California Water Crisis Study Report

7/29/2019 California Water Crisis Study Report

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Global Connexus

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CALIFORNIA WATER

CRISIS STUDY

REPORT PREPPAREDFORTHER C ITYOF OULU,

F INLAND

V ICTOR V VURPILLATAND GLOBAL CONNEXUS STAFF


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CALIFORNIA WATER CRISIS

STUDYFor the Cleantech Competence Cluster of the Oulu Regional Center

of Expertise

BACKGROUND

Californias water crisis is even more troubling than critics contend.The state is in its third year of a severe drought, caused by belowaverage precipitation and significantly lower run-off into theSacramento-San Joaquin Bay Delta. As a result, one-third less water is

available to the 25 million Californians who depend on the Bay Deltafor their drinking water and for the farms in the Central Valley thatproduce half of the nations fruits and vegetables. Moreover,Californias Bay Delta is in a state of full environmental collapse andthe states waterinfrastructure, built fiftyyears ago for a populationhalf as large, cant handlethe stress of the currentcrisis.U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE

INTERIOR September 18, 2009

THE WATER

CHALLENGE: A

TRIPLE THREAT

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-THE PERFECT STORM FOR ADVANCED WATER

TECHNOLOGYIf one looks at water scarcity, infrastructure decay and climate changeoffer another kind of business opportunity--- for innovative advanced

water technologies. These companies can create significant competitivevalue, and thus should command a premium in the market--- especiallyinthe face of a supply shock like the kind cities in the southeast of the USsaw last year. Funding these companies also makes for the stuff of agreat venture capital investments. The triple threat to water supply isnot a secret, but the water industry has yet to adapt to this new reality, asa result, this is the non-consensus, accurate prediction that fuels therunaway successes of venture capital. Venture investment is one of thekeys to the potential of innovative water technology. Their investmentdollars are a key ingredient in fueling the best innovative watertechnology drives to the market.In the last year, the U.S. EPA has ordered ten California public drinkingwater systems to start monitoring for E. coli in drinking water systems orface penalties of up to $32,500 per day for each violation. The CaliforniaDepartment of Water Resources calls the drought of the past three years,the most significant water crisis in California history.

Yet, day in day out, year after year, the questions that investors ask are"who cares about water scarcity?" and "what can we really do about waterscarcity.Facts on the ground, supply shocks like those hitting the East Bay in

California or Atlanta last winter dont seem to align our actions with thewater crisis in our back yards.Water might be the utility that we take for granted the most, but it is alsothe one we will pay the most for when individuals are faced with truescarcity.

Ironically, there are also well-tested, concrete approaches to savingenormous amounts of water in our backyards, in commercial buildingsand in agriculture.

The question becomes one of public relations. What is the phrase thatcan mobilize people to action the way "the planet has a fever" did forclimate change? What is the call to action that will stick in our minds likethe song from an ad for Coke? In the meantime, investing in thetechnologies that will provide the answers to the water crisis is a textbookexample of a true investor opportunity.The few corporations who are addressing their water use today providethe best customers for young companies.

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The fundamental shift is that future plants will be from "sewagetreatment" to "urban water resource recovery" with more attention toprocesses and process control. (Source: Joe Zuback, former CTO ofSiemens)

KEY WATER PROBLEMSATA GLANCE KEYTHREATSFACINGTHEWATERRESOURCESIN CALIFORNIA

The Delta, a key natural estuary and the pathway through whichmore than 25 million Californians and 2.5 million acres of productivefarmland receive their water, is in an ecological crisis that threatenspeople as well as the environment.

Californias water supply has been drastically reduced, impactingpeople, businesses and farms in Northern, Central and SouthernCalifornia. In late August, a federal court cut water supplies from

the states two largest water delivery systems by up to one-third toprotect an endangered fish potentially the largest court-orderedwater supply reduction in California history.

Californias population is growing rapidly, but the statewide waterstorage and delivery system has not been significantly improved in30 years. By 2020 California is predicted to have a population of44.1 million. 1 This is a 1.5% annual compound growth from the36.8 million reported in 2008.

Statewide water reserves are extremely low and would not be ableto meet public demand during a major disruption to the stateswater delivery system.

Aging Delta levees are at risk of a natural disaster that could cripplewater deliveries for an extended period of time.

California is facing severe drought conditions, with 2007 ranking asa record dry-year in some regions. The Colorado River Basin, a keysource of water for Southern California, has experienced belowaverage runoff for six of the last seven years. If the current droughtcontinues, mandatory water rationing may be imposed in manyareas.

1State of California, Department of Finance,Popu la tion Projec tion s for Cali fo rn ia and It s Counti es 2000 -2050, Sacramento, California, July 2007.

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Source:DOE/NETL (M. Chan, July 2002)

Significantly reduced supplies and growing water uncertaintiesalready are causing some California farmers to fallow primeagricultural lands, hurting one of our states most importantindustries.

Climate change is reducing the mountain snow pack a criticalsource of natural water storage and may usher in longer droughts

and more severe floods. By 2020, the EPA estimates that 9% of the full life of the piping and

infrastructure will be past end of life, and 21% will be very poor.

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The key to water is absolute quality and a steady, sufficient supply.Climate change will challenge water managers to maintain theseservice expectations in dozens of ways, each affecting the other.From faster trans vaporization to rising sea levels, diminishing snowpack, new locations and patterns for river flow, droughts and floods.

In addition to Americans moving to the driest parts of the US, theyare consolidating on the coasts. Based in part on a report from theNational Oceanic Service of the National Ocean and AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA), this initial article identified the need fororganized planning in coastal areas, particularly in regard to long-term water, wastewater, and storm water management. As of 2003,153 million Americans called the coast home, 33 million more thanin 1980. Fifty-three percent of us are settled on only 17% of thenations land; of our 25 most populated counties, 23 are on acoastal range. The trend toward waterfront living is expected tocontinue with the addition of another 7 million newcomers by 2008,and 12 million more by 2015. The issue, say the NOAA researchers,

is density: too many people living in too confined a space. Newsolutions are needed to what amounts to nearly a trillion dollars incritical water and wastewater investments over the next twodecades. Not meetingthe investment needsof the next 20 yearsrisks reversing thepublic health,environmental, andeconomic gains of thelast three decades.

(Source: WaterInfrastructure Now:Clean and Safe Waterfor the 21st CenturyWater InfrastructureNetwork, January,2006, p.4-5. Availableonline at:http://www.win-

water.org/reports/winow.pdf.) Local solutions, like increased water

and wastewater rates or operating efficiencies, can address only a

portion of this problem. Financing the full $23 billion a year need

with utility rate increases would result in a doubling of rates, on

average, across the nation. If this were to happen, at least a third of

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the population of the U.S. would face economic hardship using

EPAs conventional criterion for affordability. In small, rural, low-

income, or older shrinking urban communities, economic hardships

would be significantly more acute than the average. Protecting the

nations waterways from pollution and our drinking water from

contamination will grow increasingly unaffordable if localcommunities are asked to pay the entire bill.

In some locations, much of the shortfall in infrastructure finance is

due to simple demographics. Over the next several decades, many

cities will need to replace water and wastewater facilities and pipes

that were installed in response to population growth and

demographic shifts in the late 1800s and early 1900s. The next

wave of infrastructure investment responded to post-war

demographic changes in the 1920s and 1950s. Since the economic

lives of materials shortened with each new investment cycle, manylocal utilities will face unprecedented funding hurdles as multiple

generations of infrastructure wear out, more or less at the same

time, over the next two decades.

While great strides in water conservation and efficiency programshave been made, the collective impacts of drought, climate change,increased population demands, court-ordered supply reductionsand/or potential natural disasters mean that conservation alone willnot solve this crisisit's just simply not enough.

Candidate Interviews What are the main threats facing

water resources in California?Jerry Rai, AquaPhyd (Startup entrepreneur) I believe California is

suffering from poor water delivery systems. There is very poor

infrastructure. We need more dams and canals. There should be

legislation to make mandatory use of modern water technologies. I

think a water credit system should be introduced, similar in

concept to the carbon credit system.

Carolyn Remick, Executive Director, Berkeley Water Center California

faces a looming water crisis that cannot be ignored. The state'srapidly growing population is quickly outpacing available water

supplies. With 50 million residents expected by 2030, California

must find a way to supply water to all competing interests. While

demand for water is growing, the resource is becoming scarcer.

New water quality regulations and environmental requirements

are shrinking supplies available for people and crops. In addition,

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rapidly growing neighbors, such as Arizona and Nevada, are now

calling for their rightful allocations of Colorado River water, one of

California's primary water sources. Once Southern California's

imported supplies of Colorado River water are cut back, demand

for water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta may increase

sharply.California's water problems are not easy to solve. Very few sources

of "new" water are under active development, and the historical

approach of increasing water storage by building new dams and

reservoirs is now viewed by many as too expensive and

environmentally disruptive. Innovative approaches that consider

all available options are required: groundwater banking, public-

private partnerships, recycling, reclamation, water transfers, and

aggressive conservation. The imbalance between water supply

and demand is reaching the breaking point. A way must be found

to manage water wisely and share it equitably between urban and

agricultural areas and recently increasing environmental needs.

Time is of the essence. California must make investments now to

prepare effectively for future droughts and population growth. In

the San Francisco Bay Area, most of Californias water moves

through the Bay Delta. A big threat exists with the levies holding

the water back. There is a risk of them breaking because theyre

aging. Were very much dependent on an aging infrastructure.

Sandy Walker, SolarBee (Startup entrepreneur)Context: The water

industry has traditionally relied heavily on the energy and

chemical industries. An estimated 7% of world energy

consumption and 3% of U.S. energy consumption is used to clean

up and process wastewater, drinking water, and lake water. And

large volumes of chemicals, many with potentially-serious long-

term toxicity problems, are put into lakes and other reservoirs

regularly in attempts to improve water quality.

Generally, there is continued pressure on our states water

infrastructure, there are limited resources for addressing the

challenges, and theres increased demand from industry and

consumers. But I believe the challenges lie in three areas: a) In

terms of dealing with waste water, this is an unfunded mandate.

Thus, this creates tremendous gaps in achieving compliance.

Unfortunately, only 5% of the public agencies are being proactive.

The San Francisco Utilities Commission, however, is at the top of

the list in trying to address this problem. b) Regarding our water

storage reservoirs, challenges exist in terms of the quality of these

reservoirs. An increase in nutrient loading exists, which is caused

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by population growth and urban development. c) Distribution of

water is the third main challenge. There are limited resources

available to measure water quality at the 400,000 water storage

tanks across the United States. In California there is increasing

pressure being applied among California Public Health agencies.

There are also very limited resources to take action if qualityissues occur. More technology innovation is needed in this area

what currently exists is not reliable.

Peter Williams, Chief Technology Officer, Big Green Innovations

Group, IBMThe main threat facing water resources in California is

overuse of water resources. In addition, there lacks adequate

infrastructure to collect precipitation - especially given recent

climate change and rain fall precipitation patterns. In particular

there is conflicting uses in the Sacramento Delta area in regards to

water collection. In terms of different industries, use and

management of water is fairly inadequate in Agriculturethroughout the State. The pricing of water is also much too cheap.

John Colombo, Porifera, Inc. (Startup entrepreneur) I believe the main

threats are political water is a strange commodity. There are

legacy issues in terms of water rights and agricultural land rights

that need to change. Also, because water is so cheap, our

perception of waters value is unbalanced. Thus, water has not

become a crisis yet.

Dr. Bradley Stone, Chair, Chemistry Department, San Jose State

University Very simply, our growing population is dwindling our

fresh water resources. 17 reservoirs wont be enough to serve the

needs of the growing San Jose area. Another potential threat is the

structure of our levies, which can be destroyed in the event of an

earthquake.

Michael Adackapara, Supervisor, Santa Ana Regional Water Quality

Control Board I believe that storm water runoff from agriculture

poses a threat. Excessive amounts of perchlorates are being

detected in our ground water.

Chris Kennedy, President, NanOasis Inc. (Startup entrepreneur)

There are so many threats population growth, greater levels of

industrialization, increased standards of living (more waste is

being generated) and there a continued tendency for people to

reside in areas where water is scarce, such as California. There is

also increased regulation/legislation to direct less water from the

Sacramento River. In addition, aquifers are finite and in decline,

thus more saline is accumulating. And of course, long term global

warming is a concern less snow = less water.

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EXISTINGWATERTECHNOLOGIESAVAILABLEANDCURRENT R&D

EFFORTSBEINGCONDUCTED

The water market landscapeThe water market landscape is highly fragmented: 750 Unique products and services,

375 types of users, and each sub-market has its own technology & competitivedynamics.

Early Mover MarketsAccording to Laura Shenkar, Principal, The Artemis Project, the following

early-mover markets in water technology include:

Sensors Monitor and Fix Delivery Infrastructure

Supply Ground Water Management, Storm water,

Beneficial use of Waste Water

Metering/Green Gridwater control inside, outdoors, infrastructuredashboard

Produced Water

Cooling

Waste reduction, Waste Mining

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Candidate Interviews What areas of water technology is

California currently focused on? Where is R&D currently

taking place?Jerry Rai, AquaPhyd (Startup entrepreneur) Unfortunately, there is too

much attention placed on things like low flush and also reduceduse of water on golf courses and parks. toilets. This isnt where we

should be focusing right now. Sadly, the State is bankrupt, so

theres no funding available to support water technology R&D.

There just isnt enough R&D taking place. We need more funding

available to test and prove new water technology, and incentives

should be developed for consumers to use these new

technologies. Many of the current water technologies are moving

at a snails pace.

Carolyn Remick, Executive Director, Berkeley Water Center It would

be nice to see sensors placed on these levies that run along theBay Delta and along the I-80 corridor. This is being studied now.

Technologies that are focused on water quality are important but

theyre not as marketable right now. California is so used to

affordable (actually, cheap) water that there is no incentive for

innovation in technology. There arent any real drivers for

innovation Yet! I think we should focus on the relationship

between water and energy. 20% of the states energy is spent on

moving water. Some Southern California agencies are looking at

ways to better recycle water. In Orange County, for instance,

theyre working on a toilet to tap program, where water ispumped back to the sewage treatment plant and then returned to

homes for re-use.

Another area being looked at is re-pumping used water back into

the ground, stored over winter months and then pumped out in

summer, when its needed.

From the technology aspect, we need to determine the low-tech

methods of water monitoring.

Sandy Walker, SolarBee (Startup entrepreneur) A lot of focus is being

placed on expensive and energy-intensive technologies. Our

SolarBee technology, on the other hand, is a low impact, lowresource and low effort solution. Our solution is but one tool in the

tool box to address the water treatment challenge. The typical way

to address this problem is to throw more chemicals into the water.

SolarBee takes a different approach, which allows an 80%

reduction in chlorine use, by solving the mixing problem first. Our

company is on an uphill battle however, to get more units in

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deployment. There are only 500 in deployment right now, but

there should be over 6,000 deployed. Were looking for the

tipping point.


Group, IBMThe State of California is clearly still fixated with big

concrete dams, canals and more traditional water collection anddistribution technology. Mainly, things related to physical

infrastructure and building projects are being focused on.

The industry of California and the venture sector on the other hand

is looking at a variety of things around water remediation,

desalination, various forms of water treatment and energy

harvesting.

R&D is taking place at several clusters of water companies in the

Bay Area. Universities are also heading a lot of R&D initiatives

although he does not know that exact reason why. These

universities include: UC Davis, UC San Diego, UC Berkeley,Stanford University and Fresno State. They are focusing on many

different aspects although he has seen there is a lot of R&D

surrounding sensor networking.

John Colombo, Porifera, Inc. (Startup entrepreneur) R&D is happening

in desalinization. Venture capitalists are looking ahead at new

technologies in water filtration. However, our water infrastructure

is not being focused on enough. Bio/pharma pollution is becoming

a big concern, however. A lot of attention is being spent on the

purification of the waste stream. Experimentation is happening

with nano-filtration, which is what were doing at Porifera.

Michael Adackapara, Supervisor, Santa Ana Regional Water Quality

Control Board Research is taking place to deal with storm water

runoff, however, these have been mainly patch work technology

approaches there is not yet a universal solution.

Chris Kennedy, President, NanOasis Inc. (Startup entrepreneur) R&D

is currently taking place in the treatment of municipal waste.

There is a great deal of interest in where the next gallon of water

is coming from. Also desalinization is an important focus. Another

important area is water re-use, such as toilet-to-tap. There is

direct re-use, which is the adaptation of waste treatment plants

to create non-potable water that can be used for watering golf

courses or replenishing the aquifers, for example. Then, theres

the treatment of municipal water to create potable water.

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CALIFORNIA'SCURRENTWATERREQUIREMENTS, FUTURENEEDS

OFWATERMONITORING, CONTROLANDAUTOMATION

SOLUTIONS

Candidate Interviews What do you believe are Californiasrequirements and future needs in these areas, in industry,

municipalities and rural areas?

Water monitoring, control and automation solutions

Water purification materials

Water and sludge treatment technologies.

Jerry Rai, AquaPhyd (Startup entrepreneur)Human thinking should be removed from making water-use

decisions, such as how often we should be watering our lawns.

Water use in irrigations systems should be monitored and

automated.

Need to address how to more effectively measure salt levels in

soil. Water in agriculture should not be saved. More focus needs to

be spent on irrigation efficiency. For instance, we should be

figuring out how to water twice as many crops with available water

by re-using drainage water. Legislation in this area needs to

change and technology grants need to be introduced.Carolyn Remick, Executive Director, Berkeley Water CenterThe

introduction of water re-use practices will require new monitoring,

control and automation solutions. Will this influence behavior

change? Possibly in industry as long as water remains cheap.

Berkeley researchers are looking precision control monitoring in

desalinization. In addition, new approaches to brine/salt

treatments are interesting. Berkeley would like to know what

Finnish companies are doing in these areas and explore potential

collaboration opportunities.

Lots of R&D is taking place in the use of bio reactors, in terms ofwater purification. California has very high standards for its

drinking water.

In the areas of water and sludge treatment technologies, there is a

lot of R&D going on at Berkeley. We are very advanced in our

research we believe 25 to 30 years ahead of the market.

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Sandy Walker, SolarBee (Startup entrepreneur) In terms of water

purification and water treatment, keeping water clean is an

important focus. There are many solutions out there. SolarBee

focuses on cleaning up the water reservoirs, as opposed to using

chemicals. By starting the cleaning process at the source reservoir

level we see a significant reduction in the amount of treatmentrequired downstream. How do we make water cleaner in the delta?

Start at the beginning. My biggest challenge is there is no funding

to support an innovation such as SolarBee.


Group, IBM

Re: Water monitoring, control and automation solutions :

Through all three areas, the state does not do anywhere near a

good enough job pulling together the data that it currently has and

disseminating that information. All of the data that they have is

fragmented between multiple systems. It does not have enoughsensors to detect certain key aspects of water flow and water

quality.

Re: Water purification materials :

Through all three areas, there is a need for water purification

because they have a lot of ground water with arsenic or saline

poisoning. You can remove that from the water but the problem is

what do with brim that is left? It is extraordinarily toxic. There is a

significant need at this point to solve that problem.

Re: Water and sludge treatment technologies:

This is nothing specific to California, it is the same generation

issues: how to use less energy, figuring out how to recycle water

and how to recover energy from sludge. Of those recycling of

water is the most important.

John Colombo, Porifera, Inc. (Startup entrepreneur)

Re: water monitoring, control and automation solutions:

Water is a fixed commodity. Poor monitoring technology is in place right

now. Water is so cheap, so people generally dont care. There is also a

lack of data available on water usage. Behaviors have to change. For

instance we should be evaluating further the use of non-potable and

potable water. Why are we using potable water in our toilets? Water

monitoring just doesnt seem to be a priority item.

Re: Purification technologies and water and sludge treatment

technologies:

Membrane filtration technology is mature and developed. Were going to

start seeing more filtration happening on the municipal side of things. Im

seeing a lot more attention being placed on membrane filtration

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technology. We definitely have a strong need for better filtration

technology.

Dr. Bradley Stone, Chair, Chemistry Department, San Jose State University I

believe California has a huge need for better water monitoring and

purification technologies. For example, I found perchlorates in the drinking

water in Gilroy and Morgan Hill, California. Chemicals from a rocket fuelspill several years ago have contaminated the water in these areas, but

the municipalities were not able to detect this contaminant.Michael Adackapara, Supervisor, Santa Ana Regional Water Quality Control

Board Re: Water monitoring, control and automation solutions: I believe

that industrial waste and sewer runoff are well controlled. However, storm

water runoff is not well monitored or controlled.

Re: Water purification materials:

I believe that tap water is well purified. However, sanitary sewers are

getting old and leaking. I also think that waste water collection systems

are in dire need of improvement.Re: Water and sludge treatment technologies:

In industry and municipal, I dont think that good disposal methods exist

for sludge. Rural might be the exception agriculture tends to make good

use of the sludge.


Water plants are capital intensive. Technology that can produce

more water in less space, less energy, and are more efficient are

interesting areas of R&D now. For instance, membrane technology

is much more energy efficient. It can produce much more waterwith the same footprint. Our company, NanOasis, develops a

better reverse osmosis technology that produces more water, with

much less energy and in a more efficient manner.

CALIFORNIA'SWATERPURIFICATIONMATERIALSANDSLUDGE

TREATMENTTECHNOLOGIESBEINGUSEDININDUSTRY,

MUNICIPALITIESANDRURALAREAS

SludgeSludge is produced from the treatment of wastewater in on-site (e.g.

septic tank) and off-site (e.g. activated sludge) systems. This is inherently

so because a primary aim of wastewater treatment is removing solids

from the wastewater. In addition, soluble organic substances are

converted to bacterial cells, and the latter is removed from the

wastewater. Sludge is also produced from the treatment of storm water

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(Section 4.3), although it is likely to be less organic in nature compared to

wastewater sludge.

Bucket latrine and vault latrines store fecal sludge, which needs to be

collected and treated. These two types of latrine are not discussed in

Section 4, because no treatment is involved at the latrines. In the formercase human excreta is deposited in a bucket and the content of the

bucket is emptied daily, usually at night giving the term night soil to the

fecal sludge. In the latter the excreta is stored in a vault for a longer

period of up to two weeks before removal. The content of the vault should

preferably be removed mechanically.

The characteristics of sludge vary widely from relatively fresh fecal

materials generated in bucket latrines to sludge which has undergone

bacterial decomposition for over a year in a double pit latrine. The

treatment required is therefore dependent on the characteristics of the

sludge. The former may contain large numbers of pathogens, whereas the

latter will contain much less due to pathogen die-off. Sludge should,

however, always be handled with care to avoid contact with pathogens.

Sludge may be contaminated with heavy metals and other pollutants,

especially when industrial wastes are disposed into the sewer. Pre-

treatment of industrial wastes is therefore essential before discharge to

the sewer. Treatment of sludge contaminated with high concentrations of

heavy metals or toxic chemicals will be more difficult and the potential for

re-use of the sludge will be limited.

Fecal sludge contains essential nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and is

potentially beneficial as fertilizers for plants. The organic carbon in the

sludge, once stabilized, is also desirable as a soil conditioner, because it

provides improved soil structure for plant roots.

Options for sludge treatment include stabilization, thickening, dewatering,

drying and incineration. The latter is most costly, because fuel is needed

and air pollution control requires extensive treatment of the combustion

gases. It can be used when the sludge is heavily contaminated with heavy

metals or other undesirable pollutants. Prevention of contamination of the

sludge by industrial wastes is preferable to incineration. A conversionprocess to produce oil from sludge has been developed, which can be

suitable for heavily contaminated sludge (Skrypsi-Mantele, et al 2000).

The costs of treatment of sludge are generally of the same order as the

costs of removing the sludge from the wastewater.

Stabilization

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Fecal sludge collected from bucket or vault latrines has a very high

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and is generally putrid and odorous.

Primary and secondary sludges from an activated sludge treatment plant

also have a high BOD and may be difficult to dewater. Even sludge from a

septic tank, which has undergone bacterial decomposition over at least a

year, still has a high BOD. Stabilization is the term used to denote theprocess of BOD reduction. The stabilization process can be carried out

under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.

Aerobic stabilization of primary and secondary sludges can be carried out

in an aeration tank in the same manner as in an activated sludge process.

Because of the high oxygen requirement, this process is energy intensive

and costs are high. Aerobic stabilization requires less energy when carried

out as part of a composting process. For composting of sludge, its solids

content should be increased to at least 15 % so that it can be handled as

a solid. Thickening and dewatering (see below) of primary and secondarysludges are required to achieve the required solids content. Fecal sludge

may contain high enough solids. Mixing with dry materials such as dry

sawdust may assist with achieving the required solids content as well

attaining the required carbon to nitrogen ratio for composting.

CompostingComposting is an aerobic bacterial decomposition process to stabilize

organic wastes and produce humus (compost). Compost contains

nutrients and organic carbon which are excellent soil conditioners.

Composting takes place naturally on a forest floor where organicmaterials (leaf litter, animal wastes) are converted to more stable organic

materials (humus) and the nutrients are released and made available for

plant uptake. The process is slow on a forest floor, but can be accelerated

under optimum conditions.

The optimum conditions for composting are: a moisture content of about

50 %, a carbon to nitrogen ratio of about 25 to 30, and temperature of 55

oC. Because wastewater sludge is rich in nutrients, its carbon to nitrogen

ratio is low (5 to 10). It is also high in moisture. Addition of dry sawdust,

which is very high in carbon to nitrogen ratio (500) can adjust both themoisture and carbon to nitrogen ratio. Other waste materials that can be

used for this purpose are mulched garden wastes, forest wastes and

shredded newspaper.

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Composting can be carried

out in a specially built

composter, such as an

inclined rotating cylinder, fed

on one end with the raw

materials, and the aeratedproduct collected at the other

end. As the materials are

slowly tumbled over a period

of about one week, they are

mixed and aerated. Because

bacterial decomposition

produces heat, temperatures

in the insulated composter can easily reach 55oC. The immature compost

is then windrowed for at least 12 weeks to allow the composting process

to complete, with occasional turning of the windrow.

Composting can be more simply carried out in windrows (Figure 32).

Regular turning of the windrows assists with mixing of the materials and

more importantly supply the oxygen to the bacteria. Temperatures can

reach 55 oC, because compost has a good heat insulating property.

Turning of the compost also ensures that all parts of the windrow reach

the required 55oC essential for pathogen destruction. Turning is required

every two to three days in the first two weeks when temperature is 55oC

or above. After this period frequent turning of the compost windrow is not

required as less heat is generated and less oxygen is required while thecompost undergoes maturation.

Anaerobic digestion

Anaerobic digestion is a

bacterial decomposition

process that stabilizes

organic wastes and

produces a mixture of

methane and carbon

dioxide gas (biogas).

The heat value of

methane is the same as

natural petroleum gas,

and biogas is valuable as an energy source. Anaerobic digestion is usually

carried out in a specially built digester, where the content is mixed and

the digester maintained at 35 oC by combusting the biogas produced.

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After digestion the sludge is passed to a sedimentation tank where the

sludge is thickened. Biogas is collected from the digester (Figure 33). The

thickened sludge requires further treatment prior to reuse or disposal.

Anaerobic digestion can also be carried out at a slower rate in an unmixed

tank or pond. Covering is usually by a UV resistant plastic sheet, becauseof the large area needed to be covered, and biogas is collected from the

top of the sheet. Storage of biogas can be in a cylindrical tank with a

floating roof. The cylindrical roof floats on water and its position is

determined by the volume of the gas stored under the pressure of the

roof. Biogas can also be stored in a balloon, but only under low pressure.

Treatment Profiles

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Stabilization of Drying Beds

Removal of sludge at wastewater

treatment facilities has traditionally

been a major operational concern.

Most large sludge basins require

removal of processed sludge by

large heavy equipment, causing the

basin subgrade elevation to become

unstable under equipment loads.

A proven method to reduce the amount of maintenance

required is to modify the existing sub grade soil. This method

of soil improvement consists of treating the native soils with

additives such as quicklime or cement.

Soil treatment increases the strength and reduces the

compressibility of the existing subsurface strata to maintain

ground stability and to control ground movement under loads

induced by heavy construction equipment. An added benefit to

treating with these reagents is the reduction of the soil

permeability.

Additives such as quicklime or cements are mixed into the

native soil with water. This method of stabilization is

conducted under a control environment to provide a

consistent and uniform mat structure. This stabilized mat

creates a harden surface that allows

for many years of maintenance

access for sludge removal.

Design Consideration and

Quality Control

In order to structurally evaluate the

stabilized soil, laboratory tests canestablish such properties as: 1) unconfined compressive

strength, 2) flexural and tensile strength, 3) R-value 4) fatigue

behavior, etc. Probably the single most important strength

parameter is the unconfined compressive strength as other

strength parameters can often be estimated from unconfined

compressive strength as a result of regression analysis.

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The test samples can include laboratory samples, field wet

samples, and core samples prepared before, during, and after

construction, respectively. The results can be used for design,

construction quality control and quality assurance.

Soil type is the most dominant factor that influences the

strength of treated soils. The same treatment used in different

soils produces results with a wide variation. The effect is

attributed to the adsorption and pozzolanic reaction in the

various soils as well as the reaction of the hardening reagent

itself.

Features/Benefits of Soil Stabilization Drying Beds

- Directly supports end loaders allowing them to drive directly

on the sludge drying bed without destroying the sub grade.

- Loading, cleaning, and grading time is significantly reduced.

- Reduces the permeability of the native subgrade soils.

- Establishes a clear distinction between the sludge removal

and subgrade.

- Reduction in the amount of grading required at the site, due

to enhancement of the strength of the existing soil.

Contacts in California

Griffin Soil http://www.griffinsoil.com/home

Politics in Sludge disposalArea leaders are watching closely as Kern County voters prepare to consider a

measure that would stop Los Angeles from dumping sewage sludge on farms in the

Central Valley county.

There is cause for concern, but not necessarily alarm, Riverside County Supervisor

Bob Buster said, because in late 2004, the county passed an ordinance regulating

how and where sludge may be used as fertilizer. Sludge generators must jump

through hoops to get permission to bring human waste to the county, he said. And

they may only ship waste that has undergone vigorous treatment.

Diane Gilbert, a spokeswoman for Los Angeles' Bureau of Sanitation, said the nation's

second largest city generates 238,000 tons of sludge annually, more than 99 percent

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of which is trucked to a 4,688-acre farm the city grows alfalfa, wheat and corn on in

Kern County.

The harvested crops are used to feed dairy cows, not people, she said.

Gilbert said there are few options within Los Angeles County because, since 1987,

ocean disposal has been banned and landfill space is limited. Incineration is not anoption, either, because that would aggravate the city's notorious smog.

In recent years, Kern fields have been absorbing one-third of California's sludge, most

of it from Los Angeles, Orange and Ventura counties, according to Sen. Dean Florez,

D-Shafter.

"I can understand Kern County's sensitivity," Buster said. "They have been getting

(sludge) from every direction -- huge amounts of it."

But Buster said a ban might not survive a court challenge. He said it is the opinion of

Riverside County lawyers that such a measure would be declared unconstitutional

because "you can't chop things off at the county line when you're dealing withbusiness."

Contact InformationFrom Diane Gilbert,Diane Gilbert,[email protected]. City of Los Angeles Biosolids EMSCity of Los Angeles Biosolids EMS

Program Objectives for 2006-2007.Program Objectives for 2006-2007. The City of Los Angeles, CA has established new

biosolids program objectives for 2006-2007. The objectives were developed to meet

the program policy, long-term goals, and provide continual improvements. We invite

you to view the objectives and provide feedback. We value your comments and your

interest in our program is greatly appreciated. To view the program policy, goals,

new objectives for 2006-2007, and objectives accomplished in 2005-2006, visit:

http://www.lacity.org/san/biosolidsems/program.htm.

CONVERGENCESFROMOTHERTECHNOLOGYSECTORSTAKING

PLACEINWATERTECHNOLOGYAREAS

Candidate Interviews Could you identify areas of convergence

from other branches of high technology that may have

products/services that can be utilized in the water technologyarea?

Jerry Rai, AquaPhyd (Startup entrepreneur) Silicon Valley software

companies need to get more involved. For example, we need to

see innovations such as soil moisture monitoring systems being

developed. We also need to improve methods of assessing ROI on

new technologies.

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Carolyn Remick, Executive Director, Berkeley Water CenterThe

water/energy nexus could actually create the crisis in water, and

force people to pay attention given that such a significant

amount of energy is used to move water.

Alex Bayen, Assistant Professor, Systems Engineering, Department

of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UC Berkeley, is exploringlinks with mobile phones. Visit this web page for more information:

(http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~bayen/research_Bayen.html#Lagran

gianSensors)

Sandy Walker, SolarBee (Startup entrepreneur) I believe the

water/energy nexus is an important area of convergence. Is there

sufficient energy to treat and move water, and meet the demands

on our infrastructure for water? Example - desalinization is very

expensive and consumes a great deal of energy.


Group, IBM In my view, they include: computer networking,computer analytics, visualization, and the semiconductor/nano

science side, and desalination membranes. Managing large

networks of water pipes is not dissimilar from managing smart

grids. And the convergence of the smart grid area to water use

and technology is another example.

John Colombo, Porifera, Inc. (Startup entrepreneur) In general, the

smart monitoring, as in smart grid, infrastructure is in place it

can be easily transferred to water. At a micro level, technology is

converging from the semiconductor industry, creating filters that

are 400 sq. ft. in area. Current technology is piggy-backing on

some of this existing technology.


Again, our company, NanOasis, is using nanotechnology to

address the cost of dealing with water treatment issues.

A. R&D ORGANIZATIONS, EXISTINGCLUSTERSANDPOTENTIALCO-OPERATIONCOMPANIESWORKINGINTHEWATERSECTORIN

CALIFORNIA

Next tactical steps for relevant Finnish companies involve buildingrelationships with one or more of the following organizations:

The Emerging Technology Group at PG&E

Water technology 'gurus' from the water utilities, which will addressapproximately 40% of California's water challenges

Water technology labs at Stanford and US Berkeley

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Two corporations such as SAP and IBM

Initial Suggestions University of California

o Berkeley Water Center, Carolyn Remick,

o UCLA Water Center, Yoram Rubin, Eric Hoek

o UC Davis

o Western Energy Efficiency Council

Corporations Intel, IBM, Lockheed

National Labs

o US Navy

o Lawrence Berkeley National Labs

o Tony Bernhardt, Physicist; Angel investor, LawrenceLivermore National Laboratory

Recently funded startups

Sixteen of the worlds top 50 water technology companies, based on The

Artemis Project competition are based in California. The Artemis Project

sponsored the first Top 50 Water Companies Competition to identify the

leading game-changing technologies that provide venture grade

investment opportunities in the water sector. The competition goes

beyond identifying visionary or exciting technology to assess a company's

ability to become an industry leader through market opportunity coupledby a depth of intellectual property and know-how. The Artemis Project

Company Rating Matrix combines these measures with an evaluation of

the company management team and its investors. The judging criteria

included ipCapital Group's proprietary patent scoring algorithm,

ipDimensional Scoring, which objectively ranks companies within a

particular sector based on the relative value of its patents please visit:

http://www.theartemisproject.com/competitionpage.html for the full list of

companies.

The companies are listed below with links to their websites.

NanoH2O Membrane-based Water purification/Nanotech

HydroPoint Automated irrigation/ Evapotranspiration

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Globe Protect, Inc.Physical water purification/Acoustic water

purification

Aqua- PhyD , Inc. Physical water purification

Calera Corporation Beneficial use of waste

PAX Water Disinfection/Water quality

Derceto , Inc. Water treatment plant management software

Green Wireless Systems, Inc. Moisture sensor/Automated irrigation

Clean Water Technology, Inc.Onsite waste water treatment/Beneficial waste

harvesting

Crystal Clear Technologies, Inc. Water purification/Nanotech

Cyber-Rain, Inc. Moisture sensor/Automated irrigation

American Micro Detection

Systems, Inc.Water monitoring

Green World Solutions GIS-based water distribution software/Automatedirrigation

Ocean Pacific Technologies Pump optimization/Energy recovery

GO2 Water Wastewater solutions

Falcon Waterfree Technologies,

LLCWaterless urinal

CALIFORNIA WATER INDUSTRYS ECOSYSTEMThe California Water Industry

There are four aspects of the water issues in California:

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http://www.globeprotect.net/Sludge.htmlhttp://www.globeprotect.net/Sludge.htmlhttp://www.aqua-phyd.com/http://www.calera.biz/http://www.paxwater.com/http://www.derceto.com/http://www.derceto.com/http://www.wire-escape.com/http://www.cleanwatertech.com/http://www.simplyclearwater.com/http://www.cyber-rain.com/http://www.kmdsci.com/http://www.kmdsci.com/http://www.greenws.net/http://www.ocean-pacific-tec.com/http://www.go2water.net/http://www.falconwaterfree.com/flash.htmhttp://www.falconwaterfree.com/flash.htmhttp://www.falconwaterfree.com/flash.htmhttp://www.globeprotect.net/Sludge.htmlhttp://www.aqua-phyd.com/http://www.aqua-phyd.com/http://www.aqua-phyd.com/http://www.calera.biz/http://www.paxwater.com/http://www.derceto.com/http://www.derceto.com/http://www.wire-escape.com/http://www.cleanwatertech.com/http://www.simplyclearwater.com/http://www.cyber-rain.com/http://www.kmdsci.com/http://www.kmdsci.com/http://www.greenws.net/http://www.ocean-pacific-tec.com/http://www.go2water.net/http://www.falconwaterfree.com/flash.htmhttp://www.falconwaterfree.com/flash.htmhttp://www.falconwaterfree.com/flash.htmhttp://www.falconwaterfree.com/flash.htm


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1. Water Production and storage:

a. Dam and Reservoir Management

California has a long history of political battles over water rights and

rates. Some of these battles have even threatened to split the State in

halfinto Northern California (who has water) and Southern California

(who consumes more and doesnt want to pay for it.). Many in the

Northern half of the state resent state wide taxes that subsidize the Los

Angeles thirst. For more than a century, federal, state and local

governments dammed, dredged, diked and diverted California's

waterways to promote growth and prosperity in the arid West. Today

there are more than 1,400 dams in California and the state is one of the

largest economies with one of the densest population areas in the world.

It is also one of the most important agricultural centers of the United

states: 20 percent of this developed water is used by cities and industry

with the other 80 percent used for agriculture

b. Desalination

Increased Ocean Desalination projects are one response to critical water

shortages. The Southern California population areas, San Diego, Greater

Los Angeles and Santa Barbara are all ocean front communities. In

California, a $250 million desalination plant is proposed for

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California State Water Resources Control Board

USFed /California State Environmental Protection Agency

Lakes /Rivers Aquafirs Ocean

Residential Industrial Agricultural

Water Plant

Waste Treatment

80 %20 %

60%+38%+


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more fruits, vegetables, and nuts. More than 7 million acres are currently

under irrigation. During 1985, crop irrigation accounted for 96 percent of

the surface water and 89 percent of the ground water withdrawn in the

Central Valley.

d. Water quality and control- Safety Water is a regulated utilityresource that is heavily regulated. Unfortunately, this is often without a

lot of centralized coordination. There are over 300 water districts (see

appendix) throughout the state and an elaborate matrix of State agencies

that interface, regulate and provide staff support for each of them. For

practical purposes, they are the economic buyer for any and all water

projects within the State. Some are duplicated at the state level. The

State Environmental Protection Agency in its various bureaucratic

manifestations oversees and approves each of these projects.

Recently, environmental issues have also had a profound influence on

water politics. Pollution, endangered species and the environmental

impact of dams or other modifications to the natural environment have

mired many projects into a bureaucratic black hole.

2. Water delivery and Processing

a. Aqueduct and pipeline management

Residents of California rely on three types of sources for their drinking

water: surface water (rivers and lakes39%), desalinated water from the

ocean1%, and groundwater (underground aquifers60%). Somecommunities are fortunate enough to be near both a surface water source

and a groundwater aquifer. Groundwater provides 60 percent of all water

supplied to Californians and is usually pumped from aquifers underlying

local communities. In places where there is not enough local surface or

groundwater to meet customer needs, water suppliers purchase water

from other areas and transport it through many miles of pipelines and

aqueducts. This imported water is delivered through facilities developed

by state, federal or local governments. The Central Valley Project (CVP),

the State Water Project (SWP), the Colorado River Aqueduct, and many

local and regional projects supply water when and where it is needed.

b. Water Processing and Delivery

The California Water industry is a complex mixture of public organizations

and private companies. They are part of a $400 billion a year global water

management industry. At the top of the stack are the government

agencies that regulate and control all utility companies in the State.

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Some of these organizations have state-wide jurisdiction. Some have local

jurisdiction. Others have jurisdiction over specific projects such as various

watersheds or dams. These groups approve all water projects in the

state: thus they are the penultimate economic buyers. The State Water

Resources Control Boardpart of the California Environmental Protection

Agency, oversees and coordinates all of these groups.http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/.

c. Water Company oversight (rates, contracts) The State board is

divided into nine regions. There are 540 departments of water organized

around 340+ water districts. These oversee 145 private water companies

and 70 municipality owned water plants along with another 70 water

treatment and waste management plants.

The 200+ water companies also report to the State Public Utilities

Commission which oversees consumer issues such as rates. Some of

these are public utilities and others are private, under contract to provide

water or management to various localities. Both groups are heavily

regulated. The water companies are also economic buyers for various

projects though they require approvals from the relevant Water District

Boards or agencies relevant to the project. There is a parallel matrix of

Irrigation Districts that oversee agricultural areas throughout the State.

Separate organizations monitor Industrial water usage.

d. Consumer services and education (conservation)

Los Angeles is a coastal desert able to support at most 1 million people onits own water; the Los Angeles basin now is the core of a megacity that

spans 220 miles (350 km) from Santa Barbara to the Mexican border. The

regions population is expected to reach 41 million by 2020, up from 28

million in 2009

Water conservation is the predominant response to drought conditions.

While conservation in general can be encouraged, the swimming pool and

green lawn mentality of Californians is short fused and this is not a viable

solution to accommodate long term water needs.

e. Planning

California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger on November 9 signed a $11.14

billion water bond bill, which is part of Californias historic multi-bill

package designed to overhaul the states stressed water system. The bill

is designed to give Californians more reliable water sources and restore

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the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, which supplies water to two-thirds of

the states 36.7 million residents.

The Safe, Clean, and Reliable Drinking Water Supply Act of 2010

provides $455 million for drought relief; $1.4 billion for regional water

supply projects; $2.25 billion for Delta restoration and sustainability; $3

billion for water storage projects; $1.79 billion for watershed conservation;

$1 billion for groundwater cleanup and protection projects; and $1.25

billion for water recycling and conservation projects.

3. Water Reclamation and control

a. Waste and Sewage Management

The challenge is that a considerable portion of the California infrastructure

is aging and built in an era before such concerns were figural. Now, the

potential expense is overwhelming citizens. The Los Angeles Times ran an

article on Oct 12, this year decrying a potential cost of over $1,000 per

MONTH per household to update the Malibu sewage system. Because of

pollution to the water table, they MUST replace a system of septic tanks

with a centralized wastewater treatment system.

b. Pollution

The United States has made tremendous advances in the past 25 years to

clean up the aquatic environment by controlling pollution from industriesand sewage treatment plants. Unfortunately, we did not do enough to

control pollution from diffuse, or nonpoint, sources. Today, nonpoint

source (NPS) pollution remains the Nation's largest source of water quality

problems. It's the main reason that approximately 40 percent of our

surveyed rivers, lakes, and estuaries are not clean enough to meet basic

uses such as fishing or swimming.

NPS pollution occurs when rainfall, snowmelt, or irrigation runs over land

or through the ground, picks up pollutants, and deposits them into rivers,

lakes, and coastal waters or introduces them into ground water. Imaginethe path taken by a drop of rain from the time it hits the ground to when it

reaches a river, ground water, or the ocean. Any pollutant it picks up on

its journey can become part of the NPS problem. NPS pollution also

includes adverse changes to the vegetation, shape, and flow of streams

and other aquatic systems.

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NPS pollution is widespread because it can occur any time activities

disturb the land or water. Agriculture, forestry, grazing, septic systems,

recreational boating, urban runoff, construction, physical changes to

stream channels, and habitat degradation are potential sources of NPS

pollution. Careless or uninformed household management also contributes

to NPS pollution problems.

The latest National Water Quality Inventory indicates that agriculture is

the leading contributor to water quality impairments, degrading 60

percent of the impaired river miles and half of the impaired lake acreage

surveyed by states, territories, and tribes. Runoff from urban areas is the

largest source of water quality impairments to surveyed estuaries (areas

near the coast where seawater mixes with freshwater).

The most common NPS pollutants are sediment and nutrients. These washinto water bodies from agricultural land, small and medium-sized animal

feeding operations, construction sites, and other areas of disturbance.

Other common NPS pollutants include pesticides, pathogens (bacteria and

viruses), salts, oil, grease, toxic chemicals, and heavy metals.

4. Environmental Protection and impact analysis

California Environmental Protection Agency, oversees and coordinates all

of these groups. http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/.

The State board is divided into nine regions. There are 540 departmentsof water organized around 340+ water districts. These oversee 145

private water companies and 70 municipality owned water plants along

with another 70 water treatment and waste management plants.

Recently, environmental issues have also had a profound influence on

water politics. Pollution, endangered species and the environmental

impact of dams or other modifications to the natural environment have

mired many projects into a bureaucratic black hole.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSLaura Shenkar, Founder and Principal of The Artemis Project, is one of

the foremost global experts on corporate water strategy and the

application of advanced water technologies in commercial and industrial

markets.

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Ms. Shenkar works with leading global corporations - including Wal-Mart,

IBM and Novozymes - on the development and execution of their water

management strategies. She also assists advanced water technology

companies in bringing new innovations to market, such as smart

irrigation, advanced cooling towers, high-efficiency filtration, on-site

recycling and water capture systems.www.theartemisproject.com/about_managementbio.html

Alfredo Coppola has over 20 years of business development andmanagement consulting experience in the information technology sector working with early-stage companies and with global companies such asCorel, Adobe, Microsoft, Nortel Networks, Paramount Pictures, Deloitteand PricewaterhouseCoopers.Since 2004, Alfredo has worked as an international managementconsultant with the US Market Access Center (USMAC) in Silicon Valley,where he helps international high-tech companies with US market

expansion strategies.Prior to US MAC, he held executive positions at a global marketingagency, e-Storm International, with headquarters in San Francisco andoffices in Paris and Singapore. Before e-Storm Alfredo was president andco-founder of two Canadian digital media companies, where heestablished offices in Ottawa, Toronto and San Francisco, California.http://www.usmarketaccess.com/operations-team/alfredo-coppola-director-business-development.html

Ken Jacobsen served as a principal consultant in the Pocket Intelligence

Program at SRI International in Menlo Park, California. The Pocket

Intelligence Program was a cross matrix multi-client research,development and consulting group focused on emerging technologies for

mobile computing and communications. He was also on the Technical

Advisory Board for Samsung for seven years.

Curtis Wright2002-present: Councilmember (and former Mayor) of the City of MonteSereno.2008-2010 Director of West Valley Sanitation District, Member of CASA.2008-present Commissioner on Santa Clara Valley Water District2002-present Board Chair of West Valley Solid Waste and Recycling JPA

board.2009-present Commissioner on Santa Clara

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APPENDIXABOUTTHE INTERVIEWEES, ANDTHEIRORGANIZATIONS

Jerry Rai, Director, Aqua-Phyd

Email:[email protected]

Telephone: 949-228-0630

Website: http://www.aqua-phyd.com/company.htm

Aqua-PhyD, Inc. is based in Irvine, California. The Company has

developed a non-chemical water and soil treatment technology that

addresses water shortages and water quality issues.

Aqua-PhyD was founded in 2004 with a "Green" company water

conservation agenda. However, understanding the need to prove its

business model and technology in a clearly defined market, the

Company first targeted the high profile US Golf industry where

significant volumes of fresh water are used daily.

Today, the Aqua-PhyD technology is in use on several golf courses.

Each course has demonstrated a reduction in soil compaction, saving

on water consumption, and conspicuous, visual evidence of greener,

healthier turf.

In 2007, Aqua-PhyD entered agriculture enabling growers to stretch

limited water supplies. In addition, Aqua-PhyD has proven to provide a

number of benefits to agriculture leading to healthier plants, increased

nutrient availability, decreased salt accumulation, and greater yield.

Carolyn Remick, Executive Director, Berkeley Water Center

Email: [email protected]

Telephone: 510.642.5322

Website: http://bwc.berkeley.edu/home/about.html

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The Berkeley Water Center promotes and supports collaborative,

water-related research within the Berkeley research community. Our

external partners --industry, government, and non-profits -- contribute

to the vision of the research and benefit from the outcomes,

particularly as the research is applied to improve public health and

environmental conditions.

Sandy Walker, California Regional Manager, SolarBee Inc.


Telephone: 916 847 8811

Website: http://www.solarbee.com/

SolarBee, Inc. is the #1 World Leader for improving water quality in

reservoirs in a green; and sustainable manner. Its SolarBee machines

use solar power instead of grid power, and they reduce or entirely

eliminate the need to ever add chemicals to a water reservoir.

SolarBee invented solar-powered long-distance reservoir circulators in

1998 and named this technology "SolarBee" in 2001. In 2002, the high

flow (40,000 lpm / 10,000 gpm) machines were developed which

allowed the technology to be expanded from small wastewater ponds

to large lakes. In 2004, the large heavy-duty brushless motor wasdeveloped with a battery system for day-and-night operation, and the

metallurgy was upgraded from 304ss to 316Lss stainless steel for

longer life. In 2005 and 2006, a digital controller was developed with

an on-board GPS receiver, data logging, flash-card programming to fine

tune the performance for each reservoir, LED diagnostics, and a

SCADA radio-link output for remote machine monitoring. High wave

machines were also developed to withstand harsh conditions in

extremely large reservoirs.

Peter Williams, Chief Technology Officer, Big GreenInnovations Group, IBM


Website: http://www-03.ibm.com/technology/greeninnovations/

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IBM's Big Green Innovations unit is an in-house incubator for IBM's

environmental businesses, focused on carbon, water, alternative

energy and computational modeling).

Big Green Innovations

The IBM Big Green Innovations team applies advanced materials

science, physics, modeling tools, materials science, physics, and

integration expertise to address emerging environmental management

opportunities.

By collaborating with clients that have a global presence in water and

energy related problems we can bring innovative perspectives the

reach across ecosystems to solve problems none of us could have

solved individually.

The team is presently focusing its development of offerings in

Advanced Water Management, among many other areas:

Advanced Water Management encompasses a broad agenda from

availability and quality to distribution and consumption. Our

technology and expertise can help water utilities, agencies, and private

industry improve water quality and water system performance. By

collaborating with clients to provide them more accurate and timelier

data on water operations, IBM can help clients proactively manage

provisioning for human, industrial, and agricultural consumption

leveraging tools like IBM Deep Thunder. Understanding weather impact

on water management can help optimize the management of complex

water environments.

IBM will also work with organizations to develop nanotechnology-based

water filtration systems and other products that address the challenge

of providing potable water in a world where water is becoming a scarce

resource.

John Colombo, Director of Business Development, Porifera, Inc.

Email:john @ poriferanano.com

Telephone: (925) 422-0931

Website: http://poriferanano.com/

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Porifera Inc. was founded with the goal of developing membranes with

vastly superior permeability, durability, and selectivity for water

purification and other applications such as carbon sequestration. Our

vision is to use carbon nanotubes to improve membrane performance,

enabling affordable and plentiful fresh drinking water worldwide. Our

R&D team includes scientists and engineers with over 25 years

commercializing advanced materials, environmental, and membrane

technologies. The company was founded in 2008 in the San Francisco

Bay Area based on technology exclusively licensed from Lawrence

Livermore National Laboratory.

Dr. Bradley Stone, Chair, Chemistry Department, San Jose

State University, and Technical Board of Advisors for AC

Research Lab


Telephone: 408-924-5000

Websites:

http://ncs.science.sjsu.edu/helpdesk/directory/profile.asp?id=46 ,

http://www.acresearchlab.com/home

The AC Research Lab commercializes the HelioMist product line, an

award winning energy savings technology to improve the air

conditioners performance and reduces the electricity usage.

Michael Adackapara, Supervising Water Resource Control

Engineer, Santa Ana Regional Water Quality Control Board


Telephone: (951) 782-3238

Website: http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb8/

The State Water Resources Control Board (the State Water Board) wascreated by the Legislature in 1967. The mission of the Water Board is

to ensure the highest reasonable quality for waters of the State, while

allocating those waters to achieve the optimum balance of beneficial

uses. The joint authority of water allocation and water quality

protection enables the Water Board to provide comprehensive

protection for California's waters.

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mailto:[email protected]://ncs.science.sjsu.edu/helpdesk/directory/profile.asp?id=46http://www.acresearchlab.com/homemailto:[email protected]://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb8/mailto:[email protected]://ncs.science.sjsu.edu/helpdesk/directory/profile.asp?id=46http://www.acresearchlab.com/homemailto:[email protected]://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb8/


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Chris Kennedy, President, NanOasis Inc.


Telephone: 408 644 2375

Website: http://www.nanoasisinc.com/

One of the worlds great needs is to increase the supply of inexpensive

drinking water. NanOasis is developing a fundamentally new approach

to lowering the cost and energy requirements for desalination and

other water purification applications utilizing carbon nanotubes to

make reverse osmosis membranes having breakthrough properties.

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mailto:[email protected]://www.nanoasisinc.com/mailto:[email protected]://www.nanoasisinc.com/


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II) CALIFORNIA DROUGHT STORIESThe following articles give some vital statistics on the current California

water crisis, from supply to financing strategies.

Drought Hits California's Already Tight Water Supply, National Public

Radiohttp://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91372101

Farmers vs. Fish Amid the California DroughtTime

Magazine, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1814128,00.html,

Delta congressman leery of water legislationContra Costa

Timeshttp://www.contracostatimes.com/environment/ci_13852378

Californians asked to spend more during unprecedented spree of water

spending-- Contra Costa Times-

http://www.contracostatimes.com/environment/ci_13852484

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http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91372101http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1814128,00.htmlhttp://www.contracostatimes.com/environment/ci_13852378http://www.contracostatimes.com/environment/ci_13852484http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91372101http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1814128,00.htmlhttp://www.contracostatimes.com/environment/ci_13852378http://www.contracostatimes.com/environment/ci_13852484


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III) STATEMENTOF SUPPORTFOR CITIESAND TOWNSOFTHE

FUTURE: SMART, CLEANAND GREEN WATER MANAGEMENTApril 2009

Preamble

The genius of science and design in the 21st Century is the discovery of

smart, clean, and green ways to capture the value of resources.

Smart because they unlock the complex designs of nature and use

information and signaling to achieve efficiencies. Clean because they

capture and use resources and methods that dont involve significant

externalities in extraction or disposal. And, green because they rely to

a much higher degree on vegetation, and in the process begin to restore

the natural ecosystem and its wide and deep benefits.

Purpose

To bring together organizations that share the goal of rebuilding

Americas Cities and Towns of the Future through implementation of

smart, clean and green water and related infrastructure management.

Goals

Smart, clean and green infrastructure in Americas cities and towns can

protect and restore water resources and ecosystems, reduce energy use,and improve public health and the quality of life for residents. The

undersigned organizations support:

Use of smart, clean and green engineering and natural systems design

to build and rebuild Cities and Towns of the Future;

Investigation and demonstration of models to incorporate 21st Century

engineering and design into existing centralized and resource-intensive

infrastructure, buildings and communities,

Demonstration of smart, clean, and green technologies and

management strategies in urban, suburban, and rural areas and at the

site/building, neighborhood, municipal, and watershed scales;

Development of advanced monitoring and realtime control systems for

watershed and infrastructure management;

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Assessment of the benefits and costs of using innovative water

management approaches. Determine the impacts these alternatives

have on energy and material use, air quality and other resources.

Evaluate the ecological and ecosystem impacts of these practices on

water resources, soil health, biota, and overall community

sustainability,

Implementation of economic incentives for adopting smart, clean and

green technologies and designs, including standards, labeling, rebates

and tax credits, full cost utility pricing and infrastructure grants and

loans;

Funding of scientific research leading to the development of more

efficient and clean technologies and designs, community development

strategies, and policies;

Support for CleanTech investments by companies in new technologies

and markets for provision of services, treatment, recycling and reuse;

Creation of Green Jobs through workforce development for design,

installation, and maintenance of new infrastructure and buildings;

Development of new models for incorporating smart, clean, and green

approaches into federal regulatory, economic development, and

funding programs.

Development of policy mechanisms, guidance and other tools to assiststates and local governments understand, design and implement more

sustainable (smart, clean and green) water management systems

Promotion of integrated water resource management programs that

utilize a water balance approach at the watershed scale to optimize, to

the maximum extent technically feasible, the management and use of

stormwater, wastewater and drinking waters to reduce ecological

impacts, energy consumption and green house gas emissions.

21st Century Infrastructure and Buildings Smart, Clean, and

Green

The design model for Cities and Towns of the Future includes:

systems designed to use the right water for the right purpose, i.e.,

systems designed to differentially treat water based on the use based

on the assumption that not all water needs to be treated to potable

water standards

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prevention of pollution before it gets into the waste stream (including

the re-engineering of some products through green chemistry to

mitigate or eliminate ecological damage);

reduction of energy needs by avoiding pumping and long-distance

transport of water and wastewater, i.e., the use of decentralized onsitetreatment systems where appropriate;

the selection of water infrastructure that has the lowest embodied

energy footprint based on the lifespan of the system (construction and

operation and maintenance)

wastewater recycling and non-potable, fit for purpose reuse instead

of disposal;

rainfall harvesting and reuse to supplement potable water supplies,

where safe and appropriate to maintenance of minimum ecosystemstreamflows and restoration of healthy watersheds;

energy, chemical, and nutrient recovery from wastewater;

habitat and natural system restoration;

re-vegetation to restore evapotranspiration capacity and to promote

aquifer recharge and pollutant removal through soil based vegetated

systems;

green infrastructure in urban areas to help beautify cities and revitalizeneighborhoods

elimination of excessive water supply system losses associated with

the typical potable-quality water supply systems.

Smart, Clean and Green Infrastructure Benefits

Smart, clean and green infrastructure and designs have the following

benefits for the nation:

Water security More efficient use of water and implementation ofsystems to reuse and recycle water can lower the per capita use of

water dramatically and facilitate protection of supplies for all potable

and non-potable uses;

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Cleaner water New technologies can keep toxic chemicals out of

surface and subsurface water sources and the ecosystem, and reuse

recovers nutrients from treatment plant effluents;

Restored ecosystems functions Engineered and natural systems

designs can restore ecological functions in urban and suburban citiesand protect natural systems in rural areas and towns;

Efficient resource use Distributed small-scale infrastructure and

integrated building design can reduce energy use and recover

resources from wastewater;

Climate moderation Reductions in greenhouse gases and restoration

of evapotranspiration cycles can moderate trends in global warming

and reduce the city heat island effects by reducing temperatures;

Green jobs New infrastructure and design will create millions of new

jobs, ranging from science and engineering to manufacturing,

installation, and management in low-income urban neighborhoods as

well as rural communities;

Economic competitiveness America has fallen behind many other

countries in these areas, but can restore its scientific and engineering

leadership and rebuild high-tech manufacturing for exports to both

developed and developing countries if it starts now in earnest;

Community revitalization Improved air quality, moderated

temperatures, green job development, green schools, hospitals and

housing, restored parks, vegetation, and urban rivers will enhance the

quality of life in cities and towns;

Cost savings Integrated water and energy engineering and design

can lower costs and enhance the value of infrastructure and building in

cities and towns.

Background

Traditional water management has relied on a low-tech, industrial-scale

engineering and economic model mostly developed in the 1800s. With a

goal of public health protection, big pipe systems were built to transport

clean water into and wastewater out of urban neighborhoods.

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In recent years, however, a concern has been growing that this

paradigm of big-pipe water management is not sustainable, both from a

natural resource and an economic perspective. The appropriation of huge

volumes of water from the ecosystem and its release as partially-treated

effluent into rivers, lakes, and oceans has been increasingly disruptive to

those ecosystems. Population growth, climate change, agriculturalpractices, energy and other practices will challenge this approach further.

Signs of stress are seen in falling groundwater levels and decreasing dry-

weather stream flows (and unnatural peak flows during wet weather),

destructive eutrophication of lakes and estuaries, disappearance of

wetlands, increasing dead zones in coastal areas, and other catastrophic

changes in hydrological functions. Climate change is expected to

exacerbate patterns of droughts and heavy rainfalls, putting both water

supplies and flood control measures at risk. Reductions in

evapotranspiration from vegetation destruction are being studied aspotentially significant contributors to global warming.

Drinking water systems lose huge amounts of water (a US average of

20%) from their distribution pipes, existing treatment technologies were

not designed to eliminate emerging biological and chemical contaminants

that are increasingly found in sourcewaters, and treating all water to new

and more stringent standards is both increasingly difficult and expensive.

Except for the small amount of water needed for potable uses, the

delivery and treatment of entire, ever increasing, supplies is extremely

wasteful of energy, chemicals and money. Most cities and towns havebeen unwilling to charge ratepayers the full cost of repairing and

replacing the existing, often inadequate infrastructure, so collapsing pipes

and breakdowns in delivery systems and treatment plants have become

more frequent, while innovation is minimally on the radar screen.

The 2007 Baltimore Charter for Sustainable Water Systems asserts an

alternative approach to water management that mimics and works with

nature. Natural systems create an abundance of value and diversity,

where species cooperate and one species waste is another species

resource. These naturally-balancing ecosystems have been steadily

deteriorating under a century-long highly-disruptive human extraction and

use of resources in the industrial era.

An emerging paradigm relies instead on design principles found in nature:

in particular, integrated systems, efficiency and reuse, and adaptation to

local context. Many of the new high-performance treatment technologies,

Documents

California Water Crisis Study Report