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TITLE

Vanilla

INTRODUCTION

Vanilla has both a literal and a figurative meaning. Literally, vanilla refers to a plant; theseedpod of the plant, which is often referred to as a vanilla bean; vanilla powder, which is

produced from grinding the entire bean after its been dried; and the beans extract or a

synthetic imitation which is used to flavour a whole range of culinary products from cakes

and cookies to ice cream.

Vanilla is the second most expensive spice after saffron, because growing the vanilla seed

pods is labor-intensive.Despite the expense, vanilla is highly valued for its flavour. As a

result, vanilla is widely used in both commercial and domestic baking, perfume manufacture

and aromatherapy. There are two vanilla types, Vanilla Fragrens Var Planiflora, this type is

the subject of this manual. The second is Vanilla Tahitensis (Tahitian Vanilla), it is rarely

found outside the pacific region. It has narrower leaves, the pods have a lower vanillin

content.

For the structure vanilla planifolia is a fleshy, herbaceous perennial vine, climbing by means

of adventitious roots up trees or other supports to a height of 10 15 meters. In cultivation it

is trained to a height which will facilitate hand pollination and harvesting. Root , long,

whitish, aerial, adventitious roots, about 2 mm in diameter, are produced singly opposite the

leaves and adhere firmly appressed to the support up which the plant climbs. The roots at the

base ramify in the humus or mulch layer. For the stem, its long, cylindrical, monopodial

stems are simple or branched, and are succulent, flexuouse and brittle. They are 1 2 cm in

diameter and are dark green and photosynthetic with stomata. The internodes are 5 15 cm in

length. The leaves are large, flat, fleshy, subsessile leaves are alternate, oblong-elliptic to

lanceolate, and are 8 25 cm long and 2 8 cm broad. The tip is acute to acuminate and the

base somewhat rounded. The veins are numerous, parallel and indistinct. The petiole is short,

thick, and canalized above. For the flowers, large, waxy, fragrance, pale greenish yellow

flowers are about 10 cm in diameter and are fugacious.


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VANILLAUTILIZATION

1. For culinaryFlavouring ice-cream

2. For cosmeticsPerfumes

3. MedicinalTo block quorum sensing in bacteria

Used in aromatherapy

VARIETIES OFVANILLAAVAILABLEIN MALAYSIA

Vanilla abundiflora

Vanilla abundiflora is an evergreen climbing plant, it reaches ten to 20 meters inheight growth. The sprout reaches 1.3 to 1.6 centimeters in diameter, the internodes

are 6.5 to three inches long. The leaves are oblong oval, pointed front moved out, and

the petiole is about 1.5 centimeters long, the entire sheet measures 25 inches in length

and 8.75 inches in width.

Family Orchidaceae

Classification Plantae

Phylum Magnoliophyta

Order Asparagales

Genus Vanilla

Distribution Borneo

Vanilla kinabaluensis

Vanilla kinabaluensis is an evergreen climbing plant, it reaches a height of six feet or

more. The leaves are oblong to lanceolate , they end in a short patch, significantly

blunt tip. The petiole is long and 1.5centimeters, the entire sheet measures up to

32 centimeters in length and eleven inches in width.


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Family Orchidaceae



Order Asparagales

Genus Vanilla

Distribution Borneo

Kingdom Plantae

Class Magnoliopsida

Distribution Peninsular Malaysia to

Borneo

Vanilla griffithii

Family Orchidaceae

Genus Vanilla



Class Liliopsida

Order Asparagales

Distribution W. Malesia

Vanilla havilandii

Vanilla havilandii is an evergreen vine. The leaves are oval to lanceolate, moved

out front long and pointed. The leaves are ten to17 centimeters long and 2.5 to 5.5

centimeters wide. The leaf stem isan inch long. The leaves are of thinner texture.

Family Orchidaceae

Genus Vanilla


Order Asparagales

Distribution Borneo

Species Vanilla havilandii


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Vanilla borneoneensis

Family Orchidaceae

Genus Vanilla

Phylum MagnoliophytaOrder Asparagales

Distribution Borneo

Species Vanilla havilandii


Class Liliopsida

Distribution Borneo

IMPORTANTIN THEVANILLAINDUSTRYIN MALAYSIA

By majority of the world dominated by the use of synthetic vanilla (97%), high demand for

natural vanilla in the world market place. According to initial plans to identify 500 settlers to

plant vanilla 1 hectare each, it is expected to produce 3,000 tonnes of green vanilla beans and

then the next process can produce 300 tons of dried vanilla is available for export. Total

world exports is now 4,000 tons. Malaysia aimed to focus on the production of world

standard pure vanilla extract and become a major producer for the world market.

Based on the total world export ,it means that demands of vanilla is high. So that, in Malaysia

we need to plant more vanilla plant to fulfil the demand of vanilla. The demand of vanilla is

high because the utilization of vanilla is widespread. Many consumer like to use vanilla

flavouring in their cooking. Many consumer also like to eat ice cream vanilla flavoured.

Based on world production of natural vanilla, with high prices and growing demand for

essential goods, some investors in Malaysia have entered into an agreement with FELDA to

buy back green vanilla beans from FELDA and will be processed for the export market.

Vanilla will be Malaysia's new major commodity, which is expected to help farmers earn a

lucrative income. Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin

said efforts were being made to turn vanilla, which had been widely sought after in the food

flavouring and fragrance industry, into a major commodity after rubber and palm oil because


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the country could tap the pure vanilla extract world market. The plant of vanilla also are

meant for assisting poor rural farmers through contract farming introduced. Introduce vanilla

as a new crop will also avoid Malaysia's dependence on rubber and palm oil.

COMMON PROPAGATION PRACTISES IN VANILLA PRODUCTION

1. Stem cuttings

Stem cuttings of one meter length or less can be used for planting. It is ideal to have a

minimum of 10- 12 internodes in each cutting. Any part of the vine can be selected for stem

cutting, but vines of current year's growth, which are in vegetative phase excluding the tender

shoots at the tip, are most ideal.

2. Rooted cuttings:

It is advisable to plant smaller cuttings with fewer nodes on Iy after rooting in poly bags.

Smaller cuttings with at least two - three nodes can be used for generating rooted cuttings by

planting them in polythene bags [15 cm x 15 cm and 100 - 150 gauge]. The poly bags should

have five or six holes at the base to avoid water stagnation. The potting mixture may be

prepared by mixing fertile top soil, dried cow dung and sand in the ratio 1:1:1. Vermi

compost can also be mixed with potting mixture. The cuttings should be kept in shade for oneweek before planting in the poly bags. Only one cutting should be planted in each polybag

and it should be tied to a support made by placing a small twig or stick or split bamboo in the

poly bag. The planted cuttings should be provided with shade and watering should be done

once in two days.

3. Tissue culture plantlets:

Tissue cultured vanilla plantlets can also be used for field planting. The tissue-cultured

plantlets are to be hardened in nurseries for about six months prior to field planting after they

become at least 30 cm tall. Studies conducted by the Board in about 450 plots in Kerala,

Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have shown that both the stem/rooted cuttings and tissue cultured

plantlets are comparable in terms of eventual productivity though the tissue cultured plantlets

grow at a slower pace in the first year of planting.


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4. SUPPORTS AND SHADE:

Vanilla being a climbing orchid needs some support to grow. It also requires about 50 percent

shade. The support trees can also be used for providing shade. Low branching trees with

rough bark and small leaves are preferred as support trees. Some commonly used supporttrees are Glyricidia, Plumeria, Casuarina, Mulberry and Erythrina lithosperma.

The cuttings for support trees should be planted at least six months prior to planting of vanilla.

Cuttings of 1 .5 to 2 metre length with 4 to 5 cm diameter are to be used. They should be

planted in the corner of the pits. The size of the pits should be 40x40x40 cm and the spacing

of two meter between rows and 1.5 metre within a row should be maintained. The pits are to

be filled with fertile soil before planting the supports.

GOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTISEIN VANILLA PRODUCTION

The control that the flavour industry maintains in grading and certifying vanilla as real versus

synthetic, in labeling laws, and in consumer preferences for natural products are all part of

the vanilla industrys complexity. When natural vanilla prices have been consistently high,

there are many more attempts at using biotechnology to produce substitutes, old-fashioned

attempts to cut or dilute real vanilla with synthetic vanilla, and ventures for new natural

production. Like other botanical products from developing nations, vanilla plants have been a

focus of bioprospecting, from taking cuttings out of the country to mapping the genome of

valued plant.

THE PESTS ANDDISEASEOFVANILLAANDTHEIRCONTROL MEASURES

Pest

No. Pest Explanation Control

1 Snails Attack and damage stems,

flowers and fruit. The activities

carried out at night.

Manually by taking and collecting snails

one by one and then burned at once in one

hole.

2 Grasshopper

sword

Damage / eat young leaves and

stems vanilla.

Spray PESTONA or Natural BVR

3 Stem borer Larvae of this pest damage Spraying PESTONA


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vanilla plant stem that causes

vanilla plants slowly wither and

die.

4 Caterpillars and

the caterpillars fire

crested

Damaging the shoots, leaves,

stems and flowers

Spraying PESTONA

Disease

No. Disease Symptoms Control

1 Root rots Black roots, the plant becomes

brown and eventually die, usually

occurs during the highest

production was first reached.

Maintaining soil fertility with fertilizers,

provision of lime to taste, and adjust the

humidity, beginning with Natural GLIO

prevention.

2 Stem rot The stem occurred in black spots

that will spread quickly and

circular. Stem attacked would

wrinkles, brown and finally dry.

Reducing moisture and good drainage,

when the cuttings will be planted dyed in

the NASA POC + Natural GLIO.

3 Rotten fruit Appear when attacking the base of

young fruit so many pieces falling

and when attacking the middle of

the fruit will be black, then dry

off.

Natural spraying GLIO + sugar dose of 1-

2 teaspoons per 10 liters of water.

4 Stem rot The fungus Sclerotium sp.

Symptoms: the base of the stems

appear brown and wet, which

attacked the plant and the land

around there misellium white

fungus like fur with lots of brown

Sclerotium.

Use the base of the stem rot-free seed,

spraying Natural GLIO + sugar.


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5 Brown spots on

fruit

Dark brown spots and eventually

rot.

(1) Immediately attacked by picking fruit

and then burn it

(2) Spraying with Natural GLIO 10 dose

of 1-2 liters of water.

6 Brown spots on

stems

Stem looks brown spots which

eventually blackened and curled

sections and die

Cut and burn the affected stems

7 Antraknos Stems, leaves, yellowish brown

fruit looks smooth and clearly

visible and not the attacked

Cut and burn affected parts, set up the

moisture and drainage.

8 Red rust spots on leaves and continue to

spread until the next dry leaves

die

Remove infected parts and adjust the

humidity of the garden by pruning the

tree protector.

9 Postharvest

diseases

Post-harvest handling is good

HARVESTING AND POST-HARVEST MANAGEMENT

1. Picking at the age of 240 days (8 months) will produce a dried vanilla with a highvanillin content, low ash content, the highest yield and levels of safe water

2. The characteristics of vanilla are ready for harvest that is the color changed from darkgreen to light green shiny bleak with small stripes of yellow color that gradually

widens until the end of the fruit

3. Harvest season between May to July, around 2-3 months4. How to harvest it is best to pluck ripe fruit one by one without disturbing other fruits

in one cluster is still raw, to maintain quality of vanilla.

5. The fruit is collected in bamboo baskets and maintained so as fruit is not injured ordisabled and sorting based on size, shape, level of maturity and the fruit of defect> 20

cm

6. Perform withering to stop the process of respiration that occurs in fruit, kill the cellsof fruit and vanilla without reducing the activity levels of enzymes in the fruit.


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Wit i i ili t ill it t t t

C

Perform curi i a special box complete wit li and sack as its base, utuk aromaformation during 48 hours +

8. Perform drying by drying in the sun, roasted and aerated to reduce the water contentup to 25-30%

9. Place the dried fruit of vanilla in the box thatit has been coated newsprint paper/thinplastic bag and store at room temperature, ready to be delivered and sold.

MAJOR PRODUCTS OF VANILLA INDUSTRY

PRODUCTLIST DESCRIPTION

VANILLA SUGAR

Natural Vanilla Sugaris a flux of highlyflavoured NaturalIndian Black vanilla beans,

blended with milk processed sugar.

Vanilla Sugar is absolutely exquisite!

One Tea spoon Vanilla Sugar can flavour 2

to 3 glasses of Coffee, Milk, Milk shake,

Fruit Juices, Etc.

VANILLA TEA

Natural Vanilla Teais a blend of natural

Indian Black vanilla and organic Assam CTC

Premium tea for a creamy, rich and satisfying

cup.

This refreshing tea has a rich, sweet,

succulent flavour, for a distinctively unique

tea break. Only half quantity than regulartea

is advised.

VANILLA EXTRACT

Natural Vanilla E tracts acts as a enhancer

to flavourless and odourless seasonal fruits.

Vanilla extracts is largely used in industry for

the preparation of Ice Creams, Cheesecake,

Waffles, French Toasts, Pancakes, Yoghurt,

Cereals and Milk.

Since vanilla extract is twice stronger than

the powder, the utili ation must be

abbreviated.


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VANILLA POWDER

Natural Vanilla Powderis finely ground

natural Indian black vanilla beans.

Vanilla Powder is of the highest quality,

highly fragrant and aromatic.

Vanilla powder is used in baking, cooking,

ice cream it can be added to warm liquids andthe vanilla flavour will not evaporate as it

does with alcoholic extracts.

Natural Vanilla Pasteis a non-alcoholic

solvent which contains vanilla seeds.

It s pure vanilla with natural vanilla bean

seeds in a unique, convenient, paste form that

adds a gourmet appearance to any recipe.

Vanilla Paste are directly added as a

flavoring component in Ice-cream, Bakery

confectionery, beverage, sweets and otherdairy product applications.

VANILLAVINEGAR

Vanilla vinegaris made by using apple cider

vinegar and crushed vanilla beans and aged

fortime.

CONCLUSION

Vanilla is a crop that is grown under shade condition normally grown with tree crops and

other crops. These trees are particularly vital in terms of enriching the soil through litter,

nitrogen fixing, etc. Vanilla is a crop that suits best the existing land conditions of small

holder agricultural production. The fact that vanilla is grown with trees and other crops

implies thatit has positive natural resource management practices and also expands economic

conditions of farmers. Vanilla is a labour intensive crop because it involves many activities

before it is harvested. This has necessitated more allocation of family labour although

women's involvementis much more.


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REFERENCES

NECOFA . http://www.necofa.org/194.0.html. Reviewed on 30 July 2011

ORGANIC INDONESIAN VANILLA .

http://organicindonesianvanilla.blogspot.com/2008/04/berita-vanilla-di-malaysia.html.

Reviewed on 30 July 2011

ORCHIDS ASIA . http://www.orchidsasia.com/vanillaplants.htm. Reviewed on 30

July 2011

SPICES BOARD INDIA .

http://www.indianspices.com/html/spices_spfarm_vanilla.html. Reviewed on 30 July

2011

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL ADVISORY SERVICES .

http://www.naads.or.ug/publications/technical-manuals/vanilla-production-manual/.

Reviewed on 30 July 2011

http://www.sscvanilla.com/products.htm. Reviewed on 30 July 2011

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