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TITLE
Vanilla
INTRODUCTION
Vanilla has both a literal and a figurative meaning. Literally, vanilla refers to a plant; theseedpod of the plant, which is often referred to as a vanilla bean; vanilla powder, which is
produced from grinding the entire bean after its been dried; and the beans extract or a
synthetic imitation which is used to flavour a whole range of culinary products from cakes
and cookies to ice cream.
Vanilla is the second most expensive spice after saffron, because growing the vanilla seed
pods is labor-intensive.Despite the expense, vanilla is highly valued for its flavour. As a
result, vanilla is widely used in both commercial and domestic baking, perfume manufacture
and aromatherapy. There are two vanilla types, Vanilla Fragrens Var Planiflora, this type is
the subject of this manual. The second is Vanilla Tahitensis (Tahitian Vanilla), it is rarely
found outside the pacific region. It has narrower leaves, the pods have a lower vanillin
content.
For the structure vanilla planifolia is a fleshy, herbaceous perennial vine, climbing by means
of adventitious roots up trees or other supports to a height of 10 15 meters. In cultivation it
is trained to a height which will facilitate hand pollination and harvesting. Root , long,
whitish, aerial, adventitious roots, about 2 mm in diameter, are produced singly opposite the
leaves and adhere firmly appressed to the support up which the plant climbs. The roots at the
base ramify in the humus or mulch layer. For the stem, its long, cylindrical, monopodial
stems are simple or branched, and are succulent, flexuouse and brittle. They are 1 2 cm in
diameter and are dark green and photosynthetic with stomata. The internodes are 5 15 cm in
length. The leaves are large, flat, fleshy, subsessile leaves are alternate, oblong-elliptic to
lanceolate, and are 8 25 cm long and 2 8 cm broad. The tip is acute to acuminate and the
base somewhat rounded. The veins are numerous, parallel and indistinct. The petiole is short,
thick, and canalized above. For the flowers, large, waxy, fragrance, pale greenish yellow
flowers are about 10 cm in diameter and are fugacious.
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VANILLAUTILIZATION
1. For culinaryFlavouring ice-cream
2. For cosmeticsPerfumes
3. MedicinalTo block quorum sensing in bacteria
Used in aromatherapy
VARIETIES OFVANILLAAVAILABLEIN MALAYSIA
Vanilla abundiflora
Vanilla abundiflora is an evergreen climbing plant, it reaches ten to 20 meters inheight growth. The sprout reaches 1.3 to 1.6 centimeters in diameter, the internodes
are 6.5 to three inches long. The leaves are oblong oval, pointed front moved out, and
the petiole is about 1.5 centimeters long, the entire sheet measures 25 inches in length
and 8.75 inches in width.
Family Orchidaceae
Classification Plantae
Phylum Magnoliophyta
Order Asparagales
Genus Vanilla
Distribution Borneo
Vanilla kinabaluensis
Vanilla kinabaluensis is an evergreen climbing plant, it reaches a height of six feet or
more. The leaves are oblong to lanceolate , they end in a short patch, significantly
blunt tip. The petiole is long and 1.5centimeters, the entire sheet measures up to
32 centimeters in length and eleven inches in width.
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Family Orchidaceae
Classification Plantae
Phylum Magnoliophyta
Order Asparagales
Genus Vanilla
Distribution Borneo
Kingdom Plantae
Class Magnoliopsida
Distribution Peninsular Malaysia to
Borneo
Vanilla griffithii
Family Orchidaceae
Genus Vanilla
Classification Plantae
Phylum Magnoliophyta
Class Liliopsida
Order Asparagales
Distribution W. Malesia
Vanilla havilandii
Vanilla havilandii is an evergreen vine. The leaves are oval to lanceolate, moved
out front long and pointed. The leaves are ten to17 centimeters long and 2.5 to 5.5
centimeters wide. The leaf stem isan inch long. The leaves are of thinner texture.
Family Orchidaceae
Genus Vanilla
Phylum Magnoliophyta
Order Asparagales
Distribution Borneo
Species Vanilla havilandii
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Vanilla borneoneensis
Family Orchidaceae
Genus Vanilla
Phylum MagnoliophytaOrder Asparagales
Distribution Borneo
Species Vanilla havilandii
Classification Plantae
Class Liliopsida
Distribution Borneo
IMPORTANTIN THEVANILLAINDUSTRYIN MALAYSIA
By majority of the world dominated by the use of synthetic vanilla (97%), high demand for
natural vanilla in the world market place. According to initial plans to identify 500 settlers to
plant vanilla 1 hectare each, it is expected to produce 3,000 tonnes of green vanilla beans and
then the next process can produce 300 tons of dried vanilla is available for export. Total
world exports is now 4,000 tons. Malaysia aimed to focus on the production of world
standard pure vanilla extract and become a major producer for the world market.
Based on the total world export ,it means that demands of vanilla is high. So that, in Malaysia
we need to plant more vanilla plant to fulfil the demand of vanilla. The demand of vanilla is
high because the utilization of vanilla is widespread. Many consumer like to use vanilla
flavouring in their cooking. Many consumer also like to eat ice cream vanilla flavoured.
Based on world production of natural vanilla, with high prices and growing demand for
essential goods, some investors in Malaysia have entered into an agreement with FELDA to
buy back green vanilla beans from FELDA and will be processed for the export market.
Vanilla will be Malaysia's new major commodity, which is expected to help farmers earn a
lucrative income. Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin
said efforts were being made to turn vanilla, which had been widely sought after in the food
flavouring and fragrance industry, into a major commodity after rubber and palm oil because
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the country could tap the pure vanilla extract world market. The plant of vanilla also are
meant for assisting poor rural farmers through contract farming introduced. Introduce vanilla
as a new crop will also avoid Malaysia's dependence on rubber and palm oil.
COMMON PROPAGATION PRACTISES IN VANILLA PRODUCTION
1. Stem cuttings
Stem cuttings of one meter length or less can be used for planting. It is ideal to have a
minimum of 10- 12 internodes in each cutting. Any part of the vine can be selected for stem
cutting, but vines of current year's growth, which are in vegetative phase excluding the tender
shoots at the tip, are most ideal.
2. Rooted cuttings:
It is advisable to plant smaller cuttings with fewer nodes on Iy after rooting in poly bags.
Smaller cuttings with at least two - three nodes can be used for generating rooted cuttings by
planting them in polythene bags [15 cm x 15 cm and 100 - 150 gauge]. The poly bags should
have five or six holes at the base to avoid water stagnation. The potting mixture may be
prepared by mixing fertile top soil, dried cow dung and sand in the ratio 1:1:1. Vermi
compost can also be mixed with potting mixture. The cuttings should be kept in shade for oneweek before planting in the poly bags. Only one cutting should be planted in each polybag
and it should be tied to a support made by placing a small twig or stick or split bamboo in the
poly bag. The planted cuttings should be provided with shade and watering should be done
once in two days.
3. Tissue culture plantlets:
Tissue cultured vanilla plantlets can also be used for field planting. The tissue-cultured
plantlets are to be hardened in nurseries for about six months prior to field planting after they
become at least 30 cm tall. Studies conducted by the Board in about 450 plots in Kerala,
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have shown that both the stem/rooted cuttings and tissue cultured
plantlets are comparable in terms of eventual productivity though the tissue cultured plantlets
grow at a slower pace in the first year of planting.
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4. SUPPORTS AND SHADE:
Vanilla being a climbing orchid needs some support to grow. It also requires about 50 percent
shade. The support trees can also be used for providing shade. Low branching trees with
rough bark and small leaves are preferred as support trees. Some commonly used supporttrees are Glyricidia, Plumeria, Casuarina, Mulberry and Erythrina lithosperma.
The cuttings for support trees should be planted at least six months prior to planting of vanilla.
Cuttings of 1 .5 to 2 metre length with 4 to 5 cm diameter are to be used. They should be
planted in the corner of the pits. The size of the pits should be 40x40x40 cm and the spacing
of two meter between rows and 1.5 metre within a row should be maintained. The pits are to
be filled with fertile soil before planting the supports.
GOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTISEIN VANILLA PRODUCTION
The control that the flavour industry maintains in grading and certifying vanilla as real versus
synthetic, in labeling laws, and in consumer preferences for natural products are all part of
the vanilla industrys complexity. When natural vanilla prices have been consistently high,
there are many more attempts at using biotechnology to produce substitutes, old-fashioned
attempts to cut or dilute real vanilla with synthetic vanilla, and ventures for new natural
production. Like other botanical products from developing nations, vanilla plants have been a
focus of bioprospecting, from taking cuttings out of the country to mapping the genome of
valued plant.
THE PESTS ANDDISEASEOFVANILLAANDTHEIRCONTROL MEASURES
Pest
No. Pest Explanation Control
1 Snails Attack and damage stems,
flowers and fruit. The activities
carried out at night.
Manually by taking and collecting snails
one by one and then burned at once in one
hole.
2 Grasshopper
sword
Damage / eat young leaves and
stems vanilla.
Spray PESTONA or Natural BVR
3 Stem borer Larvae of this pest damage Spraying PESTONA
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vanilla plant stem that causes
vanilla plants slowly wither and
die.
4 Caterpillars and
the caterpillars fire
crested
Damaging the shoots, leaves,
stems and flowers
Spraying PESTONA
Disease
No. Disease Symptoms Control
1 Root rots Black roots, the plant becomes
brown and eventually die, usually
occurs during the highest
production was first reached.
Maintaining soil fertility with fertilizers,
provision of lime to taste, and adjust the
humidity, beginning with Natural GLIO
prevention.
2 Stem rot The stem occurred in black spots
that will spread quickly and
circular. Stem attacked would
wrinkles, brown and finally dry.
Reducing moisture and good drainage,
when the cuttings will be planted dyed in
the NASA POC + Natural GLIO.
3 Rotten fruit Appear when attacking the base of
young fruit so many pieces falling
and when attacking the middle of
the fruit will be black, then dry
off.
Natural spraying GLIO + sugar dose of 1-
2 teaspoons per 10 liters of water.
4 Stem rot The fungus Sclerotium sp.
Symptoms: the base of the stems
appear brown and wet, which
attacked the plant and the land
around there misellium white
fungus like fur with lots of brown
Sclerotium.
Use the base of the stem rot-free seed,
spraying Natural GLIO + sugar.
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5 Brown spots on
fruit
Dark brown spots and eventually
rot.
(1) Immediately attacked by picking fruit
and then burn it
(2) Spraying with Natural GLIO 10 dose
of 1-2 liters of water.
6 Brown spots on
stems
Stem looks brown spots which
eventually blackened and curled
sections and die
Cut and burn the affected stems
7 Antraknos Stems, leaves, yellowish brown
fruit looks smooth and clearly
visible and not the attacked
Cut and burn affected parts, set up the
moisture and drainage.
8 Red rust spots on leaves and continue to
spread until the next dry leaves
die
Remove infected parts and adjust the
humidity of the garden by pruning the
tree protector.
9 Postharvest
diseases
Post-harvest handling is good
HARVESTING AND POST-HARVEST MANAGEMENT
1. Picking at the age of 240 days (8 months) will produce a dried vanilla with a highvanillin content, low ash content, the highest yield and levels of safe water
2. The characteristics of vanilla are ready for harvest that is the color changed from darkgreen to light green shiny bleak with small stripes of yellow color that gradually
widens until the end of the fruit
3. Harvest season between May to July, around 2-3 months4. How to harvest it is best to pluck ripe fruit one by one without disturbing other fruits
in one cluster is still raw, to maintain quality of vanilla.
5. The fruit is collected in bamboo baskets and maintained so as fruit is not injured ordisabled and sorting based on size, shape, level of maturity and the fruit of defect> 20
cm
6. Perform withering to stop the process of respiration that occurs in fruit, kill the cellsof fruit and vanilla without reducing the activity levels of enzymes in the fruit.
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Wit i i ili t ill it t t t
C
Perform curi i a special box complete wit li and sack as its base, utuk aromaformation during 48 hours +
8. Perform drying by drying in the sun, roasted and aerated to reduce the water contentup to 25-30%
9. Place the dried fruit of vanilla in the box thatit has been coated newsprint paper/thinplastic bag and store at room temperature, ready to be delivered and sold.
MAJOR PRODUCTS OF VANILLA INDUSTRY
PRODUCTLIST DESCRIPTION
VANILLA SUGAR
Natural Vanilla Sugaris a flux of highlyflavoured NaturalIndian Black vanilla beans,
blended with milk processed sugar.
Vanilla Sugar is absolutely exquisite!
One Tea spoon Vanilla Sugar can flavour 2
to 3 glasses of Coffee, Milk, Milk shake,
Fruit Juices, Etc.
VANILLA TEA
Natural Vanilla Teais a blend of natural
Indian Black vanilla and organic Assam CTC
Premium tea for a creamy, rich and satisfying
cup.
This refreshing tea has a rich, sweet,
succulent flavour, for a distinctively unique
tea break. Only half quantity than regulartea
is advised.
VANILLA EXTRACT
Natural Vanilla E tracts acts as a enhancer
to flavourless and odourless seasonal fruits.
Vanilla extracts is largely used in industry for
the preparation of Ice Creams, Cheesecake,
Waffles, French Toasts, Pancakes, Yoghurt,
Cereals and Milk.
Since vanilla extract is twice stronger than
the powder, the utili ation must be
abbreviated.
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VANILLA POWDER
Natural Vanilla Powderis finely ground
natural Indian black vanilla beans.
Vanilla Powder is of the highest quality,
highly fragrant and aromatic.
Vanilla powder is used in baking, cooking,
ice cream it can be added to warm liquids andthe vanilla flavour will not evaporate as it
does with alcoholic extracts.
Natural Vanilla Pasteis a non-alcoholic
solvent which contains vanilla seeds.
It s pure vanilla with natural vanilla bean
seeds in a unique, convenient, paste form that
adds a gourmet appearance to any recipe.
Vanilla Paste are directly added as a
flavoring component in Ice-cream, Bakery
confectionery, beverage, sweets and otherdairy product applications.
VANILLAVINEGAR
Vanilla vinegaris made by using apple cider
vinegar and crushed vanilla beans and aged
fortime.
CONCLUSION
Vanilla is a crop that is grown under shade condition normally grown with tree crops and
other crops. These trees are particularly vital in terms of enriching the soil through litter,
nitrogen fixing, etc. Vanilla is a crop that suits best the existing land conditions of small
holder agricultural production. The fact that vanilla is grown with trees and other crops
implies thatit has positive natural resource management practices and also expands economic
conditions of farmers. Vanilla is a labour intensive crop because it involves many activities
before it is harvested. This has necessitated more allocation of family labour although
women's involvementis much more.
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REFERENCES
NECOFA . http://www.necofa.org/194.0.html. Reviewed on 30 July 2011
ORGANIC INDONESIAN VANILLA .
http://organicindonesianvanilla.blogspot.com/2008/04/berita-vanilla-di-malaysia.html.
Reviewed on 30 July 2011
ORCHIDS ASIA . http://www.orchidsasia.com/vanillaplants.htm. Reviewed on 30
July 2011
SPICES BOARD INDIA .
http://www.indianspices.com/html/spices_spfarm_vanilla.html. Reviewed on 30 July
2011
NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL ADVISORY SERVICES .
http://www.naads.or.ug/publications/technical-manuals/vanilla-production-manual/.
Reviewed on 30 July 2011
http://www.sscvanilla.com/products.htm. Reviewed on 30 July 2011