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2 Physical structure

3 Genome structure

4 Proteins

5 Pathogenic paramyxoviruses

6 New and emerging paramyxoviruses

7 Evolution

8 See also

9 External links

10 References

[edit]Genera

SubfamilyParamyxovirinae

GenusAquaparamyxovirus( type speciesAtlantic salmon paramyxovirus:others includePacific

salmon paramyxovirus)

GenusAvulavirus(type speciesNewcastle disease virus)

GenusFerlavirus(Fer-de-Lance virus)

GenusHenipavirus(type speciesHendravirus;others includeNipahvirus)

GenusMorbillivirus(type speciesMeasles virus;others includeRinderpest virus,Canine distemper

virus,phocine distemper virus,Ovine rinderpest)

GenusRespirovirus(type speciesSendai virus;others includeHuman parainfluenza viruses1 and 3,

as well some of the viruses of thecommon cold)

GenusRubulavirus(type speciesMumps virus;others includeAchimota virus1 and 2,Human

parainfluenza viruses2 and 4,Simian parainfluenza virus5,Menangle virus,Tioman

virus,Tuhokovirus1, 2 and 3)

GenusTPMV-like viruses(type speciesTupaia paramyxovirus:other speciesMossman virus,Nariva

virusandSalem virus)

SpeciesBeilong virus

SubfamilyPneumovirinae

GenusPneumovirus(type speciesHuman respiratory syncytial virus,others includeBovine

respiratory syncytial virus)

GenusMetapneumovirus(type speciesAvian pneumovirus,Human metapneumovirus)

Unassigned viruses
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#Physical_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#Physical_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#Genome_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#Genome_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#Proteinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#Proteinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#Pathogenic_paramyxoviruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#Pathogenic_paramyxoviruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#New_and_emerging_paramyxoviruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#New_and_emerging_paramyxoviruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirinae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirinae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirinae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquaparamyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquaparamyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquaparamyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_salmon_paramyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_salmon_paramyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_salmon_paramyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_salmon_paramyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_salmon_paramyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_salmon_paramyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_salmon_paramyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avulavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avulavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avulavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_disease_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_disease_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_disease_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferlavirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferlavirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferlavirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fer-de-Lance_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fer-de-Lance_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fer-de-Lance_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henipavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henipavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henipavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendravirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendravirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendravirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipahvirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipahvirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipahvirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbillivirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbillivirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbillivirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinderpest_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinderpest_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinderpest_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovine_rinderpesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovine_rinderpesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovine_rinderpesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Respirovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Respirovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Respirovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendai_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendai_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendai_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_coldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_coldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_coldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubulavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubulavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubulavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Achimota_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Achimota_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Achimota_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simian_parainfluenza_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simian_parainfluenza_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simian_parainfluenza_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menangle_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menangle_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menangle_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tioman_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tioman_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tioman_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuhokovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuhokovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuhokovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TPMV-like_viruses&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TPMV-like_viruses&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TPMV-like_viruses&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tupaia_paramyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tupaia_paramyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tupaia_paramyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mossman_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mossman_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mossman_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nariva_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nariva_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nariva_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nariva_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beilong_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beilong_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beilong_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pneumovirinae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pneumovirinae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pneumovirinae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pneumovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pneumovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pneumovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_respiratory_syncytial_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_respiratory_syncytial_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_respiratory_syncytial_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bovine_respiratory_syncytial_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bovine_respiratory_syncytial_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bovine_respiratory_syncytial_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bovine_respiratory_syncytial_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapneumovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapneumovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapneumovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_pneumovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_pneumovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_pneumovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_metapneumovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_metapneumovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_metapneumovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_metapneumovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_pneumovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapneumovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bovine_respiratory_syncytial_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bovine_respiratory_syncytial_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_respiratory_syncytial_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pneumovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pneumovirinae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beilong_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nariva_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nariva_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mossman_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tupaia_paramyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TPMV-like_viruses&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuhokovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tioman_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tioman_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menangle_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simian_parainfluenza_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Achimota_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubulavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_coldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendai_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Respirovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovine_rinderpesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinderpest_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbillivirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipahvirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendravirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henipavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fer-de-Lance_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferlavirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_disease_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avulavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_salmon_paramyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_salmon_paramyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_salmon_paramyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquaparamyxovirus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirinae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#New_and_emerging_paramyxoviruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#Pathogenic_paramyxoviruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#Proteinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#Genome_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#Physical_structure


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J virus

Sunshine virus

Tailam virus

[edit]Notes

The Beilong virus is now known to be a member of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae.[2]

It was isolated from rat

kidney and its pathogenic potential is unknown. J virus is very similar to Beilong virus and probably belongs in

the same genus. Both have features that differ from the other genera in this family. Tailam virus may also

belong in this genus.

The relations between the salmon paramyxoviruses and the others have been poorly studied to date and their

relationship to the other members of this genus is not currently known.

Sunshine virus was isolated from pythons in Australia.[3]

It appears to be unrelated to other known members of

this taxon.

[edit]Physical structure

Virions are enveloped and can be spherical, filamentous or pleomorphic. Fusion proteins and attachment

proteins appear as spikes on the virion surface. Matrix proteins inside the envelope stabilise virus structure.

The nucleocapsid core is composed of the genomic RNA, nucleocapsid proteins, phosphoproteins and

polymerase proteins.

[edit]Genome structure

Thegenomeis non-segmented negative-sense RNA, 15-19 kilobases in length and contains 6-10 genes.

Extracistronic (non-coding) regions include:

A 3 leader sequence, 50nucleotidesin length, which acts as atranscriptionalpromoter.

A 5 trailer sequence, 50-161 nucleotides long

Intergenomic regions between eachgene,which are three nucleotides long for morbillivirus, respirovirus

and henipavirus, variable length (1-56 nucleotides) for rubulavirus and pneumovirinae.

Each gene contains transcription start/stop signals at the beginning and end, which are transcribed as part of

the gene.

Gene sequence within the genome is conserved across the family due to a phenomenon known as

transcriptional polarity (seeMononegavirales)in which genes closest to the 3 end of the genome are

transcribed in greater abundance than those towards the 5 end. This is a result of structure of the genome.

After each gene is transcribed, the RNA-Dependent RNA polymerase pauses to release the new mRNA when

it encounters an intergenic sequence. When the RNA polymerase is paused, there is a chance that it will
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunshine_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunshine_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tailam_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tailam_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-Woo2012-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-Woo2012-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-Woo2012-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-Hyndman2012-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-Hyndman2012-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-Hyndman2012-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononegaviraleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononegaviraleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononegaviraleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononegaviraleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-Hyndman2012-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-Woo2012-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tailam_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunshine_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J_virus&action=edit&redlink=1


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dissociate from the RNA genome. If it dissociates, it must reenter the genome at the leader sequence, rather

than continuing to transcribe the length of the genome. The result is that the further downstream genes are

from the leader sequence, the less they will be transcribed by RNA polymerase.

Evidence for a single promoter model was verified when viruses were exposed to UV light. UV radiation can

cause dimerization of RNA, which prevents transcription by RNA polymerase. If the viral genome follows a

multiple promoter model, the level inhibition of transcription should correlate with the length of the RNA gene.

However, the genome was best described by a single promoter model. When paramyxovirus genome was

exposed to UV light, the level of inhibition of transcription was proportional to the distance from the leader

sequence. That is, the further the gene is from the leader sequence, the greater the chance of RNA

dimerization inhibiting RNA polymerase.

The virus takes advantage of the single promoter model by having its genes arranged in relative order of

protein needed for successful infection. For example, nucleocapsid protein, N, is needed in greater amounts

than RNA polymerase, L.

Many Paramyxovirus genomes follow theRule of Six.The total length of the genome is almost always a

multiple of six. This is probably due to the advantage of having all RNA bound by N protein (since N binds

hexamers of RNA). If RNA is left exposed, the virus does not replicate efficiently. Members of the sub-family

Pneumovirinae do not follow this rule

The gene sequence is:

NucleocapsidPhosphoproteinMatrixFusionAttachmentLarge (polymerase)

[edit]Proteins

Nthe nucleocapsid protein associates with genomic RNA (one molecule per hexamer) and protects the

RNA from nuclease digestion

Pthe phosphoprotein binds to the N and L proteins and forms part of the RNA polymerase complex

Mthe matrix protein assembles between the envelope and the nucleocapsid core, it organizes and

maintains virion structure

Fthe fusion protein projects from the envelope surface as a trimer, and mediatescell entryby inducing

fusion between the viral envelope and the cell membrane by class I fusion. One of the defining

characteristics of members of the paramyxoviridae family is the requirement for a neutral pH for fusogenic

activity.

H/HN/Gthe cell attachment proteins span the viral envelope and project from the surface as spikes.

They bind to proteins on the surface of target cells to facilitate cell entry. Proteins are designated H

(hemagglutinin)for morbilliviruses as they possesshaemagglutinationactivity, observed as an ability to
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cause red blood cells to clump in laboratory tests. HN (Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase)attachment proteins

occur in respiroviruses, rubulaviruses and avulaviruses. These possess both haemagglutination

andneuraminidaseactivity, which cleaves sialic acid on the cell surface, preventing viral particles from

reattaching to previously infected cells. Attachment proteins with neither haemagglutination nor

neuraminidase activity are designated G (glycoprotein). These occur in members of pneumovirinae and

Henipaviruses.

Lthe large protein is the catalytic subunit ofRNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RDRP)

Accessory proteinsa mechanism known as RNA editing (seeMononegavirales)allows multiple

proteins to be produced from the P gene. These are not essential for replication but may aid in survival in

vitro or may be involved in regulating the switch from mRNA synthesis to antigenome synthesis.

[edit]Pathogenic paramyxoviruses

A number of important human diseases are caused by paramyxoviruses. These includemumps,measles,

which caused 745,000 deaths in 2001 andrespiratory syncytial virus(RSV), which is the major cause

ofbronchiolitisandpneumoniain infants and children.

Theparainfluenzaviruses are the second most common causes of respiratory tract disease in infants and

children. They can cause pneumonia,bronchitisandcroupin children and the elderly.

Human metapneumovirus,initially described in about 2001, is also implicated in bronchitis, especially in

children. Though it was discovered in 2001 it was proven to be circulating in the population for at least 50 years

and that by the age of five most children have already been exposed to it.[4]

Paramyxoviruses are also responsible for a range of diseases in other animal species, for examplecanine

distemper virus(dogs),phocine distemper virus(seals), cetacean morbillivirus

(dolphinsandporpoises),Newcastle disease virus(birds), andrinderpest virus(cattle). Some paramyxoviruses

such as the henipaviruses arezoonoticpathogens, occurring naturally in an animal host, but also able to infect

humans.

Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) in the genusHenipavirushave emerged in humans and livestock

inAustraliaand SoutheastAsia.Both viruses arecontagious,highlyvirulent,and capable of infecting a number

of mammalian species and causing potentially fatal disease. Due to the lack of a licensedvaccineor antiviral

therapies, HeV and NiV are designated as biosafety level (BSL) 4 agents. The genomic structure of both

viruses is that of a typical paramyxovirus.[5]

[edit]New and emerging paramyxoviruses
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutinin-neuraminidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutinin-neuraminidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutinin-neuraminidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuraminidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuraminidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuraminidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononegaviraleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononegaviraleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononegaviraleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiolitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiolitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiolitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_metapneumovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_metapneumovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(mammal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(mammal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(mammal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porpoisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porpoisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porpoisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_disease_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_disease_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_disease_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinderpest_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinderpest_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinderpest_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henipavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henipavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henipavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-sobrino5-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-sobrino5-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-sobrino5-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-sobrino5-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henipavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinderpest_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_disease_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porpoisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(mammal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_distemper_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_metapneumovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiolitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononegaviraleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuraminidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase


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Phylogenetic tree based on the N protein sequences of selected paramyxoviruses . Virus names as follows: Avian

paramyxovirus 6 (APMV6); Atlantic salmon paramyxovirus; Beilong virus (BeiPV) ; Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (bPIV3);

Canine distemper virus (CDV); Cedar virus (CedPV); Fer-de-lance virus (FdlPV) ; Hendra virus (HeV); Human parainfluenza

virus 2 (hPIV2); Human parainfluenza virus 3 (hPIV3) ; Human parainfluenza virus 4a (hPIV4a) ; Human parainfluenza virus

4b (hPIV4b); J virus (JPV); Menangle virus (MenPV); Measles virus (MeV); Mossman virus (MosPV); Mapeura virus

(MprPV); Mumps virus (MuV); Newcastle disease virus (NDV); Nipah virus, Bangladesh strain (NiV-B); Nipah virus,

Malaysian strain (NiV-M); Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5); Peste-des-petits-ruminants (PPRV); Porcine rubulavirus (PorPV);

Rinderpest virus (RPV); Salem virus (SalPV); Sendai virus (SeV); Simian virus 41 (SV41); Tioman virus (TioPV); Tupaia

paramyxovirus (TupPV).[6]

The family Paramyxoviridae is composed of a diverse group of viruses and is divided into two subfamilies,

Paramyxovirinae and Pneumovirinae. There are currently 40 virus species classified within the

Paramyxovirinae subfamily, but several remain unclassified at the genus level. In the past few decades,

paramyxoviruses have been discovered from terrestrial, volant and aquatic animals, demonstrating a vast host

range and great viral genetic diversity. As molecular technology advances and viral surveillance programs are

implemented, the discovery of new viruses in this group is increasing.[1]

[edit]Evolution

The evolution of this group is still debated. Using the pneumovirus as an outgroup, the Paramyxovirinae can be

divided into two clades: one with the avulaviruses and rubulaviruses and the other with the respiroviruses, the

henipaviruses and the morbilliviruses.[7]

Within the second clade the respiroviruses appear to be the basal

group. The respirovirus-henipavirus-morbillivirus may be basal to the avulavirus-rubulavirus clade.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-pmid22879820-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-pmid22879820-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-pmid22879820-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-SamalSK-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-SamalSK-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-SamalSK-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-McCarthy2010-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-McCarthy2010-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-McCarthy2010-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree_based_on_the_N_protein_sequences_of_selected_paramyxoviruses..pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree_based_on_the_N_protein_sequences_of_selected_paramyxoviruses..pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree_based_on_the_N_protein_sequences_of_selected_paramyxoviruses..pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree_based_on_the_N_protein_sequences_of_selected_paramyxoviruses..pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-McCarthy2010-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-SamalSK-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_note-pmid22879820-6


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[edit]See also

Animal viruses

Virology

Henipavirus

[edit]External links

Paramyxoviruses (1998)morphology, genome, replication, pathogenesis (special access required)

Hendra virus has a growing family tree(2001)CSIRO Paramyxovirus press release

Animal viruses

Paramyxoviridae GenomesViral Bioinformatics Resource Center

Viralzone: Paramyxoviridae

Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Paramyxoviridae

[edit]References

1. ^abSamal, SK (editor) (2011). The Biology of Paramyxoviruses.Caister Academic Press.ISBN978-1-

904455-85-1.

2. ^Woo PC, Lau SK, Wong BH, Wu Y, Lam CS, Yuen KY (2012) Novel variant of beilong paramyxovirus in

rats, China. Emerg Infect Dis 18(6):1022-1024doi: 10.3201/eid1806.111901.

3. ^Hyndman TH, Marschang RE, Wellehan JF Jr, Nicholls PK (2012) Isolation and molecular identification of

sunshine virus, a novel paramyxovirus found in Australian snakes. Infect Genet Evol

4. ^Harnden, Anthony."Human metapneumovirus".British Journal of General Practice. Retrieved 20

September 2012.

5. ^Sawatsky (2008)."Hendra and Nipah Virus".Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic

Press.ISBN[[Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-22-6]|978-1-904455-22-6]]].

[http://www.horizonpress.com/avir.

6. ^Marsh GA, de Jong C, Barr JA, Tachedjian M, Smith C, Middleton D, Yu M, Todd S, Foord AJ, Haring V,

Payne J, Robinson R, Broz I, Crameri G, Field HE, Wang LF (2012)."Cedar virus: a novel Henipavirus

isolated from Australian bats".PLoS Pathogens8(8):

e1002836.doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002836.PMC3410871.PMID22879820.

7. ^McCarthy AJ, Goodman SJ (2010) Reassessing conflicting evolutionary histories of the Paramyxoviridae

and the origins of respiroviruses with Bayesian multigene phylogenies. Infect Genet Evol 10(1):97-107

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http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_virologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_virologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henipavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henipavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=10http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/WWW/335/Paramyxoviruses.htmlhttp://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/WWW/335/Paramyxoviruses.htmlhttp://datamining.csiro.au/files/mediaRelease/mr2001/Paramyxovirus.htmhttp://datamining.csiro.au/files/mediaRelease/mr2001/Paramyxovirus.htmhttp://datamining.csiro.au/files/mediaRelease/mr2001/Paramyxovirus.htmhttp://www.horizonpress.com/gateway/animal-viruses.htmlhttp://www.horizonpress.com/gateway/animal-viruses.htmlhttp://www.vbrc.org/query.asp?web_taxonomy=Paramyxoviridaehttp://www.vbrc.org/query.asp?web_taxonomy=Paramyxoviridaehttp://www.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/556.htmlhttp://www.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/556.htmlhttp://www.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/556.htmlhttp://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=paramyxohttp://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=paramyxohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-SamalSK_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-SamalSK_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-SamalSK_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-SamalSK_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-SamalSK_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caister_Academic_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caister_Academic_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caister_Academic_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-85-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-85-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-85-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-85-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-Woo2012_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-Woo2012_2-0http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1806.111901.http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1806.111901.http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1806.111901.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-Hyndman2012_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-Hyndman2012_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-4http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1463211/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1463211/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1463211/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-sobrino5_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-sobrino5_5-0http://www.horizonpress.com/avirhttp://www.horizonpress.com/avirhttp://www.horizonpress.com/avirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.horizonpress.com/avirhttp://www.horizonpress.com/avirhttp://www.horizonpress.com/avirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-pmid22879820_6-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-pmid22879820_6-0http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002836http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002836http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002836http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002836http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLoS_Pathogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLoS_Pathogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLoS_Pathogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1002836http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1002836http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1002836http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3410871http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3410871http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3410871http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22879820http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22879820http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22879820http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-McCarthy2010_7-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-McCarthy2010_7-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-McCarthy2010_7-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22879820http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3410871http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1002836http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLoS_Pathogenshttp://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002836http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002836http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-pmid22879820_6-0http://www.horizonpress.com/avirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.horizonpress.com/avirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-sobrino5_5-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1463211/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-Hyndman2012_3-0http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1806.111901.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-Woo2012_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-85-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-85-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caister_Academic_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-SamalSK_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxovirus#cite_ref-SamalSK_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=11http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=paramyxohttp://www.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/556.htmlhttp://www.vbrc.org/query.asp?web_taxonomy=Paramyxoviridaehttp://www.horizonpress.com/gateway/animal-viruses.htmlhttp://datamining.csiro.au/files/mediaRelease/mr2001/Paramyxovirus.htmhttp://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/WWW/335/Paramyxoviruses.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henipavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_virologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramyxovirus&action=edit&section=9


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Taken from:http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mhunt/RNA10.jpg

GENERAL INFORMATION back to top

Paramyxoviruses are an important class of viruses which are associated with respiratory ailments, and

common childhood diseases such as measles and mumps. Paramyxoviruses are a significant cause ofmorbidity and mortality globally, especially in children and the elderly.

TAXONOMY back to top

FAMILY:Paramyxoviridae

SUBFAMILY GENUS SPECIES

ParamyxovirinaeParamyxovirusHuman Parainfluenza Virus type 1,3

ParamyxovirinaeRubulavirusHuman Parainfluenza Virus type 2, 4a,4b , Mumps virus

ParamyxovirinaeMorbilivirus Measles virus

ParamyxovirinaeHenipavirus Hendravirus, Nipahvirus

Pneumovirinae Pneumovirus Respiratory Syncytial Virus

MORPHOLOGY back to top

Morphology
http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mhunt/RNA10.jpghttp://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mhunt/RNA10.jpghttp://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mhunt/RNA10.jpghttp://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/paramyxo/2005/#tophttp://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/paramyxo/2005/#tophttp://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/paramyxo/2005/#tophttp://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/paramyxo/2005/#tophttp://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/paramyxo/2005/#tophttp://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/paramyxo/2005/#tophttp://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mhunt/RNA10.jpg


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Paramyxoviruses encode negative-sense, single-stranded, monopartite RNA. They are enveloped andcontain a helical nucleocapsid. They appear pleomorphic or spherical in electron micrographs.


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REPLICATION STRATEGY back to top

-ssRNA must first be converted into +ssRNA (mRNA) by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP)incorporated in the virion. The mRNA can then be translated into proteins. Replicative enzymes(RDRP) synthesize a negative-strand copy of the +RNA. Structural proteins translated from the mRNAare then used to package progeny -RNA and RDRP into virions.

VIRAL PROFILES back to top
http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/paramyxo/2005/#tophttp://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/paramyxo/2005/#tophttp://www.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/stannard/paramyx.htmlhttp://www.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/stannard/paramyx.htmlhttp://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/paramyxo/2005/#tophttp://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/paramyxo/2005/#top


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Measles

Incubation: Normally 8-14 days

Epidemiology: There is only one serotype of measles that causes the disease. Main route oftransmission is via inhalation. Recently the prevalence of measles has decreased dramatically indeveloped nations, but measles is still a problem in third-world nations, especially in Africa andCentral and South America.

Symptomatology and Outcome

Oral exanthem of Measles infection


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Classic non-vesicular exanthem associated with measles

Another classical case of measles exanthem

Symptoms:

o Infected person first experiences fever, cough and runny nose. Occasionally includesconjunctivitis, or pink eye.

o Maculopapular rash normally appears 14 days into the illness. It starts at the head andmoves down the neck to the lower part of the body and to the legs and arms.

o Kopliks spots: Irregular, bright-red spots in mucosal membranes with bluish-whitespeck at center.

Complications:o Ear infections: most common complication (1/10 cases)o Pneumonia: Very common complication and cause of mortality in developing countries.

As many as 1/5 children with measles in developing countries can contract pneumonia.


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o Diarrheao Post-infectious Measles Encephalitis:

A complication from measles that leads to swelling of the brain that can beaccompanied with meningitis. Proceeds from headache, fever and discomfort

to loss of motor control, cognitive impairment, occasional seizures, visual lossand death.

Can occur between 8 days and a month after infection. Occurs more commonly in children

o Sub-Sclerosing Panencephalitis, or SSPE A very rare complication from measles that is associated with a rare form of

the virus

Can arise anywhere from 1 to 12 years after initial measles infection Usually Fatal Symptoms progress from behavioral changes to loss of motor control and

coordination, slurred speech, paralysis and eventually to death.

Outcome:o Most people who get measles normally recover. Serious complications, however, are

more common in developing nations and in areas where access to healthcare and/orbasic care is scarce.

o Measles is not normally deadly, but mortality and complications increase dramaticallywhere malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency is common.

Prevention/ Management

Vaccination with the Measles, Mumps and Rubella vaccine is very effective. Prevalence ofMeasles has significantly decreased in developed nations with successful vaccination programs

Vaccine is currently administered in a 2-dose program at 12-15 months and again at 8-12years of age.


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Classification and Antigenic Types

Human parainfluenza viruses are divided into types 1, 2, 3, and 4; type 4 consists of A

and B subtypes.

Pathogenesis

Transmission is by droplets or direct contact. The virus disseminates locally in the

ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory mucosa.

Host Defenses

Nonspecific defenses, including interferon, are followed by the appearance of

secretory and humoral antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses.

Epidemiology

Parainfluenza virus diseases occur worldwide; they are usually endemic but

sometimes epidemic. Primary infections occur in young children; reinfection is

common but results in milder disease.

Diagnosis

Clinical symptoms are nonspecific. Laboratory diagnosis is made by detecting viral

antigen, by isolating the virus, or by detecting a rise in antibody titer or elevated IgG-

and IgA- (IgM-) antibodies in a single serum.

Control

No vaccine is available.

Taken from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8461/

DiskripsiPenyakit ini adalah suatu infeksi virus yang sangat menular, ditandai dengan demam, batuk, pilek, konjungtivitis(peradangan selaput ikat mata/konjungtiva) dan ruam kulit. Penyakit ini biasanya menyerang anak-anak pra sekolahdan anak-anak SD, meskipun tidak menutup kemungkinan menyerang orang dewasa yang belum pernah terkenapenyakit ini. Jika orang sudah terkena campak maka sepanjang hidupnya tidak akan terkena penyakit ini lagi.

GejalaGejala-gejala yang nampak pada penderita campak antara lain; demam tinggi, bintik putih pada bagian dalam pipisebelah depan gigi geraham, mata merah dan berairi, tenggorokan sakit, pilek, batuk kering. Terkadang jikapenderitanya anak-anak akan terjadi muntah-muntah, diare, bintik di belakang telinga.

PengobatanTidak ada pengobatan khusus untuk campak. Namun untuk pencegahan biasanya diberikan vaksin campak rutinkepada anak-anak.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8461/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8461/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8461/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8461/


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Taken from:http://adesyams.blogspot.com/2010/03/penyakit-campak-gejala-dan.html

Campak : Penyebab, Diagnosis, Gejala, Pencegahan DanPengobatanSunday, August 12th 2012. |Darah dan Imun,Kesehatan Anak,Penyakit Umum

Campak adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi virus (myxoviruses) yang sangat menular, dan

yang menyebabkan gambaran klinis dalam tiga tahap, periode awal inkubasi hampir tidak ada gejala,

tahap awal dengan kemerahan intens pada mukosa mulut, tenggorokan dan mata.Setelah tahap awal,

bintik-bintik merah pada kulit mulai menyatu membentuk ruam, batuk disertai demam dan kemerahan

pada konjungtiva mata.

Penyebab Campak

Penyebab campak adalah virus morbilli dan Paramyxoviridae. Infeksi ini ditularkan melalui sekresi oral

atau hidung dari orang yang terinfeksi dan inkubasi tersebut adalah 8 sampai 14 hari sebelum timbulnya

gejala. Infektivitas yang tinggi dari pasien yang sedang dimulai atas, maka kurang kuat, juga dieliminasi

virus campak selama 5 hari pertama dari periode exanthematous. Penularan terjadi melalui udara. Infeksi

dapat menyebabkan epidemi pada musim dingin dan musim semi, tidak ada perbedaan antara jenis

kelamin.

Setelah penyakit ini sembuh, Pasien akan mendapatkan kekebalan seumur hidupnya.cara lain untuk

mendapatkan kekebalan yaitu dengan vaksinasi campak. Anak berusia 1 tahun yang belum di vaksinasi

rentang terhadap penyakit campak, begitu pula dengan remaja yang belum melakukan vaksinasi ulang.

Diagnosis Campak

Diagnosis ditetapkan berdasarkan anamnesis dan pemeriksaan fisik, dan Pemeriksaan serologik atau

virologik yang positif yaitu bila terdapat demam tinggi terus menerus 38,50 C atau lebih disertai batuk,

pilek, nyeri menelan, mata merah dan silau bila kena cahaya (fotofobia), seringkali diikuti diare.Pada

tahap ini,muncul kemerahan pada mukosa mulut, dengan bintik-bintik yang muncul pada bagian dalam

bibir dan pipi muncul ruam makulopapular yang dimulai pada wajah, belakang telinga, sayap hidung,

sekitar mulut dan dagu yang didahului oleh suhu yang meningkat lebih tinggi dari semula. Hal ini

mengakibatkan anak mengalami kejang demam. Saat ruam timbul, batuk dan diare bertambah parah

sehingga anak mengalami sesak nafas atau dehidrasi.2 sampai 3 hari kemudian ruam makulopapular

menjadi lebih besar dan menyatu, demam mereda dan kondisi umum mulai membaik. Pada hari

selanjutnya exanthematous mulai untuk membersihkan lesi kulit dan pengelupasan kulit.
http://adesyams.blogspot.com/2010/03/penyakit-campak-gejala-dan.htmlhttp://adesyams.blogspot.com/2010/03/penyakit-campak-gejala-dan.htmlhttp://adesyams.blogspot.com/2010/03/penyakit-campak-gejala-dan.htmlhttp://www.pustakakesehatan.com/category/darah-dan-imunhttp://www.pustakakesehatan.com/category/darah-dan-imunhttp://www.pustakakesehatan.com/category/darah-dan-imunhttp://www.pustakakesehatan.com/category/kesehatan-anakhttp://www.pustakakesehatan.com/category/kesehatan-anakhttp://www.pustakakesehatan.com/category/kesehatan-anakhttp://www.pustakakesehatan.com/category/penyakit-umumhttp://www.pustakakesehatan.com/category/penyakit-umumhttp://www.pustakakesehatan.com/category/penyakit-umumhttp://www.pustakakesehatan.com/category/penyakit-umumhttp://www.pustakakesehatan.com/category/kesehatan-anakhttp://www.pustakakesehatan.com/category/darah-dan-imunhttp://adesyams.blogspot.com/2010/03/penyakit-campak-gejala-dan.html


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Gejala Campak

Gejala awal adalah demam tinggi selama 2 hari pertama.

Gejala lain yang sering terjadi adalah rhinitis dan konjungtivitis (peradangan selaput ikat mata)dengan ketidaknyamanan intens dengan cahaya

Kemerahan pada konjungtiva dan debit mata kadang-kadang bernanah.

Biasanya disertai dengan batuk kering dan iritasi.

Mata merah dan bengkak pada kelopak mata.

Pengobatan Campak

Sampai saat ini belum ada pengobatan khusus untuk virus campak melainkan hanya untuk mengurangi

gejala-gejalanya.Berikut ini beberapa saran untuk menurunkan gejala-gejala campak :

Pasien harus beristirahat dan makan makanan yang bergizi agar kekebalan tubuh meningkat.

Gunakan parasetamol cair atau ibuprofen untuk meringankan demam, sakit dan nyeri. Hindaripenggunaan aspirin karena dapat menyebabkan Sindrom reye.

Gunakan lotion kulit (calamine atau mentol) untuk mengobati rasa gatal

Obat batuk bisa sedikit meringankan (Harus sesuai petunjuk dokter)

Pencegahan Campak

Untuk pencegahan, harus di lakukan imunisasi pada anak guna melemahkan virus dan mendapatkan

Kekebalan terhadap campak . Imunisasi pada anak biasanya dilakukan pada Usia 9-15 bulan, dalam

bentuk vaksin MMR (campak, gondok, dan rubella) dengan vaksinasi ulang pada usia 12 tahun.


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Taken from: http://www.pustakakesehatan.com/campak-penyebab-diagnosis-gejala-pencegahan-dan-pengobatan.html

PDF lengkap campak di desktop:

http://adulgopar.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/campak.pdf
http://www.pustakakesehatan.com/campak-penyebab-diagnosis-gejala-pencegahan-dan-pengobatan.htmlhttp://www.pustakakesehatan.com/campak-penyebab-diagnosis-gejala-pencegahan-dan-pengobatan.htmlhttp://www.pustakakesehatan.com/campak-penyebab-diagnosis-gejala-pencegahan-dan-pengobatan.htmlhttp://adulgopar.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/campak.pdfhttp://adulgopar.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/campak.pdfhttp://adulgopar.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/campak.pdfhttp://www.pustakakesehatan.com/campak-penyebab-diagnosis-gejala-pencegahan-dan-pengobatan.htmlhttp://www.pustakakesehatan.com/campak-penyebab-diagnosis-gejala-pencegahan-dan-pengobatan.html

Documents

CAMPAK sk 2 IPT.docx