Cm nang my tnh - 1 St by hoangly85 id7423546 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software- a great PDF writer!- a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.comhttp://www.broadgun.com Cm nang my tnh - 2 St by hoangly85 Mc lc H iu hnh MS - DOS. ................................................................................... 10 Cch Setup BIOS................................................................................................ 22 Chn on bnh qua ting bip ca bios ........................................................... 31 My tnh ku bp, bp... ri khng khi ng.................................................... 35 Bo v cmos ........................................................................................................ 36 Bo v cmos ........................................................................................................ 36 B mt v tc ca pc....................................................................................... 37 Bo mch ch, nn tng ca tc .................................................................... 41 B ngun atx ...................................................................................................... 48 Cn bit v CPU ................................................................................................. 50 Chn on v khc phc cc li h thng........................................................ 54 Cch sa floppy disk b track 0 bad................................................................... 58 a cng gp tnh trng kh x......................................................................... 58 Fat l g ............................................................................................................... 61 Format cp thp a cng(low level format)..................................................... 63 Gn thm a tho lp..................................................................................... 64 Gii quyt s c a cng................................................................................ 67 Th thut vi Windows 98 ................................................................................. 69 Ci t modem.................................................................................................... 71 M-i li khuyn khi lp t card nng cp ...................................................... 75 M-i th thut vi modem................................................................................. 77 Cch thit lp mng my tnh qui m nh........................................................ 80 Mng my tnh.................................................................................................... 84 Ni kt my tnh ................................................................................................. 87 Xy dng mt mng my tnh............................................................................ 89 S dng usb ........................................................................................................ 93 S dng a cd rom......................................................................................... 95 Cm nang my tnh - 3 St by hoangly85 DMA v cc ch-ng trnh qun l b nh........................................................ 99 Ghost 5.1 ........................................................................................................... 104 S dng a cng IDE .................................................................................. 106 Boot 2 h iu hnh ......................................................................................... 112 S dng disk manager ca hng sn xut a cng ................................... 113 cng trn 4GB khng khi ng -c ......................................................... 115 Phc hi d liu trong a cng b cht bt ng.......................................... 116 Nhng s c phn cng................................................................................... 116 Khc phc s c hin th mn hnh ................................................................ 119 Tn dng cc chc nng ca DiskEdit ........................................................... 120 Nguyn tc sa cha cc thng bo ca DOS................................................ 122 S dng Card Sound........................................................................................ 123 L-u d phng v phc hi Registry:............................................................... 131 Chy c NT ln Windows 95/98 ...................................................................... 155 Khc phc li CDRom ca Win 98 Beta 3...................................................... 157 Ti -u ha Windows 98 ................................................................................... 158 Ci t Windows2000....................................................................................... 163 Giao thc mng ................................................................................................ 170 Cch bm u dy RJ45 vo cp utp .............................................................. 170 Tng tc kt ni vo mng.......................................................................... 172 th thut registry cho mng ni b(lan) ......................................................... 174 Nhn i tin ch mn hnh............................................................................. 178 To logo khi ng mi trongrom bios ......................................................... 178 Ph lc: Cc b phn cu thnh my tnh..................................................... 181 Cm nang my tnh - 4 St by hoangly85 i c-ng v my tnh v cng ngh tin hc. I- Tin hc v cng ngh thng tin . 1- Tin hc (Informatics): L 1 ngnh nghin cu v cu trc v tnh cht ca thng tin, v l-u tr, x l v truyn tin. Qu trnh -c thc hin mt cch t ng trn My tnh in t. 2- Cng ngh thng tin (Information Technology): Baogmttccchnhngvcccngnghchangnidungxl thng tin bng ph-ng tin in t t vic thu nhp, l-u tr, tm kim, ch bin, truyn thng tin cho n vic x l thng tin cho mi lnh vc. 3- Thng tin (Information ): L nhng hiu bit v 1 s kin, 1 hin t-ng no qua kho st, o l-ng v nghin cu. 4- X l thng tin ( Data Processing ): Qu trnh x l thng tin bao gm:Thu nhn - Phn loi- Sp xp - Tng hp - L-u tr - Tnh ton - So snh - La chn - Tm kim - Thng k - Cp nht - To lp thng tin mi. Tm li l iu khin qu trnh x l nhm t -c 1 mc ch nht nh. Thng tin -c biu din qua nhng hnh thc : con s - ch vit - ting ni - m thanh - hnh nh. Thng qua phn tch, tng hp, x l ta thu -c thng tin c gi tr ln. II- My tnh in t. 1- My tnh in t: my tnh trong s dng ph-ng tin in t m qu trnh hot ng ca n da vo qu trnh hot ng vt l ca thit b in t. My tnh in t c chc nng x l t ng theo ch-ng trnh t chnh xc cao, tc nhanh. My tnh in t khc my khc ( bin i dng nng l-ng ny sang dng nng l-ng khc ) m n bin i thng tinx l thng tin. Nguyn l tnh ton ca my tnh in t c 2 dng: Nguynl t-ng t: S dng 1i l-ng vtl binthinlintc biu din v x l s liuMy tnh t-ng t Nguynls(Digital):Sdng1il-ngvtlbinthingin on biu din v x l s liu My tnh s. Cm nang my tnh - 5 St by hoangly85 2- Cu trc chung ca MTT: MTT t khi ra i cho ti nay, d -c ci tin lin tc vn gm c 5 khi chnh sau: Ch thch :Quan h vn chuyn Quan h iu khin Hot ng MTT: Cc ch-ng trnh m s liu u vo -c -a vo b nh trong nh cc thit b vo. Khi thc hin ch-ng trnh th cc cu lnh ca ch-ng trnh v s liu ln l-t -a ra s dng. Tplnh-ctchlutrongbnhtrongs-c-avothitb iu khin ( CU) theo trnh t nht nh. Cc cu lnh s -c gii m v thc hin, t ton b thit b trong h thng MTTs -c thc hinviukhintheotplnhmthitbiukhinphtra.Mt khc cc s liu trong b nh -a dn ALU thc hin cc php ton s hc, php ton lgic,..v.. Ta thy quan h gia b nh trung tm vi ALUlquanh2chiu:Sliu-avoALUxl.KhiALUxl xong s -a v b nh trung tm v c th lp li hu hn ln. khi c lnh t CPU th s liu ny c th -a ra cc thit b ngoi vi. B nh trong + CU + ALU to thnh khi x l s liu gi l CPU. Thit b vo Input Device B nh ngoi EXT-Memory Thit b ra Output Device B nh trung tm Centrer-Memory ALU Arithmetric-Logic Unit CU Control-Unit Thit b ngoi vi Bx l trung tm CPU Control Processing Unit Cm nang my tnh - 6 St by hoangly85 Cc thit b ngoi vi trong h thng tuy khng trc tip tham gia x l s liu nh-ng lin kt trc tip MTT. N c 4 nhim v: -a s liu vo -a s liu ra Truyn v phi ghp d liu L-u tr d liu. Cm nang my tnh - 7 St by hoangly85 III- phn loiMy tnh in t. 1- Phn loi theo ln: MicroComputer(Myvitnh)-cn-cgilmytnhcnhn(Persioner Computer):th-ngchc1 bxl,cc imnhgn,khnnglm vic phong ph, d dng s dng. N c th ni mng d-i dng thit b u cui (Terminal) tng kh nng lm vic. MiniComputer(Mytnhctrung):Th-ngsdngnhiubxl.Ckh nng x l mnh hn rt nhiu so vi my PC Main frame Computer (My tnh c ln): C nhiu b x l mnh, c kh nng x l thng tin khng l vi tc , chnh xc ln. Ng-i ta th-ng s dng loi my ny iu hnh mng my tnh c ln, trong trung tm nghin cu ln. Cn gi l siu my tnh. 2- Phn loi theo th h my tnh ( Lch s my tnh ): Thh Zero(mytnhckh)-1642-1945:Mytnh u tin donhton hc Blase Pascal ch to 1642. Thh1(1945-1955):NhtonhcAnhlTuringthitkrachicmy tnh s dng n in t l chic my tinhs ENIAC. Kin trc my tnh c 18000 bng in t, tiu tn nng l-ng 140 kW/h. Th h 2 (1955-1965): Dng transistor, l b-cngot trong ch to my tnh, chora imytnh c khnngxltnhton nhanhhn( vichcngn php tnh/giy ) , nng l-ng tiu th gim nhiu. Thh3(1965-1980):SdngmchtchhpIC,tctnhtonvitrm ngn php tnh/giy Th h 4 (1980-....): S dng mch tch hp IC mc cao, xut hin my tnh PC,tctnhtonrtln(hngchctriu,trmtriuvhngtphp tnh/giy). Cm nang my tnh - 8 St by hoangly85 IV- phn cng- phn mm My tnh. 1) Phn cng:Bao gm tt c thit b tin hc v in t -c s dng trong vn x l, l-u tr thng tin. Ni mt cch khc phn cng l phn xc. Cc loi thit b phn cng nh- hnh v: Mouse 2) Phn mm:Bao gm tt c cc ch-ng trnh do ng-i vit ra m my tnh c th thc hin -c, chy -c. C 4 loi phn mm chnh Phn mm h thng: bao gm cc ch-ng trnh lm nhim v iu khin mi hot ng ca h thng my tnh ( ta th-ng hay gi l h iu hnh). V d : - H iu hnh MS-DOS: l h iu hnh h-ng a, n nhim. - H iu hnh UNIT: l h iu hnh a nhim - H iu hnh WINDOWS: h iu hnh dng ca s, biu t-ng - H iu hnh mng my tnh : NOVEL, WINDOWS NT,.... Phn mm tin ch: l cc ch-ng trnh gip cho ng-i lm vic trn my tnh mtcchthunli,chyulccch-ngtrnhtrgipvicqunlmy tnh nh-: NC, NU, PCSHELL,... Cc ngn ng lp trnh: PASCAL, C v C++, LISP,... Monitor CPU Key board Camera CD-ROM MODEM Printer Ploter Scaner Digitizen Cm nang my tnh - 9 St by hoangly85 Cc ch-ng trnh ng dng:Ccch-ngtrnhngdngtrongqunl:FOXPRO,ACCESS, EXCEL... Cc ch-ng trnh son tho: BKED, WINWORD,... Ccphnmmngdngtrongccngnhkthut:AutoCAD, MECAD,.... V - Biu din thng tin trn my tnh: 1) D liu cho my tnh: L nhng thng tin m my tnh c th x l -c, l cc con s, cc k t, mthanh,hnhnh,.v.v.oc tchctheo1nguyntcnovocchun ho to iu kin thun li trong x l t ng. 2) M ho thng tin:My tnh ch c kh nng nhn bit -c 2 trng thi : c in v khng c in. V vy nu ta biu din cc d liu trn v dng h nh phn ( c 2 s 0,1 ) th my tnh c th hon ton x l -c da trn cc php tnh ca h nh phn. Vd:mts25=1*24+1*23+0*22+0*21+1*20ths25cthbiu din d-i dng h nh phn. Ng-i ta xy dng bng m tiu chun ASCII trong m ho cc k t, cc con s h thp phn, cc k hiu c bit,... Trncshnhphnng-itatinhnhthpthnhhbtphn,h 16,.v.v. 3) Cc n v thng tin: T 2 trng thi h nh phn, ng-i ta ly lm n v thng tin nh nht l Bit ( Binary Digital ) T hp 8 bit thnh n v 1 Byte, nh- vy 1 byte c 28=256 trng thi T hp 210 byte thnh Kilobyte: 1 KB=210 byte = 1024 B T hp 210 KB thnh Megabyte: 1 MB=210 KB = 1024*1024 B T hp 210 MB thnh Gigabyte: 1 GB=210 MB T hp 210 GB thnh Tetabyte: 1 TB=210 GB 4) Phn loi b nh: c th x l cc thng tin v ly kt qu, ta phi s dng cc b nh. B nh chia ra lm b nh trong v b nh ngoi: B nh trong: l b nh m vi x l c th nh a ch theo a ch nh -c , b nh trong chia 2 phn c bn l ROM v RAM. ROM : Read Only Memory: B nh ch c. RAM: Random Access Memory: B nh truy nhp ngu nhin, c kh nng c, ghi -c. Cm nang my tnh - 10 St by hoangly85 b)Bnhngoi:lbnhmvixlkhngthnhachtheoach nh-c.Ccthngtintrnbnhngoi-cxld-idngfile.Bnh ngoinh-ba c l, bng t, a mm, a cng, a quang,.v.v H iu hnh MS - DOS. I) Gii thiu v h iu hnh MS - DOS ( MicroSoft - Disk Operating System ): 1) nh ngha:Lhthngch-ngtrnhiukhinmihotngcamytnh.Ch-ng trnhdotatoratcngviphncngcamytnhnhmthchincc yu cu no . L phn mm h thng, l mi tr-ng giao tip gia ng-i v my tnh, n c cc nhim v: *)Nh-1ng-ithngdchgiang-ivmytnh,nhnmnhlnht ng-i dng d-i dng ngn ng sau dch ra m my my tnh thc hin. *) Cung cp cc dch v c bn m cc ch-ng trnh chy trn MT c th s dng. *) L tp hp cc ch-ng trnh phn mm nm sn trong b nh RAM phc v cho vic thc hin cc ch-ng trnh khc. N c cc chc nng: *)Qunl,phnphivthuhibnh(cbnhtrongvbnh ngoi ). *) iu khin hot ng ca h thng thit b ngoi vi. *) Tr gip iu khin thc hin cc ng dng phn mm. *) Qun l thng tin trn a d-i dng cc file thng tin. Cm nang my tnh - 11 St by hoangly85 H iu hnh MS - DOS dng cho cc my vi tnh, n th-ng trc trong MT t khi khi ng cho n khi tt my. 2 ) Lch s pht trin ca H iu hnh MS - DOS: 3) Cc thnh phn c bn ca h iu hnh MS - DOS: Gm c 6 thnh phn: *- ROM - BIOS * - Record khi ng * - IBMBIO.COM ( IO.SYS) *- IBMDOS.COM ( MSDOS.SYS) *- COMMAND.COM *- Cc lnh ngoi tr ca DOS 3 tp IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS v COMAND.COM cn gi l cc tp h thng. a) ROM - BIOS ( ROM - Base Input Output System): Chaccdchvvoracsmmiphnmmmytnhudngn(cn gi l cc dch v vo ra c s) nh- : Xut k t ra mn hnh. c 1 cung t trn a t . Ghi 1 cung t trn a t .N -c ghingay t ni sn xut. b)Recordkhi ng(CngilBootSectorhoc BootRecordiviamm, gi l Master boot Record i vi a cng ):N cha 1 ch-ng trnh tm file.Cm nang my tnh - 12 St by hoangly85 Record khi ng stm v np cc file IO.SYS v MSDOS.SYS, sau n trao quyn iu khin ngay cho cc file . c) IBMBIO.SYS ( IO.SYS ):File ny cha cc dch v vo ra c s b sung hoc sa i cc dch v c sn trong ROM - BIOS d) IBMDOSSYS ( MSDOS.SYS ):Cha tt c cc dch v ca DOS lin quan n File : c, xem, sa, xo ... v cc dch v ngt ( gi cc ch-ng trnh khc ). 2 file IO.SYS v MSDOS.SYS th IO.SYS ng tr-c MSDOS.SYS v u ccc thuc tnh : Read only, Hidden, system e) COMMAND.COM:Gmc2dng:CommandTnterprefer(Thngdchlnh)vCommand Processor ( X l lnh ) l b thng dch v x l lnh ca DOS c chc nng nhn lnh t bn phm , gii m lnh v thc hin lnh. Command.com c 3 phn: Phn 1: lphn th-ng tr trongRAm lmnhim v kim sot, canh giphnbnth-ngtr.Phnth-ngtrnpvoRAMsaukhinp MSDOS.SYS. Phn2:lmnhimvnptipccphnsauphnth-ngtrvi nhim v tm xem trong a c file Config.sys v .bat, nu c s chothchinccfile.Xongnhimvthphnny-cgii phongd ra khi RAM. Phn3:chnhlphnbnth-ngtrchaccch-ngtrnhthng dch,ccch-ngtrnhxl lnh.Phnnycth-cgiihngra khi RAM khi cn thit th np t a vo. g) Cc lnh ngoi tr ca DOS:L cc ch-ng trnh c ui .COM v .EXE do cc phn mm khc to ra v chy -c trn DOS. Chng -c nm trn a t, khi cn dng -c gi vo RAM, khi khng cn dng -c gii phng ra khi RAM. II ) Qun l thng tin trn a: 1) File v k thut qun l File: a) nh ngha File: l tp hp cc thng tin c mi quan h mt thit vi nhau -ctchctheomtnguyntcnhtnhtrnccvttitheomtph-ng php xc nh. Vt ti l a t, bng t ,CD-ROM... b) K thut qun l File: Tn File ( Filename ): gm c cc phn nh- sau: Cm nang my tnh - 13 St by hoangly85 Tnring(ct1-8ktiviDOSvc1256ktivi WINDOWS 98, khng c du cch ) l tn do ng-i s dng t ra th-ng l tn gi nh.Tn m rng ( cn gi l tn loi file hoc l tn ui ): Khng qu 3 k t v cng khng c du cch. Tn m rng cho ta bit loi file. Gia tn ring v tn m rng c du "." ngn cch. c) Th- mc ( Directory ): DOS qun l cc file thng tin trn a thnh tng nhm v phn thnh nhiu cpkhcnhaugilth-mc,vimcchltoiukinchovictm kim thng tin trn a thun tin nht. DOS t chc v qun l th- mc trn a theo dng hnh cy. Mi th- mc c 1 tn ring, th- mc gc ca mi a k hiu '\'( du path ), cn tn cc th- mc khc t t 1 - 8 k t, khng c du cch. Ta xt 1 v d v t chc th- mc qun l sinh vin tr-ng i hc KTCNnh- sau: d) -ng dn ( path): L 1 dy cc cc du "\" v tn cc th- mc cho ti 1 th- mc c th gip cho vic tm thng tin v chy cc ch-ng trnh ng dng. V d: C:\DHKTCN\KDIEN e ) a ( Driver): L thit b caMT c v ghi thng tin ln b nh ngoi nh-a t( DISK),aquang(CD-ROM),...Miauctnnhndnglchci ting Anh t A..Z. Trong quy nh l A,B l a mm. C..Z l da cng, lgic hoc CD-ROM. III) Khi ng my tnh: 1) Trnh t khi ng:HKTCN KCOKHIKIEN K33IK33IATC98I K33MBK33MATC98M Cm nang my tnh - 14 St by hoangly85 KhikhingMT(trnbnhngoiphicccfilehthng),utin ROM-BIOS thc hin chy ch-ng trnh kim tra tnh hon thin ca MT. Tip theo ch-ng trnh ny s thc hin ti Boot sector t a khi ng vo RAM.KhiBootsectortmcvtiphntiptheolIO.SYS,nchcvi sector u ri chuyn quyn iu hnh cho file ny. Ti tip MSDOS.SYSTip ti COMMAND.COM. COMMAND.COM s tm cc file CONFIG.SYS v .BAT thc hin t ng cc lnh ny. Honthnhqutrnhkhingthshoclxuthindunhc,hocl mi tr-ng lm vic ca lnh cui cng trong file .BAT 2) Cc dng khi ng my tnh: a) Khi ng t a cng ( a C phi -c ci t h iu hnh DOS): B ngh a A(B)- tc khng cho a mm vo cc ny Bt ngun in mn hnh Bt ngun in CPU b) Khi ng t a mm ( a mm phi -c ci t cc file h thng): Cho a mm vo a Bt ngun in mn hnh Bt ngun in CPU Ch : Tr-ng hp a khng ci t cc File h thng s c thng bo: " No System or disk eror. Replace and press any key when ready"

c) Khi ng nng: L hnh thc khi ng li my khi my ang c in, ta c 2 cch Cch 1: n ng thi 3 phm Ctr + Alt + Del Cch 2: n nt Reset Ngoi ra ta cn c cc ph-ng php khi ng t BootROM ( nu c lp mng cc b ) Hoc t a CD-ROM IV - Cc lnh ca DOS: 1) Dng tng qut v 1 s vn chung v lnh ca DOS: a) Dng tng qut: T kha Cc tham s lnh Trong : Cm nang my tnh - 15 St by hoangly85 T kho ( key word): l 1 t ting Anh nhm xc nh chc nng ca lnh, c th l mt t vit tt theo quy tc chun ca DOS. Cc tham s lnh: c th l tham s bt buc hoc tham s khng bt buc. th-ng hay quy -c vit khi ging bi th tham s bt buc t gia 2 du < ...> , cn tham s tu chn t gia 2 du [ ...] b) Cch nh lnh:i vi DOS th cc nh lnh l g vo t bn phm.G k t no th xut hin trn bn phm k t , nu g sai th ta dng phm Delete hoc phm Back spase xo v g li.G xong lnh th n phm Enter ( th-ng k hiu ) nhp lnh vo my thc hin. Nugsaitkhohcccthamsthcthngbo:"Badcommandor filename" Mun gi li lnh c th n phm F3 c) K t i din: Th-ng dng k t?,* lm k t i din Du ? i din cho 1 k t bt k no Du * i din cho nhiu k t bt k Ta th-ng dng cc k t i din ny khi dng cc lnh thao tc vi file v th- mc. d) Lnh ni tr v lnh ngoi tr: DOS c 2 loi lnh: Nhmlnhnitr:Saukhikhingmy,nlunth-ngtrctrongb nh RAM, chng -c t trong file COMMAND.COM Nhmcclnhngoitr:Baogmcclnhlccch-ngtrnhmang1 chc nng ring, chng nm trn a d-i dng c ui COM v EXE. Mun chy 1 ch-ng trnh no ta phi np t a vo, sau khi chy xong n s gii phng ra khi b nh. 2) Cc lnh tc ng ln th- mc: a) Lnh xem th- mc ( DIR - Directory):l lnh ni tr. C php: DIR[ a][-ng dn][] [ Tham s] Lnh ny s hin ln mn hnh ton b ni dung trong th- mc cn xem, bao gm cc th- mc con v cc file th- mc . Cc tham s: - /A: hin c cc file n ( file c thuc tnh hidden ) - /P: hin theo chiu dc (Page) - /W: hin theo chiu rng ( ct ) - Wide Mt s dng thc c bit: - DIR : hin ni dung th- mc hin hnh ( th- mc ang ng ) Cm nang my tnh - 16 St by hoangly85 - DIR *.Tn m rng : xem cc file c cng dng tn m rng b) Lnh to th- mc - MD ( Make Directory ): l lnh ni tr. Lnhny c chcnng to lpth- mcmi trna(nh-ng tiv tr to lp khng c th- mc cng tn ). C php : MD[ a][-ng dn] c) Lnh thay i th- mc - CD ( Change Directory)- lnh ni tr:Lnh ny di chuyn sang mt th- mc mi. C php : CD[ a][-ng dn] Mt s dng c bit: - Thay i ln th- mc cha: CD.. - Thay i ln th- mc gc: CD\ d) Lnh xo th- mc - RD ( Remove Directory)- l lnh ni tr:C php: RD[ a][-ng dn] Lnh ny c 3 iu kin: - Ni dung trong th- mc cn xo phi rng - Tn th- mc cn xo phi trn a - Phi ng th- mc ngoi mi xo -c e) Lnh hin th cy th- mc - TREE - lnh ngoi tr ( V vy trn a phi c file TREE.COM ): C php: TREE[ a][-ng dn] [/F] Tham s/F ngoihin cy th- mccn chotabitctn cc filetrongth- mc con g) Lnh xo cy th- mc -DELTREE - lnh ngoi tr ( V vy trn a phi c file DELTREE.COM ): C php: DELTREE[ a][-ng dn] Tonbccth-mcconvccfilebntrongth-mc-cchratrong -ng dn u b xo ht h) Lnh t -ng dn- PATH-l lnh ni tr: C php: PATH[ a][-ng dn]; [ a][-ng dn] Cm nang my tnh - 17 St by hoangly85 Lnh ny gip vic thi hnh cc ch-ng trnh -c ch ra trong -ng dn, do ng-i ta t bn trong 1 file c kh nng t ng ngay sau khi khi ng my ( v d nh- trong file CONFIG.SYS, file .BAT). Xt 1 v d: ....3) Cc lnh tc ng lin quan n File: a) Lnh sao chp file - COPY - l lnh ni tr: C php: COPY[ a][-ng dn][][ a][-ng dn][] Lnh ny c tc dng sao chp ni dung t file ngun sang file ch no . Nutnfilechkhngcth lyluntnfile ngun(lcnyth th-mc cha file ch phi khc th- mc cha file ngun ), cn nu mun c tn file chkhc thphi nh tnfilevo(lc nyfilechcthcngth-mc vi file ngun ) C th khng cn ch ra [ a] [-ng dn] file ngun (hoc file ch) nu ta ang ng th- mc cha file ngun ( hoc th- mc cha file ch) C th dng cc k t i din thc hin copy cc file cng loi do k t i din ch ra. b) Lnh xa file - DEL - l lnh ni tr: C php:DEL[ a][-ng dn][][/P] Lnh ny c tc dng xo 1 file hoc mt nhm file -c ch ra tn file cn xo ( khi xo 1 nhm file phi s dng k t i din ). /P nhc ta khng nh li mi khi xo thc s 1 file hoc 1 nhm file c) Lnhkhi phc file b xo nhm -UNDELETE - l lnh ngoi tr ( v vy trong a phi c file UNDELETE.EXE): C php:UNDELETE[ a][-ng dn][] Lnh ny c tc dng phi phc file ta xo nhm, nu khng c tn phi cn khi phc th khi phc tt c cc file trong th- mc ch ra trong -ng dn.Chngtacngcthdngktidinkhiphcccfilecng loi. d) Lnh xem ni dung file vn bn - TYPE - l lnh ni tr: C php:TYPE[ a][-ng dn][][>PRN] Tc dng lnh ny l hin ni dung tp vn bn ra mn hnh xem, nu c >PRN th ni dung file vn bn -c in ra my in, lnh ny ch xem cc file c ni dung ngn. Cm nang my tnh - 18 St by hoangly85 e)Lnhxemnidungfilevnbn-MOVE-llnhngoitr(phictp MORE.COM a): C php: MOVE[ a][-ng dn][] Lnh ny khc lnh lnh TYPE ch l ht 1 trang vn bn trn mn hnh th my dng li. Mun xem tip th n 1 phm bt k. f) Lnh in file vn bn - PRINT - l lnh ngoi tr ( phi c tp PRINT.EXE a): C php:PRINT[ a][-ng dn][] g) Lnh i tn file - REN - l lnh ni tr:C php:REN[ a][-ng dn][] 4) Cc lnh lin quan n a: a) Cu trc vt l ca a t:a t l b nh ngoi, l ni l-u tr thng tin. Hnh thc l-u tr thng tin trn da t l thng tin -c ghi ln cc b mt a theo cc -ng trn ng tm gi l track ( a cng l cylinder). Mi track li -c chia thnh cc cung gi l sector, kch th-c sector c th 128, 512, 1024,..v.v byte. Thng th-ng hin nay l 512 byte. to thun li cho vic c v ghi ln a, ng-i ta cn nhm mt s sector thnh 1 lin cung ( cluster). ng thi DOS c cch t chc qun l theo quy tc nht nh. DOS chia a thnh 4 phn: Phn 1: Boot sector ( bn ghi khi ng) chim 1 sector trn a v l sectoru tin. Phn 2:BngFAT(Fileallocationtable )-bngvtrfiletrna: Bng FAT nm ngay sau Boot sector ( tc l sector 2). FAT cha thng tinchnhthcvkhundngvbnccsectormccfile chim gi trn a. Nh- vy DOS dng FAT qun l cc khng gian Sector Track Cm nang my tnh - 19 St by hoangly85 l-utrcaa.DoFATrtquantrngnncn2bnsaoging nhau trn a. Phn 3: Th- mc gc ( Root directory ) l phn k tip sau bng FAT. y l 1 bng cho php nhn dng cc file trn a. Mi mc ca Th- mc gc cha tn tp, kch th-c tp, s hiu clusterr u tin m file chim gi. Phn4:Phndliu:Lphntiptheoth-mcgcchonht, -c dng l-u tr d liu. b)Lnhkhitoa-FORMAT-llnhngoitr(vvyphicfile FORMAT.COM trn a): C php :FORMAT [ a][cc tham s] Tcdnglnhnyltonncckhundnganh-toratrack,sector, cluster, Boot sector, th- mc gc,.v.v. v cp nht cc file h thng ca DOS vo a. Cc tham s c th l: - /U : xo sch thng tin trn a - /V: cho php t tn nhn - /S: Cp nht 4 file h thng ln a, nu khng c phn ny th a ch l-u tr thng tin, khng dng khi ng my -c. c)Lnhsaochpamm-DISKCOPY-llnhngoitr(phicfile DISKCOPY.COM trn a): C php :DICOPY [ a ngun] [ a ch][/V] Tc dng lnh ny sao chp ton b ni dung 1 a mm l (a ngun) sang a mm khc ( a ch) khc cng loi Tham s /V dng kim tra thng tin -c sao chp c ng khng. 4) Cc file CONFIG.SYS v .BAT: y l 2 file nm a khi ng v ngay th- mc gc v -c DOS thc hin t ng khi khi ng my.

a) File CONFIG.SYS:Chacccu hnh ca phncngca my tnh(nh- bnh, bnphm, con chut,myin,...)gipchoDOSvccch-ngtrnhkhcsdng-c chng.Filenybao gmmttphpccculnh,vicsonraflieny c th dng bt k h son tho no.C mt s lnh thng th-ng trong file CONFIG.SYS nh- sau: - Lnh BREAK: C php:BREAK=ON/OF Cm nang my tnh - 20 St by hoangly85 Nu l ON th khi ang chy 1 ch-ng trnh no mun dng li th ch cn n Ctrl + C hoc Ctrl + Break - Lnh BUFFERS: C php: BUFFERS= con s buffers Lnhnytoramtvngmtrongbnhtrongdnggh9itrung gian khi c ghi a. B m cng ln th tc c ghi cng ln nhng dung l-ng b nh trong gim. Mt buffers = 512 byte. - Lnh DEVICE: dung np cc ch-ng trnh iu khin thit b ci t -c. C php :DEVICE=[ a][-ng dn] < Ch-ng trnh iu khin> - Lnh FILES: khai bo s tp c th m ng thi C php : FILES=s file-c m cng mt lc. Tc dng: Xc nh s file ti a c th m cng mt lc

b) Tp .BAT Tp .BAT c th cha bt k cu lnh no m ta mun thi hnh ngay khi khi ng my nh-: lnh xo mn hnh, lnh gi NC, lnh chy WINDOWS ,...Ngoi ra cn mt s cu lnh c bit khc nh- sau: *) Lnh ECHO OFF: khng hin cc lnh trong tp.BAT khi thc hin *) Lnh PATH *) Lnh SET : To mt bin mi tr-ng *) Lnh PROMPT - l lnh ni tr: lnh thay i du nhc lnh cu lnh:PROMPT$P$G $G:lm du nhc lnh c du > $p:lm du nhc lnh c du\ Ch :khi sa i to mi file trn, phi khi ng li my th cc lnh trn mi c tc dng. 6) Mt s lnh khc v chy cc ch-ng trnh ng dng. a) Xem h-ng dn cu lnh (trn a c file HELP.EXE v HELP.Text) C php: HELP {tn lnh} hoc F1 b) Lnh xo mn hnh- CLS(Clear Serecm). C php: CLS c) Lnh xem v sa ngy thng:DATE C php: Cm nang my tnh - 21 St by hoangly85 DATE d) Lnh xem v sa thi gian- TIME C php: TIME e) Lnh xem th h ca DOS-VER. C php: VER g) Chy cc ch-ng trnh : C php: { a}{-ng dn}{tn file ch-ng trnh} Cm nang my tnh - 22 St by hoangly85 Cch Setup BIOS Khi khi ng my ln u tin, my tnh s c mt tp hp d liu -c l-u trongCMOS(mtchipbnhcbitlunhotngnh1ccpinnh), khng c thng tin ny my tnh s b t lit. Vic xc lp cc thng tin ny gi lSetupBiosvbaoging-ibncngphilmthtcSetupBiosngaysau khi rp my. Nh-ng bn cng phi bit cch Setup Bios phng tr-ng hp mytmtccthngtinl-utrongBiosvccldonh-:Htpin,nhiuin, virus...Hin nay, ng-i ta dng Flash Ram l-u thng tin Bios nn khng cn phicPinnuitrnmainboard.TyMainboard,ccmctrongBioscth khcnhautheotnghngchto(Award,Ami,Pheonix...)nh-ngvcnbn chngvngingnhauvtrongphnnych yubnvcnbn,cncctnh nng ring bn phi chu kh tm hiu thm nh vo cc kin thc cn bn ny.Mn hnh Bios Setup a s l mn hnh chy ch TEXT. Gn y ang pht trinloiBiosWin(Ami)cmnhnhSetupgmnhiucasgingt-ngt Windowsvsdng-cMousetrongkhiSetupnh-ngccmcvnkhng thay i.Ch thao tc vo Bios Setup l: Bm phm Del khi mi khi ng my i vi myiLoan. i vi ccmy M,th-ng lbnphithngqua ch-ng trnh qun l my ring ca tng hng nu mun thay i cc thng s ca Bios.*Biosth-ng:Dichuynvtsnglachnmcbngccphmmitn. ThayigitrcamcangSetbng2phmPageUpvPageDn.Sau nhnphmEscthotkhimc(gitrmis-cl-utr).NhnF10 thot Setup Bios nu mun l-u cc thay i, khi hp thoi hin ra, bm Y l-u, N khng l-u. Nhn Esc nu mun thot m khng l-u thay i, khi hp thoi hin ra, bm Y khng l-u, N tr li mn hnh Setup Bios.*BiosWin:MnhnhSetupxuthind-idnghagmnhiucas,s dng-cmouse nu bncmouse loi:PS/2mouse,Microsoftmouse, Serial mouse,LogitectCmouse.Dngmousebmkpvocasmmtthnh phn, bm vo mc cn thay i, mt ca s lit k gi tr xut hin, bm vo gi tr mun chn ri thot bng cch bm vo nh gc trn bn tri. Nu khng cmouse,dngccphmmitndichuyn,nmccnthayibm Enter, xut hin hp lit k, chn gi tr mi, bm Enter, cui cng bm Esc.1. Setup cc thnh phn cn bn (Standard CMOS Setup):y lccthnhphnc bnmBios trntt c ccloimyPCphibit qun l v iu khin chng.* Ngy, gi (Date/Day/Time):Bn khai bo ngy thng nm vo mc ny. Khai bo ny s -c my tnh xem l thng tin gc v s bt u tnh t y tr i. Cc thng tin v ngy gi -c s dngkhi cc bn to haythaotc vi cctptin, th-mc.Cch-ngtrnh khichycngcnthngtinny,thdbochobncpnhtkhiquhn, chm dt hot ng khi n ngy quy nh...Bnh th-ng bn Set sai hay khng Set cng chng nh h-ng g n hot ng ca my. Cc thng tin ny c th sa Cm nang my tnh - 23 St by hoangly85 cha trc tip ngoi Dos bng 2 lnh Date v Time, hay bng Control Panel ca Windows m khng cn vo Bios Setup.Ch:nghmytnhlunlunchychmkhongvigiy/ngy,thnh thongbnnnchnhligichong.Nh-ngnuquchmlcvncn phi thay mainboard.* a mm (Drive A/B):Khai bo loi a cho A v B, bn cn c vo vic ni dy cho a xc nh. a ni vi u ni ngoi cng ca dy ni l A, kia l B. c kch th-clnl1.2M5.25inch,nhl1.44M3.5inch.Nukhngcthchn NotInstalled.Nubnkhaibosai,askhnghotngchkhngh- hngg,bnchcnkhaiboli.TrongccmainboardsdngBiosimi, khaibosailoida1.2Mbthnh1.4Mbhayng-cli,davnhotng bnh th-ng nh-ng ku rt ln lc mi bt u c a, v lu di c th h- a.Cc Bios v cc card I/O i mi cho php bn tro i 2 a mm m khng cntroidy(swapfloppydrive),tclAthnhBvng-clikhis dng.KhitroibngcchSetjumpertrncardI/O,bnnhkhaiboli trong Bios Setup (Khi tro bng lnh Swap trong Bios th khng cn khai bo li), nh-ng c ng dng khng chu ci t khi Swap a mm, nht l cc ng dng c bo v chng sao chp.* a cng (Drive C/D) loi IDE:Phnkhaiboacngrcrihn,btbucbnphikhaibochititcc thng s, bn khai bo sai khng nhng cng khng hot ng m i khi cn lm h- cng nu bn khai bo qu dung l-ng tht s ca cng v cho tin hnh FDISK, FORMAT theo dung l-ng sai ny. May mn l cc Bios sau ny u c phn d tm thng s cng IDE t ng (IDE HDD auto detection) nn cc bn khi mc cng nh khi s dng a cng loi IDE. Chng ti s ni v phn auto detect ny sau. Ngoi ra, cc cng sau ny u c ghi thng s trn nhn dn trn mt. Bn cho chy Auto detect, Bios s t ng in cc thng s nydmbn.Vic khaibocngCv DihiphingvivicSetcc jumper trn 2 cng. Bn xc lp cng khng phi qua u ni dy m bng cc jumper trn mch iu khin cng. Cc cng i mi ch c mt jumper 3 v tr: duy nht, Master ( C), Slave ( D) v c ghi r cch Set trn nhn. Cc a cng i c nhiu jumper hn nn nu khng c ti liu h-ng dn l rc ri, phi m mm rt lu.* a cng (Drive E/F) loi IDE:Cc Bios v cc card I/O i mi cho php gn 4 da cng, v hin nay cc daCDROMcngsdngunicnghotng,gilCDROM Interface IDE (giao din a IDE) n gin vic lp t.Ch : Khai bo l NONE trong Bios Setup cho a CD-ROM.* Mn hnh (Video) - Primary Display:EGA/VGA:DnhcholoimnhnhsdngcardmuEGAhayVGA,Super VGA.CGA40/CGA80:DnhcholoimnhnhsdngcardmuCGA40cthay CGA 80 ct.Cm nang my tnh - 24 St by hoangly85 Mono: Dnh cho loi mn hnh s dng card trng en, k c card VGA khi dng mn hnh trng en.* Treo my nu pht hin li khi khi ng (Error Halt):Tt c li (All error): Treo my khi pht hin bt c li no trong qu trnh kim tramy,bn khng nnchnmcny vBios s treomykhi gpli u tin nn bn khng th bit cc li khc, nu c.BqualicaKeyboard(All,ButKeyboard):Ttccclingoitrlica bn phm.B qua li a (All, But Diskette): Tt c cc li ngoi tr li ca a.B qua li a v bn phm (All, But Disk/Key): Tt c cc li ngoi tr li ca a v bn phm.Khng treo my khi c li (No error): Tin hnh qu trnh kim tra my cho n khi hon tt d pht hin bt c li g. Bn nn chn mc ny bit my b trc trc b phn no m c ph-ng h-ng gii quyt.* Keyboard:Install:Chokimtrabnphmtrongqutrnhkhing,thngbotrnmn hnh nu bn phm c li.NotInstall:Khngkimtrabnphmkhikhing.Ch:chnmcny khng c ngha l v hiu ho bn phm v nu vy lm sao iu khin my. N chctc dngcho Bioskhimt cng kimtra bnphm nhmrt ngnthi gian khi ng.2. Setup cc thnh phn nng cao (Advanced Setup):* Virut Warning:NuEnabled,BiossbongvtreomykhichnhngvitvoBoot sector hay Partition ca a cng. Nu bn cn chy ch-ng trnh c thao tc vo 2 ni nh-: Fdisk, Format... bn cn phi Disable mc ny.* Internal cache:Cho hiu lc (enable) hay v hiu ho (disable) Cache (L1) ni trong CPU 486 tr ln.* External cache:Cho hiu lc (enable) hay v hiu ho (disable) cache trn mainboard, cn gi l Cache mc 2 (L2).* Quick Power On Self Test:Nu enable Bios s rt ngn v b qua vi mc khng quan trng trong qu trnh khi ng, gim thi gian khi ng ti a.* About 1 MB Memory Test:Nu Enable Bios s kim tra tt c b nh. Nu Disable Bios ch kim tra 1 Mb b nh u tin.* Memory Test Tick Sound:Cho pht m thanh (enable) hay khng (disable) trong thi gian test b nh.* Extended Bios Ram Area:Khaibomc ny numundng 1Kb trnnhcab nhquy-c,tc Kb bt u t a ch 639K hay 0:300 ca vng Bios h thng trong b nh quy -c l-u cc thng tin v a cng. Xc lp c th l 1K hay 0:300.Cm nang my tnh - 25 St by hoangly85 * Swap Floppy Drive:Tro i tn 2 a mm, khi chn mc ny bn khng cn khai bo li loi a nh- khi tro bng cch Set jumper trn card I/O.* Boot Sequence:Chn a cho Bios tm h iu hnh khi khi ng. C th l C ri n A hay A ri n C hay ch c C. Bn nn chn C,A hay ch c C, phng tr-ng hp v tnh khi ng bng a mm c Virus.Hin nay trn cc Mainboard Pentium. Bios cho php bn ch nh khi ng t 1 trong 2 mm hay trong 4 cng IDE hay bng cng SCSI thm ch bng CD Rom cng -c.* Boot Up Floppy Seek:NuEnableBiossdtmkiucaamml80trackhay40track.Nu Disable Bios s b qua. Chn enable lm chm thi gian khi ng v Bios lun lunphicammtr-ckhicacng,mcdbnchnchkhi ng bng C.* Boot Up Numlock Status:Nu ON l cho phm Numlock m (n Numlock sng) sau khi khi ng, nhm phm bn tay phi bn phm dng nh s. Nu OFF l cho phm Numlock tt (n Numlock ti), nhm phm bn tay phi dng di chuyn con tr.* Boot Up System Speed:QuynhtccaCPUtrongthigiankhinglHigh(cao)hayLow (thp).* Memory Parity Check:Kimtrachnlbnh.Chntheomainboardvcloichophpmcny enable,cloibtbnphidisablemichuchy.utinbnchnenable, numy treo bnchn li l disable.Mcny khngnh h-ngn h thng, ch c tc dng kim tra Ram.* IDE HDD Block Mode:Nu a cng ca bn h tr kiu vn chuyn d liu theo tng khi (cc a i mi c dung l-ng cao). Bn cho enable tng tc cho a. Nu a i c bn cho disable mc ny.* Pri. Master/Slave LBA (Logic Block Addressing) Mode:Nu 2 a cng -c ni vo u ni Primary ca card I/O c dung l-ng ln hn 528Mb, bn cho enable mc ny.* Sec. IDE Ctrl Drives Install:Mc ny khai bo my bn c a cng ni vo u ni Secondary ca card I/O. Cc ch nh c th l Master, Mst/Slv v disable.* Sec Master/Slave LBA Mode:Xc lp LBA cho u ni th 2.Ch : Cc mc h tr cho a cng c dung l-ng ln v cc card I/O i mi gipbnsdngacdungl-ngtrn528Mb.Trongtr-nghpbncho enableccmcnyrimitinhnhFdiskvFormata,nusaubnli disableccmcnyhayemgnquamykhccngchndisable,bns khngths dng-cdacng.KhidngCDROMcuniIDE,bn Cm nang my tnh - 26 St by hoangly85 nn gn vo u ni Secondary khi nh h-ng n da cng (gn vo u ni Pri) khi cn chy 32BitDiskAccess trong Windows.* Typematic Rate Setting:Nuenablelbncho2mcd-iychiulc.2mcnythaythlnh Mode ca DOS, quy nh tc v thi gian tr ca bn phm.* Typematic Rate (Chars/Sec):Bn la chn s k t/giy tu theo tc nh phm nhanh hay chm ca bn. NubnSetthphntcnhthmysphttingBipkhinchytheo khng kp.* Typematic Delay (Msec):Chnhthigianlpliktkhibnbmvgilunphm,tnhbngmili giy.* Security Option:Mc ny dng gii hn vic s dng h thng v Bios Setup.Setup: Gii hn vic thay i Bios Setup, mi khi mun vo Bios Setup bn phi nh ng mt khu quy nh tr-c.SystemhayAlways:Giihnvicsdngmy.Mikhimmy,Bioslun lunhimtkhu,nukhngbitmtkhuBiosskhngchophpsdng my.Ch : Trong tr-ng hp bn ch-a ch nh mt khu, Disable (v hiu ho) mc ny, bn chn Password Setting, bn ng nh g vo cc nhp mt khu m ch cn bm ENTER. Trong tr-ng hp bn c ch nh mt khu nay li mun b i. Bn chn Password Setting, bn nh mt khu c vo nhp mt khuc(OldPassword)cntrongnhpmtkhumi(NewPassword)bn ng nh g c m ch cn bm ENTER. C mainboard thit k thm 1 jumper xo ring mt khu ngoi jumper xo ton b thng tin trong CMOS. Tt hn ht l bn ng s dng mc ny v bn thn chng ti chng kin rt nhiu tr-ng hp d khc d c-i do mc ny gy ra. Li t m hi nhiu. Ch nhng my tnh cng cng mi phi s dng ti mc ny thi.* System Bios Shadow, Video Bios Shadow:NuenablelchocopyccdliuvSystemvVideotrongBios(ctc chm) vo Ram (tc nhanh) rt ngn thi gian khi cn truy nhp vo cc d liu ny.* Wait for if Any Error:Cho hin thng bo ch n phm F1 khi c li.* Numeric Processor:Thng bo c gn CPU ng x l (Present) trn my hay khng (absent). Mc ny th-ng c cho cc my dng CPU 286, 386, 486SX. T 486DX tr v sau cconngxlbntrongCPUnntrnccmymicthkhngcmc ny.* Turbo Switch Funtion:Cho nt Turbo c hiu lc (enable) hay khng (disable). Mc ny th-ng thy cc Bios i c, trn cc my i mi la chn ny th-ng bng cch Set jumper ca Mainboard. T Mainboard pentium tr i khng c mc ny.Cm nang my tnh - 27 St by hoangly85 3. Setup cc thnh phn c lin quan n vn hnh h thng (Chipset Setup):* Auto Configuration:Nu enable, Bios s t ng xc lp cc thnh phn v DRAM, Cache...mi khi khingtytheoCPUType(kiuCPU)vSystemClock(tchthng). Nu Disable l cho bn t ch nh.* AT Clock Option:NuAsync (khng ng b) lly daong chun ca bdao ng thchanh chiailmtchotngchoATBus(bus8-16Bit).Th-ngl 14.318MHz/2tc7.159MHz.CBioscnchochntccamcnyl 14.318MHz.NuSync(ngb)ldngSystemClock(dobnchnhbng cch Set jumper trn mainboard) lm tc chun.* Synchronous AT Clock/AT Bus Clock Selector:ChnhtchotngchoATBusbngcchlytcchun(system clock)chianhcnlikhong8MHzchophhpvicard16Bit.Ccla chn nh- sau:CLKI/3khisystemclockl20-25MHz.CLKI/4khisystemclockl33MHz.CLKI/5khisystemclockl40MHz.CLKI/6 khi system clock l 50MHz.Tcnycngln(schiacngnh),mychycngnhanhdotngtc vnchuyndliu.Tuynhinlnnulcntythucvomainboardv cardcmtrnccSlot(quantrngnhtlcardI/O).Ccbnphithnghim gimschiatngncvchmyckhinghaycabnhth-ng khng, nu pht sinh trc trc th gim xung 1 nc. Th-ng th bn c th tng -c 2 nc, th d: System clock l 40MHz, bn chn CLKI/3. Card ISA 8 v 16 Bit c th chy tt trong khong t 8MHz n 14MHz. Nu nhanh qu, th-ng card I/O gp trc trc tr-c (khng c -c a cng).* AT Cycle Wait States/Extra AT Cycle WS:enablehaydisablevicchnthm1thigianchvothigianchunca ATBus.Nusystemclockd-i33MHzchndisable.Nutrn33MHzchn enable.* Fast AT Cycle:Khi enable s rt ngn thi gian chun ca AT Bus.* DRAM Read Wait States/DRAM Brust Cycle:D-i 33MHz l: 3 - 2 - 2 - 2 hay 2 - 1 - 1 - 1T 33 - 45MHz l: 4 - 3 - 3 - 3 hay 2 - 2 - 2 - 250MHz l: 5 - 4 - 4 - 4 hay 3 - 2 - 2 - 2Chn mc ny nh h-ng ln n tc CPU.* DRAM/Memory Write Wait States:Chn 1WS khi h thng nhanh hay DRAM chm (tc 40MHz tr ln). Chn 0WS khi h thng v DRAM c th t-ng thch (33MHz tr xung).* Hidden Refresh Option:Khi enable, CPU s lm vic nhanh hn do khng phi ch mi khi DRAM -c lm t-i.Cm nang my tnh - 28 St by hoangly85 * Slow Refresh Enable:Mc ny nhm bom anton dliu trn DRAM, thi gian lm t-i s ko dihnbnhth-ng.Bnch-cenablemcnykhibnhcamyhtr vic cho php lm t-i chm.* L1 Cache Mode:La chn gia Write-ThroughvWrite-Back cho CachenitrongCPU 486 tr ln.XclpWrite-Throughmy schychmhn Write-Backnh-ngvic lc chn cn tu thuc vo loi CPU.* L2 Cache Mode:Xc lp cho cache trn mainboard.* IDE HDD Auto Detection/IDE SETUP:Khichnmcnysxuthinmtcaschobnchnhacndtm thngs(2hay4atutheoBios).SaubnbmOKhayYESBios invophnStandarddmchobn.TrongBiosimi,Autodetectcth -a ra vi loi a. Tu theo cch s dng da (normal, LBA,...) m bn chn loi thch hp.* Power Management Setup:i vi CPU 486:Phn nylccch nhchoch-ng trnh titkim nng l-ng sncha trong cc Bios i mi. Ch-ng trnh ny dng -c cho c 2 loi CPU: Loi th-ng vloiCPUkiuS.CPUkiuShayCPUc2ktcuiSLlmtloiCPU -cchtocbit,cthmbphnqunlnngl-ngtrongCPU.Do trong phn ny c 2 loi ch nh dnh cho 2 loi CPU.i vi Pentium:Dng chung cho mi loi Pentium hay cc chp ca cc hng khc cng i vi Pentium.* Power Management/Power Saving Mode:Disable: Khng s dng ch-ng trnh ny.Enable/User Define: Cho ch-ng trnh ny c hiu lc.Min Saving: Dng cc gi tr thi gian di nht cho cc la chn (tit kim nng l-ng t nht).MaxSaving:Dngccgitrthigianngnnhtchocclachn(titkim nhiu nht).* Pmi/Smi:NuchnSMIlmyanggnCPUkiuScahngIntel.NuchnAutol my ang gn CPU th-ng.* Doze Timer:Mc ny ch dng cho CPU kiu S. Khi ng thi gian my rnh (khng nhn -ctnhiutccngt)theoquynh,CPUtnghtcxungcn 8MHz. Bn chn thi gian theo bn (c th t 10 giy n 4 gi) hay disable nu khng mun s dng mc ny.* Sleep Timer/Standby timer:McnychdngchoCPUkiuS.Chnhthigianmyrnhtr-ckhivo ch Sleep (ng-ng hot ng). Thi gian c th t 10 giy n 4 gi.Cm nang my tnh - 29 St by hoangly85 * Sleep Clock:McnychdngchoCPUkiuS:StopCPUhtcxungcn0MHz (ng-ng hn). Slow CPU h tc xung cn 8MHz.* HDD Standby Timer/HDD Power Down:Ch nh thi gian ngng motor ca a cng.* CRT Sleep:Nu Enable l mn hnh s tt khi my vo ch Sleep.* Ch nh:Cc ch nh cho ch-ng trnh qun l ngun bit cn kim tra b phn no khi chy.Ch : Do Bios -c sn xut s dng cho nhiu loi my khc nhau nn cc bn lun lun gp phn ny trong cc Bios. Thc ra chng ch c gi tr cho cc myxchtay(laptop)vxipinnnvntitkimnngl-ng-ctln hng u. Chng ti khuyn cc bn ang s dng my bn (desktop) nn v hiuhottcccmctrongphnny,trnhcctnhhungbtngnh-: angcich-ngtrnh,tnhinmyng-nghotng,angchyDefragt nhin my chm cc k...4.PhndnhringchoMainboardtheochun giaotipPCIcI/OvIDEOn Board (peripheral Setup):* PCI On Board IDE:Chohiulc(enabled)hayvhiu(disabled)2uniacngIDEtrn mainboard. Khi s dng Card PCI IDE ri, ta cn chn disabled.* PCI On Board Secondary IDE:Cho hiu lc (enabled) hay v hiu (disabled) u ni a cng IDE th 2 trn mainboard. Mc ny b sung cho mc trn v ch c tc dng vi u ni th 2.* PCI On Board Speed Mode:Ch nh kiu vn chuyn d liu (PIO speed mode). C th l Disabled, mode 1, mode 2, mode 3, mode 4, Auto. Trong mode 4 l nhanh nht.* PCI Card Present on:KhaibocsdngCard PCIIDErihaykhngvnucth -ccmvo Slot no. Cc mc chn l: Disabled, Auto, Slot 1, Slot 2, Slot 3, Slot 4.* PCI IRQ, PCI Primary IDE IRQ, PCI Secondary IDE IRQ:Ch nh cch xc lp ngt cho Card PCI IDE ri.Ch : Trong mc ny c phn xc lp th t gn ngt cho cc Card b sung. Th d: 1 = 9, 2 = 10, 3 = 11, 4 = 12 c ngha l Card u tin cm vo bt k Slot no s -c gn ngt 9, nu c 2 Card th Card cm vo Slot c s th t nh s -c gn ngt 9, Slot c s th t ln s -c gn ngt 10.v..v...* IDE 32Bit Transfers Mode:Xc lp ny nhm tng c-ng tc cho a cng trn 528Mb, nh-ng cng c akhngkhing-ckhienabledmcnydfdiskvformatvnbnh th-ng.*HosttoPCIPostWriteW/S,HosttoPCIBurstWrite,HosttoDRAMBurst Write:Cm nang my tnh - 30 St by hoangly85 Cc mc ny xc lp cho PCU Bus, khng nh h-ng nhiu n tc CPU, c th nguyn xc lp mc nhin.* PCI Bus Park, Post Write Buffer:Khi enabled cc mc ny c th tng c-ng thm tc h thng.* FDC Control:Cho hiu lc hay khng u ni cp v xc lp a ch cho a mm.* Primary Seral Port:Cho hiu lc hay khng cng COM 1 v xc lp a ch cho cng ny.* Secondary Serial Port:ChohiulchaykhngcngCOM2vxclpachchocngny.Ch: NubnsdngCardbsungcxclpichlCOM1hayCOM2,bn phi disabled cng t-ng ng trong hai mc trn.* Parallel Port:Cho hiu lc hay khng cng LPT 1 v xc lp a ch cho cng ny.5. H-ng dn Setup Bios:Trongcctiliuikmmainboard,uch-ngdnSetupBios.Khimua my hay mua mainboard, cc bn nh i cc ti liu ny v n rt cn cho vic s dng my.Trong cc phn Setup trn, phn Standard, Advanced c nh h-ng n vic cu hnh my. Phn Chipset nh h-ng n tc my. Phn PCI nh h-ng n cc gnngt,achchoccSlotPCI,cng;cchvnchuynd liuchoIDEOn Board.Nu gp cc thnh phn hon ton mi, tr-c tin bn hy Set cc thnh phn bit, kim tra vic thay i ca my, cui cng mi Set ti cc thnh phn ch-a bit.Chngtixinnhcli,vicSetupBiossaikhngbaogilmh-myv cc bn s d dng Setup li nh vo chnh Bios. Trn mainboard lun lun c 1 Jumperdngxaccthngtinl-utrongCMOSbncthtolicc thng tin ny trong tr-ng hp khng th vo li Bios Setup khi khi ng my.KhitinhnhtmhiuSetupBios,bnnntheomtnguyntcsau:ChSet tng mc mt ri khi ng my li, chy cc ch-ng trnh kim tra xem tc CPU, a c thay i g khng?. Cch lm ny gp bn pht hin -c nh h-ng ca tng mc vo h thng v bn c th bit chc trc trc pht sinh do mcnosacha.Khixyratrctrcmbnkhngbitiph,bnch cnvoliBiosSetupchnLoadBiosDefaulthaybmF6trongphnSetm bn mun phc hi sau khi ng my li l xong. Cm nang my tnh - 31 St by hoangly85 Chn on bnh qua ting bip ca bios bao gi bn ch ti ting bp mi khi khi ng my tnh? N chnh l thng bo m ho cha ng thng tin kt qu ca qu trnh kim tra c s cc thit b phn cng trong my. Qu trnh kim tra ny c gi l POST (Power-On-Self-Test).Nu POST cho ra kt qu tt, my tnh s pht mt ting bp v mi th din ra sun s. Nu cc thit b phn cng my c vn th loa s pht ra vi ting bp. Nu gii m c nhng ting bp ny th bn c th tit kim c nhiu thi gian trong vic chn on bnh ca my tnh. Trn cc my tnh i mi hin nay, mainboard c tch hp cc chip x l m nhim nhiu chc nng, gim bt card b sung cm trn bo mch. Tuy nhin, iu ny s lm gim tnh c th ca vic chn on. V d, nu chip iu khin bn phm b li th gii php duy nht l phi thay c mainboard. Bi ny, ch cp ti 2 loi BIOS tng i ph dng l Phoenix v AMI. Rt tic, Award BIOS hin nay c rt nhiu phin bn v do nh sn xut bo mch ch h tr, do chng b thay i nhiu trc khi c tung ra th trng. V vy, Award BIOS khng c cp ti trong bi ny. (POST l qu trnh kim tra ni b my c tin hnh khi khi ng hoc khi ng li my tnh. L mt b phn ca BIOS, chng trnh POST kim tra b vi x l u tin, bng cch cho n chy th mt vi thao tc n gin. Sau POST c b nh CMOS RAM, trong lu tr thng tin v dung lng b nh v kiu loi cc a dng trong my ca bn. Tip theo, POST ghi vo ri c ra mt s mu d liu khc nhau i vi tng byte b nh (bn c th nhn thy cc byte c m trn mn hnh). Cui cng, POST tin hnh thng tin vi tng thit b; bn s nhn thy cc n bo bn phm v a nhp nhy v my in c reset chng hn. BIOS s tip tc kim th cc phn cng ri xt qua a A i vi DOS; nu a A khng tm thy, n chuyn qua xem xt a C). M t m li chn on POST ca BIOS AMI 1 ting bp ngn: Mt ting bp ngn l test h thng t yu cu, do l khi bn thy mi dng test hin th trn mn hnh. Nu bn khng thy g trn mn hnh th phi kim tra li monitor v card video trc tin, xem cm ng cha. Nu khng th mt s chip trn bo mch ch ca bn Cm nang my tnh - 32 St by hoangly85 c vn . Xem li RAM v khi ng li. Nu vn gp vn th c kh nng bo mch ch b li. Bn nn thay bo mch. 2 ting bp ngn: Li RAM. Tuy nhin, trc tin hy kim tra card mn hnh. Nu n hot ng tt th bn hy xem c thng bo li trn mn hnh khng. Nu khng c th b nh ca bn c li chn l (parity error). Cm li RAM v khi ng li. Nu vn c li th o khe cm RAM. 3 ting bp ngn: V c bn th tng t nh phn 2 ting bp ngn. 4 ting: V c bn th tng t nh phn 2 ting bp ngn. Tuy nhin cng c th l do b t gi ca bo mch b hng 5 ting bp ngn: Cm li RAM. Nu khng th c th phi thay bo mch ch. 6 ting bp ngn: Chip trn bo mch ch iu khin bn phm khng hot ng. Tuy nhin trc tin vn phi cm li keyboard hoc th dng keyboard khc. Nu tnh trng khng ci thin th ti lc phi thay bo mch ch khc. 7 ting bp ngn: CPU b hng. Thay CPU khc. 8 ting bp ngn: Card mn hnh khng hot ng. Cm li card. Nu vn ku bp th nguyn nhn l do card hng hoc chip nh trn card b li. Thay card mn hnh. 9 ting bp ngn: BIOS ca bn b li. Thay BIOS khc. 10 ting bp ngn: Vn ca bn chnh l CMOS. Tt nht l thay bo mch ch khc. 11 ting bp ngn: Chip b nh m trn bo mch ch b hng. Thay bo mch khc. 1 bp di, 3 bp ngn: Li RAM. Bn hy th cm li RAM, nu khng th phi thay RAM khc 1 bp di, 8 bp ngn: Khng test c video. Cm li card mn hnh. BIOS PHOENIXCm nang my tnh - 33 St by hoangly85 Ting bp ca BIOS Phoenix chi tit hn BIOS AMI mt cht. BIOS ny pht ra 3 lot ting bp mt. Chng hn, 1 bp dng-3 bp dng. Mi loi c tch ra nh mt khong dng ngn. Hy lng nghe ting bp, m s ln bp. M t m li chn on POST ca BIOS PHOENIX 1-1-3: My tnh ca bn khng th c c thng tin cu hnh lu trong CMOS. 1-1-4: BIOS cn phi thay. 1-2-1: Chip ng h trn mainboard b hng. 1-2-2: Bo mch ch c vn . 1-2-3: Bo mch ch c vn . 1-3-1: Bn cn phi thay bo mch ch. 1-3-3: Bn cn phi thay bo mch ch. 1-3-4: Bo mch ch c vn . 1-4-1: Bo mch ch c vn . 1-4-2: Xem li RAM. 2-_-_: Ting bp ko di sau 2 ln bp c ngha rng RAM ca bn c vn . 3-1-_: Mt trong nhng chip gn trn mainboard b hng. C kh nng phi thay mainboard. 3-2-4: Chip kim tra bn phm b hng. 3-3-4: My tnh ca bn khng tm thy card mn hnh. Th cm li card mn hnh hoc th vi card khc. 3-4-_: Card mn hnh ca bn khng hot ng. Cm nang my tnh - 34 St by hoangly85 4-2-1: Mt chip trn mainboard b hng. 4-2-2: Trc tin kim tra xem bn phm c vn g khng. Nu khng th mainboard c vn . 4-2-3: Tng t nh 4-2-2. 4-2-4: Mt trong nhng card b sung cm trn bo mch ch b hng. Bn th rt tng ci ra xc nh th phm. Nu khng tm thy c card b hng th gii php cui cng l phi thay mainboard mi. 4-3-1: Li bo mch ch. 4-3-2: Xem 4-3-1. 4-3-3: Xem 4-3-1. 4-3-4: ng h trn bo mch b hng. Th vo Setup CMOS v kim tra ngy gi. Nu ng h khng lm vic th phi thay pin CMOS. 4-4-1: C vn vi cng ni tip. Bn th cm li cng ny vo bo mch ch xem c c khng. Nu khng, bn phi tm jumper v hiu ho cng ni tip ny. 4-4-2: Xem 4-4-1 nhng ln ny l cng song song. 4-4-3: B ng x l s c vn . Nu vn nghim trng th tt nht nn thay. 1-1-2: Mainboard c vn . 1-1-3: C vn vi RAM CMOS, kim tra li pin CMOS v mainboard Cm nang my tnh - 35 St by hoangly85 My tnh ku bp, bp... ri khng khi ng Trongqutrnhkhing,khiBiosphthinralitrckhihthng video ca PC lm vic, n s thng bo li ny bng mt chui ting bp c tn s thay i ty theo li. Di y l ngha chui bp ca AMI Bios. BeepThng bo liM t 1 diKhngtmthycard Video Khngpdngchomainboadccard Video On board. 2ngn1 di Chanidytn hiu cho mn hnh Chpdngcho mainboadccardVideo On board. 3ngn1 di Lilinquann Video 1 ngnLivlmtib nh Mchlmtibnhtrnmainboardb h hng 2 ngnLi sai chn lVickimtrachnlkhngchtr trn sn phm ny. 3 ngnLitrong64kbb nh Li trong 64Kb u tin ca Ram 4 ngnLi b nh thiBnhthitrnmainboardkhnghot ng. 5 ngnLi v b x lCPU gy ra li 6 ngnLi 8042-cng A20Bioskhngchuynsangchbov c. 7 ngnLi v b x l 8 ngnLi card VideoCard Video hay Ram trn card b h 9 ngnLisaistngkim tra Rom S tng kim tra Rom khong ng vi gi tr c trong Bios Cm nang my tnh - 36 St by hoangly85 Bo v cmos My tnh ang chy thng bo li "CMOS Checksum Error".ThngboliCMOS(ComplementaryMetal-OxideSemiconductor) ny thuc v mt chip c nui bng pin gn trn bo m dng lu gi cc thng tin cu hnh phn cng. Mt s thng tin trong - v d kiuacngmbncit-khquantrng.iviloidliu ny bn khng h mun b mt. Nu khng c trong tay nhng chng trnhcthsaoludphngcc thngtinCMOSnhNortonUtilities hocNuts&Bolts,bnphiinrahocghiliccthngtin:vo chng trnh ci t PC bng cch nhn phm hoc mt phm no (thng c ghi trn mn hnh) ngay khi ang xy ra qu trnh khing-trckhiWindowsbtukhing.Bnvotngmn hnh ca chng trnh ny v nhn in ra, hoc ghi li thng tin trong . V li ny: PC ca bn s pht thng bo li nu n cho rng thng tin CMOS b thay i m khng phi do bn ch ng thay i. Virus, ht pin, hoc mt bt thng nht thi no c th gy tnh trng ny. Khi nhn c thng bo li ny, bn phi phc hi li cc thng s ci tcaCMOS.NucaRescueDiskcaNortonhoccaNuts& Bolts,hykhinglimybngakhingkhncpvthc hintheonhngchdncan.Nusaoludphngcghitrn giy,bnphivochngtrnhciththngvphchilicc thng s ci t bng tay. Nu khng c sao lu d phng, bn tm hiu cu hnh ca h thng thng qua ti liu k thut ca my, hoc hi ni mua my. Khi nhp li nhng thng tin ny, bn lu li nhng thay i v khi ngPC.Kimtrabommithuhotngtt,ng Windowsvttmytnh.Sauvipht,btmytrli.Nuvncn thng bo li th pin trong my ht. Bn phi m np PC v thay pin mi - hoc nh k thut vin lm vic ny. Nu pin c hn ln bo m, clbn cnphithay c bo m (tui th ca pin mytnhkhong nm nm). Nu trc trc khng phi do pin, bn cp nht chng trnh chng virus mi nht ri thc hin qut virus. Nu chng trnh qut khng tm thy g, th hy vng trng hp hng CMOS ny ch l mt tai nn ngu nhin v s khng xy ra ln na. Cm nang my tnh - 37 St by hoangly85 B mt v tc ca pc KhibntmmuamtPCmi,vicquytnhchnchipgiaIntelv AMD ch l mn khi u. Di y, chng ti s hng dn bn cch lm ch cc tnh nng v la chn c my c tc nhanh tht s. Cnh tranh qu tht l mt iu hay ho, nht l khi bn tm kim PC mi c tc cao. Gn nh mnh hn cuc chin ginh u th v CPU. Cc cngtymitronglnhvcsnxutchipcngnhyvocuc.Tc ca b x l c tng ln mi, gi li gim. Ngi mua c c my tnh mnh hn vi gi thp hn. Tuynhincnhtranhcngcthgynntnhtrnglnln.CPUno phhpnhtvinhngnhucuringcabn-Athlon?Celeron? Duron?PentiumIII?Haybnnnbthmttinmuamttrong nhng h thng Pentium 4 u tin? Hn na, cuc chin CPU mi ch btu.LiuPCmicabnctngthmtcnhRDRAMhay SDRAM? Cn DDR SDRAM th sao? Megahertz hay Gigahertz? C qu nhiu vn phi gii quyt. Chmi4nmtrc,cacheutincaIntelPentiumcgnsn trn b x l, cn cache Level 2 chm hn th kt ni vi chip bng bus d liu. Thit k CPU ny nay tch hp c 2 loi cache trn b x l, nh vy tc nhanh hn. B nh cache Level 2 - nguyn nhn km h m tc ca Athlon th h utin-khngcnlvnnangiinanhcachetchhpL2 256KBvacgiithiumahqua.AthlonbanuccacheL2 512KB tc chm nm ngoi chip, nhng gi y CPU loi tr thnh lc hu. m bo mua ng PC Athlon mi, hy kim tra c tnh: My phi c tng cng 384KB cache b x l (L1+L2). Nu c tnh ghi cache L2 256 cng c. Cache tng cng ca Athlon ln hn 288 KB cache tng cng ca PIII (32KB L1 v 256 KB L2). Ni chung, cache gn trn chip cng ln th tc cng cao. Ring Pentium III, mc d kch thc cache nh hn v t CPU hn so viAthlon,nhngtcvnkhd.NlCPUctrungcaIntel, vi tc t 733 MHz n 1 GHz. "Nu bn ch vit th cho m, Pentium III l tt;nhng nubnsonthovideo, nhn dng tingni,hays dng nh trm lm vic mc thp th P4 thch hp hn", theo li ni ca mt vin chc Inel. ThcraP3crtnhiukhnng.N mnh chycc ngdng nngvhonhCADhaysonthovideo.Nubnchcnson tho vn bn, tt hn ht l tit kim vi trm USD vi chip Celeron 566 MHz r tin. Mt nh phn tch cho rng: "K hoch ca Intel l tung ra P4 mc cao cp, ri nhanh chng chuyn n xung th trng PC bc trung cnh tranh vi Athlon". Cm nang my tnh - 38 St by hoangly85 Theo i din ca Giga Information Group, Athlon va c a ra nm ngoi c kin trc mi hn v kh nng tng tc xung nhp cao hn trong tng lai, trong khi PIII dng nh t n nh im l 1GHz. Cngchahnnhvy,IntelangphttrinPIIIthnhTualatin,d kin pht hnh vo gia nm sau, s cnh tranh vi Athlon th trng 1000-1500USD,theolimtphntchvincaInQuestResearch. TualatinsccacheL2512KBvhtrbushthng133MHzhoc 200MHz.NcnchophpsdngDDRSDRAM,songcngcth Intel dnh li DDR cho cc h thng P4. Nh vy PIII tip tc sng. Chn chip r tin i vi ngi dng PC c nhu cu n gin nh duyt Web, trao i e-mail thcng chngcnphi muaPIIIhay Athlon.c sdng trong ccPCgidi1000USD,nhngchipnhAMDDuron,IntelCeleron vViaCyrixIIvitckhiu500MHzldng.Cuinmnay, Celeron v Duron s t ti 800MHz, cn Cyrix III s t 700 MHz. Kt hp vi tc vi gi c phi chng th Duron l thch hp hn c. ThnghimPCWorldBench2000chothyPCDuronchynhanh ngang nga vi PIII. Chng hn PC Duron 600MHz khng nhng vt PIII 600MHz 13 im, m cn thu PIII 733 MHz ch c 5 im. DuroncnsngchihnnanusosnhviIntelCeleronhayVia Cyrix III. Bus front-side 200MHz ca n nhanh gp 3 ln bus 66MHz ca Celeron,vnccachetchhp192KB(128KBL1v64KBL1v 128KB L2). CachecnglnthCPUcngtphidngnbnhchnhlu thng tin v lnh, nh vy tc h thng nhanh hn. Tuy nhin nn nh rng tc h thng khng ch ph thuc vo CPU. ChnghnPCCeleronthngckmtheobiukhinhotch hp trn chip ch khng phi trn card tng tc ho ring ging nh trong phn ln cc h thng PIII. B iu khin ho tch hp ny li thng chia s b nh h thng chnh ca PC. H thng b thc p, tc ho b chm li, kt qu l hnh nh trong cc tr chi 3D hay b git. Nu bn l tay chi game, tt hn ht nn u t vo PC PIII hay Athlon. ViaCyrixIIIc128KBcacheL1nhngkhngccacheL2,vvyn chy chm nht trong 3 loi chip gi r ni trn. Via Technology d nh u nm ti s gii thiu chip Cyrix III nng cp, m hiu l Samue II, c 64 KB cache L2 nng cao tc . Cyrix III h tr tc bus front-side l 66, 100, hay 133MHz. Hin nay cha c nh sn xut PC ln no ti M cngbsdngchipCyrixIII,donchacphbinrngri trong gii sn xut my tnh. Gim c tip th ca Via Technology cho bit cui nm nay Cyrix III s xuthintrongcchthngt500n600USD.Tcxungnhp Cm nang my tnh - 39 St by hoangly85 trongkhong500-700MHz,nhngViacngcngnhnlthitkca chip ny khng cho php tc cao hn, nht l i vi cc ng dng ho. Tuy nhin, khi chy nhng chng trnh thng th ng nh x l vn bn v duyt Web, tc ca Celeron v Cyrix II l qu . Intel ang pht trin mt sn phm cnh tranh vi Cyrix III mang m hiu Timna,sramtkhongunmtitngccmytnhgidi 700USD.Timnalmgimchiphhthngnhtchhpccbiu khin ho v b nh vi b vi x l ngay trn chip. Mt nh phn tch tin rng thit k tch hp cao ca Timna khng nh hng ti tc h thng,thct ncnhtrthm chomts ngdng.ngni:"Khi tch hp h thng b nh ln mt chip, bn thc s c li v tc do CPU khng phi vin n chip trao i vi b nh". Liu Timna c phi l mt dng sn phm mi ngi dng cn nhc khimuamytnh?Cllkhng.Vntheonhphntchtrn,c th IntelsgiithiuTimnadinhnhiuCeleron;ngidngcuis khngquantmPCCeleron600MHzcchipTimnahaychipCeleron bn trong. Tc xung nhp cao hn l xu hng r rt. Nhng PC cn cn c bo mch ch v thit b ngai vi tc nhanh hn mi thc s tng c tc tng th. Chng hn chip Celeron th h k tip ca Intel s nng cpbus66MHzcaphinbnhinthiln100MHzhochn-khng phivngidngihimv bus 200MHz caDuron nng mc tccamytnhcpthpln.Ccnhphntchchorngngi dngCeleronskhngnhnthyskhcbitnykhichyccng dng hng ngy; bus h thng khng gy cn tr i vi cc ng dng thng thng. i din ca Intel cng ng quan im: "Tc bus i viCelerontquantrng.Khchhngthngchnmegahertz". Ni cc khc, khi so snh quyt nh mua my, phn ln ngi mua quan tm nhiu n loi CPU v tc (Celeron-660, Duron-600, v.v...) hn l nhng g c th lm cho PC chy nhanh. Tuy nhin hng lot nguyn nhn gy tr tr cho h thng c nh hng rrtnngidng,kcnhngngidngxlvnbnhng ngy, v c bit l nhng ai lm vic c yu vi nhng phn mm hovhnhnhphngiicao.Cmtgiiphpltngthmb nh.Nuacngcabnbchmchmikhichuyntngdng ny sang ng dng khc, b sung RAM c th ci thin tnh hnh. V d PCPentiumIII-500c128MBRAMchynhanhhn13%soviPIII-500 ch c 64MB b nh. CPU di ng, tit kim nng lng Mttrntnhtondingcngangthayirtnhanhchng.Ngi dnglaptopmongmunckhnngsdngmycngymkhng cncmin.pnkhngphitccigiachipIntelhayAMD: Cm nang my tnh - 40 St by hoangly85 Crusoe ca Transmeta l b x l cho my di ng duy nht c thit ktngthigiansngcapin,dkinctungracuinmnay trongcc myxchtaynngkhong1,35-1,8KGbiccnhsnxut PC ln nh Fujitsu, HItachi, IBM v Sony. Thay v to b x l tng thch Intel (x86) trong phn cng, Transmeta to phn mm "code-morphing" bin dch cc lnh x86 thnh lnh m ccuphncngVeryLongInstructionWordcaCrusoecthhiu c.Cchiuhnhvngdnghotngnhthchngang chy trn chip x86, mc d khng phi vy Chip Crusoe ha hn tit kim nng lng mt cch ng k - IMB d on 7 n 8 gi lm vic trn ThinkPad 240X. Mt ThinkPad tng t vi chip Pentium III 500 MHz chy c khong 4-5 gi. V thnh phn phn cng ca Crusoe nh hn v c t transistor hn cc CPU di ng truyn thng, n to t nhit hn v dng t nng l ng hn, rt l tng cho cc notebook nh, khng c qut v cc thit b Web. Chip Crusoe dng 500mw n 1,5w nang lng - rt nh so vi 6 n 16w tiu th bi cc CPU di ng khc. Tuy nhin, IBM d on rng th h Crusoe u tin s c tc chm soviccCPUdingtngngcaAMDvIntel;"lot chipny s cgiihn300-600MHz,nhngtccaonhttng tnh PIII 500MHz".Yuimvtcnycthgimkhiccphinbntip theo ca b x l ra i. Trong khi , cc CPU di ng cnh tranh ca AMD v Intel li c ci tin vi nhng cng ngh tit kim nng lng m cc nh sn xut cho rng lm gim nng lng tiu th trung bnh xung mc ng k. Chng hn cng ngh SpeedStep ca Intel t ng giminnngvtcxlPentiumIIIxungkhihotngbng nng lng pin. C th b x l Pentium III di ng khi chy bng ngun inACctc600MHzthkhichypintccn500MHz.Cng nghPowerNowcaAMDchyCPUvinhngmcinnngvtc khc nhau, tu thuc nhu cu ca tng ng dng. Cng ngh no s tit kim c nhiu nng lng nht th cn phi ch xem. Cm nang my tnh - 41 St by hoangly85 Bo mch ch, nn tng ca tc Trong s cc thnh phn cu thnh mytnh, nu CPUlyu tquyt nh kh nng v tc x l ca h thng th bo mch ch ng vai tr to ra mt mi trng hot ng n nh cho tt c cc thit b khc, k c CPU. Bn thn tn gi motherboard cng chng t iu ny. Bomchch,haycngilbom(motherboard)cnghartln trongc hthngPC cabn. Bn c th l ch nhn ca acng SCSI nhanh nht, u DVD/CD-ROM tn k, 64 MB SDRAM DIMM, BXL Pentium II 400MHz, card m thanh Creative Sound Blaster Live, ha Voodoo II v modem V.90 56kbps... ngha l nhng g tt nht c th. Nhng tt c nhng th trn s u khng c ngha l nu my tnh ca bnthngxuynbtreo,chychpchn.ylcncmngca nhiu ngi dng my tnh m c l nguyn nhn chnh l bn ang c mt bo mch ch cht lng km. Thtkhngcgtithnkhibnvahonttbnlunn80trang c trnh by t m vi nhiu hnh nh minh ha, v ghi thc hin ng tclu cuicng, my tnhtngt a ra thngbo li "chtngi", i loi nh "khng th lu ln a cng bi....", v sau hon ton bt ng trc mi thao tc ca bn. Ch cn cch cui cng l tt my ri btli.Ktqutht thmhi: tptinWordcabngi ychlrng tuch vi kch thc 0 byte. Tt c nhng n lc ca bn nhm hi phc li tp tin u v ngha. Cng t y, bn mi hiu c tc hi ca mt bo mch ch ti. Bi hc v tc i vi ngi t lp rp my tnh, iu quan trng l phi chn ng bo mchch.Binuctrctrcsauny,bnphitmnhxoaysly m khng c s h tr k thut no. Bn c th y tc bus PCI ln n133MHz,nhngkhingihinhcungcpichobnbo khc trong trng hp s c. Tc quan trng, nhng tnh n nh c ngha ln hn. C g hay ho khi bn li xe vi tc 200km/h ch i c naqungngvxechtmy.Tccabo mchchphi nhanh. Tuy nhins nnh v nhng c tnh khc nh kh nng h loi CPU, ch tit kim nng lng, cc u kt ni I/O v kim sot nhit..ngvaitrquantrngtrongvicbodnghthngv ng gi vi chi ph b ra. minhha,bnhythxemthmtmyserverdngchoLAN. Server v cc phn mm i km khng ch mnh v cu hnh, tnh nng mncnbotrccnhngscspxyra,chodla cnghayccvnlinquannmng,vthngltkhcphc chng.iunychothytmquantrngcasnnhv tincy camththng.BnddngnhnthylccmyPCxongxnh Cm nang my tnh - 42 St by hoangly85 thng c nhiu thit b, tnh nng ph tr b sung nhm hp dn ngi mua. Th nghim thc t Chngtacngxemxtmtsbomchsdngchip"Klamath", Pentium II ca Intel. y khng phi l nhng CPU mnh nht, v chng sdngloiSDRAMDIMM66MHzvthmchcnEDODRAM SIMM/DIMM. Cc bo mnh da trn b chip 82440LX ny khng h tr AGP v c gi thp trong s cc bo mch Slot 1. Cc bo mch mi loi Super Socket 7 (bus 100MHz) va c a ra c gi cao hn. Loi bo mch tn tin v nhanh nht s dng b chip Intel 82440BX AGP c th chy ndnh tc 100MHz v h trAGP,SDRAM DIMM100MHz v tnh nng t kim sot. Nhng i vi cc bn, ngi t lp rp my tnh, th hay nht c l l c tnh t pht hin v t cu hnh c ci snvonhiubomchloiBX,gipbnkhiphikhnhcvicc jumper v switch DIP (dual in-line package). kimtravmtkthut,chngtasdngchngtrnhPC WorldBench98(chngtrnhtrcnghimtc)vchytrnmibo mch ch. Ngoi ra, cc thit b ngoi vi c s dng cng vi bo mch bao gm: acngQuantumFireballSE22,1GB,64MBSDRAMDIMMchocc bomchLXv64MBSDRAMDIMM100MHztheochunPC-100cho bo mch BX; Card AGP v 2D/3D; 24x CD-ROM... Vn tntichungcho ttc ccbomch,vkhngchivicc loiangxemxtmcnttcbomchtrcylskhngcn thn, ln ln, i khi sai trong ti liu v s hng dn. Tht kh xcnhvtrcmnLEDcaacng,vthmchccngtc ngun. iu ny c th do phn ln cc bo mch ch u c sn xut ti i Loan, ni m ting Anh cha phi thng dng. Vi ngi dng PC, khng c g hnh phc hn khi my tnh khi ng chunxc. Nu ttcc cuhnhng,tr chi3D s chy nhanh v trn tru, cc ng dng vn phng c thc hin nhp nhng, khng cstrtr khchu.Hnna,bn cthtinchcrngbomch ca bn ang kim sot nhit v mi hot ng ca n vi s chnh xc v cn thn. Bo mch s dng b chip Intel 822440BX Aristo AM-608BX c gii thiu nh mt bo mch tch hp cao, gn v c gi hp dn, AristoAM-608BXhtrSDRAMvRegisteredSDRAM,cctnh SuperI/O,Ultra-DMA/33,PCIBusMasterIDE,AGPversion1.0,tun thPCIversion2.1,USB,theochunVRM8.2,kimsoththng LM79/75 v Creative sound (ty chn). Khe cm Slot 1 c th tip nhn bt k loi Pentium II no t 233 - 450MHz vi tc bus 66MHz hoc Cm nang my tnh - 43 St by hoangly85 100MHz.VoltageRegulatorModule(VRM)ccisntrnbocho phpddngnngcplnccbxlOverDrivercaInteltrong tng lai. Bomchhtrn412MBSDRAMhay1GBRegisteredSDRAMvi cc khe DIMM 168 chn. SDRAM ch c h tr cho bus 66MHz. C 4 kheDIMM( nngcpb nh), 3 khe cm ISA(1 dngchung vi PCI), mt khe cm AGP1 (h tr version 1.0, 1x/2x), v 4 khe cm PCI Bus-Master. Bo mch thucloi ATX (ATXform factor). BIOS h thng lloiflashcth nngv cjumperthayiinp5Vhay12V. BIOS c th nhn bit a cng loi LBA vi dung lng trn 8,4GB. V kh nng qun l nng lng, Aristo h tr SMM, APM v ACPI. Ngoira,cnccngtcchuynidngtmngngthaotch thng(suspend/resume),Wake-On-LAN(WOL),Wake-On-Ring(WOR) dngchomodemvtuntheotiuchunEnergyStar"greenPC".Bo Aristo AM608BX l loi PC97/98 v bao gm c tnh nng kim sot h thng. Trong thnghim vi PC WorldBench 98, Aristo t 172 im vi card video PCI S33ViRGE/GX. Ti liu hng dn t v khng ch ra k hiu +/- ca dy ni. AZZA PT-6IB y l bo mch nhanh th hai trong s cc bo BX c xem xt (im PCWorldBench98l172),vthucloittivitychngithp. Tuy nhin,cvi vn v setup v phikhingli viln. Nhng sau khi thit lp, bo mch hot ng bnh thng. iugynhmlnlhngchnnintnhiucaLED/power/HDD khng c k hiu cho cc dng/m (+/-), buc ngi dng phi t m mm th. Vi mt PCI Local Bus, PT-6IB l bo mch loi ATX da trn c s b chiphthng82440BXAGPsetv Winbond I/O.Nbaogmhaiknh PIO(ProgrammedInput/Output)vcngUltra-DMA/33BusMaster mode PCI IDE ci trn bo, mt cng iu khin a mm, hai cng serial tccao(UART)vmtcngparallelnhiuch,htrmouse PS/2,cnghngngoiIrDAvUSB.AZZActhchyviccchip Pentium II t 233 n 450MHz vi cu trc SEC. Ngoira,PT-6IBcncccctnhnhmchchnhinp,htr +1,8V DC n +3,5V DC ca CPU, kch thc t c th l 8-, 16-, 32- v 64-bit, ng a ch 32-bit. Trn bo c 3 khe cm DIMM 168 chn, cho phptia384MBbnhloiparityvECC(errorcorrectingcode). AZZAPT-6IBhtrtnhnng Wake-On-LANvccchcnngGreen (tiu chun mi trng). Cm nang my tnh - 44 St by hoangly85 DFI P2XBL BomchP2XBLctrangbcmCPUSlot1choPentiumIIcc loit266MHzn450MHz.PCIBuscththitlp66MHzhay 100MHz.Vi3khecmdnhchobnhloiDIMM168chn,kch thc b nh c th t 384MB. Khe cm m rng bao gm: mt dnh ringcho AGP,baPCI,haiISAvmtchungchoPCI/ISA.Ttckhe cm PCI v ISA c Bus Mastering. P2XBL h tr b nh EC v ECC. HthngkmtheoDesktopManagementInterface(DMI)2.0cci vo Award BIOS c th nng cp. Tin ch ny t ng ghi li cc thng tinv cuhnhh thng v luchng vo "vng DMI" (mtphntrong BIOSPlug-and-Playcahthng.DMIcthitknhmgipvic bo dng, sa cha, khc phc s c tr nn d dng hn. Kt ni I/O csntrnbomchbaogm:haicngserialND16C550tngthch DB-9,mtcngparallelSPP/ECP/EPPDB-25,mtgiaotipchoa mm h tr n hai a mm loi 2,88MB, mt cng mouse PS/2 mini-DIN-6, mt cng bn phm PS/2 mini-DIN v mt u ni Wake-On-LAN. Ngoi ra, bo mch cn c mt cng IrDA v hai USB. B iu khin PCI Bus Master IDE cho php hai giao tip PCI IDE h tr 4 thit b IDE. Bo mch cng h tr Ultra-DMA/33 (ch Synchronous Ultra DMA/33), Enhanced IDE PIO Mode 3 v Mode 4 vi tc truyn 16,6MB/s,ATAPICD-ROMvLS-120vIomegaZIP.DFIP2XBLcn cucmchoCreativeSB-Linkktnigiabohthngvcard Creative SB PCI. Bo mch ny c kh nng theo di v iu khin nhit lm vic v hot ng ca qut thng gi. P2XBLt172imtrongthnghim.Setupbomchddngvn lm vic n nh. Elitergroup P6BX-A+ ylbomchnhanhnhtvcnglmttrongsnhngbomch nhiutnhnngnht(imtrcnghim176).P6BX-A+khngchchy nnhmcnrtdsetup,cinpchoBIOSvxungnhpu ctngthitlp.Tuynhin,tiliuhngdncnchahon ho. Bomchc3khecmDIMM,cthtipnhn384MBSDRAMloi 3,3V. Elitegroup ch s dng SDRAM 100MHz tun theo chun PC-100 ttccaonht.ctnhtitkimnnglngbaogmngun cungcploiATXvACPI.BIOShthnghtrtngWake-On-LANvWake-On-Call.P6BX-A+cnctrangbiSB-Linkca Creative, cho php tngthchngcgia chip PCIaudio v chip ISA audio (thut ng thng dng l "PC to PCI bridge"). Cm nang my tnh - 45 St by hoangly85 Bo mnh c 7 khe cm m rng: hai ISA 16-bit, nm PCI 32-bit (trong 1 dng chung vi ISA) v mt khe cmAGP. Cc cng chun gm hai knh Enhanced IDE, mi knh h tr hai thit b; mt u ni h tr hai a mm; mt cng parallel v hai cng serial; hai cng USB; hai cng PS/2 (cho mouse v bn phm). S dng firmware (phn mm c ci cng), bn c th ci thm phm nng bt ngun (power-on hot-key). Gigabyte GA-686BX Gigabytelmttrongnhngnhsnxutctntuitrnthtrng hinnay.BomchmiGA-686BXcaGigabyte(172imPC WorldBench 98) km theo mt a CD-ROM vi 6 tin ch hu dng cho mainboard. Tiliu trnhby ttvinhius v hnhnh.Bo mch lmvicttvnnh.CcucmchoLED,DIPswichcbtr hp l, mch lc v tit kim ch. V tnh nng, GA-686BX c trang b mt khe cm AGP, Slot 1 tip nhnPentiumII233-450MHz.Tcbuscththayi66hay 100MHz v c t ng iu chnh. Bo mch gm b chip Intel 440BX AGPset,Winbond83977I/OvchipWinbond83781Health(tng ng vi LM78). B chip 440BX h tr c tnh Quad-Port Acceleration (QPA)caIntel,chophpmrngbngthnggiaCPU,AGP, 100MHzSDRAMvbushthngPCI.Phnbnhgm4khecm 3,3V DIMM vi kh nng h tr ti 1GB DRAM. Kh nng m rng gm 1 khe cm AGP, bn khe PCI v ba khe ISA. GA-686BXctrangb2MbitAwardBIOSloiflashcchcnng chng virus v Green. N cn cung cp nhng thng tin b ch nh nhit CPU v tnh trng qut gi. u cm ngun loi ATX v cc ch tt/mcpdngcngnghminht.BomchcnhtrWake-On-LAN, u ni Creative SB-Link, cu ch bo v bn phm. Cc driver bao gm LDCM, SIV, Intel PIIX4 v Ultra DMA/33 Bus Master IDE. Microstar (MSI) MS-6116 GingnhbomchLX,MS-6116vibchip82440BXcytnh nngvlbomchrtnnh.mcdchtim170(thpnht trongthnghim).Nhngbncnbitrngkhcbit10imkhng ngkvkhnhnthyivinhiungi.Bomchcnhiukh nng t theo di v kim sot nhit tng cng. MtsctnhcbncaMS-6116ltuntheochunPCI/ISAv Green, kt ni Host/AGP, cc chc nng ACPI, h tr Ultra-DMA/33 v SHMC (system hardware monitor control). SHMC c th nhn bit CPU, ngunin,vngquaycaqutvkimsotinpvnhitca CPU, h thng. cm Slot 1 trn bo c th dng cho Pentium II 233 - 400MHz. T l tc li/bus c thay i t x2 n x6 hoc cao hn. SwitchingVoltageRegulatorchophpiuchnhinpDCvtun Cm nang my tnh - 46 St by hoangly85 theochunIntelVRM8.2.BoMS-6116htrchobus66,6MHzv 100MHz, cng nh dnh cho 75MHz v 83MHz. Bnhchnhgm4khecmDIMMchophpttia512MB.Bo mch cng h tr chc nng ECC v h tr 3,3V SDRAM DIMM. C th mrngvimtkheAGP(htrthitbAGPbtkvi 66MHz/133MHz v 3,3V), 4 khe cm PCI v 3 khe ISA (mt khe cho c ISA v PCI). MS-6116BX h tr PCI Bus Interface 3,3/5V. B iu khin IDE trn c s b chip Intel 82371EB PCI cho php mt cng v/hay mt CD-ROM vi PIO, Bus Master v Ultra-DMA/33. Cc thit b ci sn trn bo gm cng cho 2 a mm, hai cng serial, mt parallel (SPP/EPP/ECP), hai USB v mt IrDA. Tyan S1846S/L/A Tsunami ATX BomchchtlngcaocaTyanginhcstincycangi dngtrnthgii(mcdgicngcao).Bnhngdnsdngbo mch rt r rng, cn thn v chi tit, tt nht trong s cc ti liu c xem xt. Vnhngctnhcbn,S1846S/L/ATsunamiATXcthhtr Pentium II233MHz n 400MHz v caohn.Ngoi ra cnc tychn cho chip Celeron. Bo mch chy tc bus 66MHz hoc 100MHz v trnbocisnccthnhphnVRM.Tsunamictrangbibchip National"309"SuperI/OvIntel82440BXAGPset.Bomnhsdng cngnghGTL+chophpgimnnglngtiuthvEMI(electro-MagneticInterference).NgoiracncctnhWake-On-LANkhis dngvibngunATX.Mttnhnngkhclpower-recovery-after-interrupt (hi phc ngun sau khi ngt). Kh nng m rng ca bo mch gm 5 khe cm 32-bit PCI, hai khe 16-bitISAvmtkhechungPCI/ISA.TrnbochaicngUSBloiATX, mtIrDA,mtcngparalleltccao,haicngserialUART16550v h tr a mm Mode-3. H thng I/O v iu khin a gm hai cng Ultra-DMA/33PCIBusMasterchophpCD-ROMloiEIDE.Bus MasteringhtrPIOMode3v4(tctruynt22MB/s)vhai a mm (dung lng n 2,88MB). Phi ni rng bo mch Tsunami c y tnh nng v rt ng tin cy. Ngoi ra cn c bo hnh 3 nm. Nht Thanh PCW Singapore 7/1998 ENPC EP-KL21 BomchcsnxutbiENPCTechnologiesCorporationtchhp b iu khen IDE vi hai giao tip IDE tc cao cho 4 thit b IDE nh a cng, CD-ROM. B iu khin Super I/O c nhng chc nng chnh: Cm nang my tnh - 47 St by hoangly85 giaotipamm,2cngserial16byteFIFOvmtcngparallel EPP/ECP.Bomchhtrt8n512MBSDRAM,1GBEDORAM. N cng h tr Fast Page chun, EDO v SDRAM. C 3 khe cm DIMM 169 chn, mi khe 32MB. B nh i hi RAM loi 70ns Fast Page hay 60ns EDO. Thit b khng h tr RAM parity. Trnbo mchEP-KL21chaiuniPCI-IDE,khnngtnhnbit loiacngnhBIOS.HthngcnghtrAwardPlug-and-Play BIOSchocardISAvPCI.CctnhnngkhcbaogmhtrUltra-DMA/33, Softpower SM-bus ca Windows 95, cng IrDA, kim sot phn cng LM 78/75, chun ATX. Phn m rng bao gm 3 khe cm ISA, 4 khe PCI v 1 AGP. Bo mch t 137 im PC WorldBench 98. Microstar MS-6117 ATX LX6 Bo mch s dng b chip Intel 82440LX AGPset tch hp v Quad Port Acceleration(QPA).QPAchophpxlngthi4ngchoCPU bus, ha, PCI bus v SDRAM. B chip Intel 82371AB tch hp tt c ccchcnngiukhincahthngnhAdvancedConfiguration and Power Interface (ACPI). ACPI c trng bi tnh nng tit kim nng lng cho OS Direct Power Management (OSPM). 82371AB cng h tr LM78 System Hardware Monitor Controller nh mt chc nng ty chn. Chc nng LM78 bao gm nhn bit CPU/Power supply, vng quay qut thng gi, kim sot in p, nhit ca CPU v h thng. MS-6117 c mt cm CPU Slot 1 loi ATX h tr CPU 200 - 333MHz. T l tc li/bus t x2 n x6 v cao hn. B iu chnh in p trn bomchtuntheochunIntelVRMver.8.1vikhnngbovqu inp.BomchcnmkhecmMasterPCIbus32-bit,haikheISA 16-bit. v mt khe chung PCI/ISA. Thit b trn bo bao gm mt cng a mm h tr hai a, hai cng serial, mt cng parallel (SPP/EPP/ECP), cng mouse PS/2 v bn phm, hai cng USB v mt IrDA. im trc nghim ca MS-6117 l 137 PC World Bench98. nhgitcchungcahthng,tpchPCWorldcaM a ra mt h chng trnh chy trn mi my tnh cn kim tra. H chngtrnhnycgilPCWorldBench98.chyPCWorld Bench98,trnmyphicisnccngdngMicrosoftWord97, Microsoft Excell 97, Lotus 1-2-3 97, Corel Word Pro 97, Corel Paradox 8 v Micrograf Picture Publisher 7. PC WorldBench 98 chy mt kch bn son sn (script) cho mi ng dng trong 3 ln, khi ng li sau mi ln chy. Trn c s thi gian chy mi kch bn, PC WorldBench 98 a ra nhgivsosnhviimchuncahmycs(Dell200MHz MMX,32MBRAM) ri cho im cui cng. imcngcao, tc my cng nhanh. Cm nang my tnh - 48 St by hoangly85 B ngun atx Cc my tnh sn xut gn y, nht l t Pentium II tr i u s dng mainboard v b ngun theo chun ATX. B ngun ATX hot ng tit kim, antonvlinh ng hn b ngun ATvtacthiukhinmtshotngcabngunthngqua Biostrnmainboard.Thd:Cthbt/ttmytxathngquacard mng,modem,cng...TtmybnglnhShutdowncaWindows95. Theoditnhtrnghotngcamy,kimtranhitCPU, Mainboard, t ng tt my tit kim ngun hay bo v. im khc bit ln nht khi rp b ngun ATX l u cm cung cp in cho mainboard v cng tc Power. u cmu cm ATX c 20 chn ChnTn hiuChnTn hiu 1+3.3v11+3.3v 2+3.3v12-12v 3t (Ground)13t (Ground) 4+5v14PW_ON (m ngun) 5t (Ground)15t (Ground) 6+5v16t (Ground) 7t (Ground)17t (Ground) 8PWRGOOD (ngun tt)18-5v 9+5vSB19+5v 10+12v20+5v Cng tc Power Do c 1 s tnh nng iu khin t xa nn v nguyn tc b ngun phi lun lun c cp in. Bn s khng thy cng tc Power t gi theo kiu AT na (Sau khi bm, cng tc s t gi trng thi cho n khi bmlnnathayitrngthi),thayvol1ntbmkch(t ng tr v v tr ban u sau khi ngng bm) tng t nh nt Reset. Khibnbmntny,ngtnhiuth14caucmngun (PW_ON)scnittoratnhiummynumyang trong tnh trng tt (hay tt my nu my ang trong tnh trng m). Ch : Khi m my bn ch cn kch nt Power (bm ri nh lin) nhng cbitkhitt,tytheomainboardcthbnphibmrigisau4 giy mi c nh (do xc lp trong Bios). Khi my trong tnh trng tt, thc s b ngun vn tiu th 1 lng in rtnhduytrshotngchomchiukhintngmmy (theoxclptrongBioshaychngtrnhiukhin).Chkhinobn Cm nang my tnh - 49 St by hoangly85 rt dy cm ngun hay tt in bng cng tt pha sau b ngun th my bn mi b ngt in hon ton. Kim tra b ngun ri kimtranhanhbngunchotnghaykhng,bncthkch nittngtnhiu14v15(chprinhlin)haychcnnhtl cmuningunvoMainboardrikchnitt2chucaJumper PowerSwtrnmainboard(khithchcncbngunvmainboard ATX l , khng cn thm g na). Cm nang my tnh - 50 St by hoangly85 Cn bit v CPU 1- CPU 486CPU 486 c rt nhiu h nh-: 486SX, DX, DX2, DX4, SLX...do nhiu hng sn xut nh-: Intel, AMD, Cirux...Trong mi h li c nhiu tn s hot ng khc nhau nh-: 25, 33, 40, 50, 66, 80, 100MHz...v chy in th khc nhau nh-: 5v, 3v,3.5v...(chnhvldonymmainboardcrtnhiuJumper).Chngti khng i su vo chi tit k thut m ch xin gii thch ngn, gn nh- sau:- 486SX khng c b ng x l ton hc nh- cc h 486 khc.- 486SL l loi -c thit k dng cho my xch tay, n c thm b qun l titkimnguninkhimykhnghotng(nh-nghinnayncng-c dng cho my bn).- 486SX, 486DX c tc hot ng ni b bng tc mainboard.-486DX2ctcnibgpitcmainboard(ringDX280MHzca AMD c thm loi dng in th 3v).- 486DX4 c tc ni b gp t- tc mainboard (h ny c 2 loi in th 5v v 3v -c ghi r trn CPU).Ch :LoiCPUchyinth3vutin-cchtodngchomyLaptop nng v t hao pin. Nh-ng sau ny cng -c dng lun cho my Desktop, do khi s dng loi CPU ny m Set Jumper ln in th 5v rt nguy him cho CPU v tng nhit.TrnccMainboard486,bncthchntnsmainboardvtlxsaocho ng vi tc CPU, khng nht thit phi l x2 hay x3 hay x4 theo tn gi. Th d: 486 DX4-100MHz c th Set l 50x2 hay 33x3 hay 24x4.Trongh486,nhanhnhtlCPUdoAMDsnxut,cchngkhckhngc t-ng -ng. l loi AMD486-120Mhz v AMD486-133Mhz.Gii thch:TcMainboard(SystemClock):Tcltcxungnhplmvicca mainboard,tnhbngMhzv-cduytrdomtbdaongthchanhgn trn mainboard. Xc lp bng jumper.Tc CPU: Tc l tc xung nhp lm vic ca CPU, tnh bng Mhz. Xc lp bng jumper.Ti sao c DX, DX2, DX4: Mainboard th-ng ch cho php chy vi tc ti a l 60 Mhz, khi tc cao hn s pht sinh nhiu mnh lm ri lon hot ng ca h thng, nhiu ny ch yu do k thut v vt liu ch to mainboard trong th-ngminnkhkhcphc(nuctngthgithnhliqucao).Vvy chng ta ch thy c DX 50Mhz l ht, tng tc cho my tnh, ng-i ta ch cncchltngtcnibcaCPUvCPUkhnggpvnnhiunh- mainboard. V vy mi c DX2 v n DX2 80Mhz l ht, tip n DX4 v theo tnh ton th n DX4 160Mhz l ht.2- CPU 586T-ng t 486, CPU 586 cng c rt nhiu loi v do nhiu hng sn xut . Thp nhtl 586-75MHz vcaonht hinnayl586-233MHz.C tn shotng Cm nang my tnh - 51 St by hoangly85 gp nhiu ln tn s hot ng ca Mainboard v t l nhn tu theo tn s ca Mainboardnnkhngcnphnbittheotngi.ThngdngnhtlPentium ca hng Intel.Ch :* CPU ca Intel hot ng tn s ng vi tn gi. Th d Pentium 166 chy 166MHz.*CPUcacchngkhccthhotngtnsthphntngi.Thd AMD K-133MHz chy 100MHz. V tn gi ch phn nh so snh vi CPU ca Intel ch khng ch tn s hot ng ch thc.* Tt c cc ch-ng trnh hin nay u vit cho CPU ca Intel. Tt c cc CPU ca hng khc bt buc phi t-ng thch vi CPU Intel th mi c ch-ng trnh hot ng. Tuy nhin do h khng th lm ging CPU Intel 100% nn khi s dng CPU ca cc hng khc cn coi chng vn t-ng thch phn mm. Vn t-ng thch vi Mainboard cng xy ra t-ng t nh- vy.3- CPU 686Thng dng nht l Pentium Pro ca Intel. c bit trong CPU ny c cha lun Cache Level 2 (Cache nm trn Mainboard) nn tc rt nhanh. Do ga cao nn CPU ny ch yu dnh cho my Server.4- CPU 586/686 MMXLoi CPU mi nht, -c tng c-ng m lnh c bit tng tc cc ng dng MultiMedia.iviccch-ngtrnhth-ng,CPUnynhanhhnkhong 10%. i vi cc ch-ng trnh vit ring tn dng m lnh ny, CPU s nhanh hn khong 50% so vi loi th-ng.5- Tng tc CPU :TtcCPUbn rau -cquynhmtch hotngti-ukhi lprp trn mi loi mainboard v do mi ng-i s dng. Ch ny chnh l nhn ca CPU. i vi ng-i hiu bit v phn cng c mt cch n gin tng tc CPU ltng tc ngh chomainboard,th d486 DX266MHz-cquy nhchyvitcMainboardl33MHz,bncthtngln40MHzns chynh-486DX280MHzmkhnghhng(khiBiossbokhikhi ngmylbnangsdngCPU486DX280donlythngtintcc Jumper CPU Type v Clock selector). T-ng t nh- vy 486DX4 75MHz bn c th tng ln thnh 486DX4 100MHz.Li dng c im ny ca CPU m ng-i ta lm ra CPU Remark tc l CPU cp thp i nhn li thnh CPU cp cao hn. Khi rp vo my, bo m khng cch-ngtrnhtestmynohinnaycthphcgic-c,kcBiosmy cng sai lm lunv ng-idng myc kinhnghimcng khng bit vCPU chy ng tc ch u c chm hn (vic ny thc ra ng-i ta lm t lc mi xut hin my PC, lc IBM sn xut mainboard gn CPU 8086 chy vi tc8MHz,sauccnhsnxutmynhiminngtclntrncc my ca mnh, kt qa l my nhi chy nhanh hn my chnh gc).CPU cn mt c im na l bn ch -c nng tc ng h mainboard ln 1 bc so vi tc ghi trn nhn, cao hn na n s ng-ng hot ng. Th d: 80 cho 66, 100 cho 75...Da vo c im ny bn c th Test CPU c b Remark Cm nang my tnh - 52 St by hoangly85 haykhng?vkhngthtngtcchoCPURemark(n-ctngri). Cc iu kin cn thit cho vic tng tc CPU: tng tc hay Test cho CPU, i hi bn phi c mainboard a nng v sch h-ng dnSet Jumpercahngsnxutcungcp(bncnck l-ngsch h-ngdntr-ckhithaotc).BncnphicqutgiinhitchoCPUvkhi tngtnshotngthCPUtngnhit.BncnnmvngSetupBios iu chnh nu cn.Cch tin hnh:ichiuschh-ngdnvmainboard,ghinhvtrccjumpercniu chnh trnh tr-ng hp Set ln jumper.B-c 1:u tin bn ghi li v tr nguyn thy ca cc b jumper s sa cha c th phchimylitnhtrngc.SaubnSetli3bJumperClockselector, CPUTypevVesaBus(choMainboardVesaLocalBus)theotcming nh- ch dn ca sch.Ch : Nu bn ang s dng CPU 3v th cn quan tm ti b jumper Voltage. nh-ng tuyt i khng -c Set li thnh 5v.CPU d-i 5v gm cc loi sau: Itel 486DX4 (3.3v), AMD Am486DX2-80/DX4-100 (3.45v), Cyrix Cx486DX2-66/DX2-80 (3.3v/4v).CPU 586, 656 c in th d-i 5 V, th-ng l khong 3v-3.5v tu hng sxCPU MMX s dng ti 2 in th khc nhau nn cn phn bit vi CPU th-ng.B-c 2:Khingmy,voWindowschych-ngtrnhnotnnhiubnhvhay truyxutacngxemmihotngcbnhth-ngkhng?Nuthnh thongmybtreothbnvoBiosSetuptngthigianch(waitstate), gim tc ng h cho AT Bus (phn Bios Setup chng ti s trnh by sau).Nu my treo ngay t ln khi ng u tin th c 2 tr-ng hp sau:*SetJumpersai:clischh-ngdnvSetliyccbjumperlin quan. Nu Set ng v tc ch tng 1 nc, bo m my phi khi ng -c.* CPU b remark: khng th tng -c na. Cm nang my tnh - 53 St by hoangly85 Cch xa Password trong BIOS PasswordcchatrongCMOSRAM,cnhiucchxathngtin trn b nh CMOS RAM : * Bng jumper "clear CMOS" trn mainboard. Bn phi tham kho ti liu vmainboardcamybn(ikmkhimuamy)bitcthvtr jumper ny. C mt s mainboard c 1 jumper dnh ring ch xa mt khu m khng xa cc thng s khc. * Bng cch g chip RAM CMOS ra khi mainboard 1 thi gian ( cc t lc phng ht in) ri gn li nu chip ny c gn trn mt . *BngcchchpmchcctransistorvRAMCMOStrnmainboard (cch ny khng nn lm nu khng bit v in t). * Bng cch g pin nui CMOS ra khi mainboard ri gn li. Tuy nhin ty theo loi pin m c th s phi dng m hn v i hi phi bit v k thut hn mch in t. SaukhixacRAMCMOS,bnkhingmyli,votrnh SetupcuhnhliccthngsngchoBIOS.Nubnquncc thng s ny, bn c th dng chc nng "Load BIOS default". Cm nang my tnh - 54 St by hoangly85 Chn on v khc phc cc li h thng Cntmchorangungccanhngtrctrcphncnghocccli General Protection Fault l cng vic va mt cng va bc mnh.Numaymn,vicphchibnsaolucaRegistrysgipbnrt hiuqu.Nhngnuvicphchinythtbi,thnguynnhnca cc trc trc c th l mt trong hng chc driver hoc tp tin cu hnh, hoc kt hp c hai.Vic tm kim th phm thng ch l qu trnh loi tr t nht. u tin bnvhiuhamttptinnghing,rikhingliPCxemht trc trc cha. Nu cha li tip tc i vi tp tin khc.Rt may, System Configuration Utility ca Windows 98 s lm cho cng cuc tmhnghctr nn kh d dng, mc dkhng rrng v n gin n mc ai cng lm c. Tuy nhin, trc ht phi c vi li v nhng g cn lm trong Windows 3.x v 95.ViWindows3.x,vhiuhamtdriverclinquannvicm nhngtptin cu hnhthchhp-thnglautoexe.batvconfig.sys trong th mc gc, hoc system.ini v win.ini trong folder Windows - v sau , trong mt trnh bin tp vn bn, tm dng lnh khi ng driver v loi b dng bng cch thm mt du chm phy (;) vo ch bt u ca dng win.ini, hoc thm rem vo autoexec.bat v config.sys.Mc d Microsoft c nhng n lc nhm n gin ha tnh trng ny trong cc phin bn sau ca h, nhng c Win95 ln Win98 vn i hi phi thay i mc phc tp nh vy. Trong Windows 95, Microsoft di d liu cu hnh nhiu ht mc vo mt v tr trung tm - Registry -ngthicung cpDeviceManagerlmcngc duytxemtrng thicaccthitbclpt.Tuynhin,Registrykhnglitk htmidriver.gitnhtngthchvimtsphncngvphn mm 16 bit c, Microsoft duy tr bn tp tin cu hnh ni trn nh mt b phn tch hp ca Windows 98. V sau khi kim tra Device Manager tmcc tranhchp phn cngrrng, nhngtp tin nyvnlni tt nht bt u vic xem xt khi PC ca bn c mt trc trc nghim trng.Cng c tm hng hc ca Windows 98Tin ch mi System Configuration Utility ca Windows 98 cung cp giao din n gin cho php bn d dng kim sot tp tin cu hnh no - v nhng dng no trong tng tp tin - s chy khi h thng khi ng. N cng cung cp cc cng c tin tin chn on mt s trc trc ph bin,ngthichophpbncthkhngchn-vdoloitr ngun gc trc trc - bt k phn mm no t ng chy khi khi ng. Cm nang my tnh - 55 St by hoangly85 Clpcctrctrchthngbngcchxcnhnhngtptinkhi ng no s phi c x l.KchhotSystemConfigurationUtilitybngcchgmsconfigvohp Start.Run,hocbngcchchnntrongtrnhnToolscatinch SystemConfigurationUtility(Start.Program.Accessories.SystemTools). V v trnh n View ca tin ch ny s cho php truy cp nhanh nhiu cngctmhhngkhcnhControlPanel,DeviceManager,v Display Settings, nn c th bn phi to mt shortcut d pht ng hn.Tm msconfig.exe trong folder Windows\System, bo m ca s folder ny khng b phng i, ri ko biu tng tp tin vo desktop. T trnh n va xut hin, chn Create Shortcut(s) Here.Tm kim trc trcTinhnhtmhnghciviPCbngSystemConfigurationUtility theoqutrnhbabc.Haibcusloitrbntptincuhnh nhlnhngthphmngngnht,bccuikimtraphnmm khi ng v mt s vn phn cng c bit.Tuy nhin, trc khi bt tay vo vic tm hiu nguyn nhn trc trc, phi khng nhng trc trc xy ra cho mnh: tin hnh sao lu cc tp tin cu hnh. Nhp chut ln nt Create Backup trn nhn General (hnh 1), cc tp tin autoexec.bat, config.sys,system.ini,win.ini s c t ng chpvothmcgcvlyphnmrngl.pss.Vsau,nuvic thayililmxuthinnhiutrctrchn,bncthphchicc tp tin ny bng cch nhp chut ln nt Restore Backup.ng thi cng phi kim tra tng thuc tnh ca tp tin. Nhp nt phi chutlntntptintrongExplorer,chnProperties,vnutptin c nh du "read only", bn loi b hn ch ny bng cch b chn "Read-only".Tip theo, trn nhn General ca System Configuration Utility, bn thay icitStartupSelectiontrongNormalbngSelectiveStartup.Mi tp tin cu hnh s c lit k bn cnh mt hp kim tra (check box). Mt c chn (check) c ngha Windows 98 s np tp tin ny, cn khng c chn c ngha n s b b qua. Nu c mt chuyn sang mu xm khi khng chn th tp tin khng tn ti trn my bn. V d, winstart.bat - mt tp tin mng ch thc - s c mu xm trn hu ht ccmy.Ch:nukhngctp tinautoexec.bathocconfig.sys,th cng ng lo lng. Windows 98 khng cn c chng vn chy chnh xc, nhng phi c hai tp tin system.ini v win.ini.Bt u vic kim tra bng cch b chn (uncheck) ng vi config.sys, nhp OK bn di hp thoi v chn Yes khi c nhc khi ng li hthng.Nuhttrctrcthconfig.syslthphm.Nukhng,th tip tc qu trnh loi tr ny i vi tng ci trong ba tp tin cn li.Cm nang my tnh - 56 St by hoangly85 Nu bn cch ly c tp tin cu hnh gy ra trc trc th bc tip theo l tm xem dng lnhno trongtptin b li. Chuyn n nhn SystemConfigurationUtilityivitptin.Bndinhnbns nhnthyccdnghocnhmdnglnhcatptinclitk,mi dngkmtheomthpkimtrabncnh(hnh2).Mtcchn ngha l dng lnh s chy khi tp tin ny c x l; khng c chn th ngc li. .Khc phc trc trcBt u vi tt c cc dng lnh khng c chn, v lin tc khi ng li my sau mi ln b sung thm mt dng c chn. Nu tp tin ny c nhiu dng, bn c th tit kim cht t thi gian bng cch chn bn dng hocnhiu nhmdng cng mt lcri ixem trc trc cxut hinlihaykhng.NulmnhvymgyhngWindows,thln khingsaumysabnvoSafeMode,trongtrnghpny bn c th khc phc bng cch phc hi ci t va c ci i trong SystemConfigurationUtilitytrlidng"khomnh"trckiaca n.Nu khng c tp tin cu hnh no c v l nguyn nhn gy ra s au kh ca bn, th khi ng li h thng m khng c phn mm no t ng chy lc khi ng, v ch xem iu c loi tr c trc trc haykhng.Tinhnhkiukhinglinybngcchbchnhp kim tra cui cng, c nh du l ALoad Startup group items' trn nhnGeneral.Nhngtrckhikhingli,bnmnhnStartupv mbottcccchngtrnhucchn;ccchngtrnh c np qua Arun=' trong win.ini phi c b chn bng tay.V cui cng nu nhng thao tc trn vn khng mang li kt qu, bn nhp chut ln nt Advanced bn di nhn General. y bn s tm thy mt s cch ci t tm trc trc nh sau:*VGA640x480x16.Vicchncitnysthaythdriverhinth ang dng bng driver VGA ban u. Cc trc trc do driver ha gy ralloirtphbin,vcthdnnmircri,thnhnhtrn mn hnh b km cho n hin tng t khi ng li h thng. Nu vi thay i ny m gim bt c trc trc, hy ti xung mt driver cp nht t Web site ca hng ch to card ha bn ang dng.* Hn ch b nh. Cc chip nh b hng c th gy ra nhiu li. Vic hn ch b nh mt tr s thp - 16MB chng hn - s ngn Windows 98 truy cp vo mt lng RAM vt qu tr s . Nu mo ny lm cho trc trc bin mt th c th phi thay chip nh.Nu bncnhiu SIMM hocDIMM,phitho tt c chngra ricm volnlttngcingthikhinglimychonkhiclp Cm nang my tnh - 57 St by hoangly85 c chip hng, v thay module nh b hng bng mt ci mi. Thc hinxong vicci t ny, bn ng qun bchn n Windows 98 c th truy cp c vo ton b RAM ca h thng nh c.*EMMExcludeA000-FFFF.Vicchncitnysngnngacc tranhchphthnggiabthchngvccROMhthngvicc chng trnh ang chy trong b nh m rng (expanded memory) nh game chng hn. Nu khng ham chi game, bn chng phi lo lng g v iu ny, v ch c nhng ng dng DOS c k mi dng kiu b nh m rng. Nu chn ci t ny khc phc c trc trc, bn c th nguyncitcchn(nstchbnhrakhiccng dngkhngphiWindows),hoccngnhtdi(hocccdi)b nhangtranhchpbngcchbchnnyribsungthmdng EMMExclude = C400 - C7FF E000 - EFFF vo on [386 Enhanced] ca system.ini. Bn c th thng xuyn thy c tranh chp xy ra u trongphmvihaidiny,nhngnucthngnhtttcROMv cc a ch shadow ca mnh th bn s bit r nhng di c trng no loi tr.*Vhiuhakhnngngnhanh.Cmtsngdngkhngthch chc nng ng nhanh ca Win 98 v s lm cho h thng b treo. Ci t ny c trang b mt th tc Windows 95 chm hn. Cm nang my tnh - 58 St by hoangly85 Cch sa floppy disk b track 0 bad Nu a mm ca bn format b li Track 0 Bad th bn khoan b n ti s ch cho bn mt chiu thc s dng li n, y ti xin gii thiu cho cc bn phn mm sa rt hu hiu vti s dng khng c vn g,cht cc bn cng nghe n phn mm HD-COPY n l"mt c chin binh v i" Ti nh n m cu my chc sinh mng ri y nhng chiu ny s dng hoi vn hiu qa y bn. *Cch S Dng: Khi ng HD-COPY : *KhixuthincasHD-COPYthbnvomcFormatcacas Menus *Bn chn dung lng a format 1.44Mb *Nu n bo li th bn format li nhng bn phi chn lng a nh li mt mc 1.36Mb th s c ngay *Lu : nu bn format vi dung lng 1.36Mb vn khng c th bn format vi dung lng nh li v c th cho n khi c. Bn s s dng li c nhng a b h mDos v Windows iu ch. Nu format bng nhng bin php trn,nhng s dng a vn cn chp chn th...tui th n cn ri. a cng gp tnh trng kh x My tnh vn c t nguyn mt ch trn bn lm vic k t mt nm trc y, khi bn mua n v trong tnh trng nguyn thng. Nhng hm qua khi chy ScanDisk, bn bng nhn ra c hng ng li. a cng c nhiu sector hng? iu xy ra nh th no? Hay n qu c? Vic xut hin cc sector hng c th l mt du hiu cho bit a cng ca bn bt u h. Nhng y c v khng ng nh vy. a cng mtnmtuithngchanlcthib.Cnhiukhnngbn nhn thy nhng phn cn d do hot ng ca Windows li. Windows 95 v Windows 98 gi cc tp tin thng dng trong RAM hn l trong a cng chm chp. iu ny nng cao tc , nhng cng c ngha l cc tp tin h thng quan trng khng c lu gi an ton trn akhihthngcabncthotqugp-ngdngbtreohoc mtinchnghn.V Windowskhngcchighinhng tp tin theo cch ny vo li a, nn bn c th kt thc vi nhng on tp tin m ci,clusterb mt, cngnhnhngiu kh chukhc.Ccsector hngmScanDiskgpcthlhuqucanhnglnttmy khng ng quy trnh . Cm nang my tnh - 59 St by hoangly85 Windows 95 OSR2 v Windows 98 nhm vo vn ny bng cch chy ScanDisk khi PC khi ng li sau s c nh vy. Tuy nhin ngi dngWindowscngphitheoditnhhnhcadliutrnacng. khingScanDisk,bnnhnchutvoStart.Programs. Accessories.System Tools. ScanDisk. Chng trnh ny s xem xt cu trc tp tin trn a cng v tin hnh kim tra tnh trng b mt a tm cc sector hng. NichungScanDiskthngbobaloili:clusterthtlc(lostcluster); clusterhng(invalidcluster),vccontptinthtlc(lostfile fragment);cngnhccclusterblinktcho(cross-linkedcluster). Trong ba loi ny cluster tht lc l trc trc xy ra thng xuyn nht. Clusterlcconkhnggianlutrtrnacngmtptinc chatrong.Mitptinchimtnhtmtcluster,vkchthc cluster ph thuc vo kch thc ca phn vng a v vo h thng tp tincdng. a1GBcformattheohthng tp tinFAT16 dng cluster 32 KB tng i lng ph (ngay tp tin ch 1 KB cng chim 32 KB). Cng a nhng format theo h FAT 32 th dng cc cluster nh hn rt nhiu - ch 4 KB. Cc tp tin ln hn mt cluster c cha trong cc nhm cluster, cn gi l chain. Thngboli"lostcluster"caScanDiskcnghabngFATca Windows mt du vt mt cluster v khng bit n u. Chng trnh cho php bn ct cc cluster tht lc vo mt tp tin hoc xa chng i. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, bn s phi xa cc cluster bt thng ny v thc hin tip. Mc d c th c gng cu vt c cc cluster tht lc, nhng s mt nhiu thi gian vo vic xy dng li tp tin bng tin ch bin tp cp thp nh Diskedit ca Norton. Thngboli"invalidclusterhoc"lostfilefragment"chobitcmt on ca mt tp tin b tch khi phn cn li ca tp tin . y, bn cng c th chn xa on tht lc hoc ct n vo mt tp tin nu cn hy vng cu vt. Cuicng,thngbo"cross-linkedcluster"chobitcnhiutptin cng chia s mt cluster. Bn c th g ri cho cc tp tin lin kt cho bngcchdngccngdngtorachngluchngli.Hoc cng c th dng ScanDisk to ra cc tp tin cu nguy cha d liu gc, ri ghi cc kt qu ny vo cc tp tin .chk trong th mc gc ca a C: trn my. Cnhhngvtltrnalmtvnnghimtrng.phng mt d liu, h thng ca bn phi pht hin v nh du cc sector bhngWindowskhngghidliuvo.ScanDiskslmcng vic ny cho bn, nhng ch khi bn ra lnh cho n. Cm nang my tnh - 60 St by hoangly85 Chn ty chn kim tra Thorough t mn hnh ScanDisk ang m (xem hnh 2), chng trnh s tin hnh qut b mt a. ng nng rut nu vicchyphpthnymtnhiuthigian,cbitkhibncnhiu gigabyte a c chia nh thnh cc cluster 4 KB t hon ca h FAT 32. Bncthtngtccngvicbngcchnhnchutlnmenu Optionsrinhduvo"Donotperformwrite-testing"trckhibt u (hnh 3). Ty chn ny s hn ch vic kim th trong phm vi ch c d liu, bn t phn bit cc khuyt tt b mt trong khi kim tra. Nunghingacngspbhng, hykimtracctptinhthng. Nu ScanDisk tm thy li trong cc sector ny - ni cha thng tin khi ng,cngnhnhiuthngtinquantrngkhcva-thbnang gp rc ri thc s. D liu cu hnh trong cc sector ny c th c di n mt ni no trn a, v nu d liu b hng, bn c th khng truy nhp c vo a cng. Gp trng hp c nhng li vt l xy ra y, bn phi tin hnh sao lu a cng v xem xt thay n ngay. Cm nang my tnh - 61 St by hoangly85 Fat l g 1.FAT(FileAllocationTable)lbngnhvFiletrna,bngny litktuntsthtcaccclusterdnhchofilelutrtrna. Clusterlmtnhmccsectorlinknhau(cngillincung).S lngsectorctrongmtClusterldohiuhnhptchotng loi a c dung lng thch hp. a mm thng c nhm 2 sector thnh mt cluster. Vi a cng, s sector trong mt cluster c th l 4 , 8,16, 32 ... Khi FAT ch nh Cluster no dnh cho file th ton b cc sectortrongclusterbfilechimgikckhitrongthctfilech nmtrnmtvisectorucaCluster,cnccsectorsaubtrng. R rng ta thy s sector trong mt cluster