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Description of the sun radiation and model of sunpower in the earth.
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Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Sun, earth and radiation
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
R= 6.400 Km
R= 700.400 Km
150.000.000 Km
The sun and the earth
SUN EARTH
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
R= 6.400 Km
R= 700.400 Km
EARTH
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
R= 700.400 Km
EARTH
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
R= 6.400 Km
R= 700.400 Km
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
0,53º (2D) 0,00027 Sr (3D)
22.995 “suns” / hemisphere
The sky can be filled by near 23.000 suns.
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Solar radiation.
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
R= 6.400 Km
R= 700.400 Km
The power of sun:
1.400 W/m2 of power at 150 milions of Km
570.000.000 ton de H2 a 560.000.000 ton de He per second =
400.000.000.000.000.000.000 de MW
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Absolut radiation of the estratosferic radiation in the earth:
1. 4 0 0 W / m2 o f p o w e r
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
The movement of earth around the sun.
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Inclination of axis of rotation
N
S
1 rev. at day
Source: M. Morató.
E W
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Inclination of axis of rotation
N
S 23,45º E c l i p t i c p l a n e
1 rev. at day
Source: M. Morató.
I n c l i n a t i o n o f a x i s :
Constant = 23,45º
E
W
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
1 revolution every 365’25 days
1 revolution every day
The seasons
day/night
Image: M. Morató.
E c l i p t i c p l a n e
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Declination
N
S
+ 23,45º
E c l i p t i c
p l a n e
Source: M. Morató.
N
S - 23,45º
S u m m e r W i n t e r
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Declination
Source: M. Morató.
+ 23,45 º
- 23,45 º
0 º 0 º
+ 23,45 º
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
The seasons
Source: M. Morató.
summer (north hemispheri) winter (north hemispheri)
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
The seasons
Position in summer (north hemispheri) at 12:00 at noon
Source: M. Morató.
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
The seasons
Position in summer (north hemispheri) 12:00 midnight
Source: M. Morató.
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
The seasons
Position in winter (north hemispheri) in the 12:00 at noon
Source: M. Morató.
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
The seasons
Position in winter (north hemispheri) at 12:00 midnight
Source: M. Morató.
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Which is the movement of the Sun from the Earth ?
Source: M. Morató.
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: M. Morató.
The Cercasol tool (findsun)
The movement of the Sun from the earth
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: M. Morató.
ex: How to follow the sun in BCN ?
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: M. Morató.
1.- Put the axis in direction North
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: M. Morató.
2.- Inclinate the axis = latitude of place = 41º
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: M. Morató.
3.- Incline the arrow = declination of the day
N= day of year (N =1 of January)
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Soltice of summer (21 June)
Source: M. Morató.
Equinox spring and autumn (21 March/ 22 September)
Soltice of winter (21 december)
declination (+ 23,45º) declination (0º) declination (- 23,45º)
The 3 special positions of the year
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: M. Morató.
4.- Rotate (left rotation): 1 revolution at day.
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: M. Morató.
South
Polar
latitude
1 turn at day
summer
winter
spring-autumn
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: M. Morató.
declination (- 23,45º)
South
West
Est
North
12:00 solar (Noon) Ex: Track on solstice of
winter (41 º lat North)
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: M. Morató.
declination (0º)
12:00 solar (Noon) Ex: Track on equinocces (41º
Lat North)
South West
Est North
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: M. Morató.
12:00 solar (Noon)
Ex: Track on solstice of summer (41 º lat North)
South West
Est
North
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: M. Morató.
Ex: Position of the “Cercasol” at 23 of December in others places on the earth
N
S
N
S
N
S
N
S S
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
The nature of the radiation on earth
Source: M. Morató.
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Radiation Power
Source: M. Morató.
Radiation Energy
W / m2 kWh / m2 units
mean Instantaneous energy
captured energy in a interval of time
Power (W/m2)
Time (s) t1 t2
X (W/m2) Z (kWh/m2)
t2
Meaning of power and energy radiation
Power at time t2 is Energy captured between time t1
and t2 is
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató Architecture and solar energy
1. 4 0 0 W / m2 o f p o w e r
Image: Google earth.
Sun, earth and radiation
The nature of the radiation on earth
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
λ (µm)
visible IR UV
S h o r t w a v e
Distribution of the solar radiation spectrum:
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
Intensity
0,4 0,7
1. 4 0 0 W / m2 o f s o l a r p o w e r
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Stratospheric radiation and Radiation at level of the sea in a clear day
1. 4 0 0 W / m2 o f p o w e r
Image: Google earth.
9 0 0 W / m2 o f p o w e r
1.400 W/m2
900 W/m2
4% 48% 48%
2% 40% 58%
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: www.oksolar.com.
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: www.oksolar.com.
Average daily radiation on the earth: 170 W/m2/day = 4 kWh/m2/day
7,2 kWh/m2
4,8 kWh/m2
2,5 kWh/m2
4,4 kWh/m2
3,9 kWh/m2
< 2 kWh/m2
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: NASA.
0
4
8
0
4
8
0
4
8
0
4
8
0
4
8
0
4
8
0
4
8
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Theoretical distribution of monthly radiation by latitude (kWh/m2/day)
+ 90º
+ 60º
+ 30º
+ 0º
- 30º
- 60º
- 90º
+ 90º
+ 60º
+ 30º
+ 0º
- 30º
- 60º
- 90º
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: NASA.
Direct and diffuse radiation
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: Traimar
Direct and diffuse radiation
Source of diffuse radiation
Source of reflected radiation
Source of direct radiation (sun)
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: Traimar
Global radiation
Direct rad.
Diffuse rad.
Reflected rad.
+
+
=
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: Traimar
Global radiation
Direct rad.
Diffuse rad. +
Reflected rad.
+
Usually reflected radiation is lower than direct and diffuse radiation then …
=
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: Google.
In the atmosphere appears the diffuse radiation
Diffuse radiation
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: Google
Diffuse radiation appears by interaction of direct radiation against atmosphere molecules
Direct and diffuse radiation
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Direct and diffuse radiation in a homogeneous clouded sky
100 %
Source: Moisès Morato. www.cercasol.com
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Direct and diffuse radiation (W/m2) in homogeneous clouded skies
100 % 80 % 60 %
40 % 20 %
A B C
D E
Source: Moisès Morato. www.cercasol.com
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A (100 %) B (80 %) C (60 %) D (40 %) E (20 %)
Irrad
iatio
n (k
Wh/
m2/d
ay)
Source: M. Morató. www.cercasol.com.
Evolution of direct and diffuse radiation (kWh/m2/day) in homogeneous clouded skies
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: UAB (Universitat de Física)
Real graphs of direct and difusse radiation
A fully clear day (june 2006 BCN)
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Real graphs of direct and difusse radiation
clear day cloudy day Source: UAB (Universitat de Física)
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: M. Morató.
Intensity of diffuse radiation in sky can be higher o lower than the sky without clouds.
Diffuse radiation
Architecture and solar energy Energy and environment
by Moisès Morató
Source: M. Morató.
Intensity of diffuse radiation in sky can be higher o lower than the sky without clouds.
Diffuse radiation
