Canada’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Kyoto and Beyond

Canada’s Kyoto Committments

• Committed to a 5.4% reduction from 1990 emissions levels by the 2008-2012 period

• Canada emitted approximately 601 megatonnes eCO2 in 1990

• BAU is projected to be 809 MT in 2010

• This equates to a required reduction of 240 megatonnes from 2010 BAU

The Big Picture

Some numbers to think about

CO2 in parts per million

Increase over natural level

Comment

275 None Stable here until mid-19th century

370 85 ppm Causing whatever climate change we are already experiencing

450 175 ppm We can’t stop the concentration from getting at least this high

550 275 ppm Over three times what we have already added.

850 575 ppm The path we appear to be on…

300

400

500

600

700

800

900E

mis

sion

s of

eC

O2

(MT

)

BAU

Kyoto

Gap -240 MT

720 MT

BAU - 809 MT

Target -569 MT

Canada’s Kyoto Committments

Some questions….

• From what sectors of the economy do these GHG emissions originate?

• What fuels are the most important in terms of GHG emissions?

• On a per capita basis, how ‘GHG’ intensive are Canadians (i.e amount of GHGs annually)?

• What ‘everyday’ activities lead to these emissions?

Emissions by Sector (MT of eCO2)

0

50

100

150

200

250

Em

issi

ons

(MT

)

1990200020102020

Emissions by Sector - Direct and Indirect Emissions - MT in 2004

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Emis

sio

ns

of

eC

O2

(M

T) NFC

FC

Emission Intensity of Fuel

Fuel

Emission Factor (kg of eCO2 per GJ of energy)

Natural Gas 49Fuel Oil 73Gasoline 68Diesel 80Kerosene 67Propane 60Coal 86

Alberta 260British Columbia SmallManitoba SmallNew Brunswick 125Newfoundland 62Nova Scotia 261Ontario 87PEI 140Quebec SmallSaskatchewan 222

Current Electricity Emission Factors (kg

CO2 per GJ)

What is a GJ and what is a megatonne?

• A gigajoule is 1 billion joules, equal to 278 Kwh. More simply, this equals running 2,780 100 watt lightbulbs for 1 hour

• Each year Canada consumes nearly 9,500 PJs of energy (1 PJ = 1,000,000 GJ), the equivalent of leaving 157 billion 100 watt light bulbs on for one week

And a megatonne...

• A megatonne is a million tonnes

• One tonne is 1000 kilograms

• 1 kilogram is 100 grams

• One tonne of CO2 would completely fill the inside of an ordinary house

Fuel Consumption in Canada

Energy Consumption in Canada by Sector in 1998 (TJ)

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

4,500,000

Indu

stry

Trans

port

Agricu

lture

Comm

ercia

l

Resid

ential

Electricity

Fuel Oil

Gas/Diesel

Kerosene

Gasoline

Natural Gas

Coal/Coal Products

Per Capita Emissions • If 720 MT of eCO2 emissions per year, 30 million

people, then…

• Each person is responsible for 24 tonnes of eCO2 a year!

• However, if only personal actions are included, this equals 5.4 tonnes/year.

• The main activities which lead to this which we can directly impact are: transportation, home energy services, and waste

Sources of Personal GHG Emissions in Canada

Passenger Road

Transport50%

Appliances8%

Space Cooling

0%

Water Heating

11%

Space Heating

29%

Lighting2%

What actions can we take?

• What do you think are the best actions which both society and we as individuals could take to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions?

Canada’s Greenhouse Action Plan

Three step process

Step 1 - Actions already underway

•Canada has already spent $1.6 billion on climate change

•Total emissions reduced - 80 MT

Step 2 - New actions

•Actions largely concentrated in transportation and industrial sectors

•Total expected reduction - 100 MT

Step 3 - The Remainder

•Technological development, provicial cooperation and community action

•Total expected reduction - 60 MT

Canada’s Action Plan: Steps 1 & 2

Landcover and use Int Markets Total

Transpo

Housing and

Buildings Trading

Renewable Energy and Innovation

Projects

Small and Medium Sized

Enterprises

Agric., Forestry

and Landfill

Gas

BAU emissions 2010 206 84 425 94 809Step 1: Actions Underway 9 4 25 38 2 78

Step II: New Actions 12 4 55 11 5 10 97

Total Reduction Targets 21 8 80 11 5 38 12 175

Canadians and Governments Industrial Emitters

Where we have come from...

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

19

70

=1

.0 GDP

Energy

Emissions

New primary energy in Canada: 1970 -1990

Oil

Gas

Coal HydroNuclear Wood

Energy Productivity

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500 PJ

The action plan for the residential sector

• Actions underway and proposed (goal - 8 MT)

• Improving EE of buildings (1.2 MT)

• EE evaluations (0.7 MT)

• Improving EE standards for equipment and appliances (1.6 MT)

• EE retrofit of 20% of housing (1.5 MT)

Emissions in the residential sector

13.29%4.40%

59.84%

0.40%

22.08%

AppliancesLightingSpace HeatingSpace CoolingWater Heating

Examples from the past: space heating

Examples from the past..appliances

Appliance 1985 1999 ChangeStock (000's)

Savings (MT

eCO2)Refrigerator 1,753 995 56.76% 14,692 18.45

Freezer 1,430 841 58.81% 6,825 6.89

Dishwasher 176 106 60.23% 5,876 0.72

Clothes Washer 113 87 76.99% 9,402 0.65

Clothes Dryer 1,425 1,063 74.60% 9,184 8.21

Range 814 782 96.07% 11,761 4.97

Total 57,740 39.89

Unit Energy Consumption (Kwh/year)

The action plan for the transportation sector

Actions underway and proposed (goal - 21 MT)•25% improvement in new vehicle fuel efficiency (5.2 MT)

•Integrated planning to reduce urban transportation emissions (0.8 MT)

•Voluntary fuel efficiency improvements in air, rail, truck and marine sectors (2 MT)

•Increased ethanol blend to 35% of fuel mix (2 MT)

•Increased public transport (7 MT)

Emissions in the transportation sector

Off road11%

Air11%Marine

5%

Rail6%

Trucks22%

Light duty vehicles

45%

Fuel efficiency of transportation modes

How much CO2 would result from a 50 km round trip

commute?• If vehicle is a mid sized car, perhaps 10 litres/100 km fuel

efficient

• Therefore 5 litres per 50 km round trip

• 5 litres of gas equals 0.1645 GJ of energy in gas

• 0.1645 GJ equals 11 kgs of CO2 (69 kgs CO2/GJ)

• Therefore, in one round trip of 50 km, this equals 11 kgs of CO2.

• If this is done 240 times a year, this equals 2.6 tonnes of CO2!

The action plan for the electricity sector

Actions underway and proposed (goal - 22.6

MT)• incentive for wind power generation (2.8 MT)

• increased interprovincial trade and transmission (5.4 MT)

• 10% new generation from emerging renewable sources (3.9 MT)

• Clean coal technology (4.5 MT)

Emissions in the electricity sector

Emission intensity by province

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Em

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on in

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(kg

/KW

h)

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Que

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LD

BC

YT

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T

Nun

Ont

NB

PE

I

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k

NS

Alb

What does this mean for the average family?

Appliance Kwh/year Alberta Ontario ManitobaRefrigerator 995 937.29 266.66 1.65Freezer 841 792.22 225.39 1.40Dishwasher 106 99.85 28.41 0.18Clothes Washer 87 81.95 23.32 0.14Clothes Dryer 1,063 1001.35 284.88 1.76Range 782 736.64 209.58 1.30Total 3,649 1,038 6

Kilograms eCO2/Year

In terms of appliance use...

Latest action in the news...

Alberta Government to Buy 45% of Electricity From Green Producer 20 Year Contract Awarded to Canadian Hydro Developers

GHG Mitigation Initiatives:Electricity Sector

Carbon taxes - an economic instrument

Carbon Taxes

Objectives?

• Reduce emissions of CO2

• Create environmental beneficial incentives

• Equalize maringal cost across tax base

• Spur innovation

• Raise revenues

How?

CO2 = (CO2/E)*(E/ES)*(ES/I)*(I/O)*O