Cambridge Unive rsit y Pre ss The Impact of Protest on US Arms …assets.cambridge.org/97805216/22400/frontmatter/... · 2016-01-30 · 59 Nicholas Greenwood Gnuf The republican legacy

In this book, Jeffrey Knopf investigates domestic sources of state preferences about whether to seek cooperation with other countries on security issues. He does so by examining whether public protest against nuclear weapons influenced US decisions to enter strategic arms talks. The analysis builds on the domestic structure approach to explaining foreign policy, using it as the starting point to develop a new framework that can be employed to trace the influence of societal actors. The book's finding that protest had a major impact suggests that prevailing conceptions of the relationship between domestic politics and international cooperation need to be broadened. Existing approaches typically assume that state preferences are set by political leaders or powerful interests, thereby treating the rest of society only as a constraint on state action. In contrast, this book demonstrates that ordinary citizens can also serve as a direct stimulus to the development of a state interest in cooperation.

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-62240-0 - Domestic Society and International Cooperation:The Impact of Protest on US Arms Control PolicyJeffrey W. KnopfFrontmatterMore information

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CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: 60

Domestic society and international cooperation

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Steve Smith (Managing editor)

Robert W. Cox Alex Danchev Rosemary Foot

Joseph Grieco G. John Ikenberry Margot Light

Andrew Linklater Michael Nicholson Caroline Thomas

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Cambridge Studies in International Relations is a joint initiative of Cambridge University Press and the British International Studies Association (BISA). The series will include a wide range of material, from undergraduate textbooks and surveys to research-based monographs and collaborative volumes. The aim of the series is to publish the best new scholarship in International Studies from Europe, North America, and the rest of the world.






CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

60 Jeffrey W. Knopf Domestic society and international cooperation The impact of protest on US arms control policy

59 Nicholas Greenwood Gnuf The republican legacy in international thought

58 Daniel S. Geller and J. David Singer Nations at war A scientific study of international conflict

57 Randall D. Germain The international organization of credit States and global finance in the world economy

56 N. Piers Ludlow Dealing with Britain The Six and the first UK application to the EEC

55 Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Mayer, and Volker Rittberger Theories of international regimes

54 Miranda A. Schreurs and Elizabeth C. Economy (eds.) The internationalization of environmental protection

53 James N. Rosenau Along the domestic-foreign frontier Exploring governance in a turbulent world

52 John M. Hobson The wealth of states A comparative sociology of international economic and political change

51 Kalevi J. Holsti The state, war, and the state of war

50 Christopher Clapham Africa and the international system The politics of state survival

49 Susan Strange The retreat of the state The diffusion of power in the world economy

Series list continues after index






Domestic society and international cooperation The impact of protest on US arms control policy

Jeffrey W. Knopf

• CAMBRIDGE ... ::;.. UNIVERSITY PRESS






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© Jeff rey W. Knopf 1998

Th is publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 1998

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Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data

Knopf, Jeff rey W.Domestic society and international cooperation : the impact of protest on USarms control policy / Jeff rey W. Knopf. p. cm. – (Cambridge studies in international relations; 60)Includes bibliographical references and index.isbn 0 521 62240 9 (hb.) – isbn 0 521 62691 9 (pbk.)1. Nuclear arms control – Government policy – United States.2. Antinuclear movement – United States.3. Security, International.I. Tittle II. Series.jz5665.k59 1998327.1’747’0973 - dc21 97-27919 cip

isbn 978-0-521-62240-0 Hardbackisbn 978-0-521-62691-0 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracyof URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






To my parents, Carol and Paul Knopf











Contents

List of illustrations page x Preface xi List of abbreviations xiv

Introduction 1 1 The domestic politics of cooperation: three views 12 2 Protest and arms control: a first look 28 3 A framework for assessing activism's influence 49 4 Eisenhower's first initiatives: a matter of priorities 79 5 Eisenhower and the test ban movement 108 6 The decision to begin SALT 158 7 Reagan and the freeze movement 199

Conclusions 247

Bibliography 263 Index 281

ix






Illustrations

Figures 2.1 Protest levels in three time periods page 40 3.1 Potential influence pathways for arms control activism 75

Tables 2.1 Logistic regression analysis of decisions to seek arms

talks: theoretically best specification 44 3.1 Attributes of the three potential influence mechanisms 77 5.1 Public opinion on test cessation, 1954-1958 116

x






Preface

The research that led to this book arose out of a personal curiosity about the impact of protest against nuclear weapons. In looking for guidance on this question, I found that most international relations experts view peace and other protest movements as quite marginal actors in world politics. The research results presented here will demonstrate that this is not so. Citizen activism can make a difference.

The choice to focus on a type of actor that is usually neglected turned out to have other benefits as well, as it drew my attention to patterns that many studies of international politics overlook. This book thus contends that many major theories of international relations entail an unduly narrow and misleading view of domestic politics. Domestic society is generally treated as a source of constraints on foreign policymakers, or else as a source of incentives that lead policy to diverge from the national interest. This study will show that the opposite is also possible. Societal activism can be the trigger to foreign policy initiatives that most analysts would regard as consistent with state interests. Studies of international cooperation in particular have tended to view the domestic arena as a source of obstacles to cooperation. This book will show that social protest can also be the reason some states develop a preference for cooperation in the first place.

Because assessing the impact of protest movements is quite difficult, this book builds on the domestic structure approach to explaining foreign policy to develop an original framework for tracing activism's influence in individual cases. By using this framework, this book is able to identify causal links between domestic activism and US decisions to enter into three major sets of strategic arms control talks during the Cold War. In all, this book makes three important contri-

xi






Preface

butions. Empirically, it demonstrates that popular campaigns against the nuclear arms race had a significant impact on US arms control policy. Theoretically, it shows that the common treatment of domestic politics as a constraint is too one-sided, because societal activism can also serve as a direct stimulus to the development of new state preferences. Finally, this study extends the range of applications of the domestic structure framework, by developing a new technique by which it can be used to examine individual cases.

This book has been substantially revised and broadened from a Ph.D. dissertation completed in 1991. An earlier version of some of the material in chapters 3 and 7 appeared as "The Nuclear Freeze Movement's Effect on Policy," in Thomas R. Rochon and David S. Meyer's edited work, Coalitions and Political Movements: The Lessons of the Nuclear Freeze (© 1997 by Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.). My research was made possible by financial support from the Political Science Department and Center for International Security and Arms Control at Stanford University, the School of International Relations and Center for International Studies at the University of Southern California, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation fellowships administered by the Stanford Arms Control Center, a US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Hubert H. Humphrey fellowship, and grants from the Institute for the Study of World Politics and the Stanford Center on Conflict and Negotiation.

A great many individuals also provided invaluable assistance. Alexander George served as the supervisor of the dissertation and continued to provide helpful comments and encouragement as I completed the transformation of that product into a book manuscript. Eileen Crumm, through her comments on a number of draft chapters and countless conversations, gave me tremendous help in figuring out how to re-focus the original research to make it more relevant to a post-Cold War world. Sue Peterson, Matt Evangelista, Thomas Risse, John Odell, and an anonymous reviewer for Cambridge University Press read the penultimate draft in its entirety, and this final product has benefited a great deal from their thoughtful suggestions. I also wish to thank the following for their helpful comments: Hayward Alker, Cheryl Boyer, Richard Brody, Alison Brysk, Peter Cowhey, Miriam Fendius Elman, John Ferejohn, Kurt Taylor Gaubatz, Judy Goldstein, Scott Johnson, Steve Krasner, Ed Mansfield, Lee Metcalf, David Meyer, Paul Papayanou, Mark Peceny, Tom Rochon, Scott Sagan, Etel Solingen, Michael Ward, and participants in a UCSD

xii






Preface

Program in International and Security Affairs seminar. I also thank Andrew Bertolino, Darold Higa, Evan Schulz, and Guy Ziv for research assistance, and Geert Poppe for doing the index. In addition, I thank John Haslam and Karen Anderson Howes at Cambridge University Press for their guidance and assistance on the final revisions and manuscript preparation. Finally, I wish to express my deepest possible gratitude to Christina Milburn, just for being there.

xiii






Abbreviations

ABM ACDA AEC AFSC BAS CIA CLW CNVA COPDAB CTB DDRS DOD FAS FBI FRUS GATT IAEA ICBM INF IPE IR JCAE JCS kt LR LTBT MAD MIRV

xiv

anti-ballistic missile Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Atomic Energy Commission American Friends Service Committee Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Central Intelligence Agency Council for a Livable World Committee on Non-Violent Action Conflict and Peace Data Bank comprehensive test ban Declassified Documents Reference System US Department of Defense Federation of American Scientists Federal Bureau of Investigation Foreign Relations of the United States General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade International Atomic Energy Agency intercontinental ballistic missile intermediate-range nuclear forces international political economy international relations Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (US Congress) Joint Chiefs of Staff kiloton likelihood ratio Limited Test Ban Treaty mutual assured destruction multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle






MIT mt NATO NIMBY NPT NSC NSSM NYT PD PRE PSAC PSR SALT SANE SDI START UNOC WEIS

Massachusetts Institute of Technology megaton North Atlantic Treaty Organization Unot in my backyard" Non-Proliferation Treaty National Security Council National Security Study Memorandum New York Times prisoner's dilemma proportionate reduction in error President's Scientific Advisory Committee Physicians for Social Responsibility Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy Strategic Defense Initiative Strategic Arms Reductions Talks United Nations Disarmament Commission World Events Interaction Survey

Abbreviations

xv




