints, but rather from its inefficient use and poor management. Consequently, tensions between water supply and demand are likely to be aggravated.
In many water scarce countries, irrigation is the dominant user of water in virtually all the situations where scarcity is significant, and demand for irrigation is predicted to be increasing. Agriculture water with-drawal accounts for about 75 per cent of all withdrawals in developing countries and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) predicts a 14 per cent net expansion of use between the years 2000-2030 to meet food demands (WWAP, 2006). At the same time irrigation is widely criticised as a profligate and wasteful user of water, especially in water poor areas.
The increasing demand for water resources and the increasing compe-tition between water users drive the need to manage these resources effectively and to improve economic performance to guarantee ade-quate food for future generations with the same or less water and land than that which is currently available for agriculture. Increasing water productivity can be an important pathway for poverty reduction, espe-cially in developing countries, where water productivity is very often relatively low.
Improving water productivity requires, among other things, improved technologies, increased maintenance to reduce leakages, better knowl-edge and appropriate policies. Besides the technological approaches needed for improved water management in agriculture, individual and institutional capacities have to be improved and developed to cope with the ever more complex interrelations between quantitative and qualitative crop water demands, increasing climate variability and re-lated variability in precipitation patterns and volumes, the water and land use demands of other users, etc. Hence new approaches to capac-ity development are needed for rain-fed and irrigated agriculture to ensure sustainable water and land use management. Modern technol-ogy with user-friendly software and simulation models can help in de-veloping these capacities within the agricultural sector.
1. Introduction
“Water Productivity is defined as the amount of food produced per unit volume of water used.” (WWAP 2006)
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A user friendly crop model was therefore developed by FAO: AquaCrop. To disseminate knowledge on the software, a series of 5 regional workshops under the title “Capacity Development for Farm Management Strategies to Improve Crop-Water Productivity, using AquaCrop” were organised and implemented through collaboration between UNW-DPC, FAO and the local partner organisations in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. The workshops were held in Burkina Faso, Iran, China, Egypt and South Africa, each running for 5 days. In a 6th workshop, which was held in Yogyakarta, Indonesia from 8th to 9th October 2010, best case studies from former workshops were selected.
The purpose of this publication is to describe the six workshops that have been supported by UNW-DPC and to provide some background on capacity development and the AquaCrop software.
1.1 Challenges in developing capacities in agriculture
Agriculture is not only the world’s largest water user in terms of volume, but is also a relatively low-value, low efficiency and highly subsidized user. Furthermore, in the years to come it is expected that the agricul-tural sector will be unable to compete with households and industry for increasingly scarce water resources, and yet it is under pressure to produce more food and fibre with less water and less deterioration of water quality to satisfy the food needs of a growing world population. The overall future scenario is further aggravated by the impact of cli-mate change. As such, agriculture needs to improve its overall perfor-mance, in general, and its water productivity in particular.
Although very often techniques and possibilities to increase agricul-tural water productivity are available, they cannot be applied in coun-tries where necessary, as appropriate capacity development is still missing. Education, research, capacity building, and awareness-raising are stepping stones toward better water management in agriculture. A new cadre of policymakers, managers, and extension providers is needed, with staff trained to understand and support producers in wa-ter management investments in farms and communities (IWMI, 2007).
However, the impacts on poverty, efficiency and ecosystems will de-pend on the type of capacity development. Investments will have to increase human and institutional capacity and improve management and infrastructure, integrating the needs of diverse and changing de-
“Making public sector organizations work better is one of the most persistent and difficult challenges in development and development cooperation. At the same time ,nothing is more crucial for achieving sustained progress, growth and poverty reduction.” (European Commission 2005)
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mands on water resources.
Very often challenges in capacity development arise in the field of traceability as long-term effects are seldom analyzed and impacts are difficult to quantify.
1.2 Objectives of the project
To ensure the sustainability of the agriculture sector in many develop-ing countries, investments in technology and capacity building need to go hand in hand with policies that make farming profitable. The hope lies in closing the gap in agricultural productivity in many parts of the world and in realising the unexplored potential that lies in better water management along with changes in policy and production techniques (IWMI, 2007).
Therefore capacity development at all levels is needed to realize changes in water management, production techniques and in policies. These levels include water-saving farm practices, needs-based water supply and policy and institutions. The resulting potential capacity needs are the following: information technologies for crop productivity, management practices, cropping practices, enhanced management of irrigation systems, training in the development of laws, institutional arrangements and policies to promote farmers’ adoption of water productivity-enhancing technologies and ensure better management of resources and the exchange of knowledge and experiences in other regions to learn from past experiences.
Therefore the main objectives of these six workshops included:
• Training of participants in the practical applications of AquaCrop in order to improve their skills in strategic farm management practices towards increasing crop water productivity in rainfed and irrigated production systems.
• Identification of possible paths of action towards implementa-tion of the concept in their own field of work.
• Knowledge dissemination in the field of irrigation using AquaCrop. Participants should disseminate their newly derived knowledge in their institutions and home countries. To support this objective the software was provided for free from the FAO
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AquaCrop website.
• Support project managers, consultants, irrigation engineers, agronomists, and farm managers to assess the current agriculture practices and formulate guidelines to increase the crop water productivity for both rainfed and irrigated production systems.
• In the sixth workshop, the special objective was to invite best case studies from former workshops to present their activities and experiences with AquaCrop. The workshop analyzed the success of former workshops and tried to identify training activities of participants within their countries. The results should help to design appropriate tools in capacity development and to organize appropriate follow-up activities.
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AquaCrop is FAO’s crop water productivity simulation model result-ing from the revision of the FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 33 “Yield Response to Water” (Doorenbos & Kassam, 1979). For over two decades, this paper has been a key reference for estimating the yield response of field, vegetable and tree crops to water. Much progress has been made in quantifying and understanding crop growth in relation to water since 1979. This led to the ongoing revision and restructuring of Paper No. 33, with AquaCrop as a major part of the results.
For this review process, FAO organized consultations with recognized authorities and experts from major scientific and academic institu-tions, national and international research centres and governmental organizations worldwide. The outcome is a revised framework that treats herbaceous crops and tree crops separately. The herbaceous crops are simulated by the model under development, AquaCrop, and parameterized for each crop species, including forage, vegetable, grain, fruit, oil and root and tuber crops. The goal of the FAO project is to calibrate AquaCrop for each important crop species with respect to all its parameters that are applicable across a wide range of conditions regardless of location, and hopefully, also not differ among most of the cultivars. The model intends to strike a balance among accuracy, sim-plicity and robustness. It aims at practical end users such as extension specialists, water managers, personnel of irrigation organisations, and economists and policy specialists who use simple models for planning and scenario analysis. The tree crops present additional complexities which are not easy to simulate. Hence, only guidelines regarding water management and yield estimation are being written for important tree crop species.
To assess accurately crop yield under limited water availability, models are required since water deficits throughout the season vary in inten-sity, duration and time of occurrence. Existing models were considered not suitable from the FAO perspective because of certain limitations. These include: (i) too much complexity for the majority of targeted users such as extension personnel, water user associations, consult-ing engineers, irrigation and farm managers, and economists; (ii) too many variables and input parameters required that are not actually available for the diverse range of crops and sites around the world; (iii) the use of variables familiar to scientists rather than to end users (e.g., leaf area index, leaf water potential, etc.); (iv) insufficient transparency
2. The AquaCrop Model
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and simplicity of model structure for the end user; and (v) unbalanced design, with much detail in the area of expertise of the modeller but over simplification in other components of the model.
AquaCrop focuses on simulating the attainable crop biomass and har-vestable yield in response to water, which is the key driver for agri-cultural production and which becomes increasingly the critical factor limiting crop production. It is a tool for
1. Predicting crop production under different water-management conditions (including rain fed and supplementa-ry, deficit and full irrigation) under present and future climate change conditions;
2. Investigating different management strategies under present and future climate change conditions.
The model uses a relatively small number of parameters (explicit and mostly intuitive). The mechanisms of crop response to cope with water shortage are described by only a few parameters, making the underly-ing processes transparent to the user. AquaCrop is a menu-driven pro-gram. With the help of graphs which are updated for every time step (day) during the simulation run, the user keeps track of changes in the soil water balance and the corresponding changes in biomass produc-tion and yield development.
The robustness of the model and its user-friendly environment ensure that AquaCrop can be easily used by a practitioner-type of end user to study the effect of alterations in the environment on crop devel-opment, to develop deficit irrigation strategies under water deficient conditions, and to simulate yields one can expect in particular environ-ments.
In the context of water scarcity, the AquaCrop software will be helpful to project managers, consultants, irrigation engineers, agronomists, and even farm managers to assess on the one hand the current ag-riculture practices and to formulate on the other hand guidelines to increase the crop water productivity for both rainfed and irrigated pro-duction systems.
The fundamental relation of the yield estimate in response to water is
12
expressed through the following equation,
(1)
where Yx and Ya are the maximum and actual yield, ETx and ET are the maximum and actual evapotranspiration, and Ky is the proportional-ity factor between relative yield loss and relative evapotranspiration reduction.
AquaCrop evolves from Eq. (1) by (i) dividing the ET in soil evapora-tion (Es) and crop transpiration (Tr), (ii) obtaining biomass (B) from the product of water productivity (WP) and cumulated crop transpi-ration, as reported in Eq. (2), (iii) expressing the final yield (Y) as the product of B and Harvest Index (HI), (iv) normalizing Tr with reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and (v) calculating crop water use, growth and production in daily time steps instead of only as the final ET and Y.
(2)
Simulation runs of AquaCrop are executed with daily time steps, using either calendar days or growing degree days. Several features distin-guish AquaCrop from other crop growth models, achieving a new level of simplicity, robustness and accuracy. These key features include:
• Canopy development expressed as canopy cover (CC) of the ground and not through leaf area index (LAI). This offers a significant simplification in the simulation by reducing canopy development with time to a sigmoid function using a canopy growth coefficient. Senescence of the canopy is simulated with a decline function.
• Root development is expressed in terms of effective rooting depth as a function of time (either calendar or thermal). A functional relationship is also established between root and shoot development.
• Biomass (B) is calculated using water productivity (WP) and crop transpiration (Tr). WP is normalized for climate (atmospheric evaporative demand and carbon dioxide) so that it can be used in different climatic zones in space and time. WP is also partially affected by fertility levels.
6
2. Investigating different management strategies, under present and future climate change conditions.
The model uses a relatively small number of parameters (explicit and mostly intuitive). The mechanisms of crop response to cope with water shortage are described by only a few parameters, making the underlying processes transparent to the user. AquaCrop is a menu-driven program. With the help of graphs which are updated for every time step (day) during the simulation run, the user keeps track of changes in the soil water balance and the corresponding changes in biomass production and yield development.
The robustness of the model and its user-friendly environment ensure that AquaCrop can be easily used by a practitioner-type of end user to study the effect of alterations in the environment on crop development, to develop deficit irrigation strategies under water deficient conditions, and to simulate yields one can expect in particular environments.
In the context of water scarcity, the software AquaCrop will be helpful to project managers, consultants, irrigation engineers, agronomists, and even farm managers to assess on the one hand the current agriculture practices and to formulate -on the other hand- guidelines to increase the crop water productivity for both rainfed and irrigated production systems.
The fundamental relation of the yield estimate in response to water isexpressed through the following equation,
−=
−
x
xY
x
axET
ETETK
YYY
(1)
where Yx and Ya are the maximum and actual yield, ETx and ET are the maximum and actual evapotranspiration, and Ky is the proportionality factor between relative yield loss and relative evapotranspiration reduction.
AquaCrop evolves from Eq. (1) by (i) dividing the ET in soil evaporation (Es) and crop transpiration (Tr), (ii) obtaining biomass (B) from the product of water productivity (WP) and cumulated crop transpiration, as reported in Eq. (2), (iii) expressing the final yield (Y) as the product of B and Harvest Index (HI), (iv) normalizing Tr with reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and (v) calculating crop water use, growth and production in daily time steps instead of only as the final ET and Y.
∑= TrWPB * (2)
Simulation runs of AquaCrop are executed with daily time steps, using either calendar days or growing degree days. Several features distinguish
6
2. Investigating different management strategies, under present and future climate change conditions.
The model uses a relatively small number of parameters (explicit and mostly intuitive). The mechanisms of crop response to cope with water shortage are described by only a few parameters, making the underlying processes transparent to the user. AquaCrop is a menu-driven program. With the help of graphs which are updated for every time step (day) during the simulation run, the user keeps track of changes in the soil water balance and the corresponding changes in biomass production and yield development.
The robustness of the model and its user-friendly environment ensure that AquaCrop can be easily used by a practitioner-type of end user to study the effect of alterations in the environment on crop development, to develop deficit irrigation strategies under water deficient conditions, and to simulate yields one can expect in particular environments.
In the context of water scarcity, the software AquaCrop will be helpful to project managers, consultants, irrigation engineers, agronomists, and even farm managers to assess on the one hand the current agriculture practices and to formulate -on the other hand- guidelines to increase the crop water productivity for both rainfed and irrigated production systems.
The fundamental relation of the yield estimate in response to water isexpressed through the following equation,
−=
−
x
xY
x
axET
ETETK
YYY
(1)
where Yx and Ya are the maximum and actual yield, ETx and ET are the maximum and actual evapotranspiration, and Ky is the proportionality factor between relative yield loss and relative evapotranspiration reduction.
AquaCrop evolves from Eq. (1) by (i) dividing the ET in soil evaporation (Es) and crop transpiration (Tr), (ii) obtaining biomass (B) from the product of water productivity (WP) and cumulated crop transpiration, as reported in Eq. (2), (iii) expressing the final yield (Y) as the product of B and Harvest Index (HI), (iv) normalizing Tr with reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and (v) calculating crop water use, growth and production in daily time steps instead of only as the final ET and Y.
∑= TrWPB * (2)
Simulation runs of AquaCrop are executed with daily time steps, using either calendar days or growing degree days. Several features distinguish
13
• Yield (Y) is calculated as the product of B and harvest index (HI). HI increases mostly linearly with time (either calendar or thermal), starting after pollination and until near physiological maturity. Other than for the yield, there is no biomass partitioning into the various organs. This choice avoids the majority of uncertainties linked to this fundamental process, which remains among the most difficult to model.
• Water stress is expressed through stress coefficients (Ks) specific to each basic growth expression. These are canopy expansion, stomatal control of transpiration (gs), canopy senescence and harvest index. Different Ks accommodate for different crop species sensitivities to water stress.
• Evapotranspiration (ET) division in soil evaporation (Es) and Tr approximates the Ritchie approach (1972), but instead using canopy cover (CC) rather than LAI as the crop parameter.
• AquaCrop uses a relatively small number of explicit and mostly intuitive parameters and input variables requiring simple methods for their determination.
The overall structure of AquaCrop’s main components is shown in the flowchart of Figure 1.
Figure 1: AquaCrop flowchart indicating the main components of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum
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AquaCrop is mainly intended for practitioners such as those work-ing for extension services, governmental agencies, NGOs and vari-ous kinds of farmers associations. It is useful for developing irrigation strategies under water deficit, finding the most suitable crop calendar under rainfed agriculture and obtaining yield estimates for field crops under a variety of environmental conditions (including salinity and cli-mate change). AquaCrop should also be of interest to scientists and for teaching purposes.
This tool is available free of charge at http://www.fao.org/nr/wa-ter/aquacrop.html.
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The achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and other in-ternational and national development targets strongly depends on ca-pacities of individuals, organizations and societies. However as reports of the UN Millennium Project (United Nations, 2000) and the Com-mission for Africa (2005) show, the development of capacity is one of the most critical issues for countries and development partners alike.
The reports conclude that while financial resources are vital to success, they are not sufficient to promote human development in a sustainable manner. Without awareness, understanding and commitment of citi-zens to the development goals, without educated and trained people and without supportive strategies, policies, laws and procedures and without functioning institutions, countries have enormous problems implementing development strategies. Capacity development helps to strengthen and sustain this foundation and as more capacity is devel-oped, national and local societies will be more and more able to:
• improve their competence in water management,
• enhance the effective management of their resources,
• reduce their dependence on donors, and
• support self-sufficiency within a globalized economy.
One important sector in the topic of water management is the agricul-tural sector, as it accounts for the majority of water withdrawals (see chapter 1) and at the same time water use efficiency in irrigation is only in the range of around 38% in developing countries (WWAP, 2006).
Raising water productivity through the adoption of water-saving technologies and improved water management as a response to the changing nature of demand for water and the inefficiency in irrigation represents a major step towards the achievement of the Millennium Development goals.
This requires appropriate capacity development in the respective fields of application addressing the corresponding target group.
Therefore special attention is paid to capacity development in the ir-rigation and drainage world, where it is becoming an issue in its own right rather than being embedded in water infrastructure investment projects (FAO, 2004).
3. Capacity Development in Agriculture
“The agriculture sector faces a complex challenge: producing more food of better quality while using less water per unit of output; providing rural people with resources and opportunities to live a healthy and productive life; applying clean technologies that ensure environmental sustainability; and contributing in a productive way to the local and national economy.”(WWAP, 2006)
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This change in development has had a profound influence on irrigated agriculture. Farmers are being encouraged to take on more responsi-bility for water management, and to be able to cope with present chal-lenges; in addition, farmers are beginning to demand better support services, advice, access to new technologies, finance, equitable and fair water management regulations. However, the limited ability of farmers to manage water and a lack of these support services are seen collec-tively as a lack of “capacity,” and there is a need for further development so that the water sector can function properly (FAO, 2004).
3.1 Defining capacity development
The terms capacity development and capacity building are usually used interchangeably. In the past capacity building was more commonly used, while today it is rather common to talk about capacity devel-opment. This seems to be reasonable as in most cases capacities are already existent and only need to be further developed and there is no need to begin building or creating capacities (Juntermanns, Schroth, & Stein von Kamienski, 2008).
There are no agreed universal definitions of the many key concepts used in relation to institutions and organizations, where capacity and capacity development as different disciplines emphasise different as-pects. Box 1 provides some examples of different definitions used by organizations and scientists.
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Very often impacts of capacity development are not obvious imme-diately but can rather be seen after several years. Especially capacity development of societies may take generations. Therefore capacity de-velopment should be seen as a long-term process whose outcomes may only be visible far in the future (UNDP, 2008).
3.2 Impact levels of capacity development
The European Commission maintained that “making public sector organisations work better is one of the most persistent and difficult challenges in development and development cooperation. At the same time, nothing is more crucial for achieving sustained progress, growth and poverty reduction” (2005). Hence assessing individual and insti-tutional capacity development is an essential element of any kind of support.
Although capacity development has been an issue for many years, it is only today where it is receiving special attention in the issue of water
Box 1: Definitions of Capacity Development
UNDP (1998) “…the sum of efforts needed to nurture, enhance and utilize the skills and capabilities of people and institutions at all levels – locally, nationally, region ally and internationally - so that they can better progress towards sustainable development….”
OECD (2006) “The process whereby people, organizations and society as a whole unleash, strengthen, create, adapt and maintain capacity over time.”
Bolger (2000) “Capacity development refers to the approaches, strategies and methodologies used by developing countries, and/or stakeholders, to improve perfor mance at the individual, organisational, network/ sector or broader system level.”
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management. Many irrigation management transfer programmes were implemented without raising the necessary capacity of local people, and it was recognized that there are serious shortcomings in develop-ment assistance (Kay & Renault, 2004).
It is now widely accepted that capacity development does not only in-clude the strengthening of individual skills and abilities but also needs appropriate environment, opportunities and incentives, taking into ac-count the individual, organizational/institutional and social levels to have a long term impact (Alaerts & Kaspersma, 2009). New capacity development should build on local capacities, and different activities at various levels should be integrated to address complex problems (see Figure 2) (compare FAO, 2004).
Figure 2: Impact Levels of Capacity Development
Capacity development on the individual level includes the transfer of knowledge to stakeholders, farmers, professionals and others. It enables individuals to embark on a continuous process of learning –building on existing knowledge and skills, and extending these as op-portunities appear. Some of these are acquired through formal training and education, others through learning by doing and experience.
The organizational level refers to groups of people as water user or-ganizations, research groups and private companies. It comprises the internal policies, arrangements, procedures and frameworks that allow an organization to operate and which enable individuals to bring their capacities together and achieve goals. It builds on existing capacities, encouraging existing institutions to grow.
The societal level involves capacities in society as a whole, or a process of transformation to assist development. It describes the broader system
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within which individuals and organizations function and one that facili-tates or hampers their existence and performance. The societal level also includes the broad national and international context and refers to the political and legal framework. This level of capacity is not easy to grasp tangibly, but it is central to the understanding of capacity issues.
All these levels are closely linked together and provide a structure that allows capacity development to be examined and analyzed. Capacity development involves much more than individual knowledge creation; rather it depends crucially on the quality of organizations in which they work. On the other hand organizations are influenced by the enabling environment in which they are embedded (OECD, 2006). In addition, these impact levels provide possible entry points for support from do-nors and technical cooperation.
3.3 Tools for Capacity Development
A number of successful approaches, tools and techniques are available to support capacity development, and in a more general sense, the gen-eration and dissemination of knowledge. Among others some general tools include (compare Pearson 2010):
• Education/learning and training
• Mentoring and facilitation
• Networking
• Feedback and experiential learning
Training has long been a central element of many capacity devel-opment programmes, with governments spending high amounts of money, especially at the individual level. However, recently it has been recognized that also learning represents a crucial element in capacity development. Learning practices that go beyond technical skills trans-ferred through training are difficult to identify but are a key concept towards sustainable capacity development (Pearson, 2010). Training focuses on the gain of technical skills and knowledge of individuals rather than at organizational or institutional levels. Training has pre-defined content and is a closed system which usually needs a fixed amount of time.
Designing an effective learning process requires the consideration of cultural and contextual factors. Analyzing issues related to learning at
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both the macro level and in terms of the specific context could help to answer fundamental questions about whether or not learning practices could result in sustainable change.
When designing processes to support learning, many factors need to be taken into account. This includes the distinction between long-term and short-term learning components. It is relevant to set clear objec-tives and indicators to ensure that they are results oriented and that integration of monitoring and evaluation are essential parts of the pro-cess. A well formulated training programme has four key stages: de-fining training needs, designing and planning training, providing the training, and evaluating the outcome of the training (Pearson, 2010).
The variety of teaching and learning methods that support capacity development is an important ingredient in creating a course. Over the past few years, a wide range of different teaching and learning meth-ods have been introduced and tested, often with the aim of developing skills which more didactic methods are poorly adapted to. The sec-tion below gives a brief overview of some selected learning practices which can be applied in capacity development. Many of the practices described are linked or even overlap and some can be considered as cross-cutting (Pearson, 2010; Pain, Knottenbelt, & Ramscar, 1997).
a) Blended learning
Core to the capacity development strategies being employed is the use of blended learning measures which combine the transfer of analytical competencies. Usually it combines a mixture of e-learning and interac-tive human contact. The approach targets the development of systemic thinking among teams and the ability to resolve problems, act and ini-tiate change in order to achieve social effects.
b) Lectures
Lectures are well suited to provide an overview of the subject matter and to stimulate the interest in it rather than disseminating facts. It is important to formulate clear objectives, clear overhead acetates or slides, a paced delivery and appropriate handouts which provide par-ticipants with complex diagrams or difficult or critical text.
21
c) Exercises and Seminars
This learning method is well suited for long-term learning as partici-pants gain knowledge through interactive communication during the exercises and seminars.
Most commonly learning and capacity needs are best addressed bring-ing together a selection of different methods rather than applying only one technique. The selection and combination of multiple practices can be a very effective way of maximising benefits from trainings.
Mentoring is a one-to-one helping relationship in which one individu-al supports the professional development of the other. It is very similar to a coaching relationship and can involve elements of coaching. But the main emphasis is on the mentor using his/her professional exper-tise and experience in a given area to support the development of the less experienced participant.
In the context of development, facilitation is the process by which par-ticipants in a group setting agree to be actively involved in their own learning. This is known as action learning. Facilitators have to develop creative communication techniques and innovative instruments and tools that are participatory and developmental in nature. They have to be able to create a conducive environment for trust building, network-ing, joint analysis, problem resolution and co-operation between the various stakeholders in a local or regional economy.
This requires facilitators and trainers to utilize diverse participatory techniques that assist in directing change processes based on the use of methodologies which promote experiential processes that allow for acceptance of difficult and courageous decisions and systemic compe-tence development.
Networks are of great importance in the exchange of knowledge be-tween different stakeholders involved in the capacity development process. For a successful capacity development process it is necessary that informal and formal networks exist to connect individual groups and educational institutes to the government and society. Capacity de-velopment requires individuals to share their knowledge and personal beliefs with others in informal or formal networks to encourage com-munication between stakeholders.
22
Feedback and experiential learning is crucial for successful capacity development and is a new trend in development work. Social learning as part of adaptive water management (AWM) represents one form of experiential learning, which is important for capacity development. Adaptive management uses the lessons learned from the outcomes of implemented management strategies and considers changes in exter-nal factors in a proactive manner to develop a systemic process for im-proving management policies and practices, with a central objective of increasing the adaptive capacity of the management regime in general and the involved actors in particular (Pahl-Wostl, 2007). In AWM, ca-pacity development refers to the development of the knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for management actors and professional or-ganizations to increase their adaptive capacity and create institutions that are flexible and responsive enough to support them in the context of increasing risks. Social learning increases the adaptive capacity of individuals and leads to sustained processes of attitudinal and behav-ioral change (Pahl-Wostl, et al., 2007). Social learning helps to foster communication between stakeholders, who can take appropriate ac-tions themselves by sharing knowledge and responsibility in participa-tory processes.
23
Realizing the problem of inefficient water use especially in the agri-cultural sector, FAO and UNW-DPC developed a series of workshops to develop capacities on the individual level on the topic of water ef-ficiency.
The AquaCrop software (see chapter 2) represents one important tool to increase water use efficiency in agriculture, which can help farmers to apply improved water resources management. Therefore, to dissem-inate knowledge of the software and its application, the FAO together with UNW-DPC and local partners organized training workshops tar-geting the individual level using lectures and computer-based exercises as teaching and learning tools.
4.1 Format of the workshops
The series of workshops were organized by UNW-DPC in collabora-tion with FAO and 5 local host institutions in the respective countries. The working sessions for all 5 workshops were designed to be essen-tially the same. Each workshop consisted of a 5-day practical train-ing program, two morning sessions of one and a half hours each and two afternoon sessions of one hour and 45 minutes each with work on computers, separated by coffee/tea and lunch breaks. The concep-tual sessions were mainly organized in the mornings and conducted in classrooms equipped with a blackboard, overhead projector and data projector. The afternoon sessions consisted of practical exercises at the computer. Since the main objective of the workshop was the training of participants in the use of the AquaCrop software, each participant had to have his or her own computer to run all exercises individually. Details of the material covered in the morning and afternoon sessions are presented in the Workshop Time Table (see Appendix A).
The training programme was designed to provide the participants with an in-depth overview of the functionalities and features of AquaCrop dealing with climatic data processing, soil and crop characteristics, yield response to water, irrigation management, field management and crop water productivity. The participants were to be familiarized during the first half of the workshop with climate, crop and soil as-pects describing the environment in which simulations were run. In the corresponding practical exercises on the computer the participants learned step by step how to define and adjust climate, crop and soil characteristics in AquaCrop.
4. Capacity Development for the AquaCrop Software
24
The main goal was to derive from the simulation results practical guidelines to improve crop water productivity. Cropping systems, field management and irrigation scheduling become then the key aspects covered in the workshop.
After the opening ceremony on the first day, the participants were in-troduced to the objectives of the workshop and the topics that were to be covered. The training programme for all the workshops was con-ducted by Prof. Dirk Raes of the K. U. Leuven University and by Dr. Gabriella Izzi of the FAO Crop Water Productivity Programme, Water Development and Management Unit. Both the theoretical and practi-cal sessions of these workshops were followed with high interest and active involvement by the participants. An open and interactive ap-proach adopted for the training program was a key factor for its suc-cess in the different countries.
In the last session of the 5-day workshop, the participants had the op-portunity to evaluate (anonymously) the workshop, and the instruc-tors were informed by the participants of their planned national/local follow-up activities once they returned to their home countries. Before each workshop, UNW-DPC prepared a questionnaire for the partici-pants to fill out prior to the training on capacity development needs in the field of water and food, that was then analyzed in order to assess the specific gaps in terms of individual, institutional and organization al capacity. The results of this questionnaire will help UNW-DPC iden-tify coordinated responses to fill these gaps and develop capacity in this field.
There was the possibility for a field trip to be added to the workshop. It had to be arranged by the local organizing committee/ local partner and had to be scheduled following the 5-day training. From the field trip participants could learn how water resources are managed locally, extension services are organized, and how guidelines to improve water productivity can be implemented through the various agencies.
After the training, the participants made specific suggestions for fol-low-up activities through an evaluation questionnaire that was circu-lated during the workshop. Results were presented to participants in the follow up workshop in Indonesia (see chapter 4.4).
25
4.2 Selection criteria for participants
Typically participants came from governmental and non-governmen-tal agencies dealing with agricultural water resources, from extension services formulating practical advice, to farmers or those from a rel-evant research or higher education institution. They held key or stra-tegic positions at institutions or organizations in their native country. They also could have been project managers, researchers, irrigation engineers, extension specialists, or teaching staff involved with the training of agricultural or irrigation engineers.
The applicants were requested to submit:
• a completed application form;
• their curriculum vitae highlighting educational experience, work experience and other professional experience;
• a letter of intent (1 page) describing how the training will be beneficial to their work and how the gained knowledge can be disseminated once the applicant return to his/her institution; and
• a reference letter from their supervisor expressing the interest of the organization.
The main criteria for selection were:
• At least three years of professional experience in a related field (water resources management, irrigation, extension service on farm water management, research in crop-water relations, teaching experience in agricultural science);
• Currently be working in a relevant institution or organisation in their native country;
• Opportunities for dissemination of the gained knowledge;
• Basic computer skills; and
• Good command of the language of instruction (depending on the location, the workshop was conducted in English or French). However, since the software and reference material is in English, participants always needed a good command of English.
According to these criteria participants were jointly selected by the or-ganizing partners, FAO and UNW-DPC.
26
4.3 Regional workshops and participants
The five workshops were attended by a total of 146 participants from 58 different countries. Figure 3 shows the locations of the workshops and country distributions.
Figure 3: Workshop Locations
These regions were selected due to their serious water shortage on the one hand, and on the other hand they are characterized by high ir-rigation rates and their high potentials to improve water use efficien-cies. As the workshops were meant to train people so that they could disseminate the gained knowledge, the main target groups included people from higher education followed by national research institutes (see Figure 4).
1st workshop West African Countries
2nd workshop Middle-Eastern Countries
3rd workshop Eastern Asian Countries
4th workshop Eastern African Countries
5th workshop Southern African Countries
Total participant distribution
146 participants
27
Figure 4: Institutional Distribution of Participants from all 5 Workshops
28
The AquaCrop workshop in Burkina Faso was organized by UNW-DPC and FAO together with Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE) from the 27th to 31st July 2009 at the 2iE Institute in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. It was the first of the five workshop series, with 19 participants that included top and mid-level managers, professionals and researchers in water and agriculture. Rep-resentatives came from 11 North and West African countries, with 5 of them coming from Burkina Faso. When one looks at the institutional distribution of participants, at 44%, most participants came from na-tional research institutes, while only 6% came from international de-velopment organizations.
Country Number of
ParticipantsInstitutional Distribution
Burkina Faso 5Ivory Coast 3Mali 3Algeria 1Benin 1Chad 1Congo CD 1Mauritania 1Morocco 1Niger 1
Togo 1
The welcoming addresses were made by Mr. Kouassi, Acting Director-General of 2iE, Mr. A. Mayouya, on behalf of the FAO representative in Burkina Faso, and Dr. Jose Luis Martin-Bordes, on behalf of the Di-rector of UNW-DPC. The three speakers recognized that agriculture is important for food security and rural development, especially irri-gated agriculture, and that water use efficiency in agriculture has to be one of the highest priorities for sustaining livelihoods. They also em-phasized that education, research, capacity development, and political awareness-raising in the agricultural and water sectors are important stepping-stones towards better water management in agriculture.
The training sessions were done as shown in the agreed time schedule. There was no field excursion in Burkina Faso.
Ouagadougou,
Burkina Faso
27-31 July 2009
29
Tehran, Iran
9-13 August 2009
The second AquaCrop workshop was held in the Olympic Hotel, Teh-ran, Iran from 9th to 13th August 2009. Organization and implemen-tation of the workshop was done between UNW-DPC, FAO and the Ministry of Energy of Iran, Deputy for Water and Wastewater Affairs. The workshop brought together 37 participants from 10 countries in West Asia and the Middle East. The countries included Iran, Iraq, Jor-dan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan and Ye-men, while 19 participants came from Iran.
Country Number of
Participants
Institutional Distribution
Iran 19
Pakistan 4Turkey 3Uzbekistan 3Syria 3Iraq 1Libanon 1Jordan 1Tajikistan 1Yemen 1
The welcoming addresses were made by Dr. R Ardakanian, Director of UNW-DPC, Ms. F. Radmehr, on behalf of the FAO representative in Iran, and Dr. A. Askari, Deputy of Planning and Economic Affairs of the Ministry of Energy of Iran. The three speakers recognized in their speeches that as much as agriculture is important for food security and rural developments, agriculture, especially irrigated agriculture, is at the same time the largest consumer of water - making increases in ef-ficiency a high priority for sustainable development. In order to ensure the sustainability of the agriculture sector in many countries, invest-ments in technology and capacity development need to go hand in hand with policies that make farming profitable. Again, emphasis was put on the fact that education, research, capacity development (both individual and institutional), and political awareness raising in the ag-ricultural and water sectors are necessary to improve water manage-ment in agriculture.
The training sessions were done as shown in the agreed time schedule. There was no field excursion in Iran.
Ministry of Energy of Iran Deputy for Water and Wastewater Affairs
30
The third in the series of 5 regional workshops on “Capacity Develop-ment for Farm Management Strategies to Improve Crop-Water Pro-ductivity, using AquaCrop” was held at the China Agricultural Univer-sity in Beijing, China from 14th to 18th September 2009. 29 participants, including mid-level managers, professionals and researchers in water and agriculture, attended from 15 different countries. Most people par-ticipated from the host country, China. The organization and imple-mentation of this workshop was done by China Agricultural University (CAU) as the local organizer, together with FAO and UNW-DPC. In this workshop more than 60% of participants came from higher educa-tion and only 4% from international development organizations.
Country Number of
Participants
Institutional Distribution
China 9
Thailand 3India 3Cambodia 2North Korea 2Bangladesh 1Indonesia 1Laos 1Mongolia 1Myanmar 1Nepal 1Philippines 1South Korea 1Sri Lanka 1Vietnam 1
The workshop was opened by three speeches of the representatives of the three organizing institutions. First, Dr. Zhang Linyi, Deputy Di-rector of the China Agricultural University, congratulated FAO and UNW-DPC for the successful convening of participants for the soft-ware training. She discussed the teaching and research work of the CAU and the urgency of conserving available water resources. Then Ms. Victoria Sekitoleko, FAO representative in China, emphasized that training is one of the main activities of FAO for improving nutrition and living standards of all people, which is at the core of FAO’s work. She said that when increasing agricultural production, the protection of natural resources was very important, and that these efforts need-ed to take into account issues such as population growth and climate change, which require member states to strengthen co-operation. Fi-
Beijing, China
14-18 September 2009
31
nally Dr. Charlotte van der Schaaf, Programme Officer at UNW-DPC, emphasised that gains in water productivity also require a policy and institutional environment that encourages on the one hand the adop-tion of new techniques and tools, and on the other hand deals with the resulting trade-offs. She urged that especially capacity development and political awareness-raising in the agricultural and water sectors are important stepping stones towards better water management in agriculture.
The training sessions were done as shown in the agreed time schedule. There was no field excursion in China.
32
From 25th to 29th October 2009, the fourth workshop was held at the premises of the Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Ministry of Ag-riculture and Land Reclamation, in Cairo, Egypt. The workshop was attended by 27 participants from 11 different countries. Like in the other workshops, these representatives were mid-level managers, pro-fessionals and researchers in water and agriculture. The organization and implementation of the workshop was done in collaboration among UNW-DPC, FAO and the Soil, Water and Environment Research In-stitute (SWERI) as the local organizer. 46% of participants came from higher education while 12% came from international development or-ganizations.
Country Number of
Participants
Institutional Distribution
Egypt 8Ethipopia 4Sudan 3Ghana 2Kenya 2Nigeria 2Uganda 2Libya 1Rwanda 1Sierra Leone 1Syria 1
The workshop was opened by three speeches of the representatives of the three organizing institutions. Dr. Hamdy El-Hossainy Khalifa, Di-rector of Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute, congratulat-ed FAO and UNW-DPC with the successful convening of the partici-pants for the software training. Mr. Mohamed Bazza, Senior Irrigation and Water Resources Officer of FAO RNE in Cairo, emphasized one of the core missions of FAO, which is the improvement of nutrition and standards of living of all people. Finally, Dr. Charlotte van der Schaaf, Programme Officer at UNW-DPC, emphasised that especially capac-ity development and political awareness-raising in the agricultural and water sectors are important stepping stones towards better water man-agement in agriculture.
The training sessions were done as shown in the agreed time schedule. There was no field excursion in Egypt.
Cairo, Egypt
25-29 October 2009
33
Bloemfontein, South Africa
1-5 March 2010
The final AquaCrop workshop took place from 1 to 5 March 2010 in Bloemfontein, South Africa, hosted by the University of the Free State’s Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences. It was attended by 34 participants from 11 different countries. Participants included mid-level managers, professionals and researchers in water and agriculture. The organization and implementation of the workshop was done in collaboration among UNW-DPC, FAO and the University of the Free State as the local organizer. Like in previous workshops most partici-pants came from the host country and most participants came from higher education. It must be noted that in this South African workshop also 34% of the participants came from ministries. Compared to the other workshops this share is relatively high.
Country Number of
Participants
Institutional Distribution
South Africa 11Malawi 5Zimbabwe 5Tanzania 4Cameroon 2Zambia 2Ghana 1Lesotho 1Mauritius 1Mozambique 1New Zealand 1
The workshop was opened informally on the morning of the first day by Dr. Gabriella Izzi of FAO, who gave an overview of the topic and an outline for the week’s intensive training course. Information and man-dates about all three organizing institutions were given at this morning session by FAO. Ms. Lis Mullin Bernhardt of UNW-DPC represented and introduced UNW-DPC at the workshop. Professor Sue Walker, of the Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences Department at UFS, also gave an introduction to the participants. An official opening of the workshop was provided at a lunchtime speech by Professor Jonathan Jansen, Rec-tor of the University of the Free State. He spoke particularly about the importance of the topic of water management and its significance for agriculture in South Africa and the wider region, also noting that or-ganizational capacity must be strengthened greatly in Africa to better ensure the sustainability of these kinds of trainings.
The training sessions were done as shown in the agreed time schedule.
34
In addition, an evening excursion to the UFS crop research field was undertaken on the second day of the workshop, in order to witness first-hand the irrigation techniques and experiments being carried out on maize, amaranthus and millet crops, all of which provide substantial sources of food for the South African population. Local participants and researchers from UFS were on hand to explain the techniques and answer questions from the participants.
35
4.4 “Improving farm management strategies through AquaCrop: Worldwide collection of case studies”: Sixth Workshop in Indonesia
From 8 to 9 October 2010 a workshop on a worldwide collection of case studies dealing with AquaCrop took place in Yogyakarta, Indo-nesia. All participants from the five earlier workshops in AquaCrop were invited to submit an abstract of their work with AquaCrop by May 2010. Out of 50 submissions 24 applicants were selected to sub-mit a full paper and 19 participants were then funded to attend the 6th AquaCrop Workshop (for the abstracts see Appendix B).
The objectives of this workshop, taking place just before the 6th Asian Regional Conference from 10th – 16th October 2010, were twofold:
1. It should provide an overview of the most strategic applications of AquaCrop in different agro-climatic conditions
2. It should provide a platform for the presentation of analysis of earlier workshops. With the help of the questionnaires distributed during all five previous workshops, learning and presentation techniques, tim-ing, possibility for improvements and impacts were analyzed and pre-sented during the Indonesia workshop. Results can also support the planning and implementation of further workshops.
UNW-DPC analyzed the quality of presentations, exercises, time avail-ability and overall evaluation of the workshops as well as the AquaCrop manual and software.
The workshop was planned to be a 2 day workshop directly before
36
the 6th Asian Regional Conference (for the schedule see Appendix C). The workshop was officially opened on the morning of the first day by Dr. Hani Sewilam of UNW-DPC, to give an overview of the topic and an outline for the two days of case study presentations. Information and background about all three organizing institutions were given on this first day by the three organizations, represented by Dr. Pasquale Steduto, Principal Officer of the FAO Water Unit, M. Gopalakrishnan, Secretary General of ICID, and Dr. Hani Sewilam, Programme Officer at UNW-DPC.
The first part of the workshop was chaired by FAO on an evaluation of AquaCrop: the AquaCrop software, an evaluation of its use and further development, based on the case studies of selected and invited participants. Each participant gave a 30 minute presentation on his/her case study, and there were 15 minutes available for discussion after each presentation. Participants were grouped according to thematic areas such as:
i. Crop file tuning for local condition
ii. Formulation of irrigation guidelines and irrigation scheduling
iii. Improved crop water productivity through field management
iv. Assessment of the effect of climate change
v. Calibration of AquaCrop for new crops
After all the case studies of one of the above types were presented, a group discussion was organized at the end of the workshop and UNW-DPC presented analysis results and recommendations for further ac-tivities.
37
Analysis Results
The next figures present the results of the analysis of the questionnaires from the 5 workshops. In general presentations and lectures were rated as “excellent” or “very good” from most of the participants. However, 12% of the respondents, in particular participants at the Burkina Faso workshop, rated the presentations as merely “satisfactory.”
The workshop in Burkina Faso represents the most unsatisfied partici-pants. 35% rated time availability of the workshop as “weak” and even 6% found time availability “poor.” All participants of the workshops who rated time availability with less than very good stated that time was too short for the complexity of the learning material.
The same picture is reflected in the evaluation of exercises, where 24% of participants from the Burkina Faso workshop rated the exercises only as “satisfactory” and even 11% as “weak.” As this was the first of the five workshops, the trainers also had to iron out difficulties and problems during lectures and exercises. However, outside of the Burki-na Faso workshop, more than 10% of the other workshop participants evaluated the exercises with satisfactory. Most participants stated that time for exercises, at less than 50% of the total available time, was too short and that more time should be allocated to exercises.
Participants from the Burkina Faso workshop in general rated the workshop worse than participants from other workshops. One reason for this can be seen in possible communication or cultural problems. This workshop was the only workshop held in the French language and all materials had to be translated from English to French, result-ing in some potential communication difficulties. Furthermore it was the first of the five workshops. However, in general all workshops were rated very well and responses from participants were mostly positive.
During the workshop UNW-DPC distributed another questionnaire to learn more about further trainings. Only 4 people indicated not hav-ing trained other people, while 13 people (76%) stated that they had trained at least 1-5 people. The figures below show that 46% of the people who trained others, have trained 1-5 people, while 15% have even trained more than 15 others. Those who did not train others cited reasons such as lack of time, lack of administration/ support and lack of resources to do so. Evaluations of the logistical aspects of the work-
38
shops themselves were positive, and evaluations of the AquaCrop soft-ware were also very good.
Looking at the workshop distribution, the workshop with the most participants who trained other people was South Africa. 2 participants stated that they had trained between 5 and 10 others, while 1 each had trained between 1 and 5, or 10 and 15 people, respectively. 3 people each who participated at the China and Egypt workshop trained oth-ers, while only two people from the Iran workshop trained anyone else.
Out of these results it can be assumed that the workshop in South Af-rica was the most successful one and that the education and training was most appropriate, along with the selection of participants. One reason might also be the fact that participants at the South African workshop were the only ones who had the opportunity to participate in a field trip. Consequently one could assume that field trips are a good and effective complement to lectures and exercises as people can see how things work in practice.
The best two case studies of this workshop were selected and the authors were funded to attend the ICID Asian Regional Conference. The par-ticipants selected were Tsegay Alemtsehay from Ethiopia and Emmanuel Kipkorir from Kenya. Their case studies were on the following topics: “AquaCrop as a tool to disclose the water productivity and water stress mechanisms of tef (Eragrostis tef (Zuccu.) Trotter),” and “Application of AquaCrop model for within-season prediction of maize yields.”
Selected feedback from training participants:
“The teaching materials are very useful and very appropriate to take home for further use.“
“Overall the training was very useful for capacity building.”
“Some more practical sessions would have been beneficial.”
39
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
The mechanisms considered here included education/learning and training, mentoring and facilitation, networking and feedback and ex-periential learning. The type of learning and training chosen for the workshops included lectures and computer-based exercises, as they were identified as the most appropriate for the learning purpose using the available facilities. The following conclusions can be drawn from workshop evaluations and the case study workshop in Indonesia.
• In general, participants evaluated the learning tools as very good. However, more time should be allocated to exercises and less time to lectures.
• The communication language should be the same and all material should be in the language which is understandable for all participants.
• Field trips represent a good complement to other learning methods, as we saw from the South Africa workshop. Furthermore, those participants trained the most people.
• A follow-up workshop represents a good way to follow up activitites as it provides the possibility to see what participants have done with the knowledge gained and what kinds of further gaps still exist.
After having organized the workshops and evaluated them through questionnaire analysis, it is of essential importance to follow several key capacity development aspects. First it is important to identify ca-pacity needs and the respective target group. One must identify re-spective tools for capacity development and how they can be applied.
Further capacity development in the topic of AquaCrop and water management should follow on the organizational and societal level as further steps.
40
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Appendix
Appendix A: FAO/UNW-DPC workshop Time Table
MO
RN
ING
pro
gram
me
Mon
day
Mar
ch 1
, 201
0Tu
esda
y M
arch
2, 2
010
Wed
nesd
ay
Mar
ch 3
, 201
0Th
ursd
ay
Mar
ch 4
, 201
0Fr
iday
M
arch
5, 2
010
Intr
oduc
tion
and
Clim
ate
Soil
and
Cro
p ch
arac
teri
stic
s Yi
eld
resp
onse
to w
ater
Ir
rigat
ion
man
agem
ent
Prac
tical
app
licat
ions
Mor
ning
Sess
ion
1 (8
:30
–
10:0
0)
Intr
oduc
tion
to th
e co
urse
Con
cept
s of A
quaC
rop
Pres
enta
tion
of A
quaC
rop
user
-inte
rfac
e
Soil
char
acte
rist
ics:
Soil
Phys
ical
Cha
ract
eris
tics
Soil
Wat
er c
onte
nt
Soil
Wat
er b
alan
ce
Cro
p ch
arac
teri
stic
s:
Cro
p Tr
ansp
iratio
n
Biom
ass p
rodu
ctio
n
Yiel
d re
spon
se to
wat
er
Irrig
ated
farm
ing
Net
irrig
atio
n re
quire
-
men
t
Irrig
atio
n sc
hedu
le
Gen
erat
ion
of Ir
riga
tion
sche
dule
Defi
cit i
rrig
atio
n
Der
ivin
g pr
actic
al
guid
elin
es fr
om si
mul
a-
tion
resu
lts:
Pres
enta
tion
of c
ase
stud
ies
Form
ulat
ion
of g
uide
-
lines
Coff
ee
brea
kG
ROU
P PI
CT
URE
Mor
ning
Sess
ion
2
(10:
30 –
12:0
0)
Refe
renc
e ET
(ETo
)
Agr
oclim
atic
dat
a co
llect
ion
and
proc
essin
g
Cro
p ch
arac
teri
stic
s:
Can
opy
deve
lopm
ent
Cro
p ca
nopy
resp
onse
to
wat
er
Cro
p ch
arac
teri
stic
s:
Yiel
d re
spon
se to
wat
er
(con
t.)
Rain
fed
farm
ing:
initi
al so
il w
ater
con
tent
onse
t
Prac
tical
Exe
rcis
e on
PC
:
Dat
abas
e m
anag
emen
t
(Irr
igat
ion)
Sim
ulat
ion
with
irri
ga-
tion
sche
dulin
g
Usin
g A
quaC
rop
for
a
prac
tical
cas
e st
udy
Shad
ed c
ells
refe
r to
prac
tica
l exe
rcis
es a
t PC
43
AFT
ERN
OO
N p
rogr
amm
e
Mon
day
Mar
ch 1
, 201
0Tu
esda
y M
arch
2, 2
010
Wed
nesd
ay
Mar
ch 3
, 201
0Th
ursd
ay
Mar
ch 4
, 201
0Fr
iday
M
arch
5, 2
010
Clim
atic
dat
a pr
oces
sing
Sim
ulat
ions
with
Aqu
aCro
pSi
mul
atio
ns
with
Aqu
aCro
pFi
eld
man
agem
ent
Cro
p w
ater
pro
duct
ivity
Afte
rnoo
n
Sess
ion
1
(13:
30 –
15:0
0)
Prac
tical
Exe
rcis
e on
PC
:
ETo
calc
ulat
or
Aqu
aCro
p: D
atab
ase
man
-
agem
ent (
Clim
ate)
Prac
tical
Exe
rcis
e on
PC
:
Dat
abas
e m
anag
emen
t
(Cro
p)
Can
opy
deve
lopm
ent
Prac
tical
Exe
rcis
e on
PC
:
Dat
abas
e m
anag
emen
t
(Cro
p)
Resp
onse
to w
ater
stre
sses
Resp
onse
to te
mpe
ratu
re
stre
sses
Farm
man
agem
ent
Wat
er sa
ving
tech
niqu
es
Floo
ded
rice
Soil
fert
ility
and
cro
p
resp
onse
s
Feed
back
s and
follo
w u
p
by th
e pa
rtic
ipan
ts
Coff
ee
brea
k
Afte
rnoo
n
Sess
ion
2
(15:
30 –
17:3
0)
Prac
tical
Exe
rcis
e on
PC
:
ETo
calc
ulat
or
Aqu
aCro
p: D
atab
ase
man
-
agem
ent (
Clim
ate)
Prac
tical
Exe
rcis
e on
PC
:
Dat
abas
e m
anag
emen
t
(Cro
p)
Can
opy
deve
lopm
ent
Prac
tical
Exe
rcis
e on
PC
:
Ons
et o
f the
seas
on (r
ain-
fed
agric
ultu
re)
Prac
tical
Exe
rcis
e on
PC
:
Cal
ibra
tion
of so
il fe
rtili
ty
stre
ss (C
rop)
Dat
abas
e m
anag
emen
t
(Fie
ld M
anag
emen
t)
Sim
ulat
ion
with
lim
ited
soil
fert
ility
Clo
sing
cere
mon
y
Shad
ed c
ells
refe
r to
prac
tical
exe
rcis
es a
t PC
44
Appendix B: Abstracts from participants
Case Study 1:
EVALUATION OF AQUACROP MODEL FOR POTATO CROP UNDER FULL IRRIGATION AND WATER STRESS CONDITION IN BANGLADESH
M. S. Rahman1*, M. Salehin2, M. A. R. Akanda3, P. K. Sarkar4, and A. U. Haque5
1Scientific Officer, Irrigation & Water Management Division,
Bangladesh Agricultural Research
Institute (BARI), Gazipur, Bangladesh, E-mail: [email protected] 2Associate Professor, Institute of Water and Flood Management,
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh 3Principal Scientific Officer, Spices Research Centre, BARI, Bangladesh
4Principal Scientific Officer, Irrigation & Water Management Division, BARI
5 Scientific Officer, Tuber Crop Research Centre, BARI
ABSTRACT
Predicting yield is increasingly important to optimize irrigation under limited available water for enhanced sustainability and profitable pro-duction. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Na-tions has recently addressed this need by providing a yield response to water simulation model (AquaCrop). This model is already parameter-ised for different crops including potato. In this study, AquaCrop was locally calibrated and tested for potato crop (variety: Diamant) with several irrigation treatments: full irrigation as the control and water stress at stolonisation stage, at tubulisation stage and at bulking stage. The field experiment was conducted in the research field of Agricul-tural Research Institute (BARI), Jodebpur, Bangladesh during winter season of 2009-2010. Model parameters that were used to calibrate included conservative parameters which may be cultivar specific and
45
dependent on environment and /or management. The conservative parameters were held constant, and the calibrated model was evalu-ated by test simulations. The simulation results showed a reasonably accurate prediction of the final aboveground biomass within 10% of the measured value. The predicted tuber yield values were within 15% of measurements, except in the treatment of water stress at stolonisa-tion stage, with errors up to 17.01%. The simulated pattern of canopy progression and biomass accumulation over time were close to mea-sured values, with Willmott’s index of agreement for all the cases be-ing ≥0.992 for canopy cover and ≥0.986 for biomass. The simulation results showed a reasonably accurate prediction of evapotranspiration in all cases (error less than 12 %), except in full irrigation (15% error). Accelerated senescence of canopy due to water stress was difficult to simulate accurately. The model closely predicted the trend in soil wa-ter content, but overestimated soil moisture for the three water stress treatments. According to the first year study, the calibrated model seems to have performed well for potato crop in Bangladesh condition.
46
Case Study 2:
CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION OF AQUACROP MODEL FOR LOCAL RICE GROWN IN GOA, INDIA
Pai Panandiker, Ashwini1*, B.L.Manjunath2
1 The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Western Regional Centre, House No.
233/GH-2, Vasudha Housing Colony, Alto-St.Cruz, Goa, India,
E-mail: [email protected]
2 Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Ela, Old-Goa, Goa, India
ABSTRACT
Rainfed agriculture forms the dominant basis of livelihood security for most rural communities in many developing countries like India. It is clear that this dependence will continue in a foreseeable future. The most crucial factor that can hamper crop yield in rainfed agricul-ture is poor distribution of unreliable rainfall that can cause frequent dry spells rather than absolute water scarcity. Simulation models that quantify the effects of water on yield at the farm level can be valu-able tools in water and irrigation management. To address this need the FAO developed crop-water model called AquaCrop was used. The main objective of this study was to calibrate and validate AquaCrop under a rainfed scenario. As a case study, Goa, India was selected as the study area. The model performance to predict rice yield for a local variety called Korgut was assessed using the data that was readily avail-able. The model performed well with RMSE of 0.1ton/ha even with the limited data set. However, field experiments are warranted to confirm these preliminary predictions. AquaCrop proved to be an extremely user-friendly and robust model and can be a good candidate for assess-ing rainfed crop production in the long term and also for carrying out future climate scenario analyses.
47
Case Study 3:
AQUACROP SIMULATION OF YIELD RESPONSE OF WHEAT TO WATER AVAILABILITY IN SOUTH OF IRAN
Bahram Andarzian1*, Mohammad Bannayan2, Aziz Orsham1, Haifa Mazraeh1
1 Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Institute of Khuzestan, P.O. Box
61335-3341, Ahvaz, Iran, E-mail: [email protected]
2 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Agriculture, P.O. Box 91775-1163,
Mashhad, Iran
ABSTRACT
Accurate crop simulation models are important tools in evaluating the effects of water deficits on crop yield or productivity and to optimise irrigation under limited available water for enhanced sustainability and profitable production. To generate the wheat yield response to ap-plied water irrigation (AIW) in southern Iran, Ahvaz, we employed the AquaCrop model. Model calibration and validation were performed by using three experiments conducted in the region. The results showed that AquaCrop accurately simulated the yield response to AIW. The model was also used to determine the optimum water management strategies under several climatic scenarios for wheat (Triticum aes-tivum L.). The results revealed that the highest grain yield could be obtained with AIW values between 150 and 300 mm depending on climatic scenario and crop growth stage.
48
Case Study 4:
THE PRIMARY QUALIFICATION OF AQUACROP FOR MAIZE IN ARID REGIONS
Hamidreza Salemi 1*, Mohd Amin Mohd Soom 2, Sayed Farhad Mousavi 3
1* Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University Putra
Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Email: [email protected]
2 Professor, Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University Putra Malay-
sia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
3 Professor, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.
ABSTRACT
Simulation models have proved to be very useful. A considerable appli-cation of models is scenario analyses, to answer questions in the form of what happens if some parameters have certain value? Simulation models that clarify the effects of water to crop yield, are useful tools for improv-ing farm-level water management and optimising water use efficiency. Accurate crop development models are important tools in evaluating the effects of water deficits on crop yield or productivity. Precise crop mod-els are important tools in evaluating the impression of water deficits on yield. AquaCrop model which has been expanded by FAO, simulates the crop yield based on the applied water under conditions of full and deficit irrigation levels and supplemental irrigation. In this study, the AquaCrop model’s performance was tested using data for 704 Maize variety (Zea mays L.) under control (The control was conventional irrigation of the Maize in the region), fulfilment of ETc, 90%, 80%, and 70% of full irrigation in the arid environment in an experimental site located in fozveh research station in the Gavkhuni River Basin (GRB) for 2 years. To calibrate this model, sets of physiological measurements from the cropping seasons 2000 and 2001 were used. AquaCrop simulated well the decrease of the yield of maize in response to drought as was observed in the field. Crop yield was decreased by 11.4% under deficit irrigation as compared to fully irrigated conditions. The coefficient of determination (R2) for simulation of yield was 0.98. The results showed that RMSE, d, ME, CRM and E values ranged from 0.95 to 1.76, 0.99 to 1, 1.25% to 2.98%, - 0.01 to -0.02 and 87% to 96%, respectively.
49
Case Study 5:
IMPACT OF IRRIGATION SCHEDULING ON WATER PRODUCTIVITY USING SWAP AND AQUACROP SIMULATION MODELS
Akbari M.and Dehghanisanij H.
Researcher Assistant, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI), P.O.Box
31585-845. Karaj, Iran, E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Water resource limitation, irrigation scheduling, undesirable and non economical water use are the most important limiting factors of ag-ricultural development and production in Iran. For desirable and op-timum use of water different themes are under discussion; irrigation scheduling, improvement in on farm water management, improve in water productivity and water economy profitability. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of irrigation scheduling (time and depth) for winter wheat under different water quantity at field scale to improve water productivity in Abshar irrigation systems, Esfah-an, Iran. This was performed by using a physically based, well-tested SWAP, Soil Water Atmosphere Plant and AquaCrop simulation mod-els for crop growth and irrigation scheduling at field scale. Optimal irrigation depth, schedule and yield function for winter wheat was de-fined using combined fixed and variable cost, yield fees, on farm and simulated data for different water quantity. Accordingly, crop yield and water productivity of winter wheat simulated and compared to the on farm condition. Results of on farm research indicated that at the cur-rent situation, 800 mm of water annually applied for winter wheat and crop yield in average was about 5000 kg per ha. For improved water management, different scenarios are studied based on changes in water quantity and their effect on the water balance and crop yields. The first scenario is the baseline scenario which describes the current situation and will function as a reference for the other scenarios. According to the results, an almost linear relationship exists between the amount of water applied by irrigation and the amount of deep percolation. Soil evaporation was also linearly related to the irrigation supply. Result in-
50
dicated that winter wheat yield increased 15 percent by improving irri-gation scheduling. In the other hand with improve agronomic manage-ment and decrease 20 percent of irrigation depth (from 100 to 80mm), crop yield variation was very low. Increase in applied irrigation water until optimal depth caused increased economic water productivity, but water applied more than optimal level has no significant effect on water productivity and economic water productivity. According to the results, proper irrigation scheduling by SWAP and AquaCrop model together with improved agronomic management, increased crop yield and water productivity about 16 and 45 percent, respectively.
51
Case Study 6:
SOIL FERTILITY EFFECT ON WATER PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE AND POTATO
Teklu E.* and Seleshi B. Awulachew
International Water Management Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,
E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The majority of the population in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) depends on subsistence, rainfed agriculture. Yet, the productivity of the rain-fed system is rather low, even in areas receiving high rainfall leading to poverty, food insecurity and environmental degradation. Improved soil, water and crop management practices can significantly enhance land and water productivity (WP). Maize (Zea mays L.) is among the major cereals growing in the high rainfall areas of the Blue Nile Basin. However, the productivity of the crop is severely constrained by poor soil, water and crop management practices. This study simulated the WP of maize under varying soil fertility scenarios (poor, near optimal and none limiting) for hybrid seed under rainfed conditions using the FAO AquaCrop model based on data from research stations and basin master plan study. Further, the possibility of growing a second crop during the dry season using the excess water that can be harvested has been explored, taking potato as a test crop. The result indicated that grain yield of maize increased from 2.5t ha-1 under poor to 6.4 t ha-1 and 9.2-ton ha-1 with near optimal and non-limiting soil fertility condi-tions respectively. Correspondingly, soil evaporation decreased from 446 mm to 285 and 204 mm, while transpiration increased from 146 to 268 and 355 mm. Thus, grain WP was increased by 48% and 54%, respectively with the near optimal and non-limiting soil fertility condi-tions. The model predicted that 593 mm of the seasonal rainfall is lost as runoff. Part of this can be harvested for use to grow a second crop or for domestic and livestock consumption. The productivity gain during the main season and the production of second crop are evidences of significant untapped potential in the area and similar agro-ecosystems in Sub-Saharan Africa.
52
Case Study 7:
AQUACROP SIMULATION OF RAIN-FED MAIZE-WATER PRODUCTIVITY IN SOUTH-CENTRAL GHANA
Yawson, D.O.1*, Sam-Amoah, L.K.2, Armah, F.A.3
1* Department of Soil Science, University of Cape Coast, Ghana, Email: oskidoo@ya-
hoo.com
2. Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
3. Department of Environmental Science, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to explore the ability of AquaCrop to simulate the biomass production and yield of Obatanpa maize produced under rain-fed conditions from 2000 to 2009 in a tropical humid coastal sa-vanna zone in south-central Ghana. Climate data covering the period 2000 to 2009 was used to simulate the yield of maize based on farmer’s sowing dates and based on onset generated in AquaCrop and the re-sults were compared. The results show a strong correlation (r = 0.81) between farmer’s yield and AquaCrop simulated yield based on farm-er’s sowing dates. Biomass production and yield based on AquaCrop-generated onsets were generally higher than those from the farmer’s sowing dates; and a t-test comparison showed significant differences. The simulation based on farmer’s sowing dates showed a reduction in biomass production by as much as 9-32%, and a reduction in yield by 7-26%, with cumulative reduction of 8.37 t/ha yield and 1.564 t/ha biomass over the 10-year period. It is concluded that AquaCrop has the ability to simulate the water productivity of maize under rain-fed conditions in a tropical humid coastal savanna zone in south-central Ghana; and is therefore a useful modeling and decision-support tool in managing crop-water productivity.
53
Case Study 8:
ASSESSMENT OF STRATEGIES THAT OPTIMIZES WATER PRODUCTIVITY IN MAIZE; SIMULATION AND TESTING OF CROP FIELD PRACTICES USING AQUACROP AND FIELD EXPERIMENTATION IN KENYA
Ngetich K.F.1*, Mugwe J.N., Mucheru-Muna M.1, Shisanya C.A.1, Diels J.2 and Mugendi D.N.1
1Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844 – 00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Email: felixngetich@
yahoo.com
2K.U.Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory for Soil and Water Man-
agement, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
ABSTRACT
Farmers in central highlands of Kenya have been experiencing declin-ing crop yields due to low soil water availability caused by low and unreliable rainfall and poor water harvesting techniques. To increase crop yields, and reduce production risks, better use of available rain-fall is required. The objective of the ongoing research is to improve water use efficiency of maize by developing options that increase in-filtration, reduce evaporation and improve cropping strategies to cope with frequent droughts effects and also to collect data for AquaCrop 3.1 model local calibration and validation. The study area is Mbeere District in Kenya, representing a low potential area in terms of agri-cultural productivity. The study uses both sociological and experimen-tation approaches. First, an ex-ante analysis of potential alternative cropping strategies and water conservation options was conducted us-ing AquaCrop model. The analysis focused on options that increase infiltration and reduce evaporation to avoid or cope with drought. The ex-ante analyses was supported by data from a socio-economic survey conducted to explore how farmers make crop production deci-sions and adapt their field practices in response to rainfall distribution patterns. AquaCrop simulation was done using field collected data for the user-specific input. Results of the analyses were used to select best options which are being tested in an ongoing field experiment having mulch and bare surface management as the treatments. Seasonal soil-
54
moisture crop grain, canopy cover, phenological stages’ durations and biomass yields are key parameters. Analysis of Variance was used for inferential analysis of biophysical data while social data were subjected to correlation and regression analyses. The calculated CN was equal to the model’s of 75 for Sandy Clay Loam soils under bare conditions. Generally, the predicted results were double the simulated in LR while the reverse was true in the SR. During the LR the measured biomass was on average double higher than simulated with an E of -33.79 and -80.03 for bare and mulch treatments respectively. The simulation ex-ercise showed that the model inbuilt restrictive layer is not flexible such that one can control the extent of its penetrability/infiltrability and water storage in the profile. Though a layer might be restrictive to root penetration and expansion, it may not necessarily be impervious hence can lead to over or under prediction depending on the rainfall regime and water loss through deep percolation.
55
Case Study 9:
IMPACT OF SOWING DATES AND SALIENT IRRIGATION PLANS ON YIELD AND PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE CROP IN A SEMI-ARID REGION OF INDIA
Machiwal, D.*1 and Solanki, N.S.2
1 Soil and Water Engineering Department, College of Technology and Engineering,
MPUAT, Udaipur - 313001, Rajasthan, India, Email: [email protected]
2 Department of Agronomy, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur -
313001, Rajasthan, India
ABSTRACT
Rajasthan, the largest and the driest state in India, has been in the grip of recurrent droughts during the last decade. The main sustenance crops (i.e., rainy and dry seasons) are badly hampered due to inade-quate availability and mismanagement of irrigation water supply. The FAO crop model AquaCrop seems to be a valuable tool to accurately assess crop yield under limited water availability and to improve ef-ficacy and water use productivity of rainfed and irrigated agriculture. Therefore, in present case study, optimum sowing date for maize crop in Udaipur district (study area) of Rajasthan and impact of salient irri-gation plans on crop yield and water productivity of maize were evalu-ated by AquaCrop model. Firstly, daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was computed for 32 years (1978-2009) by using FAO ETo cal-culator. Thereafter, AquaCrop crop file for maize crop and soil file for clay loam soil were adjusted for local conditions of the study area. The AquaCrop model was used to generate possible sowing dates of maize crop for 32 years under rainfed conditions. The AquaCrop model was run to simulate crop yield, biomass production and water productiv-ity for all the generated possible sowing dates of maize crop for past 32 years. The most beneficial sowing dates for 32 years were used to find out optimal sowing period for maize crop. It was revealed that the maize sown in either last week of June or first week of July results in the highest crop yields. The mean optimal sowing date of maize is found out to be 29th June. Furthermore, the crop yields, biomass pro-duction and water use productivity were simulated with first onset of
56
sowing for 32 years under salient irrigation plans, e.g., no irrigation, one fixed irrigation, irrigation at 0, 25, and 50% depletion of readily available water (RAW). The results indicated that the crop yields and crop water productivity were relatively higher when irrigating at 0, 25 and 50% of RAW depletion compared to rainfed and one fixed irriga-tion plans. It is worth-mentioning that in the recent past (in years 2007 and 2008), both crop yield and water productivity were the lowest of the last 32 years under all the considered irrigation plans due to tem-perature stress. The lowest crop yields and water productivity in the recent two years is an indication of significant increase in the current temperatures in effect of climate change.
57
Case Study 10:
APPLICATION OF AQUACROP MODEL FOR WITHIN-SEASON PREDICTION OF MAIZE YIELDS
Kipkorir, E.C.*,1 , Mugalavai, E.M.1, and Bargerei, R.J2
1Moi University, School of Environmental Studies, P.O. Box 3900, Eldoret, Kenya,
Email: [email protected]
2Moi University, Department of Forestry and Wood Science, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret,
Kenya
ABSTRACT
The high variability of rainfall, from inter-annual to multi-decadal time scales, in the tropics has serious impacts on food security. For a sub-humid location with sandy loam soil in western Kenya, present study demonstrate and evaluate a method to predict field-scale grain maize yields up to 4 months prior to harvest. AquaCrop is used to simulate yield with observed daily weather inputs and in response to selected historic rainfall analogs. Yield forecasts were issued four times (4, 3, 2 and 1 months to harvest) during each growing season (2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009) for H614 maize variety field trials of growing length of 6 months. Observed grain yields for the four seasons were used to cali-brate AquaCrop before the model was used in predicting within-sea-son maize yield. Historic rainfall analogs, assumed to represent future weather scenarios were determined for the current date based on 59 years historical daily rainfall record of the area using frequency analy-sis. With this assumption AquaCrop yield simulations for the period sowing to harvesting based on observed rainfall for the current season and the rainfall of the identified historical years were conducted. The mean of the computed yields was considered as the predicted yield of the current season at the specified current date. Results indicate that yield predictions issued later in the growing season were more accurate than predictions issued earlier because they incorporate more actual weather conditions. Yield predictions issued 4 and 3 months to har-vest appear to be of less value to decision makers because they contain too much uncertainty. However, the 2 and 1 months to harvest predic-
58
tions were more promising, mean percent error ranged from 5.7 to -19.4%. The application of AquaCrop model presented would be useful to agencies that require accurate yield estimates several months before harvest for strategic planning.
59
Case Study 11:
DEVELOPING ON-FARM IRRIGATION STRATEGIES FOR CURRENT AND FUTURE CLIMATE CONDITIONS ON THE WESTERN BANK OF LAKE NASSER
Attaher S. M.
Researcher, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI), Agricultural Re-
search Center (ARC), Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Egypt, Email:
ABSTRACT
The agricultural region in the western bank of Lake Nasser is one of the new promising agricultural settlements, which has the advantage of early season production for several high quality cash crops. The ag-riculture production in this region is fully-irrigated, and constrained by sever environmental, biophysical and socio economical conditions. Moreover, farmers are facing several additional challenges in irrigation management due to lack of knowledge of the best practices.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the current farmers’ irrigation strat-egies in terms of water productivity and irrigation-water use. The study examined some possible irrigation strategies in order to improve water productivity with minimum irrigation requirement and to co-op with projected water shortage and temperature increase induced by climate change. The study is based on modelling approach utilizing the FAO crop model “AquaCrop” on drip irrigated tomato. It was performed (i) to calibrate AquaCrop via tow field trials at two seasons, (ii) to observe and evaluate the current farmers’ irrigation strategies based on fixed application time, and (iii) to evaluate six irrigation strategies under current and future climate conditions. The evaluated strategies includ-ed different combinations between net irrigation application and defi-cit practices at two levels of 80% and 60% of net water requirements, under current and future climate conditions, based on the change in irrigation application and water productivity. The results indicated that the combination of deficit irrigation levels and irrigation scheduling could improve tomato water productivity to the optimal level (2.4 kg/
60
m3), especially when deficit levels of 80 and 60% applied at both early and late stages of crop development. These strategies could present ac-ceptable adaptation options with the projected temperature increase due to climate change.
61
Case Study 12:
SIMULATING YIELD RESPONSE TO ABIOTIC STRESS IN SOME SEMI ARID, ARID SYRIAN REGIONS IN LIGHT OF RECENT CLIMATIC CHANGES USING AQUACROP
Skaf Michael1 and Mathbout Shifa 2
1Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen university, Lattakia, Syria, Email: shifamathbout@
yahoo.com
2Agricultural Research Center of Lattakia, Syria
ABSTRACT
Climate change may cause profound effects on terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. Most climate scenarios predict increased temperature and an overall decrease in rainfall for the Mediterranean region with more extreme heat waves and fewer rain days, and longer drought periods between events.
These shifts in climatic conditions should have greater effects in semi arid and arid environments where water deficit is the main limiting factor to crop productivity. FAO’s AquaCrop model, which simulates yield response to water deficit has been calibrated to assess the effects of climate change on wheat yield.
To calibrate and evaluate this model, daily meteorological data of tem-perature, rainfall, sunshine hours, wind speed and relative humidity were used in Kamishli (semi arid )and Hassakah (arid) during the pe-riod 1965-2008.
The results showed significant effects of Abiotic stresses on actual wheat yield reach to (-0.1,-0.5 ton/hec in Kamishli, Hassakah respec-tively) during the vegetative period especially water stress, which in-creased during last two decades.
62
Case Study 13:
SOWING OPTIMAL PERIOD OF PLUVIAL RICE
Nzue Kouakou Augustin*,
National Meteorological Service of Ivory Coast,¶[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Principal basis of Ivory Coast economy, agriculture is threatened by the climatic changes effects in particular the rainfall variability.¶ An agriculture adaptation to the present climatic conditions turns to be more than necessary for the yield optimization and the restoration of the food self-sufficiency. To achieve these objectives, the agro meteo-rological service which main mission is the study the influence of the meteorological elements on the crops and the proposal of alleviating measures and agriculture adaptation to the baneful effects of the cli-matic factors, realised a test study on the basis of the Aquacrop 3.1 on the determination of the optimal sowing periods of pluvial during the first rain season in the Mid-west of Ivory Coast.¶ The variety of rice used IDSA10. Its growing cycle duration is 105 days. This study has been done on the basis of agro meteorological data from the pe-riod 1980 to 2006.¶ the sowing is considered possible when the rains of consecutive two (2) days is reached over 20 mm.¶ The yield simulation has been done on different dates of sowing generated by Aquacrop 3.1. ¶A sequential analysis of the different generated yield at different dates of sowing permitted to determine the sowing optimal period of the rice in the study localities. In the region of Bouaflé, the sowing optimal period is located between April, the 01st and May, the 20th.¶ As for Daloa, it is between April, the 10th and May the 20th then in Gagnoa between March 21st and May 20th.¶ These obtained results constitute a major asset for many rice farmers who have no irrigation means at their disposal.
63
Case Study 14:
IMPROVING WATER PRODUCTIVITY FOR THE TRADITIONAL VEGETABLE Amaranthus Arusha USING AQUACROP
Zuma-Netshiukhwi, GNC1* and Walker, S2
1ARC-ISCW, Private Bag X01, Glen, 9360, Republic of South Africa, E-mail: gugun@
arc.agric.za
2University of the Free State, PO Box 339 (60), Bloemfontein, 9300, Republic of South Africa
ABSTRACT
Amaranthus is a traditional leafy green vegetable that is well known through-out Africa. Traditional vegetables are adapted to local agro-climatological conditions and usually thrive under minimum tillage. It is an indeterminate weed usually found in cultivated fields of maize and other cash crops and is available and abundant during the rainy season. Although it is a weed, it is a nutrient-rich local delicious food eaten across the African communities. As it is a perennial plant, it is perfect for small backyard gardens in peri-urban areas. Amaranthus is mostly grown under rainfed conditions with low pro-ductivity. Therefore, this study looked at modelling irrigation to improve soil water availability with AquaCrop to avoid detrimental effects of water stress. Data from a field trial at the Kenilworth experimental site with Ama-ranthus arusha was used to calibrate AquaCrop together with climatic data from the on-site automatic weather station. Biomass accumulation and soil water variations under irrigation and rainfed plots were used to calculate the AquaCrop coefficients. The effect of water stress was noted through-out the crop canopy expansion since it is the leaves that are harvested for consumption. In planning an irrigation schedule for backyard gardens, the effects of different irrigation strategies on biomass production were com-pared. AquaCrop has provided a useful tool to generate information for an agrometeorological advisory for backyard gardeners. This information was used to develop an advisory on water application for Amaranthus in back-yard gardens for the greater Bloemfontein area. Therefore, it was shown that AquaCrop is a useful tool to generate irrigation scheduling information and how to avoid water stress and optimized production of Amaranthus leaves. In future, AquaCrop could be used to make similar bulletins for other indig-enous crops.
64
Case Study 15:
AQUACROP AS A TOOL TO DISCLOSE THE WATER PRODUCTIVITY AND WATER STRESS MECHANISMS OF TEF (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) TROTTER)
Alemtsehay, T.1*,2, Raes, D.2, Geerts, S.2, Vanuytrecht, E2, Berhanu, A.1, Deckers, J, A.2, Reggers, R.2, Viaene, N.2, Raes, W.2, Garcia-Vila, M.3, Bauer, H.4, and Kindeya, G.5
1* Mekelle University, Department of Dryland Crop and Horticultural Sciences,
P.O.BOX. 231 Mekelle, Ethiopia, Email: [email protected]
2K.U.Leuven University, Division of Soil and Water Management, Celestijnenlaan 200E
- 2411, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
3Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture,
14080-Cordoba, Spain
4 VLIR-UOS Ethiopia, P.O.BOX 80522, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia / P.O.Box 231 Mekelle,
Ethiopia
5Mekelle University, Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental
Protection, P.O.Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia
ABSTRACT
Field experiments at various locations in North Ethiopia (Tigray) were conducted from 2006 to 2009 to assess the crop response to water stress of tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)Trotter) under rainfed, fully irrigated and deficit irrigation conditions. Measurements on crop phenological growth stages, soil and climate were used as input for simulations with AquaCrop, the water productivity model of FAO. Observed soil water content (SWC), canopy cover (CC), biomass production (B) and final grain yield (Y) from 2007 and 2008 as well as data from an experiment in a controlled environment (2008) were used to calibrate AquaCrop for tef. Field observations from 2006 and 2009 were used for valida-tion. The adequate goodness-of- fit between observed and simulated CC and SWC indicated that the thresholds for root zone depletion at which water stress (i) affects canopy development, (ii) induces stomata closure and (iii) triggers early canopy senescence, were well selected.
65
The overall simulation results for final B (for calibration and validation regression, the coefficient of determination (R²) = 0.96 and 0.77 re-spectively, the model efficiency (EF) = 0.95 and 0.63 respectively), and for the Y (for calibration and validation regression (R²) = 0.84 and 0.87 and EF= 0.16 & 0.27 respectively) showed satisfactory agreement with the observations. The normalized biomass water productivity (WP*) for tef was 14 g/m2 for local variety and 21 g/m2 for improved variety, which is a lot smaller than the value expected for C4 crops (30-35 g/m2). The calibration results revealed the increase of the 27 % reference harvest index (HIo) of tef in response to mild water stress during yield formation. However, severe water stress causing stomata closure had a negative effect on HIo. When properly calibrated, AquaCrop can be used to optimize the water productivity of tef by developing guidelines for proper agricultural management strategies.
66
Case Study 16:
PREDICTING PEARL MILLET RESPONSE TO WATER UNDER SOUTH AFRICAN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
Bello, ZA*, Walker, S and Tfwala, CM
Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloem-
fontein, South Africa. 9300, Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Central South Africa is a semi-arid region with annual mean precipita-tion of 400-500mm. Cultivation of crops in this region needs consid-eration of minimum inputs of nutrient and water supply as the cost of irrigation is high. Given these conditions, the area needs a tool such as the AquaCrop model which can to help maximizing crop production in response to water availability. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is a drought tolerant crop that is adapted to areas of low precipitation. The importance of the crop is due to its drought tolerance, high nutritional content and suitability as a forage crop for animal production. Pearl millet was cultivated under South African climatic conditions for two seasons (2008/2009 and 2009/2010) to collect data and to assess its performance in the area. Data collected includes growth parameters such as leaf area, biomass production, yield and soil water content. To calibrate AquaCrop for Pearl millet, information from the literature were assumed for crop parameters while the agronomic practices from the field experiments were simulated together with the measured cli-mate and soil parameters. Across different water scenarios from rain-fed to irrigation scheduling, the simulated results show that the actual measured biomass production is about 23% higher than that predict-ed. This could be due to the fact that some productive tillers were not accounted for separately during this simulation. The predicted crop growth followed the same trend as the actual measured response of the crop in the field. Comparing these results shows that AquaCrop is an effective and accurate tool to predict crop response to water and will help designing effective and profitable crop production systems.
67
Case Study 17:
PARAMETER ESTIMATION OF THE AQUACROP MODEL FOR BLACKGRAM (Vigna mungo)
B.Soundharajan* and K.P.Sudheer
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India,
E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Accurate crop simulation models are important tools in evaluating the effects of management scenarios on crop yield. The accuracy of process oriented crop growth models depends on conceptual repre-sentation of physiological processes and parameter values used in the mathematical representation. FAO developed a crop model based on water productivity for simulating the yield response to water. In this study, AquaCrop’s model parameters were estimated for a pulse crop Blackgram (Vigna mungo) under full and deficit irrigation regimes in semi-arid environment of India. Data from two seasons of blackgram field experiments at Coimbatore, India were used for parameter esti-mation and validation.
Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to identify the sensitive parameters of the AquaCrop model for the particular crop and geno-types. Sobol’s global sensitivity analysis was used to identify the sen-sitive parameters. After identifying the sensitive parameters, they are estimated using an optimizer for optimal parameters values. Genetic Algorithm was used as optimizer for parameter estimation. Based on Sobol’s sensitivity index, sensitive parameters identified are water pro-ductivity, harvest index, crop growth coefficient and crop decline co-efficient and various soil water depletion thresholds. In validation of the model, the RMSE between observed and simulated values of leaf area index, biomass and seed yield are 0.38, 435 kg.ha-1 and 400 kg.ha-
1respectively. From the results, it is observed that the AquaCrop model is simulating the blackgram crop, under potential and water limitation at different growth stages with reasonable accuracy.
68
Case Study 18:
SIMULATING YIELD RESPONSE TO WATER ON BARLEY INFESTED BY WEEDS WITH FAO-AQUACROP MODEL
Berhanu A. 2*, Raes D.1, Vanuytrecht E.1, Alemtsehay T.1,2, Delbeque N.1, Geerts S.1, Deckers J.1, Bauer H.3, Kindeya G.4, Kassa A.5
1K.U. Leuven University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Celesti-
jnenlaan 200E-pb 2411, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
2Mekelle University, Department of Crop and Horticultural Sciences, P.O.Box, 231,
Mekelle, Ethiopia; E-mail : [email protected].
3VLIR-UOS Ethiopia, P.O.Box 80522, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia / P.O.Box 231 Mekelle,
Ethiopia.
4Mekelle University, Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental
Protection, P.O.Box, 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
5Mekelle University, Department of Geology, P.O.Box, 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
ABSTRACT
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the 4th most important cereal crop cultivated in Ethiopia. Weed infestation is a common problem and competes with the crop for water. To assess the effect of weed on the availability of soil moisture for barley, AquaCrop was calibrated and validated for barley in Ethiopia in weed-free conditions with field data. The model output showed a good fit with the observed values. After calibration, model efficiency (E), coefficient of determination (R2), in-dex of agreement (IoA) for soil water content, green canopy cover, dry aboveground biomass and yield were >0.89 and >0.83 for the field in Dejen and in Maiquiha respectively. Validated output also showed E, R2, & IoA of >0.70 in Dejen for the respective parameters.
In a next step, 5 methods considering a yield reduction factor were tested to account for the effect of weed infestation. They differed from each other in two aspects, namely (i) whether the canopy cover in AquaCrop was a simulation of the cover development of the weed-free crop - thus disregarding the weed infestation - or a simulation of
69
the infested crop cover; and (ii) the process step to which the reduc-tion factor was applied i.e., to canopy development, to the normalized crop water productivity (WP*) parameter, or to the final biomass and yield value. Most accurate and consistent results were obtained when simulating the integral canopy cover of crop and weed, and applying the reduction factor to the WP* parameter. E, R2, & IoA of simulations in weed-infested conditions were >0.79 and >0.66 in Dejen and in Mai-quiha respectively.
This case study reveals that simulating biomass and yield of weed-in-fested crops is feasible with a yield reduction factor applied to the WP* parameter in AquaCrop, provided that a sound correlation exists be-tween weed cover and the yield reduction factor. More field data from future research are necessary to establish this relationship in order to validate the methodology in AquaCrop to simulate yield of weed-in-fested crops.
70
Case Study 19:
CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION OF AQUACROP MODEL FOR ORANGE FLESHED SWEET POTATOES
Beletse YG*, Laurie R, CP Du Plooy, A van den Berg and Laurie S
Agricultural Research Council-Roodeplaat, Private Bag X293, Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria,
South Africa, Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Orange fleshed sweet potato is known to be an excellent source of nat-urally bio-available β-carotene and vitamin A. This crop is of particular importance to South Africa as vitamin A deficiency is a national public health problem. South Africa is a dry country and understanding of water use of such crops is essential particularly in areas where water is a limiting factor. Field experiments were conducted using a sprinkler irrigation system to evaluate the response of four orange flesh sweet potato cultivars to water stress. The experiments were carried out un-der a rainshelter at ARC-Roodeplaat, Republic of South Africa in the summer season of 2008/2009. Modelling crop growth and soil water balance of sweet potato using AquaCrop model was also included in the study to understand its crop water use. Meteorological records, soil water content, crop growth measurements, biomass production and final harvestable yield were used to calibrate the model. Calibration was done using the data collected and few parameters were adjusted from experience as there were no measured values. The parameters obtained during calibration were then used to test AquaCrop against the independent data sets collected. The model predicted biomass, soil water content and the harvestable yield for both stressed and non stressed treatments reasonably well. Crops irrigated at full irrigation gave higher biomass and harvestable yield compared to the water stressed treatments. The model overestimated yield of sweet potato. The water productivity varied with irrigation treatments. The predict-ed water productivity (normalized for reference ET) ranged from 3.01 to 6.22 kg m-3 . Variations in crop water use ranged from 195 to 650 mm per season and water stress across the irrigation regimes were ef-fectively captured by the model. The model was simple to parameterize
71
and results were useful to understand water use and soil water balance of sweet potato. This suggests that the model could be used to simulate different irrigation scenarios for decision making in irrigation schemes and water use associations in South Africa. The AquaCrop model was successfully calibrated and validated and can be used to explore irriga-tion management options to improve sweet potato water productivity in South Africa.
72
MO
RN
ING
pr
ogra
mm
e
Thur
sday
O
ctob
er
7,
2010
Frid
ay O
ctob
er 8
, 201
0 Sa
turd
ay O
ctob
er 9
, 201
0 Su
nday
Oct
ober
10,
201
0
Intr
oduc
tions
and
ope
ning
M
orni
ng S
essio
n
1 (8
:30
– 10
:00)
Par
tici
pan
ts
arri
ve
Intr
oduc
tion
by th
ree
orga
nizi
ng in
stitu
tions
(IC
ID, F
AO
, UN
W-D
PC)
Ove
rvie
w o
f A
quaC
rop
softw
are,
thi
s w
ork-
shop
, and
pre
sent
atio
n of
Them
atic
are
a: C
rop
file
tuni
ng fo
r lo
cal c
on-
ditio
n
Cas
e St
udy
1:
Eval
uatio
n of
Aqu
aCro
p m
odel
for p
otat
o un
-
der
full
irrig
atio
n an
d w
ater
str
ess
cond
ition
in B
angl
ades
h.
M.S
. Ra
hman
, M
. Sa
lehi
n, M
.A.R
. A
kand
a,
P.K
. Sar
kar a
nd A
.U. H
aque
Them
atic
are
a: C
alib
ratio
n of
Aqu
aCro
p fo
r ne
w
crop
s
Cas
e St
udy
14:
Impr
ovin
g w
ater
pro
duct
ivity
for
the
tra
ditio
nal
vege
tabl
e: A
mar
anth
us a
rush
a on
a c
lay
soil
usin
g
Aqu
aCro
p
Zum
a-N
etsh
iukh
wi,
G.N
.C. a
nd W
alke
r, S.
Cas
e St
udy
15:
Aqu
aCro
p as
a to
ol to
dis
clos
e th
e w
ater
pro
duct
iv-
ity a
nd w
ater
str
ess
mec
hani
sms
of t
ef (
Erag
rost
is
tef (
Zucc
.) Tr
otte
r)
Part
icip
ants
dep
art
(unl
ess
stay
ing
on f
or t
he I
CID
Reg
iona
l C
onfe
r-
ence
)
Appendix C: Time Table - Workshop on “Improving farm management strategies through AquaCrop: Worldwide collection of case studies”
73
Ale
mts
ehay
, T.,
Rae
s, D
.,Gee
rts,
S., B
erha
nu, A
.,
Vanu
ytre
cht,
E, D
ecke
rs, J
, A.,
Regg
ers,
R., V
iaen
e,
N.,
Raes
, W
.(2),
Gar
cia-
Vila
, M
., Ba
uer,
H.
and
Kin
deya
, G.
Cas
e St
udy
16:
Pred
ictin
g pe
arl
mill
et r
espo
nse
to w
ater
und
er
Sout
h A
fric
an c
limat
ic c
ondi
tions
Bello
, ZA
, Wal
ker,
S an
d Tf
wal
a, C
M
Coff
ee b
reak
GRO
UP
PIC
TU
REC
ase
Stud
y 2:
Cal
ibra
tion
and
valid
atio
n of
Aqu
aCro
p m
od-
el fo
r loc
al ri
ce g
row
n in
Goa
, Ind
ia.
Pai P
anan
dike
r, A
shw
ini,
B.L.
Man
juna
th
Them
atic
ar
ea:
Form
ulat
ion
of
irrig
atio
n
guid
elin
es a
nd ir
rigat
ion
sche
dulin
g
Cas
e St
udy
3:
Aqu
aCro
p sim
ulat
ion
of y
ield
res
pons
e of
whe
at to
wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y in
sout
h of
Iran
B. A
ndar
zian
, M. B
anna
yan,
A. O
rsha
m, H
.
Maz
raeh
Meh
di A
kbar
i and
Hos
sein
Deh
ghan
isan
ij
Cas
e St
udy
17:
Para
met
er e
stim
atio
n of
the
Aqu
aCro
p m
odel
for
blac
kgra
m (V
igna
mun
go)
B.So
undh
araj
an
Cas
e St
udy
18:
Sim
ulat
ing
yiel
d re
spon
se to
wat
er o
n ba
rley
in-
fest
ed b
y w
eeds
with
FA
O A
quaC
rop
mod
el.
Berh
anu
A.,
Del
bequ
e N
., Ra
es D
., G
eert
s S.,
Ale
mts
ehay
T.,
Vanu
ytre
cht,
E., D
ecke
rs, J
., Ba
uer,
H.,
Kin
deya
, G. a
nd K
assa
, A.
74
Cas
e St
udy
4:
The
prim
ary
qual
ifica
tion
of A
quaC
rop
for
mai
ze in
arid
regi
ons.
Ham
idre
za S
alem
i , M
ohd
Am
in M
ohd
Soom
,
Saye
d Fa
rhad
Mou
savi
Cas
e St
udy
5:
Impa
ct o
f irr
igat
ion
sche
dulin
g on
wat
er p
ro-
duct
ivity
usin
g SW
AP
and
Aqu
aCro
p sim
ula-
tion
mod
els
Cas
e St
udy
19:
Cal
ibra
tion
and
valid
atio
n of
Aqu
aCro
p m
odel
for
oran
ge fl
eshe
d sw
eet p
otat
oes.
Bele
tse
YG, L
aurie
R, C
P D
u Pl
ooy,
A v
an d
en B
erg
and
Laur
ie S
.
LUN
CH
will
be
serv
ed a
t the
wor
ksho
p ve
nue
betw
een
12:0
0 no
on a
nd 1
:30
p.m
. Ther
e w
ill b
e an
offi
cial
ope
ning
din
ner o
n Fr
iday
, Oct
ober
8th
Afte
rnoo
n
Sess
ion
1 (1
3:30
– 15
:00)
Part
icip
ants
ar-
rive
Them
atic
are
a: Im
prov
ed c
rop
wat
er p
rodu
c-
tivity
thro
ugh
field
man
agem
ent
Cas
e St
udy
6:
Soil
fert
ility
effe
ct o
n w
ater
pro
duct
ivity
of
mai
ze a
nd p
otat
o
Tekl
u E.
and
Sel
eshi
B. A
wul
ache
w
Cas
e St
udy
7:
Aqu
aCro
p sim
ulat
ion
of ra
in-f
ed m
aize
-wat
er
prod
uctiv
ity in
sout
h-ce
ntra
l Gha
na.
Yaw
son,
D.O
., Sa
m-A
moa
h, L
.K.,
Arm
ah, F
.A.
Brea
kout
exe
rcis
es/
disc
ussio
n of
im
plic
atio
ns o
f
case
stu
dies
and
par
ticip
ant
ques
tionn
aire
s w
ith
UN
W-D
PC a
nd IC
ID
Part
icip
ants
dep
art
(unl
ess
stay
ing
on f
or t
he I
CID
Reg
iona
l C
onfe
r-
ence
)
75
Cas
e St
udy
8:
Ass
essm
ent
of s
trat
egie
s th
at o
ptim
izes
wat
er p
rodu
ctiv
ity
in m
aize
; sim
ulat
ion
and
test
ing
of c
rop
field
pra
ctic
es u
sing
Aqu
aCro
p an
d fie
ld e
xper
imen
tatio
n in
Ken
ya
Nge
tich
K.F
., M
ugw
e J.N
., M
uche
ru-M
una
M.,
Shis
anya
C.A
.and
Dan
iel M
ugen
di D
.N.
Cas
e St
udy
9:
Impa
ct o
f sow
ing
date
s and
salie
nt ir
rigat
ion
plan
s on
yiel
d an
d
prod
uctiv
ity o
f mai
ze c
rop
in a
sem
i arid
regi
on o
f
Mac
hiw
al, D
and
Sol
anki
, N.S
.
Coff
ee b
reak
Them
atic
are
a: A
sses
smen
t of t
he e
ffect
of c
limat
e ch
ange
Cas
e St
udy
10:
App
licat
ion
of A
quaC
rop
mod
el fo
r with
in-s
easo
n pr
edic
tion
of m
aize
yie
lds
Kip
korir
, E.C
. , M
ugal
avai
, E.M
., an
d Ba
rger
ei, R
.J.
Dis
cuss
ion
on m
etho
ds a
nd e
x-
perie
nces
of h
ow to
bes
t del
iver
trai
ning
to o
ther
targ
et g
roup
s
(stu
dent
s, co
lleag
ues,
etc)
led
by
UN
W-D
PC
76
Cas
e St
udy
11:
Dev
elop
ing
on-f
arm
irrig
atio
n st
rate
gies
for c
urre
nt a
nd fu
-
ture
clim
ate
cond
ition
s at w
este
rn b
ank
of L
ake
Nas
ser
Sam
ar M
. Att
aher
Cas
e St
udy
12:
Sim
ulat
ing
Yiel
d Re
spon
se to
Abi
otic
Str
ess i
n So
me
sem
i
Arid
,Arid
Syr
ian
Regi
ons i
n Li
ght o
f Rec
ent C
limat
ic C
hang
-
es u
sing
Aqu
aCro
p.
Skaf
Mic
hael
Mat
hbou
t Shi
fa
Cas
e St
udy
13:
Perio
des o
ptim
ales
de
sem
is d
u ri
z pl
uvia
l en
cote
d’ Iv
oire
.
Nzu
e K
ouak
ou A
ugus
tinD
INN
ERS
will
be
serv
ed a
t the
wor
ksho
p ve
nue/
hot
el a
t 6:0
0 p.
m. o
n Th
ursd
ay, F
riday
and
Sat
urda
y. Th
ere
will
be
an o
ppor
tuni
ty to
hav
e a
mea
l or s
nack
if y
ou a
rriv
e la
ter o
n Th
ursd
ay.
77
Sex First name Family name Birth Country Position Institution
Mr. Cherif HACENE 1966 Algeria Ingénieur en équipe-
ment
Direction des Services Agricoles
Mr. D. M. Maurice AHOUANSOU 1984 Benin Assistant de recher-
che
Laboratoire d’Hydraulique et de Maî-
trise de l’Eau de la Faculté des Sci-
ences Agronomique de l’Université
d’Abomey-CalaviMr. Adama KANFANDO 1977 Burkina
Faso
Chargé de la promo-
tion et du développe-
ment de l’irrigation
dans la région du
Sud-Ouest
Direction Régionale de l’Agriculture, de
l’Hydraulique et des Ressources Halieu-
tiques
Mr. Mamadou DIAKITE 1983 Burkina
Faso
Ingénieur – Génie
Rural : homologue au
projet GEeau
Direction Régionale de l’Agriculture, de
l’Hydraulique et des Ressources Halieu-
tiquesMr. Akoly Agblévi MIDEKOR 1966 Burkina
Faso
Chargé de Mission Observatoire de l’Eau des bassins ver-
sants du Mouhoun, de la Comoé et du
BanifingMs. Perpétue NOMBRE/
YAMMA
1974 Burkina
Faso
Technicien Supérieur
d’Agriculture/Chef
de Section Gestion
de l’Eau
Direction Régionale de l’Agriculture, de
l’Hydraulique et des Ressources Halieu-
tiques
Mr. Koumbou Kouas-
si Armel
KAMBOU 1982 Burkina
Faso
Mr. Armand Torso KADADI 1972 Chad Chargé du Génie
Rural
Mr. Guy LANDU
BIKEMBO
1972 Congo
CD
Systematician Environment Ministry
Mr. Kouakou Augus-
tin
NZUE 1977 Ivory-
Coast
chef du service
Développement,
chargé d’études Ag-
rométéorologiques
SODEXAM / DIRECTION DE LA
METEOROLOGIE NATIONALE
Mr. Yao Gaoussou YAO 1974 Ivory-
Coast
Chef de Service Ministère Agriculture/ Direction Amé-
nagements Ruraux et Modernisation
des ExploitationsMs. Edichi Brigitte ANDOH 1976 Ivory-
Coast
T. S de l’hydraulique
et équipement rural/
chargée d’études
Programme National Riz / Ministère de
l’Agriculture
Mr. Brehima TANGARA 1962 Mali DEA/Agro-hydrau-
licien
Institut d’Economie Rurale
Appendix D: List of participants of the five regional workshops
Burkina Faso Workshop
78
Mr. Soibou MARIKO 1973 Mali Chargé de Gestion
Eau
Office du Périmètre Irrigué de Bagui-
nédaMr. Moussa CAMARA 1971 Mali Attaché de recherche
irrigation/drainage
Institut d’Economie Rurale
Mr. Housseine OULD
MABROUK
1976 Maurita-
nia
Responsable gestion
de l’eau au CNRADA
Centre National de Recherche
Agronomique et de Développement
AgricoleMr. Salah ER-RAKI 1973 Morocco Chercheur Associé Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Mar-
rakechMr. Illiassou MOSSI MAÏGA 1966 Niger Docteur/chercheur Institut National de la Recherche
Agronomique du NigerMr. Komlan Adigni-
nou
ABLEDE 1977 Togo Agronome/cher-
cheur
Centre de Recherche Agronomique
zone Forêt
Iran Workshop
Sex First Name Name Birth Country Position InstitutionMr. Fariborz ABBASI 1969 Iran Professor Iranian Agr. Eng. Res. Inst.Mr. Mehdi AKBARI 1964 Iran Researcher Iranian Agr. Eng. Res. Inst.Mr. Masoud ALAEI Iran Dr. Ministry of Jihad-e AgricultureMr. Ebrahim AMIRI 1978 Iran Assistant
Professor
University of Lahijan
Mr. Bahram ANDARZIAN 1970 Iran Researcher Agricultural Research, Education & Extension
Organization, Khuzestan CentreMr. Ali BOZORGI Iran Engineer Iranian Water Resources Management Co.Mr. Mohammed DARABI 1974 Iran Dr. Mahab Ghoass Consulting EngineersMr. Mohamadreza EMDAD Iran Dr. Ministry of Jihad-e AgricultureMr. Behzad GHANBARIAN-
ALAVIJEH
1982 Iran PhD Student University of Tehran
Mr. Mojtaba HASHEMINIA 1959 Iran Dr. Ferdowsi University, MashhadMr. Tooraj HONAR 1963 Iran Dr. Shiraz UniverstyMr. Abdulamir KAKAHAJI Iran Scientific
member
Iranian Water Resources Management Co.
Ms. Samar KHAYAMIM 1978 Iran Scientific
member
Sugar Beet Seed Institute
Mr. Abdali NASERI Iran Dr. Chamran University - AhwazMr. Masoud PARSINEJAD Iran Dr. Tehran UniversityMr. Hamidreza SALEMI 1965 Iran PhD Student University Putra MalaysiaMr. Karim SHIATI Iran Dr.Vice
President of
ICID
International Commission on Irrigation and
Drainage (ICID)
Mr. Ershad TAVAKOL 1981 Iran Engineer Mahab Ghoass Consulting EngineersMr. Ali Reza TAVAKOLI 1970 Iran PhD Student Agricultural Extension, Education and Research
OrganizationMr. Esam AL-KAISY 1955 Iraq Head of De-
partment
Mosul Technical Institute
79
Mr. Ibrahim AL-LOUZI 1973 Jordan Research
Assistant
University of Jordan
Mr. Sleiman SKAF 1965 Lebanon Research
assistant
Mr. Muhammad IQBAL ANJUM 1974 Pakistan Teaching
assistant
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
Mr. Muhammad NAZEER 1983 Pakistan Research
Assistant
Pakistan Oilseed Development Board
Mr. Kashif QURESHI 1978 Pakistan PhD Student University of the PunjabMr. Muhammad USMAN 1983 Pakistan Lecturer University of Agriculture, FaisalabadMs. Lawand HUSSEIN 1975 Syria Agricultural
extension
Agricultural directorate
Ms. Rahaf SHAKKO 1980 Syria Deputy head
of Modeling
Division
General Commission for Scientific Agriculture
Research
Mr. Riyadh BLADIA Syria Professor,
Dr. Eng.
University of Damascus
Mr. Daler DOMULLO-
JONOV
1979 Tajikistan Project Man-
ager
Welthungehilfe
Ms. Ulfet ERDAL 1968 Turkey Technical
Deputy Di-
rector
INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RE-
SEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER
Mr. Emrah OZCAKAL 1982 Turkey Research
Assistant
Ege University - Faculty of Agriculture - Depart-
ment of Farm Structures and IrrigationMr. Mevlüt ŞAHİN 1966 Turkey Assistant
Professor
Sugar Beet Seed Institute
Mr. Kakhramon JUMABOEV 1979 Uzbeki-
stan
Research
Officer
Mr. Shavkat KENJABAEV 1980 Uzbeki-
stan
Special-
ist of land
reclamation
of “IWRM-
Fergana”
Project
Mr. Tulkun YULDASHEV 1970 Uzbeki-
stan
Research
Assistant
International Center for Agricultural Research
in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)Mr. Abdulrahman SALAH 1973 Yemen Assistant
Professor
Faculty of Agriculture, Sana’a University
China Workshop
Sex First name Surname Birth Country Position InstitutionMr. Md. Sydur RAHMAN 1977 Bangla-
desh
Scientific
Officer (Ag-
ricultural
Engineer)
BARI
80
Mr. Pao SREAN 1984 Cambo-
dia
In charge
of Research
and De-
velopment
Center
University of Battambang (UBB)
Mr. Mao SUN 1979 Cambo-
dia
Deputy Di-
rector
Cambodian Rural Development Team (NGO)
Mr. Daozhi GONG 1976 China Associate
Prof.
Institute of Environment and Sustainable Devel-
opment in Agriculture (IEDA), Chinese Acad-
emy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)Mr. Zhen jun KANG 1982 China Research
Assistant
institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy
of SciencesMs. Qinghua KONG 1984 China assistant
lecture
China Agricultural University
Mr. Qiaorong Wei China lecturer Northeast Agricultural UniversityMr. Huijun WU 1975 China researcher Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
(CAAS)Mr. Kaiyun XIE 1965 China Liaison Sci-
entist
International Potato Center (CIP) Beijing Liai-
son OfficeMs. Yan ZHA 1973 China Researcher Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional
Planning (CAAS)Mr. Jianhua ZHANG 1965 China Associate
Research
Professor
Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of
Agricultural Sciences
Ms. Lili ZHANG China Assistant
researcher
Northeast Agricultural University
Mr. Ki Ui RI 1962 DPR-
Korea
Deputy Di-
rector
Soil Research Institute,Academy of Agricultural
SciencesMr. Song Chol TOKGO 1967 DPR-
Korea
Deputy Di-
rector
Soil Research Institute,Academy of Agricultural
SciencesMr. Deepesh MACHIWAL 1977 India Assistant
Professor
College of Technology and Engineering
Ms. Ashwini MOHARIR 1977 India Research
Associate
TERI
Mr. Bankaru swamy SOUNDHARA-
JAN
1977 India Teaching
& Research
Assistant
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Mr. Yudha MEDIAWAN 1966 Indonesia Head of Ex-
perimental
Station for
Hydrology
and Water
Management
Research Centre for Water Resources
Mr. Kulwant Singh 1967 Laos Chief Tech-
nical Advisor
& IFAD TA
Team Leader
Rural Livelihood Improvement Programme
81
Mr. Basandorj DAVAA 1960 Mongolia Professor of
Hydrualics
and irriga-
tion Depart-
ment
Mongolian University of Science and Technol-
ogy
Ms. Yin Yin KYAW Myanmar Deputy Su-
pervisor
Myanmar Agricultural Service
Mr. Chaitya Narayan DANGOL 1971 Nepal Agricultural
Engineer
Regional Directorate of Agriculture
Ms. Anita BOLING 1962 Philip-
pines
Associate
Scientist
IRRI
Mr. Sang Ok CHUNG 1949 Rep.of
Korea
Professor Kyungpook National University
Ms. Sanjeewanie GINIGAD-
DARA
1973 SriLanka PhD student AIT
Mr. Priyantha JAYAKODY 1971 SriLanka Agriculture
Engineer
IWMI
Ms. Bantitha KHANTISIDHI 1972 Thailand Water Re-
sources En-
gineer
Panya Consultants Co.,Ltd.
Mr. Wolfram Spreer Thailand lecturer University of HohenheimMs. Ha Tran Thi Thu 1972 Vietnam Doctor Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry
Egypt WorkshopSex First name Family name Birth Country Position InstitutionMr. Sameh ABDOU 1966 Egypt Researcher Soil, Water & Environment Research InstituteMs. Inas EL-GAFY 1965 Egypt Researcher National Water Research CenterMr. Samia EL-MARSAFA-
WY
1963 Egypt Chief Re-
searcher
(Professor)
Soil, Water & Environment Research Institute
Mr. Moataz EL-NEMR 1978 Egypt Lecturer Kafrelsheikh UniversityMr. Mohamed FARAG 1981 Egypt Assistant
Researcher
Horticulture Research Institute
Mr. Ibrahim MOHAMED 1987 Egypt Agricultural
Engineer
Soil, Water & Environment Research Institute
Ms. Samar MOHAMED
ATTAHER MO-
HAMED
1976 Egypt Assistant
Researcher
Central Laboratory for Agriculture Climate -
Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agri-
culture and Land ReclamationMr. Atef SWELAM 1975 Egypt Assistant
Professor
University of Zagazig
Mr. Berhanu ABRHA 1961 Ethiopia Lecturer Mekelle UniversityMr. Yonas GIRMA 1977 Ethiopia Department
Head
Hawassa University
Mr. Teklu Erkossa JIJO 1968 Ethiopia International Water Management InstituteMr. Fiseha Behulu MULUNEH 1980 Ethiopia Lecturer,
Research
Assistant
Arba Minch University
82
Mr. Ernest Nti ACHEAM-
PONG
1980 Ghana Research
Officer
International Water Management Institute
Mr. Oscar YAWSON 1977 Ghana Lecturer University of Cape CoastMr. Emmanuel Ches-
sum
KIPKORIR 1969 Kenya Sr Lecturer Moi University
Mr. Felix NGETICH 1979 Kenya PhD student Kenyatta UniversityMr. Abdelrahman ILFAIDE 1964 Libya Manager of
utilization
department
Great Man-Made Water Utilization Authority
Mr. Omotayo ADEBOYE 1976 Nigeria Assistant
Lecturer
Obafemi Awolowo University
Mr. William GRAHAM 1965 Nigeria Principal
Lecturer
W.U. FED. FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC
Mr. Jean Jacques MBONIGABA
MUHINDA
1972 Rwanda Sr Lecturer National University of Rwanda
Mr. Sheku KAMARA 1958 Sierra
Leone
Agricultural
Engineer
IFAD funded RCPRP/RFCIP Projects
Mr. Imad-eldin ALI BABIKER 1966 Sudan Researcher
Assistant
Professor
Agricultural Research Corporation
Mr. Zaki Eldin FAGIRI 1976 Sudan Researcher UNESCO Chair in Water ResourcesMr. Waleed MOHAMMED 1983 Sudan Teaching
Assistant
University of Khartoum
Ms. Shifa MATHBOUT Syria Ms. Jennifer ANENA 1979 Uganda Teaching
Assistant
Makerere University
Mr. John WASIGE EJIET 1972 Uganda Lecturer Makerere University
South Africa WorkshopSex First name Family name Birth Country Position InstitutionMr. Raphael BANDA 1981 Malawi Sr Assistant
Irrigation
Research
Officer
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security,
Department of Agricultural Research Services,
Kasinthula Research Station
Mr. Martin AGER FAO ZimbabweMs. Ines BEERNAERTS Belgium FAO GhanaMs. Andriane Char-
lotte
BAYIGHOMOG
KIBINYE EPSE-
LOBE
1969 Camer-
oon
Extension-
nist (Irriga-
tion special-
ist)
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Mr. Yacob BELETSE 1974 Eritrea Senior re-
searcher:
modelling
crop water
relations
Agricultural Research Council
Mr. Zaid Adekunle BELLO 1971 Nigeria Assistant
Researcher
University of the Free State
83
Mr. Spesti CHITSEKO 1980 Malawi Lecturer Natural Resources College of MalawiMr. Taziva GOMO 1982 Zimba-
bwe
MSc Student University of KwaZulu Natal
Mr. Matthew JONES 1981 South-
Africa
Scientific
Programmer
South African Sugarcane Research Institute
Mr. Frederick KAHIMBA 1970 Tanzania Lecturer Sokoine University of AgricultureMr. Benny KEOTSHABE 1978 Botswana MsC Student University of the Free StateMr. Tomas MACULUVE 1972 Mozam-
bique
Head of
agricultural
water man-
agement
division
Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique
Mr. Tendai MADANZI 1978 Zimba-
bwe
Lecturer/
Deputy Dean
University Midlands State
Ms. Veronica MAKUVARO 1964 Zimba-
bwe
Lecturer University Midlands State
Mr. Mahlomola MANOZA 1977 Lesotho Principal
Agricultural
Engineer
Ministry Agriculture and Food Security
Mr. Francis Isdory MARTIN 1961 Tanzania PRINCIPAL
AGRIC. OF-
FICER
Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Department of
Irrigation & Technical Services
Ms. Esther Nyaradzo MASVAYA 1983 Zimba-
bwe
Scientific
Officer
International Crops Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid TropicsMr. Muyenjwa MAUGO 1978 Tanzania Irrigation
Engineer
Ministry of Water and Irrigation
Ms. Busiso Olga MAVANKENI 1971 Zimba-
bwe
Acting Head
of Institute
Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization and Ir-
rigation Development Department of Research
& Specialist Services (DR&SS)Ms. Cheelo Hamu-
linda
MUDENDA 1981 Zambia Irrigation
Engineer
Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperatives
Mr. Frank MWENECH-
ANYA
1980 Malawi National
Engineer /
Director of
Services
Foundation for Irrigation and Sustainable De-
velopment
Mr. James KOSGEY 1964 Kenya Student Lincoln UniversityMr. Tafadzwanashe MABHAUDHI 1983 Zimba-
bwe
Post Gradu-
ate- Crop
Science De-
partment
University of KwaZulu-Natal
Mr. Oliver NAKOMA 1979 Malawi Assistant
Agriculture
Research
Officer
Ministry of Agriculture and Food security, De-
partment of Agricultural Research Services
Mr. Laval Ronald NG CHEONG 1964 Mauritius Research
Manager
Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute
Mr. Jeremiah Chijere NKOWANI 1980 Malawi Irrigation
Officer
Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development,
Department of Irrigation Services
84
Mr. Aresti PARASKEVO
POULOS
1980 South-
Africa
Scientific
Programmer
South African Sugarcane Research Institute
Mr. Elijah PHIRI 1962 Zambia Lecturer University of Zambia, Department of SoilMr. Shaame SHAAME 1965 Tanzania Head of De-
partment of
Irrigation
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock & Environ-
ment, Department of Irrigation - Zanzibar
Mr. Victor Desire TAFFOUO 1964 Camer-
oon
Senior Lec-
turer
University of Douala
Mr. Weldemichael
Abraha
TESFUHUNEY 1968 Eritrea Research As-
sistant and
PhD Student
University of the Free State
Mr. Cinisani TFWALA 1979 Swazi-
land
Irrigation
Research
Officer
Malkerns Research Station & UFS
Mr. Michael VAN DER
LAAN
1980 South-
Africa
Systems
Modeller
South African Sugarcane Research Institute
Mr. Pieter VAN HEERDEN 1946 South-
Africa
Partner PICWAT
Appendix E: List of participants of the sixth international case study workshop
Sex First Name Family Name CountryParticipated
workshop
Mr. Kuoakou Augustin NZUE Cote D’ivoire Burkina FasoMr. Mahdi AKBARI Iran IranMr. Bahram ANDARZIAN Iran IranMr. Deepesh MACHIWAL India ChinaMrs. Ashwini MOHARIR India China Mr. Bankaru Swamy SOUNDHARAJAN India ChinaMr. Sydur RAHMAN Bangladesh ChinaMr. Berhanu ABRHA Ethiopia EgyptMrs. Beyene ALEMTSEHAY TSEGAY Ethiopia EgyptMr. Samar Mohamed ATTAHER Egypt EgyptMr. Teklu Erkossa JIJO Ethiopia EgyptMr. Emmanuel Chessum KIPKORIR Kenya EgyptMrs. Shifa MATHBOUT Syria EgyptMr. Felix Kipchircir NGETICH Kenya EgyptMr. Livingstone Kobina SAM-AMOAH Ghana EgyptMr. Zaid Adekunle BELLO South Africa South AfricaMr. Yacob Ghebretinsae BELETSE South Africa South AfricaMrs. Gugulethu NC ZUMA-NETSHIUKHWI South Africa South AfricaMr. Hamidreza SALEMI Malaysia
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The broad mission of UNW-DPC is to enhance the coherence and integrated effectiveness of the capacity development activities of the more that two-dozen UN organisations and programms already cooperating within the interagency mechanism known as UN-Water and thereby to support them in their efforts to achieve the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) related to water and sanitation.The UN-Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development (UNW-DPC) is a joint pro-gramme of UN agencies and programmes cooperating within the framework of UN-Water and hosted by United Nations University.
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