Canine Respiratory Disease Complex

Yasmina Sebek

Lois Stovall

Rehana Ramroop

Dr.Brahmbhatt-Period 1

Canine Respiratory Diseases

There are many different kinds of upper and lower respiratory diseases. The main ones you will see in clinic are:

• Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis

(Kennel Cough syndrome)

• Canine Distemper

• Canine Influenza*

• Canine Bordetella*

• Streptococcus species

• Canine adenovirus

Causes

• Pathogenesis-development of the disease in the body.

• Infectious Agents- Bordetella bronchiseptica and mycoplasma are the most common infectious agents involved.

• Transmission- retrieving it from canine to canine.

Most CIRDC pathogens do not survive in the environment for a long time

Less Common Causes

• Heartworm

• Heart failure

• Neoplasia

• Fungal pneumonia

• Pulmonary Parasite

• Migration

History

• Canine Influenza was first detected in January 2004

Originated from Greyhound race dogs.

• The first case of Canine Bordetella was detected in 2004.

Signalment All dogs are susceptible to some degree, but unvaccinated,

immune compromised and young animals are especially vulnerable.

• Canine Influenza -Age: young canines -Breed: all breeds are susceptible -Sex: both male and female

• Canine Bordetella -Age: young canines -Breed: all breeds are susceptible -Sex: both male and female

Transmission

Main transmission from canine to canine• Fomites- is any inanimate object or substance

capable of carrying infectious organisms (clothing,hands,shoes)

• Aerosol- an airborne pathogen • Environmental Contamination- is not a major

source of CDV because the virus is very labile. (becoming inactive when subjected to heat or radiation. )

Transmisson (continued)

Most Canine Respiratory Diseases are NOT zoonotic.• However, Canine Bordetella is zoonotic (very few human cases).

Bordetella bacteria are usually transmitted to humans through the air. The virus is an airborne pathogen, which means it can spread from dog to dog through the air.

Canine Influenza virus can be transmitted to a dog through direct contact with an infected dog, through contact with contaminated items, and by people who may be carrying the virus on their hands or clothing. The virus can remain alive and infective on surfaces for up to 48 hours, on clothing for 24 hours, and on hands for 12 hours.  

Incubation Periods

• Canine Influenza: Symptoms take approximately two to four days to set in after contact with the virus.

• Canine Bordetella: Incubation period is three to ten days (average 6; in dogs)

Clinical Signs

• May include sneezing, nasal and ocular discharge (rhinitis and sinusitis), and sometimes lower respiratory and/or systemic disease (fever)

Canine Bordetella: dry hacking cough, watery nasal discharge, sneezing. In severe cases- dogs can have fevers, lethargy, breathing difficulties and anorexia.

Canine Influenza: coughing, nasal discharge, possible vomiting.

Diagnostic Tests

• Culture or PCR of ocular, nasal or oropharyngeal swab for Bordetella.

• PCR for parainfluenza virus available from some labs

• Specificity of culture is improved by culturing transtracheal or endotracheal wash fluid rather than oral or nasal swabs.

• viral isolation and blood work conducted for both

Expected Results

• Bordetella may be shed up to 3 months. Viral agents shed < 2 weeks

• Infectious risk is greatly reduced when dogs no longer have discharge or coughing.

Treatment (Supportive)

• Dogs that suffer from a respiratory infection that is caused by a virus may receive treatment to support the immune system. This may include rest, fluids and the restriction of any strenuous activities such as running.

• Keeping the dog at home in an environment that is not stressful is also suggested.

Treatment (Medication)

• Dogs may be prescribed antibiotics by a veterinarian. Mild cases may be treated with anti-inflammatory medications (steroids) and cough suppressants.

• Dogs that are short of breath or have difficulty breathing may benefit from the use of bronchodilators to restore free breathing.

Prognosis

• Canine Influenza: Most dogs with mild signs recover fully. Death occurs mainly in dogs with the severe form of disease; the mortality rate is thought to be 1-5% or slightly higher.

• Canine Bordetella: It is generally not that dangerous; it only hurts the higher respiratory tubes. Though not fatal, secondary illness like pneumonia can lead to serious complications, some which can cause death.

Pathologic Lesions

• Canine Influenza: Hemorrhages may be found in the lungs, mediastinum, and pleural cavity. The lungs may exhibit signs of severe pneumonia, and can be dark red to black.

• Canine Bordetella: infects the upper respiratory tract causing canine cough and can lead to pneumonia.

Prevention

• Canine Influenza: There is an effective and safe vaccine for canine influenza fully licensed by the USDA. Nobivac® Canine Flu H3N8 has been shown to control the spread and minimize the impact of CIV infection and has been proven safe in half a million dogs.

• Canine Bordetella: A vaccine is available for Bordetella. Bordetella vaccines help reduce the severity of complications from the disease.

• If client is immunocompromised (HIV, chemotheraphy) than consider injectable bordatella rather than intranasal bordatella

Client Education

• Canine InfluenzaClients should be told the following: - Canine Influenza is a respiratory disease that affects

dogs; it cannot be spread to cats or humans. - Symptoms last 2-3 weeks and are usually

characterized by a moist cough, runny nose, and fever.

- Each dog should be evaluated individually as to the need for the vaccination.

Client Education

• Canine Bordetella

Clients should be told the following: - Bordetella is a bacterial infection of the respiratory

tract.  - It is transmitted via air borne nasal, ocular, and

saliva secretions.  - Symptoms last for 7 to 21 days. It is characterized

by a harsh often non-productive cough.

Canine Bordetella Case Study

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-pWaLRpd1b8

Canine Influenza Case Study

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTBX7jB1FBw

References

• http://wvc.omnibooksonline.com/data/papers/2008_SIS6.pdf

• Canine Respiratory Diseases | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_5413001_canine-respiratory-diseases.html#ixzz1FsxHc01i

• http://www.avma.org/public_health/influenza/canine_guidelines.asp